Fatima Batool

By Fatima Batool, Batcho Anicet Agossa, Zainab Y. Sandhu, Muhammad Bilal Sarwar, Sameera Hassan and Bushra Rashid

Heat stress is considered to induce a wide range of physiological and biochemical changes that cause severe damage to plant cell membrane, disrupt protein synthesis, and affect the efficiency of photosynthetic system by reducing the transpiration due to stomata closure. A brief and mild heat shock is known to induce acquired thermo tolerance in plants that is associated with concomitant production of heat shock proteins’ (HSPs) gene family including HSP70. The findings from different studies by use of technologies have thrown light on the importance of HSP70 to heat, other abiotic stresses and environmental challenges in desserts. There is clear evidence that under heat stress, HSP70 gene stabilized the membrane structure, chlorophyll and water breakdown. It was also found that under heat stress, HSP70 decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in transgenic plants as compared to non-transgenic plants. Some reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical are also synthesized and accumulated when plants are stressed by heat. Hence HSP70 can confidently be used for transforming a number of heat tolerant crop species.

Part of the book: Advances in Plant Defense Mechanisms

By Saba Nawaz, Iqra Maqsood, Fatima Batool, Zainab Y. Sandhu, Sameera Hassan, Faheem Akram and Bushra Rashid

Plants are under the threat of climatic changes and there is a reduction in productivity and deterioration in quality. The application of nanoparticles is one of the recent approaches to improve plant yield and quality traits. A number of nanoparticles, such as zinc nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), iron nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs), silicon nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), cerium nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and carbon nanoparticles (C NPs), have been reported in different plant species to play a role to improve the plant physiology and metabolic pathways under environmental stresses. Crop plants readily absorb the nanoparticles through the cellular machinery of different tissues and organs to take part in metabolic and growth processes. Nanoparticles promote the activity of a range of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in plant species, which in turn improve the growth and development under stressful conditions. The present review focuses on the mode of action and signaling of nanoparticles to the plant systems and their positive impact on growth, development, and ROS scavenging potential. The appropriate elucidation on mechanisms of nanoparticles in plants leads to better growth and yields under stress conditions, which will ultimately lead to increased agricultural production.

Part of the book: Abiotic Stress in Plants

By Hafiza Fizzah Zulfiqar, Bakht Afroze, Sana Shakoor, Muhammad Saad Bhutta, Muhammad Ahmed, Sameera Hassan, Fatima Batool and Bushra Rashid

The agricultural sector faces unprecedented challenges to ensure food security as the global population soars and climate change intensifies. Abiotic stresses are well-known for diminishing agricultural output and constraining crop yield generation worldwide. While conventional methods for managing crop stress fall short of meeting global demands, the integration of nanotechnology in agriculture offers a sustainable approach, providing a cornerstone for resilient and resource-efficient crop production in the face of evolving environmental challenges. Through targeted delivery systems and tailored formulations, nanoparticles exhibit the potential to enhance plant physiological processes, nutrient uptake efficiency, and stress tolerance mechanisms. This chapter describes the potential role of nanoparticles in abiotic stress management and activation of plant defence-related genes, improving the yield and quality of crops by combating nutrient deficiency and inducing stress tolerance. Moreover, it also discusses the potent molecular mechanisms upon application of nanoparticles for inducing tolerance to various abiotic stresses. However, while nanoparticle-based approaches hold great promise, their implementation also raises concerns regarding environmental impact, toxicity, regulatory frameworks, and socioeconomic implications.

Part of the book: Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants