The electrochemical performance of deposited manganese oxide-based film.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8831",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health",title:"Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Raising the average human lifespan by a decade or more will change our world. The future is not about whether this will happen; it is about what we should do when it happens. Even the most pessimistic assertions about the future of our environment are underestimating the extent of the problem. There is simply no model in which more years of life does not equate to more people and in which that does not lead to more crowding, environmental degradation, more consumption, and more waste. Hence, as we prolong life, these environmental crises will be further exacerbated. With current diets and production practices, feeding 7,6 billion people is degrading terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, depleting water resources, and driving climate changes. The challenges of today are not just population, and it’s not just consumption, it is waste also. Thanks to things such as cars, planes, big homes, deforestation and so forth, the annual carbon dioxide emissions of an average are three times as high as it should be. It is likely that this signals that the current level of dividends is unsustainable, hence, we use and return little of value to our natural world. In our book, we address the questions related to environmental health challenges that include contamination of air, water, and soil, and car transportation. In order to better understand natural, industrial, and social-environmental hazards, we have to think of them in a broader context (i.e., physical, chemical, biological, and cultural). We hope that the presented publication gives the reader a broader perspective on the issues related to environmental health challenges in contemporary society in the coming years.",isbn:"978-1-78985-528-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-527-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-853-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81138",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"environmental-factors-affecting-human-health",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"88c049685e3808385ac61471dd7f4fbf",bookSignature:"Ivan Uher",publishedDate:"August 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8831.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7651,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:77,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 11th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 29th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"227237",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Uher",slug:"ivan-uher",fullName:"Ivan Uher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227237/images/system/227237.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ivan Uher is working as an Associate Professor at Pavol Jozef Šafarik University, Slovakia. His research includes the following fields: aging, physiology in sport and exercise, health and nutrition, lifestyle in prevention and treatment of health problems, and quality of life. He has more than 100 publications in scientific journals and books and has held lectures, seminars, and workshops in various conferences.",institutionString:"Pavol Jozef Šafárik University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1128",title:"Environmental Health",slug:"medicine-public-health-environmental-health"}],chapters:[{id:"69872",title:"Effects of Climate Change on City Life: Case Study in the City of Ambon, Indonesia East Region",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89812",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-city-life-case-study-in-the-city-of-ambon-indonesia-east-region",totalDownloads:777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is no stranger that the diminishing amount of forest land to become non-forested in the world has changed the microclimate in almost all urban and rural areas. Thus it globally has triggered climate change. The influence of forests or vegetated areas on climate, especially the microclimate and mesoclimate, is important. The disrupted microclimate will cause anomalies in elements of the microclimate such as rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind, etc. Microclimate changes will affect the presence of forests in the region because plants have a large dependence on climate and weather conditions. The impact of climate change that is beginning to be seen and felt today has caused discomfort for urban and rural communities. The aim of this present paper is to investigate the comfort level of the population and the availability of green open space (GOS) in Ambon City, Maluku Province, Indonesia. The city of Ambon turned out to provide less comfort for residents who live there. Extreme rainfall has triggered the occurrence of flooding and has been detrimental to city residents, especially during the rainy season. On the contrary, very hot weather in the dry season has made city residents uncomfortable. This situation was triggered by the expansion of settlement construction in protected forest areas as a result of humanitarian riots that occurred in years 1999–2002, limited GOS, and the effects of climate change.",signatures:"Gun Mardiatmoko and Jan Wilem Hatulesila",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69872",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69872",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67704",title:"Investigating Effects of Climate Change on Health Risks in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86912",slug:"investigating-effects-of-climate-change-on-health-risks-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:1214,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Climate change has become a major challenge globally. Human activities have several direct and indirect impacts on health. In Nigeria, the impacts of climate change are more devastating due to their vulnerability and low coping capability. Studies on the impacts of climate change on health risks in Nigeria are scare. With this rationale, this study investigates the effects of climate change on health risks in Nigeria. Evidence abounds that climate change impacts in Nigeria arise from climate change-related causes such as increase in temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, extreme weather events and, especially, increased health risks. Health risks such as cerebra-spinal meningitis, cardiovascular respiratory disorder of elderly, skin cancer, malaria, high blood pressure and morbidity were identified as the direct consequences of climate change. The study concluded that government should raise awareness on adverse effects of climate change which is common among vulnerable groups, like women, children and rural dwellers in Nigeria.",signatures:"Ilevbare Femi Monday",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67704",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67704",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69435",title:"Heavy Metals and the Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86876",slug:"heavy-metals-and-the-environment",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Global environmental contamination is one of the most significant environmental problems in contemporary society. Pollutants are entering the environment from different sources, and on the basis of their physico-chemical properties, they are transported and participate in biochemical cycles in the varied components of the environment, namely in the air, aquatic environment, soil and in rocks or segments. They enter the food chain through which they enter the human body, where they are transformed into either harmless metabolites (detoxification) that are easily excluded or else harmful, reactive products are formed. Heavy metals are one of the most dangerous groups of biologically important pollutants. The burden of the environment puts more significant burden on populations and ecosystems. They form integrant part of the earth’s surface and therefore are present throughout the land. We can utter that contamination of the environment and its consequences for living organisms have long been in forefront of the interest in scientific as well as lay community.",signatures:"Iveta Cimboláková, Ivan Uher, Katarína Veszelits Laktičová, Mária Vargová, Tatiana Kimáková and Ingrid Papajová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69435",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72683",title:"Sanitation and the Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93106",slug:"sanitation-and-the-environment",totalDownloads:611,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The environment is severything that creates natural conditions for the existence of organisms, including humans, and is a prerequisite for its further development. Proper environmental hygiene can prevent the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases. The function of disinfectants is to kill and prevent the growth of microorganisms. Disinfectants are potentially noxious substances which are used in intensive animal production and disease control programmes. In fulfilling this role, disinfectants may also have an adverse impact on the environment. These products may harm beneficial microorganisms, plant and animal life, and even humans, when used without due caution. Proper selection of disinfectant which is based on the knowledge of the resistance of microorganisms to the effect of the disinfectant and the efficacy of the disinfectants as well as the potential negative impact on the environment minimizes the risk of microbiological contamination and improves quality of the environment.",signatures:"Mária Vargová, Katarína Veszelits Laktičová, Rudolf Hromada, Iveta Cimboláková, Ivan Uher, Ingrid Papajová and Korim Peter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72683",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67854",title:"Immune Alteration Caused by Fibrous and Particulate Environmental Substances",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86518",slug:"immune-alteration-caused-by-fibrous-and-particulate-environmental-substances",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Fibrous and particulate environmental substances such as asbestos fibers and silica particles cause not only lung fibrosis but also various health