LB-APS performance characteristics.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Advances in telomere researches have linked telomere dysfunction with cellular aging and a number of age-related human diseases. Recent studies further expanded our knowledge of telomere functions - telomeres are shown to be important for microbial pathogen virulence and telomere proteins have important non-telomeric cellular functions. 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In 2002, Dr. Li started to study the telomere structure and functions in a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human African trypanosomiasis. Dr. Li joined Cleveland State University in 2006 and became a tenured associate professor in 2011. Her work has led to the identification of T. brucei telomere proteins TRF and RAP1. She has shown that T. brucei RAP1 plays an essential role in silencing virulence genes located adjacent to telomeres, demonstrating for the first time that the telomere complex plays an important role in T. brucei pathogenesis and virulence regulation (Yang et al. 2009. 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Her expertise on the Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) is well recognized and she has worked with FAO control programs of TADs in the country. She has been involved in conduct of various trainings for field as well as laboratory staff. She has published research papers, review articles and book chapters on different areas of veterinary disease diagnosis and control. She has been peer reviewer for two different journals of veterinary science “Research journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences; Research and Reviews” for over 03 years.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112070/images/system/112070.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar, a scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has more than fifteen years of experience in various fields of veterinary sciences. His main area of expertise is transboundary animal diseases (TADs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). He has worked in academics as well as in the field of implementing disease control programs. He has worked with local and international projects to establish diagnostic laboratories for TADs. He has also conducted various training for field as well as laboratory staff. Dr. Abubakar has published numerous research papers, review articles, and book chapters on different subjects in the veterinary sciences, especially TADs like avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and peste des petits ruminants. He is the co-editor of The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of Livestock. He is currently an editor in chief for the Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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A considerable number of such vehicles have been developed in several countries. They are designed for object search, bottom configuration survey, geological survey, scientific research and a wide range of military missions.
\n\t\t\tModern underwater vehicles generally comprise positioning systems that include onboard autonomous, acoustic and satellite positioning systems (Romero & Lester, 2000; Theseus AUV; Maridan AUV). For example, the autonomous vehicle
The similar method was applied for development of the
The positioning system of
Russian Institute of Marine Technology Problems (IMTP) FEB RAS has many years of experience of developing and using AUVs for solving practical tasks at depths up to 6,000 m (Ageev et al., 2005). This also includes experience of development and operation of various positioning devices. The positioning devices that had been developed over the past years had various operating ranges, various precision rates and differed considerably in the system integration approach but in general they were designed to solve the tasks of enabling secure and reliable positioning of AUVs for various applications.
\n\t\t\tJudging from the experience of all previous work the list of the said problems includes the following:
\n\t\t\tdetermination and display onboard the carrier ship of the current AUV position in the shallow sea and deep sea,
secure performance of operation missions near the sea bottom and bottom-level obstructions,
mission performance control onboard the ship,
obtaining the AUV system status information onboard the ship,
current AUV positioning onboard the AUV,
efficiency improvement and expansion of the positioning system operation range by eliminating the fixed devices (beacons),
high-speed data exchange between the AUV and the ship via an acoustic communication link,
transporting the vehicle into the acoustic devices operation range and providing communication for short-range control.
AUV positioning devices.
The positioning equipment of modern vehicles developed by the IMTP FEB RAS comprises units of onboard autonomous, acoustic and satellite positioning systems (Ageev et al., 2005; Kiselyov et al., 2004; Inzartsev et al., 2007a; Inzartsev et al., 2007b). Each system in its turn is a system of devices incorporated in the integral base configuration of AUV systems and shipboard equipment (fig. 1).
\n\t\t\tLet us consider next some architecture features and characteristics of particular systems incorporated in the navigation complex.
\n\t\tThe core of the AUV navigation system is an acoustic positioning complex which incorporates a long-base (LB) and ultra-short base (USB) acoustic positioning systems (APS). The complex integrates structurally shipboard antennas of the systems, shipboard support equipment, software is unified. The operation mode of the complex is selected based on the current tactics of the AUV application.