disturbances. Asbestos induce malignant tumors such as pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer. Silicosis patients exposed to silica particles show complications of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-related vasculitis/nephritis. The causative alteration of immune cells exposed to these environmental substances may form baseline modification of human immune system not only localized pulmonary lesions, alteration of alveolar macrophages, and others but also general immune system and changes of function in effector, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. In this review, both (localized and generalized) immune alterations caused by environmental fibrous and particulate substances are summarized and reported.",signatures:"Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Suni Lee, Kei Yoshitome, Nagisa Sada, Yasumitsu Nishimura and Takemi Otsuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67854",authors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"72392",title:"Toward an Economic and Environmental Sustainability of the Health Systems of Western Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88384",slug:"toward-an-economic-and-environmental-sustainability-of-the-health-systems-of-western-countries",totalDownloads:578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the pillars of well-being, together with education and social coverage, is health. The various health systems currently existing in the world, both in advanced countries and in developing countries, do not comply with the principle of equity and, therefore, the Charter of Human Rights, by not universally covering the entire population. The great economic differences continue to feed off the poorest. The causes of mortality are still different between both worlds. The objective of this contribution is to sensitize political leaders at the international level, so that they adopt global agreements on the adequate use of energy, access to health and universal education to benefit the planet and its population. Integrative medicine, implemented in advanced and developing countries, with the use of conventional and unconventional treatments, the latter endorsed with scientific studies, has shown in recent decades that increases the preventive and curative possibilities, reduces the effects side effects of medication and contributes to environmental and economic sustainability. International health agencies should consider the proposal of incorporating integrative medicine into health systems and allocate financial resources to validate those techniques or procedures that do not yet enjoy scientific evidence. The population and political leaders must be sensitized by the state through which the planet Earth passes, in order to take large-scale measures to address socio-economic and environmental crises.",signatures:"Andrés J. Ursa Herguedas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72392",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71739",title:"Seasonal Changes of Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Forest Ecosystems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90656",slug:"seasonal-changes-of-soil-organic-carbon-and-microbial-biomass-carbon-in-different-forest-ecosystems",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) are important components of soil organic matter (SOM). SOC and MBC have generally recognized key parameters of soil quality and health, and also they have been linked to forest ecosystem productivity, using as a sensitive indicator for ecosystem monitoring programs. Both of them play a crucial role in the carbon cycle and influence many environmental, biological, and chemical factors. Soil organic matter decomposition by soil microorganisms contributes to the nutrient availability and release in an ecosystem. This interaction between SOM and MBC is managed in soil aggregation, soil porosity, moisture content, and aeration. Forest soils can store more carbon than other land uses because they contain a wide variety of soil microorganisms. Enhancing these two important components of soil can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. In this chapter, an overview of the understanding of the most important soil quality and health factors managed soil C in forest soils and provided how seasonal changes affect soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon.",signatures:"Emre Babur and Turgay Dindaroglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71739",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70690",title:"Sugar Industry Wastes as Wealth of Organic Carbon for Soil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90661",slug:"sugar-industry-wastes-as-wealth-of-organic-carbon-for-soil",totalDownloads:897,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The organic carbon management in the soil and its relationship with soil physiochemical and biological characteristics to increase the crop productivity have been described based on the byproducts of sugarcane. In this chapter, the available information on the nutrient content especially the organic carbon of various by-products of sugarcane, paves the way for incorporation of waste materials and its compost for improving the soil fertility by soil scientists and agronomists, and further, the ecologists will realize the importance of sugarcane waste and its meritorious characteristics of toxic residue free soil and food products in addition to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, especially methane and nitrous oxides due to applied of synthetic fertilizer in the cultivating field. We have compiled the information on relationship between organic carbon and soil characteristic, factors responsible for depletion of soil organic carbon and its management. The composting process for sugarcane press mud, bagasse, and trash to produce nutrient-rich manure for soil fertility management and its value on saving the purchase of chemical fertilizer leads to easy adoption of organic farming. Overall, we emphasized the importance of waste products of sugarcane and it’s nutritive value to increase the soil fertility, crop productivity, and farm income.",signatures:"Anbalagan Krishnaveni, Sivakumar Chinnasamy, Jamuna Elumalai and Pandiyan Muthaiyan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70690",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68599",title:"Review of Environmental and Public Health Impact of Automobile Wastes and Automobile Transportation in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88491",slug:"review-of-environmental-and-public-health-impact-of-automobile-wastes-and-automobile-transportation-",totalDownloads:875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Automobiles are machines designed for transportation; it is a self-propelled vehicle with power source for its propulsion and is used for transporting. Most vehicles imported into Nigeria are rickety and are mostly out of use, and since there is no regulation with regard to quality and quantity of vehicles to be imported coupled with lack of technology to deal with automobile waste, large volumes of automobile waste dot the Nigerian landscape. Negative environmental and public health issues of automobile waste and automobile transportation result from the fact that its several components (metals, metalloids, polymers, etc.) on decomposition or expiration release toxic substances such as phenols (C6H5OH), benzene (C6H6), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and so on into the environment, while on operation, automobiles are the most significant source of air pollution as unburnt diesel releases particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), smoke, soot and ash particles, metal oxides, as well as nitrate and sulfate groups. The aim of this work is to explore and draw out salient points from previous literature with regard to detrimental environmental and public health issues of automobile wastes and automobile transportation.",signatures:"John Kanayochukwu Nduka, Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle, Emeka Chima Ogoko and Perpetua Chioma Okafor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68599",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1012",title:"Environmental Health",subtitle:"Emerging Issues and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fffc563f4aaa5e329ef6229fd0458d60",slug:"environmental-health-emerging-issues-and-practice",bookSignature:"Jacques Oosthuizen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1012.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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From Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, and Nikola Tesla, the continuous efforts have developed the electrical knowledge which has been practicalized for the sake of living standards. The better quality of life and the transformation from agricultural-based economy into information-based economy indicating the globalization has taken place. Although the fruits of globalization are attractive, the globalization also causes unavoidable negative consequence such as global warming. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is referred as the impact of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel for transports and power electricity plants. It brings into our concern that an alternative energy source is required, at the same time solving the energy demand issue that caused by globalization is needed. It is therefore, necessary to improve the energy management. Energy storage system, as part of the energy management, receives tremendous attentions for this purpose.
Energy storage system is a big family comprising various energy storage devices, for example, solar cell, battery, electrochemical capacitor, and fuel cell, which can be used for specific applications, for instance, the employment of fuel cell-based system over gasoline engine in transportation [1]. By reducing the rated fuel cell power and controlling the energy loss, the fuel efficiency can be enhanced [2]. Another technique of energy management is by distributing the power onto different energy sources. For example, a hybrid system based on a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and nickel-metal hydride battery has been evaluated for tramway in Spain [3]. Tsukahara and Kondo have inspected the prospective hybridizations of fuel cell with Li-ion battery and electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) to power the railway vehicles [4].