\n\t\t\tThe complex enables structuring the configuration of navigation facilities depending on a type of the problems to be solved and operating environment. As a rule the following complex configurations are used:
\n\t\t\tLB-APS with the range up to 15 km and relative error of 10-3 can be combined with a low-speed remote-control system (Table 1);
USB-APS with the range up to 10 km and relative error of 10-2; it can be integrated with an LB- APS (Table 2);
ACS, an acoustic system for the AUV communication with the carrier ship with the range of 6-10 km, 4,000 bit/s speed and error rate of 10-2.
The positioning complex equipment consists of a set of transponders, a set of AUV transceiving equipment and a set of shipboard equipment. As a whole the complex ensures navigation, remote control, telemetry and search operation control by analyzing video images or sonar images transmitted from the AUV. The acoustic system and its modifications, where, besides the positioning system, a telemetry system and a remote-control system were implemented, too, have successfully enabled actual AUV maritime operations during the last three decades.
\n\t\t\tOperation depth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Rang e | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t10- | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Range relative measurement error | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNo more than 0,5*10 -2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Bandwidth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t11-14 kHz | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Beacon self-sustaining period | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to 0.25 of a year | \n\t\t\t\t\t
System installation time (with transponders positioning) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to 6 hours in shallow sea and up to 24 hours in deep sea | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Size of shipboard electronic equipment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.6 х 0.55 х 0.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Size of transponder (diameter х length) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.14 х 0.85 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Size of towed antenna module | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.9 х 0.4 х 1.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
LB-APS performance characteristics.
Operation depth | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Range | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tUp to | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Bearing angle error | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNo more than 1-2° | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Range relative measurement error | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNo more than 0.5*10 -2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Operating frequency | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t11.75 kHz | \n\t\t\t\t\t
System installation time | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t1 hour | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Size of shipboard electronic equipment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.6 х 0.55 х 0.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Size of towed antenna module | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t0.9 х 0.4 х 1.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t
USB-APS performance characteristics.
Let us cite as an example the results of search operations in the area of the military helicopter crash near the coast of the Peter the Great Bay of the Japan Sea (Ageev et al., 2005). During the first phase of the operations when the site of the helicopter crash was searched for, a large area was surveyed using side scan sonar (SSS). The motion path is shown in fig. 2a.
\n\t\t\tArea path investigation during helicopter search. a) large-scale SSS survey, S = 22 sq. km, Δ = 20 m; b) detailed video survey, S=0.16 sq. km, Δ = 5 m.
Points of beacon locations, the carrier ship anchorage, and a series of targets detected on the SSS screen are marked on the path. The total survey area was equal approximately to 22 sq. km. The depth of the site in the operations area was approximately 70 m, the horizontal range was up to 6 km, and the target positioning accuracy was approximately 20 m. During the second phase close search was carried out for precise positioning of the detected targets. In the area of 400 x 400 m the search was carried out with the use of video system with the vehicle travel height equal to 5 m. In order to avoid gaps in the search square the vehicle motion was remotely controlled in short straight-line tacks at a distance of several meters from the preceding ones. The results of the search operations in the area are given in fig. 2b where the AUV paths for three launches are shown; each launch has 5 to 6-hour duration and they are overlapped in the search square. The total area of video observation was no less than 100,000 sq. m, and tack positioning accuracy was less than 10 m which allowed accomplishing the mission: to detect and to position the targets.
\n\t\tThe onboard autonomous navigation system (BANS) generally encompasses positioning and steering sensors (a depth gauge, a magnetic compass, a gyroscopic compass, a heel sensor, a pitch sensor, a specific velocity meter, an absolute velocity meter, i.e. an electromagnetic log and a Doppler log (EL, DL), angular-rate sensors, an inertial positioning system (IPS), an echoranging system (ERS), a GPS receiver). Depending on the BANS configuration the data provided by the measuring devices is used to enhance reliability and accuracy of the system operation.
\n\t\t\tThe BANS itself represents a stratified module formed by a dead reckoning system, the IPS and the GPS receiver operated by a local area network. Autonomous navigation facilities of that configuration can enable performance of complex programmed missions and gathering data on the vehicle condition during its motion. Solving the problems of objects investigation and work of the vehicle under conditions of autonomy brings to necessity of development of positioning complex, which allows perform autonomous motion correction by the current vehicle coordinates and the given coordinates of targets or references.
\n\t\t\tWhen the AUV autonomous operation time is extended it is important to provide positioning with as much accuracy as possible using integrated BANS. In general navigation error during determination of vehicle coordinates by means of dead-reckoning depends on a number of factors: instrumental errors of measuring devices, in particular, gyros drift, initial data input errors, velocity measurement errors, especially at unaccounted stream, and IPS initial alignment errors.
\n\t\t\tIt’s obvious that when there is no correction from external measuring devices the cumulative positioning error accumulates in time, and when the vehicle operation time is extended it becomes intolerably large. When the vehicle operates in shallow area error can be corrected due to the possibility to make corrections with the help of GPS during episodic vehicle surfacing.
\n\t\t\tThe following variants of integration and correction of navigation information onboard the AUV are of the greatest practical interest at present.
\n\t\t\tCorrection of IPS (in the complete configuration or in a gyros mode) with regard to DL (near the bottom) and GPS (on the sea surface);
Reciprocal correction of gyroscopic and magnetic compasses in various AUV operation modes;
Integrated processing of the information from BANS and LB (USB) APS onboard receiver;
correction of BANS via an acoustic communication link and remote control using APS and GPS data.
Let’s note some peculiarities of navigational calculations, and cite as an example integrated positioning system of AUV “Klavesin”.
\n\t\t\tAUV onboard positioning complex is realized in two configurations. They differ in the type of used IPS. In one of them a fiber-optic gyroscopic compass “Octans III” by French company iXSEA is used as IPS, in the other one the IPS is mechanical without dynamic tuning gyros. In this system speed correction is programmatically provided by the use of measurements of acoustic Doppler log. Kalman filter is used for combined data processing from both internal (gyros, accelerometers) and external sources (DL, GPS receiver).
\n\t\t\tAs it was mentioned, positioning (local and absolute) in autonomous system is performed by means of dead-reckoning. Velocity vector data received with the help of water speed log or bottom speed log is used for it. In these cases velocity vector components V=(Vx,Vy) against are given by:
\n\t\t\twhere Vrel – speed against the flow, \n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
When the vehicle operates in a limited area or in the carrier-ship tracking mode, autonomous coordinates can be corrected through combined processing of the BANS and APS data or through positioning data transmission to the vehicle via acoustic communication link together with telemetry data and remote control commands.
\n\t\t\tBANS task consists in path and speed measuring, measurements of speed projections on coordinate axis according to these data, and measurements integration for positioning. If water speed log is used then available current data (\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
where Xс, Yс – coordinated reckoned with the help of BANS, X(t0), Y(t0) - reference coordinates entered before start.
\n\t\t\tRange evaluations ri (i =1...n) from vehicle to transponders with coordinates (Xi,Yi) and evaluations of the vehicle coordinates (Xabs,Yabs) which can be received by APS are connected by equations:
\n\t\t\tThe task of integration and correction (Romero & Lester, 2000) consists of elimination of large initial dead-reckoning errors of current positioning and current vector evaluation. To do it data of different systems is used at each step of navigational calculations. Integrated positioning algorithm performs: positioning on the basis of navigation-piloting sensors, response selection from hydroacoustic transponders, hydroacoustic positioning on the basis of distance-measurement information, coordinates correction and current speed evaluation. Reckoning system input parameters are the path of gyroscopic and magnetic compasses, pitch, relative or absolute velocity, and preliminary evaluation of current velocity components (when water-speed log is used). Output parameters are course made per one correction cycle, and coordinates. The process of signals selection from APS transponders provides false signals filtration, which was caused by refraction effects and multipath condition, and formation of distances for the following positioning.