Apart from transportation, many portable electronic devices also supported by the battery, that is also an energy storage device. From nickel-cadmium battery, nickel-metal hydride battery, to Li-ion battery, the studies on batteries have never stopped. To date, there are more than 35,000 published papers regarding to lithium battery according to Web of Science. Nowadays, Li-ion battery is the most promising battery. A diagram describing charging-discharging mechanism of Li-ion battery is displayed in Figure 1.
Charging-discharging schematic diagram of li-ion rechargeable battery.
As a rechargeable battery, Li-ion battery encourages a rapid growth in the mobile devices technology. Abraham has outlined the limitation and future outlook of Li-ion battery [5]. Li-O2 or Li-air battery will be the battery that can achieve the utmost energy density. However, a down-to-earth Li-air battery is still well on the way to be practical. Recently, an all-solid-state rechargeable battery based on a solid glass electrolyte promises a safe, low cost, and longer cycle life properties for battery [6]. The performances of batteries are summarized in Ragone plot [7], Figure 2.
Ragone plot.
Nowadays, the Ragone plot, which is an indication of possible development for certain energy storage devices, has included some storage devices other than batteries. For example, fuel cell, capacitor, and supercapacitor. However, it does not show all the other important properties for instance cycle stability, temperature range of operation, and energy efficiency. Therefore, the Ragone plot cannot be the only reference for evaluating the performance of an energy storage device. Nevertheless, it can be used as a source of information which is continually updated and improved [8].
An electrochemical capacitor, also known as supercapacitor, is an energy storage device whereby its electrochemical performance lies in between a conventional capacitor and a battery. It can store larger amount of energy compared to a capacitor, but lesser when compared to a battery. Nonetheless, an electrochemical capacitor has higher power density than a battery. The electrochemical capacitor is categorized into two types: electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and pseudocapacitor. The working principle behind an EDLC is based on the electrostatic interaction. The EDLC charges/discharges are according to the adsorption/de-adsorption processes. The schematic diagram of an EDLC is depicted in Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of EDLC.
As shown, the positive and negative charges are attracted to the electrode surfaces with opposite charges respectively. The charges are thus stored by means of the electric double layer formed at the electrode surface. Therefore, material with high surface area and conductivity such as carbon materials are suitable to be employed as electrode for EDLC. Conversely, a pseudocapacitor makes use of the charge transfer reactions for charge storage purpose. The corresponding capacitance is named as pseudocapacitance.
Although the charge storage mechanisms are different, the electrochemical signatures of EDLC and pseudocapacitor are similar when they are examined using cyclic voltammetry test [9]. As the charge stored is linearly dependent with the potential, the resultant voltammetry curve exhibits a rectangular and symmetry shape. The redox materials such as conducting polymers and transition metal oxides are usually studied as the potential electrode material for pseudocapacitor. The hydrous ruthenium oxide is found to exhibit a high specific capacitance of 720 F g−1, making it a promising electrode material for electrochemical capacitor [10]. Nevertheless, ruthenium oxide is expensive and toxic. This has prevented hydrous ruthenium oxide from commercial use. Besides, the usage of strong acidic electrolyte also forbids it from application. Other materials such as SnO2, MnO2, TiO2, VO2, and MoO3 have been studied as the alternative electrode material and they are showing different potentials for the practical applications [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Among the materials, manganese oxide has been widely studied due to the fact that the manganese oxide can form a variety of composites with different materials using various synthesis routes [16, 17, 18]. In the following section, we will discuss about the properties of manganese oxide.
Manganese is one of the most abundant elements on Earth which is widely distributed across the crust. In general, manganese deposit forms from seawater. Thus, its redox sensitivity toward oxidation state of ocean enables us to explore the ancient environmental conditions [19]. In human body, the manganese participates in carbohydrate metabolism as well as formation of bone and connective tissues. Manganese oxide has been used since ancient time. It was employed for elucidation of glass and acted as black pigment. Throughout the years, the researches on manganese oxide have deepen the understanding on the chemistry of this compound [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. At the same time, the utilization of manganese oxide has been exploited and diversified.
The advantage of manganese oxide lies in the feasible formation of various structures based on different arrangements of basic building structure of manganese oxide, which is MnO6 octahedral. This is a structure where O2− ions are octahedrically coordinated to the central of Mn4+ ion, as shown in Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of MnO6 octahedral.
The octahedral structure can be arranged through edge- and/or corner-sharing. In common, there are two types of structure: (a) tunnel or chain structure and (b) layer structure. Chain structure is made up of corner-sharing arrangement while tunnel structure is resulted from the combination of single, double, or triple chains of MnO6 octahedral. Layer structure is constructed by the sheets or layers stacking of MnO6 octahedral. Both kinds of structure can hold proton and electrolyte cation.
As a transition metal, manganese exists in various valence states which in turns form a variety of mineral with distinct physical and chemical properties. When different phases of manganese oxide are mixed, they can intergrow to form a new structure. The manganese oxides mineral is inclusive of MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, and MnOOH. The different forms of minerals are named as the polymorphs. For instance, MnO2 has three polymorphs: pyrolusite, ramsdellite, and nautile while MnOOH has polymorphs of manganite, groutite, and feiknechtite. The polymorphic form is dependent on the linkage between MnO6 octahedrals, which is determined by the preparation process of manganese oxide [27]. Over the years, the variation in structural forms and properties has made manganese oxide a suitable candidate for different applications such as energy storage system, biosensor, coating, environmental, and nuclear science [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. According to Pourbaix diagram, Figure 5, the electrochemical performances of manganese oxides in aqueous media are arisen from its various oxidation states (Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+) that are emerged from different oxide phases (Mn3O4, Mn2O3, and MnO2) which are thermodynamically stable in alkaline region [35].
Pourbaix diagram of manganese.
In general, the charge storage of manganese oxide relies on two mechanisms: (a) surface adsorption of electrolyte ions and (b) intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte ions and/or proton upon reduction/oxidation [36]. Although higher surface area can lead to higher value of specific capacitance, further increasing in surface area is found to not contribute to the specific capacitance [12, 37]. The structure of the manganese oxide can determine its electrochemical performance. A structure with more rooms for the insertion of electrolyte ions will offer higher charge storage capacity, and subsequently higher specific capacitance. To date, the researchers are still working best to figure out the charge storage mechanism of manganese oxide in order to better explain its electrochemical behavior [38, 39, 40]. This knowledge will inspire us and provide us a way on how to fully utilize the potential capacitance of manganese oxide.