\n\t\t\tThe variants of integration and system accuracy evaluation given above were tested during repeated field tests in the deep and shallow sea. Some results of positioning characteristics experimental tests during AUV performing different operations are given below.
\n\t\t\tPositioning process takes an important place in AUV control system. To a large extent system architecture of control is defined by requirements of organization of navigational calculations. Let’s mention some peculiarities of this process.
\n\t\t\t\tNavigational calculations are made in distributed environment of AUV’s local area network (LAN) (fig. 3). Positioning process is organized as a combination of informative interrelated tasks performed on separate computers and LAN microcontrollers. All navigation facilities (IPS, positioning and steering sensors, APS signal transducers, etc.) are the abonents of several segments of this network, and two computers perform navigational calculations simultaneously.
In many cases navigational calculations have “interactive” character. In other words positioning process can require from AUV control system performance of several additional actions (not foreseen by program-task) for accuracy improvement or disambiguation in positioning. Suchlike situations can happen during operations at great depths (for vehicle reference coordinates positioning after long descent.
“Interactivity” of positioning process is developed in set of commands of program-task (mission) used for required motions specifying.
Navigational calculations are organized on two AUV control system hierarchy levels. The basic calculation process is performed on the execution level. Positioning process besides sensors data receiving and processing specifies data and commands exchange and enquiry messages to AUV control system nucleus (by means of distributed data base).
\n\t\t\t\tThe basic operation process consists of integrated calculations for integration of LB APS transducers responses or USB APS data and BANS reckoned data. As a rule, such mode doesn’t affect performing AUV major mission. In disadvantageous conditions when there is a large positioning error according to data of different systems, a necessity to perform test motions (for disambiguation) arises. This situation becomes obvious during positioning process and is based on the rate of convergence of iterative loop calculations, value of closure error, etc. At the same time a corresponding enquire is formed to the highest (coordinating) hierarchy level for performing such motions.
\n\t\t\t\tElements of local area network.
Depending on the status of the scheduler this requirement can be denied, queued or immediately executed. In the last case performing of the program-task is discontinued, and the processing procedure starts (standard or described in mission). As a rule, standard processing procedures are performed during hovering mode or motion along the special search path. Certain parameters of the said procedure performance can be defined by positioning process itself. From mission support of such AUV behavior consists in the use of several operation control functions (Ageev et al., 2005):
\n\t\t\t\tdescription of desired path configuration: TACK_…(…), POSITION_…(…);
defining of conditions of navigational devices (for example, IPS): GET_…();
loading out-of-order inquiry processing of positioning process SIGNAL(…).
The functions of the first two categories are also used in standard libraries of coordinating level. A corresponding notification is sent to the carrier-ship through acoustic communication link in the beginning of unplanned part of the mission performance.
\n\t\t\tThe tests of positioning complex were carried out on AUV “MT-98” during trajectory measurements under ground test conditions in one of the Peter the Great Bay creeks.
\n\t\t\t\tIt follows from the comparison of the results of the multiply conducted experiments that average runout rate for BANS positioning is minimal when an IPS (in a gyroscopic compass mode) is integrated with a Doppler log. Relative error averaged according to several vehicle launches comprised 28.5 m/h, which corresponds to the positioning error of approximately 1% for the whole distance covered.
\n\t\t\t\tAUV motion path during positioning complex tests.