Manganese oxide-based film can be prepared via a variety of methods. A material will exhibit different properties such as particle sizes and types of defects, depending on the fabrication routes. In addition to this, the change in experimental parameters also produces materials with different electrochemical properties. The common preparation methods are the hydrothermal, chemical bath deposition, polyol synthesis, sol–gel, electrodeposition, solvothermal, and co-precipitation [20, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. The specific capacitances obtained ranges from 121.5 to 698 F g−1, which is still lower than the theoretical specific capacitance of manganese oxide (1380 F g−1). To better utilize the electrochemical active sites, one should understand the relationship between the experimental method and the corresponding structure formed. This chapter will focus on the green and relatively simple method of electrodeposition. Thereafter, we will discuss about the electrochemical performance of manganese oxide-based film fabricated using electrodeposition technique.
Electrodeposition refers to an electrical process such as electrolytic and electrophoretic deposition, which allows the accumulated mass of a metal ions, or deposit, coated onto an electrode. A common configuration of electrodeposition is displayed in Figure 6.
General electrodeposition setup.
It is usually made up of a working electrode, counter electrode, and reference electrode. The working electrode is the substrate where the deposition reaction takes place. The reference electrode is used to maintain the voltage stability for the working electrode while the counter electrode or auxiliary electrode is utilized to complete the current flow. There is various reference electrodes served for different electrolyte solutions. A standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) consists of 1.0 M H+ (aq.) solution and is used to compare with other reference electrodes since the standard electrode potential of hydrogen is 0 V. Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is a reference electrode composes of KCl solution and establishes based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury chloride. However, the dangerous nature of mercury content has prohibited the SCE reference electrode from widely use. Instead, the silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode is employed. Ag/AgCl reference electrode is mostly utilized for electrochemical tests and industrial application due its simplicity for fabrication, stability, and non-toxicity. Nonetheless, the usage of Ag/AgCl in basic solution must be heedful because a long immersion of electrode allows the diffusion of OH− ions into the internal filling solution, which can subsequently increase the pH and shift the reaction potential. The measurement of potential using various reference electrodes can be referred to SHE and the corresponding values are recorded in Figure 7.
Voltage conversion between reference electrodes.
As electrolytic deposition makes use of solution containing metal ions for deposition purpose, electrophoretic deposition utilizes a mixture consists of suspended colloidal particles. Electrophoretic deposition was revealed when a Russian scientist observed the movement of clay particles in water induced by electric field. It occurs when the non-conductive electrically charged particles migrate to the electrode surface under an applied electric field. The charged particles suspend in the electrolyte due to the mutual electrostatic repulsion [46]. Inside the suspension, the surface charges attract the electrolyte ions with opposite charge. As a result, the counter ions adsorb onto the surface charges, forming a diffuse cloud of counter ions. The process is governed by electrostatic interaction. At the same time, the adsorbed ions repulse from each other. When they are close enough to overcome the electrostatic force, van der Waals attraction will be predominant and adhesion can occur. To achieve electrophoretic deposition, a stable suspension containing well-dispersed particles with desired electrophoretic mobility must be prepared firstly. The usage of additives such as dopamine and triethanolamine can help to stabilize the suspension [47, 48]. In addition, it offers a more uniform and adherent deposit. The parameters that play the role on electrophoretic deposition are composition of dispersion medium, pH of electrolyte, and concentrations of particles and electrolyte. The principles behind electrolytic deposition and electrophoretic deposition have been studied [49, 50, 51]. An understanding about these two processes is required in order to fabricate desired electrode material. The oxidation kinetics of manganese oxide from Mn2+ is reliant on the deposition methods. Depends on the particle charge, electrodeposition can be divided into two types: anodic deposition and cathodic deposition. The anodic deposition is resulted from the oxidation of negative ions on anode (positively charged electrode). In contrast, the reduction of positive ions on cathode results in a cathodic deposition. For manganese oxide film, the anodic deposition involves the oxidation of cationic Mn2+ precursors while cathodic deposition is achieved by the reduction of anionic Mn7+ from MnO4−. Manganese (II) sulfate (MnSO4), manganese (II) nitrate (Mn(NO3)2), manganese (II) acetate (Mn(CH3COO)2), and manganese (II) chloride (MnCl2) can be used as precursors for Mn2+. As the deposition mechanism is independent of precursors, it does not affect significantly on the capacitive behaviors of manganese oxides formed [52]. Due to this reason, the mass loading plays an important role in determining the capacity of manganese oxide formed. Among these precursors, Mn(CH3COO)2 decomposes at lower potential and offers higher deposition rate which make it a favorable precursor. In addition, the Mn3+ is more stable with acetate compared to sulfate which makes it a thermodynamic favor for oxidation kinetics [53]. On the other hand, KMnO4 is usually the Mn7+ precursor for cathodic deposition.
As the oxidation process can lead to the dissolution of metal substrate, the cathodic reduction is usually preferred over anodic oxidation as various metals can be employed as the substrates [51]. The anodic oxidation of Mn2+ involves other oxidation state of manganese ions. Initially the Mn2+ will diffuse and adsorb onto the electrode surface to form Mnads2+. The adsorbed ions oxidize to Mn3+ which subsequently forms intermediate with water. Under appropriate heating temperature, the MnOOH intermediate can be transformed to MnO2. The detailed oxidation reaction of Mn2+ to MnO2 in the medium with different acidity is described in
The electrodeposition can be carried out either by a constant potential or current technique. For constant potential technique, the resulted current-time transient can be determined by following factors: (1) the potential and time of the oxide formation, (2) the potential and time of oxide reduction, and (3) the maintenance time of electrode at reversible potential before reduction takes place [56]. The chronopotentiometry is an electrodeposition technique performed with a constant current. The constant current is applied between working and auxiliary electrodes while the potential of working electrode is measured against a reference electrode. The potential reveals the reaction takes place on the electrode during the electrodeposition process. Before the electrodeposition starts, there is no concentration gradient of oxidants in the solution regardless of the distance from electrode surface. This initial potential is also called as open circuit potential. However, a concentration gradient of oxidants is formed when the reduction initiates by the application of current. The reduction is a resultant process of oxidants responds to the applied current. As a result, the oxidants near to the electrode surface are consumed, causing the oxidants diffuse from bulk solution toward electrode surface in order to accommodate the reduction process. The potential is comparable to the redox potential of certain electron transfer reaction. Since the concentration changes with time, this potential alters correspondingly. Once the current cannot be further sustained by this redox potential, which is due to the concentration of oxidants turns to zero, this potential will adjust to another redox potential in order to maintain the fixed current. The changing potential during galvanostatic deposition can lead to the formation of various morphologies. Different from chronoamperometry, which is a deposition method employing a constant voltage, a desired morphology can be formed accordingly. Knowledge of the interactions between electrode and electrodeposition parameters allows us to construct and improve the electrode film performance. Herein, the manganese oxide deposited using various deposition techniques are discussed and evaluated.
For anodic deposition, manganese acetate (Mn(CH3COO)2) and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) are always chosen as the Mn2+ precursors. They offer different kinds of morphologies although the electrodeposition is carried out under the same conditions. For example, the morphology produced from 0.01 M Mn(CH3COO)2 at constant current density of 30 mA cm−2 exhibits interconnected but non-continuous nanorods structure, Figure 8(a) [57]. On the other hand, 0.01 M MnSO4 leads to a continuous and homogenous nanorods structure (Figure 8(b)).
Formation of nanorods structure in (a) 0.01 M Mn(CH3COO)2 and (b) 0.01 M MnSO4.
With the addition of H2SO4, a discrete crystallite of manganese oxide is formed ([58]). H2SO4 acts as a supporting electrolyte and enhances the stability of the soluble Mn3+ intermediate before further reactions [59]. This allows more manganese ions to be deposited and form a film on the substrate after certain electrodeposition time. The electrodeposition mechanism of manganese oxide with the presence of H2SO4 is shown as following [60]:
Disproportionation pathway:
Hydrolysis pathway:
Depending on the concentration of acid, there are two proposed pathways for the formation of manganese oxide: disproportionation and hydrolysis. Reaction 2 shows the oxidation of Mn2+ become soluble Mn3+ intermediate. If the supporting acid, which is H2SO4 in this case, has higher concentration, Mn3+ achieves relatively higher stability allowing it to experience disproportionation which subsequently forms Mn2+ and Mn4+ (Reaction 3). Mn4+ is then hydrolyzed to form MnO2 on the surface of substrate (Reaction 4). On the other hand, at lower acidity condition, Mn3+ is less stable and thus can hydrolyze easily to form MnOOH (Reaction 5). MnOOH is then converted to MnO2 under suitable annealing temperature (Reaction 6). The manganese oxide electrodeposited from the electrolyte containing H2SO4 can obtain specific capacitance as high as 5600 F g−1 [59]. A less acidic medium also can be achieved by adding sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). It can act as the supporting electrolyte for Mn2+ and Mn7+ precursors [61, 62].
In an electrolyte of Mn(CH3COO)2, 0.5 V (
The anodic potential is found to be correlated to the adsorbed water content in the manganese oxide structure. The increase in anodic deposition potential leads to the formation of higher oxidation state of manganese ions, at the same time results in the reduction in adsorbed water content [64, 66]. As the rate of nucleus formation increases more rapidly than the rate of crystal growth with the increase of anodic potential, the morphology preferably grows horizontally, which subsequently forms a compact and layered structure. The formation of this structure is resulted from the local fluctuation of reactants. As the reactant consumption rate increases with higher deposition potential, the reactions take place at the vicinity of electrode also occur rapidly. The release of adsorbed water molecules further resulted in the formation of an uneven surface. The highest specific capacitance obtained is 240 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. A similar specific capacitance value is achieved when the technique applied is cathodic potentiostatic electrodeposition. The MnO2 prepared through cathodic reduction process at a constant potential of 0.55 V (
For cathodic deposition, the increase in deposition potential leads to the uniform distribution of manganese ions onto the substrate. At relatively low cathodic deposition potential, the morphology formed is a cluster-like structure. The increase of cathodic deposition potential from −0.4 V to −0.1 V motivates the formation of flaky-like structure [62]. Further increase in cathodic deposition potential forms a more homogenous and flat structure. The formation of various structures with the cathodic deposition potential arises from the different deposition mechanisms with different potential values. The first mechanism takes place in the cathodic potential range of 0.1−0.4 V whereby the MnO42− produced will form H2MnO4− that subsequently reduce to form manganese oxide, as shown in Reaction 7. Another mechanism occurs at cathodic potential less than 0.2 V. It takes into account of the dissolution of manganese oxide that has formed initially. This brings about the formation of Mn2+ which is then reacted with MnO4− to produce manganese oxide, as described in Reactions 8 and 9.
Depending on the potential range, a potentiodynamic deposition can produce a nanorod-like structure with various diameters, given that a same scan rate is employed, as shown in Figure 9. Smaller potential range (0.1−0.4 V
Morphologies formed at different potential range.
Although the integration with other materials shown enhancement in charge storage, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) does not always work in this way. As the sp2 carbon basal plane has low chemical and electrochemical reactivity, the nucleation sites on the surface of CNT-manganese oxide composite film are limited. In addition, the manganese oxide particles tend to grow at the CNT’s junction [71]. A flower-like morphology built up by nanosheets that are originated radially from a central is thus formed. Nevertheless, this composite indeed acquires better cycle stability due to CNT acting as a conductive backbone that reduces the dissolution of particles. There is a variety of substrates can be used for deposition. Tantalum (Ta) foil has high melting point and provides good corrosion resistance, strength, and ductility. Cotton sheet supplies flexibility and textile structure that eases a uniform coating of material. Nickel (Ni) foil contributes a good electrical conductivity while the stainless steel is inert and owns a stable passivity. As a metal substrate, Ta foil and Ni foil usually offer a good cycle stability and specific capacitance of around 413 F g−1 in average for CNT-manganese oxide film [72, 73]. In spite of the fact that stainless steel has poorer electrical conductivity compared to other metals, the CNT-manganese oxide film composite film formed on stainless steel was found to achieve higher specific capacitance, that is 869 F g−1 [74]. Meanwhile, it also has good cycle stability. Given a similar morphology, which is nanowires-structured manganese oxide coated on CNT, formed on these three substrates, the distinct specific capacitance value achieved suggests the hidden advantages of stainless steel as a substrate. Direct deposition of manganese oxide on CNT paper using potentiodynamic method gives rise to around 168 F g−1 [70]. It is therefore important to choose an appropriate substrate for optimal electrochemical performance. Without the CNT, the manganese oxide tends to appear in nanorod-like structure and sphere-like structure at oxidation condition and reduction condition, respectively [75]. For the manganese oxide deposited within the same potential range (0.1−0.4 V), a desired structure can be determined by applying different annealing temperatures. For example, 300°C leads to the formation of nanotubes structure while 100°C forms nanorods structure [76]. The manganese oxide-based films prepared at different scan rates during potentiodynamic deposition possess distinct morphologies. At scan rate lower than 100 mV s−1, the morphology forms are irregular and dense. It starts to evolve and becomes more porous when the scan rate of deposition is increased. A nanoflake structure can be formed at scan rate of 200 mV s−1 [77]. This structure is beneficial for charge storage purpose at which it has offered specific capacitance of 410 F g−1. The compact and non-porous structure produced at relatively scan rate achieved around 150 F g−1.
Potentiostatic deposition tends to form a more compact structure compared to the galvanostatic deposition. This is due to the consistent deposition rate during potentiostatic deposition. As the potential is maintained throughout the deposition process, the deposition rate is sustained. In contrast, the potential varies during galvanostatic deposition in order to sustain the current supply. The structure formed is thus less compact and higher in surface area [78]. The difference in compactness contributes to 50% increment in specific capacitance value and 15% higher capacitance retention upon 5000 cycles for galvanostatic deposited manganese oxide film. During the galvanostatic deposition, the structure changes from irregular to regular and uniform structure with the increased in current density [79, 80]. When the current density exceeds the optimal value to deposit Mn4+, a clustered structure which consists of soluble Mn6+ and/or Mn7+ may forms. Other than oxidation states, the morphology also changes with current density. The evolution of morphology is easily observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). As the nucleation rate is directly related to the current density, a lower current density produces lower nucleation rate. As a result, there is not many nuclei formed on the substrate surface and a continuous deposit layer is hard to be constructed [81]. In addition, the deposit usually possesses rough surface. Higher current density can lead to higher nucleation and growth rate. The deposit accumulates on the structure formed ahead and filling up the space or crack, which leads to the formation of a uniform coating, Figure 10.
Morphological evolution with the increase in current density.
At optimal current density, various structures such as nanowires, nanoflakes, nanosheets, and nanorods can be formed [57, 82, 83]. For example, manganese oxide formed from MnSO4 precursor at 4 mA cm−2 presents as agglomerated clusters. A small decreased in current density, 3.7 mA cm−2, brings about a grain-like structure constructed by nanowires [84]. 2 mA cm−2 of galvanostatic deposition in Mn(NO3)2 produces a flower-like structure made up of nanowires [83]. This manganese oxide film is capable to maintain 84% of specific capacitance after 1000 cycles.
As one kind of the electrodeposition techniques, the oxidation and dissolution of the metal substrate during the anodic electrophoretic deposition is a concern. Thus, cathodic electrophoretic deposition is more favorable compared to its counterpart. Different from the electrodeposition techniques mentioned above, the electrophoretic deposition does not form the oxide during or after the process. Instead, the oxide is fabricated beforehand. The desired nanostructure can be manipulated using various preparation methods such as hydrothermal, chemical reduction, chemical precipitation, spray pyrolysis, and wet-chemical processes. The nanostructured oxide powder formed is then suspended in a dispersant electrolyte for further action, which is the electrophoretic deposition in this case. The structure of manganese oxide particles will be retained even after deposition, as depicted in Figure 11.
Schematic diagram of electrophoretic deposited manganese oxide film.
It can be seen that the stability of manganese oxide suspension is important to ensure the success of electrophoretic deposition. The ethanol can be used as the liquid medium for suspension. However, the deposit resulted from the manganese oxide suspension in ethanol is shown to be irregular and tends to form agglomerates. The addition of phosphate ester has been shown to enhance the stability of the manganese oxide suspension and increase the mass load [85]. This improves the electrochemical performance of the manganese oxide film. Without the phosphate ester, the manganese oxide film only exhibits 236 F g−1 of specific capacitance and drops 15% of the initial specific capacitance after 25 cycles [86]. Meanwhile, the phosphate ester has offered around 60% of increment in specific capacitance [85]. Sodium alginate is a good dispersant as well. It has been proposed that the sodium alginate provides the electrostatic and steric stabilization for the manganese oxide suspension. Additionally, it supplies electric charge for the suspension particles which is beneficial for the deposition process [87]. The manganese oxide film deposited from the dispersant electrolyte of sodium alginate has obtained specific capacitance (412 F g−1) a little higher than the one prepared from the ethanol with phosphate ester dispersant electrolyte (377 F g−1). The integration of carbon nanotubes or reduced graphene oxide with the manganese oxide does not alter the nanostructure of the oxide itself [88]. The nanostructured manganese oxide particles attach on the carbon nanotube surface and deposit together onto the substrate [89].
We have discussed about the impact of few deposition parameters on the deposited manganese oxide-based film. The as-deposited manganese oxide-based film is dominantly amorphous with inherent cation deficiency [90]. The defect is most likely to form at relatively low deposition temperatures (80−200°C). Except the one prepared using electrophoretic deposition, at which the manganese oxide particles are firstly fabricated before deposition, the as-deposited manganese oxide-based film requires certain post-treatments to improve the crystalline structure. Annealing is one of the common post-treatment. When the manganese oxide-based film undergoes post-heating process, different crystalline structure forms based on the annealing temperature. Most of the water content at the surface layer of structure desorbs gradually at 120−350°C [91]. The manganese oxide presents as γ-manganese oxide at annealing temperature lower than 350°C. The transformation of crystalline structure is initiated at around 300°C, which allows the γ-phase changes to β-phase of MnO2. When the manganese oxide undergoes further heating, α-Mn2O3 phase starts to form [92]. Any desired crystalline structure is thus can be prepared. Other than crystalline structure, the morphology of the manganese oxide-based film can also be modified by varying the annealing temperatures. At annealing temperatures lower than 200°C, a fibrous and granular structure is formed. The entanglement of fibers causes the morphology to evolve to a cluster-like structure when the temperature reaches 300°C. Further increasing in temperature can lead to the formation of flaky-like (500°C) and rod-like structures (600°C) [93], Figure 12.
Morphologies of manganese oxide film formed at annealing temperature of (a) 100 − 200°C, (b) 300°C, (c) 500°C, and (d) 600°C.
There are still many studies carried out to investigate other possible factors affecting the deposited manganese oxide-based film. For example, by studying the porosity of the manganese oxide-based film, one can also inspect more details about the structure and charge transport properties [94]. More and more deposition techniques have been developed and studied to prepare the manganese oxide-based film. For instance, a redox deposition that is took place when a substrate is immersed substrate into the Mn ions precursors [95, 96]. From chemical bath deposition, chemical vapor deposition to spray pyrolysis deposition, all deposition techniques are intended to grow the deposit with a good quality along with good physical and chemical properties in a large scale.
Manganese oxide-based film is shown to be prepared in various electrodeposition conditions by varying electrodeposition potentials, current densities, additives, and electrolytes. The potential application of manganese oxide-based film as the electrode material for electrochemical capacitor is thus discussed. As deposited manganese oxide film is amorphous in nature [97], the amorphousness can be transformed to crystalline phase by employing appropriate annealing temperature. The crystallinity start to arise when the annealing temperature increases to 300°C. MnO2 is the first crystal structure detected at 300°C, further increasing the temperature leads to the formation of Mn3O4 and Mn2O3 [98]. Since proton participates in the charge storage mechanism of manganese oxide, it is believed that this oxide will perform better in hydrous form. Previous study about the RuO2 has shown the significant improvement on the electrochemical performance with the presence of hydrous phase [99]. Not long after that, the crystalline manganese oxide has exhibited its potential application as electrode material as well [12]. To date, the charge storage mechanism is found to be dependent on the crystalline structure, water content, and surface area. It turns out that, the electrochemical performance of manganese oxide-based film is not totally relied on any of these factors. In contrast, it is resulted from the combination of all the factors that have been found and studied. For this reason, the researchers are still making effort to understand this complication.
The addition of secondary or ternary materials can enhance the electrochemical performance of manganese oxide film. However, these are not shown in this chapter. The core idea is to gather the advantages of various materials then compensate shortcomings of each other. The common materials combination involves the carbon material, transition metal oxide, and conducting polymer. The carbon material offers conductivity while transition metal oxide and conducting polymer provides more electroactive sites for charge storage purpose. Electrodeposition is a widely used technique to protect and strengthen the function of parts used in various industries. The wide application of electrodeposition technology can be attributed to its simplicity, manufacturability, and scalability. The electrodeposition method also requires a relatively low fabrication cost for energy storage device compared to other methods. This technique allows a direct formation of film on the substrate desired and the film properties are governable by varying the deposition parameters. The traditional method of electrode fabrication for electrochemical capacitor involves the pressing of electrode material onto the substrate. This process can increase the contact resistance and reduce the porous surface area which brings about damage to the electrode materials formed. In overall, manganese oxide-based film prepared using electrodeposition is prospective and practical. There are numerous related studies carrying out every year, although the reported specific capacitance of manganese oxide-based film are yet far from the expected performances (Table 1), we are convinced that there is still a big room for improvement.
Electrode materials | Deposition mode | Deposition electrolyte | Specific capacitance, F g−1 | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MnOx | Potentiostatic | 0.2 V | 0.001 M KMnO4 + 1 M Na2SO4 | 368.00 | [62] |
MnOx | Potentiostatic | 0.50 V | 0.25 M Mn(CH3COO)2 | 240.00 | [63] |
MnO2 | Potentiostatic | 0.55 V | KMnO4 | 232.94 | [67] |
Potentiostatic | 0.75 V | 0.25 M MnSO4⋅5H2O | 285.00 | [65] | |
MnOx | Potentiostatic | 1.0 V | 2 mM MnSO4 + 50 mM KCl | 163.40 | [44] |
MnOx | Potentiostatic | 1.1 V | 0.1 M MnSO4 + 0.01 M TTAB | 343.00 | [100] |
MnOx | 0.1 M MnSO4 | 294.00 | |||
MnO2 | Potentiostatic | 10 V | 0.5 M KMnO4 | 128.00 | [78] |
Mn3O4 | Potentiostatic | −1.3 V | 0.25 M MnNO3 | 416.00 | [101] |
MnO2 | Potentiostatic | 0.60 | 0.1 M Mn(CH3COO)2 + 0.1 M Na2SO4 | 240.00 | [102] |
MnO2-CNT | Cyclic voltammetry | 0.30–0.60 V | 167.50 | [70] | |
Mn-Ni mixed oxide | Cyclic voltammetry | 0.4 − 1.2 V | 0.05 M Mn(CH3COO)2 + 0.1 M Ni(CH3COO)2 + 0.2 M CH3COONa | 169.00 | [103] |
Mn-Mo mixed oxide | Cyclic voltammetry | 0.00 − 1.00 V | 2 mM MnSO4 + 20 mM Na2MoO4 | 190.90 | [104] |
MnOx | Cyclic voltammetry | 1.10 − 1.50 V | 0.5 M MnSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4 + 100 mM SLS | 310.00 | [105] |
MnO2 | Galvanostatic | 2 mA cm−2 | 5 mM Mn(NO3)2 | 246.00 | [83] |
MnO2 | Galvanostatic | 3 mA cm−2 | 0.02 M KMnO4 | 188.00 | [106] |
MnO2-PPy | Galvanostatic | 4 mA cm−2 | 0.2 M MnSO4 + PPy | 620.00 | [84] |
Fe-doped MnOx | Galvanostatic | 5 mA cm−2 | 0.1 M MnSO4 + 0.1 M citric acid | 218.00 | [107] |
MnOx | Galvanostatic | 5 mA cm−2 | 0.01 M Mn(CH3COO)2 | 185.00 | [57] |
MnO2 | Galvanostatic | 10.5 mA cm−2 | 0.02 M Mn(CH3COO)2 | 201.00 | [108] |
Co-doped MnOx | Galvanostatic | 50 mA cm−2 | MnSO4, cobalt sulfate, EDTA | 186.20 | [109] |
Fe-doped MnOx | Galvanostatic | MnSO4, iron sulfate, EDTA | 298.40 | ||
MnO2 | Galvanostatic | 165 mA cm−2 | 0.5 M KMnO4 | 196.00 | [78] |
MnO2-RGO | Electrophoretic deposition | 0.3 V | MnO2 + RGO | 392.00 | [88] |
MnOX | Electrophoretic deposition | 5 − 10 V | Manganese oxide + sodium alginate | 412.00 | [87] |
MnOx | Electrophoretic deposition | 10 − 100 V | Manganese oxide + ethanol + phosphate ester | 377.00 | [85] |
MnOx-CNT | Electrophoretic deposition | 15 V | Manganese oxide + sodium alginate + carbon nanotubes | Around 210.00 | [89] |
MnOx | Electrophoretic deposition | 100 V | Manganese oxide + ethanol | 236.00 | [86] |
MnOx | Electrophoretic deposition | 100 V | Manganese oxide + ethylene alcohol + H2SO4 | 275.00 | [110] |
The electrochemical performance of deposited manganese oxide-based film.
The authors acknowledge the University of Malaya for providing financial support through the projects BKS030-2017 and FG034-17AFR.
The musk strawberry,
Hegi [1] considered the distribution of
The earliest introductions to Finland of cultivated
In the latter half of the 19th century, the supply of the garden nurseries in Europe turned to sell cultivars of
In the now ceased Soviet Union before the year 1930, musk strawberry was grown for industrial purposes, though less than
The Austrian organization Arche Noah has maintained a hermaphroditic cultivar ‘Oke’ of
Prof. Günter Staudt (*1926 †2008) did not believe that hermaphroditic
In the summer of 2012, I visited a private experimental farm in Loimaa town, SW Finland, where I to my surprise saw berry carrying plants of
The hermaphroditic ‘Loimaa’ of
The hermaphroditic ‘Loimaa’ of
A surprise to a land owner in Kotka town, on the S coast of Finland, was the occurrence of berries in 2013 in an area of about 4 m2 among about 3 ares of large strawberry plants, which had never set any berry during the observed period since 1941. I got a message about the strange berry-set through conversations between two elderly people who met in a clinic waiting room, one being the landowner’s relative, and the other my father. Visiting the farm in Kotka showed that an apparent mutation had occurred in the female clone of
Occurrence of berries on a patch with flowers carrying fertile anthers in the female clone of
A dessicated late flower carrying fertile anthers in the anew risen hermaphrodite of
I performed crossing between ‘Kotka’ and ‘Loimaa’, and interspecific crosses of the hexaploid
The hexaploid chromosome number (2n = 42) in
I performed emasculation under magnification glasses in unopened flower-buds. The emasculated flowers were isolated in glassine crossing bags. Unopened flowers of the pollen parents were usually isolated in glassine crossing bags in advance to eliminated contaminating pollen. Such isolated flowers at the anthesis were directly used for pollination after the emasculated seed parent flowers were checked for the absence of anthers under magnification.
Cleaned mature seeds (achenes) were usually germinated on agar gel, where axenic conditions were tried to be attained. The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.001% HgCl2 in water in tubes for 20 min, at times vortexed, rinsed with two changes of sterile water, and placed individually on sterile 1% gel of Bacto-agar (Difco, Detroit, USA) made in tap-water, with added 0.01% CaCO3. After germination, the seedlings with one or two vegetative leaves were transferred to soil (Figure 5). The commercial organic growing soil Puutarhan Musta multa (Biolan, Eura, Finland) was usually used for growing. The experimental cultivation was mostly done in Kirkkonummi Municipality, on the southern coast of Finland.
Axenic germination of hybrid seeds of
Inflorescences before the opening of the flower buds were isolated in glassine crossing bags to test the self-pollination ability of the flowers. If the earliest flowers had already opened, they were removed before the isolation. Crossing bags were cut to a suitable length, closed around the inflorescence stem with a paper-clip, and were often needed to be tied with a thread to a bamboo-stick for support. The opened flowers were also scored for the sex organs once or twice during the flowering period.
The F1 progeny of the cross of the hermaphrodites,
Three berries around the ‘Kotka’ hermaphrodite were taken in 2015. These were evidently from female flowers open-pollinated by the near-by hermaphrodite, and as appeared later, one by
Berry no. | Females | Males | Sex unknown | Variegated leaves | Hybrid with |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1/3 | 14 | 13 | 8 | 3* | 1 |
2/3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
3/3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
Total | 22 | 23 | 14 | 5** | 1 |
F1 progenies from three berries taken from the
One with flowers could be ranked to be female, all the other plants with variegated leaves remained unknown for the flowers.
The gene for variegation must be recessive, but the viability of the homozygotes is reduced and the number is less than expected, or 1/4.
A variegating chlorotic, deformed and weak descendent grown from the seeds of an open-pollinated flower of the Kotka occurrence of
Berries of the tetraploid strawberry found in Jokioinen, SW Finland [38] have the fragrance of
Under open-pollination nearly completely fertile, tetraploid hybrid of
Under isolation, a nearly perfect set of berries in the tetraploid hybrid of
The other hybrid with
Under open-pollination, slightly fertile, tetraploid, spontaneous F1 hybrid of
A plant of the first generation between the spontaneous hybrid of
An artificial hybrid of the hermaphroditic
Seed parent ( | Number of flowering F1 phenotypes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Females | Hermaphrodites | Males | |
‘Loimaa’, hermaphrodite | 0 | 6 | 7 |
F1 progeny of the crosses of the hermaphroditic
Hybrids of
The F1 male and female plants of an artificial hybridization of
An octoploid derivative of the tetraploid F1 female plants of the artificial hybrid of
Seed parent ( | Number of flowering F1 phenotypes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Females | Hermaphrodites | Males | |
Female from Jokioinen | 1 | 0 | 1 |
‘Loimaa’, hermaphrodite | 0 | 67 | 26 |
‘Kotka’, hermaphrodite | 10 | 3 | 6 |
F1 progenies of the crosses of the female clone from Jokioinen, Finland and the hermaphroditic
Fertile, female F1 hybrid plant of
Fertile, hermaphroditic F1 hybrid of
The phenotype distributions of the crosses with the hermaphrodites ‘Loimaa’ and ‘Kotka’ are highly significantly different, χ2 = 57.008, df = 2, p < 0.001. In the ‘Kotka’ pedigree, the pooled female + hermaphrodite, 13 ratio to 6 males does not differ from the 67: 26 ratio of the ‘Loimaa’ pedigree, χ2 = 0.0016, df = 1, p = 0.968.
The hybrid species
A fairly fertile
Sweet and fragrant berries set with self-pollination under the tight isolation bag in the F1 hybrid of
An F1 hybrid of
The F1 hybrid of
Seed parent ( | Number of flowering F1 phenotypes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Females | Hermaphrodites | Males | |
‘Loimaa’, hermaphrodite | 0 | 31* | 18 |
F1 progenies of the crosses of the hermaphroditic
Including three partially fertile inflorescences in isolation bags.
The 31: 18 ratio has a poor fit to 1: 1, χ2 = 3.449, df = 1, p = 0.063. The 31: 18 ratio does not differ significant from the 67: 26 ratio of the
The soil analysis of the habitat of
A female clone of
Soil type | Fine-sandy moraine Rich in organic |
Conductivity | 0.7 mS/cm |
pH | 5.4 |
Ca | 1100 mg/l |
P | 8.8 mg/l |
K | 160 mg/l |
Mg | 170 mg/l |
S | 11 mg/l |
B | 0.6 mg/l |
Cu | 2.9 mg/l |
Mn | 120 mg/l |
Zn | 16 mg/l |
Cation exchange capacity | 13 cmol/kg |
Ca/cat. exch. cap. | 42% |
K/cat. exch. cap. | 3% |
Mg/cat. exch. cap. | 11% |
Na/cat. exch. cap. | 2% |
Results of the topsoil analysis of the Hämeenkylä site in Kouvola, Finland, where
In garden strawberry (
Grown in limited soil bags, an incipient tip-burn disorder in leaflets of
The foliage of
Ahmadi and Bringhurst [16] reported having received only hermaphroditic descendants (24 plants) from the selfing of the hermaphroditic cultivar ‘Capron’ (
The hermaphroditism seems to lower yield in octoploid strawberry species compared with dioecious female clones [46, 47]. With three endemics American octoploid strawberries, also the sex of the plant was found to significantly affect the microbiomes on the flowers [48]. In environments, where both female and male clones of
In most octoploid
Thinly variegating leaves (Figure 6) occurred in five descendants of the open-pollinated
The 1986 radioactive airborne fallout from Chernobyl may have induced genetic changes in vegetative, on land surface lying strawberry stolon tissue, later somatically segregating into the phenotype like the hermaphroditism or, after inbreeding, occurring in seedlings like the variegation. Somatic segregation of polyploidy from stolon was shown in the polyploidization technique derived for strawberries ([40], figure 1d). There under the action of colchicine on cell division, polyploidized cells and cell-groups are numerous. Instead, a radiation-induced mutation on a given gene per cell is extremely rare, and it takes years that a viable mutated cell-line forms a mutant-carrying strawberry stolon, if ever. A recessive mutant needs a meiotic division to manifest, like the variegation gene (Figure 6).
The hybrids between
During some seasons, berries of musk strawberry may be infected with the fungus
The
In 1841 v. Bach [65] described
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
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She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/112137",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"112137"},fullPath:"/profiles/112137",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()