Further system modification was connected with increasing the AUV autonomous operation time. Fig 4 shows the AUV motion paths obtained during a 17-hour vehicle launch while it was positioned using APS, BANS and GPS devices. The programmed path was set in the form of repeated squares within the range of the three APS transponders. Various types of the AUV motion paths shown in figure correspond to the following test conditions. Positioning process using the BANS was carried out according to the gyroscopic compass and electromagnetic (impeller) log data. The obtained BANS coordinates were simultaneously corrected based on the LB-APS distance-measurement information. To compare the obtained results and to determine a BANS accumulating error the LB-APS and GPS measurement data was used (during surfacing). In addition it was assumed that the LB-APS internal “point” error with respect to the actual position of an object and a similar observation error according to GPS data do not exceed 10 – 15 m, which allows adopting these systems as a “reference”. Under these conditions the BANS reckoning error (without corrections based on APS data) accumulated upon completion of the program with regard to the surfacing location coordinates based on GPS data was 933 m which corresponds to the runout rate of 54 m/h. The BANS and LB-APS integration virtually enables reducing the BANS reckoning error down to the corresponding LB-APS level (15 m).
\n\t\t\tIn different periods of North development and research to perform operations, always hot and difficult, the most perfect technologies were used. Nowadays in Arctic Zone underwater vehicle, among them vehicles-robots, are used. We all know about the operations performed by underwater vehicles under the ice on evaluation of bottom configuration in places where cables and pipelines are installed and about the operations on fiber-optic cable installation. The importance of the operations is specified by growing interest to the resources within seabed covered by solid ice. Until now the Arctic Ocean seabed has been explored using individual sounding carried out by icebreakers or drifting polar stations. Though modern atomic icebreakers can bring scientific expeditions to any part of Arctic Zone, they cannot provide all range of necessary polar research. Application of underwater robots operated onboard icebreakers appears to be the most appropriate method to investigate bathymetric, physical, and geomorphologic characteristics of the Arctic seabed in the area of widespread ice cover. The first operational experience in high latitudes of the Arctic zone using underwater robots was received in August 2007 in the Arctic Ocean near Lomonosov Ridge (Inzartsev et al., 2007a). The expedition of the atomic icebreaker “Russia” investigated the geological characteristics of the seabed at depths of 1,500-1,600 meters in the area of over 50 sq. km.
\n\t\t\t\tAUV “Klavesin” onboard the atomic icebreaker “Russia”.
Preliminary integrated checkout of the vehicle efficiency in high latitudes was carried out earlier onboard the atomic icebreaker “Russia” during the expedition to the North Pole in summer 2007.
\n\t\t\t\tFurther the paper discusses the stages of preparation to the research in Arctic, gives some scientific data received during the deep-water descents, and evaluates research results.
\n\t\t\t\tThe operations were carried out with the help of AUV “Klavesin” (fig. 5). This vehicle developed by IMTP FEB RAS is designed for supervisory and searching tasks under conditions of open water at depth up to 6000 m.
\n\t\t\t\tHowever, normal work of the vehicle under conditions of polar latitudes and solid ice cover demanded serious changes in organization of its operation, navigation and communication facilities, descent and ascent technologies.
\n\t\t\t\tThese adjustments were dictated by the extreme operating environment which includes:
\n\t\t\t\tAUV descent and ascent operations through the ice opening, which size is comparable to the size of the carrier,
ice drift in the exploration area;
latitude dependence of accuracy of the magnetic sensors and gyroscopes.
During preparations for the high-latitude expedition the ways of solving a number of problems due to these factors became basic. Several details of the preparation work are given below.
\n\t\t\tAUV “Klavesin” is a multi-purpose system equipped with sophisticated facilities for autonomous and acoustic positioning and communication, a configurable control system enabling search operations in an autonomous mode or using acoustic remote control equipment. To fit the polar conditions the AUV standard equipment was supplemented with a series of special function modules and base units:
\n\t\t\t\tthe system performing the procedure of AUV automatic transporting to the onboard antenna was developed; the procedure is initiated when the mission is accomplished;
for AUV precision control during AUV ascent in the ice opening a standard set of remote-control commands transmitted via acoustic communication link was changed;
to make the vehicle stay on the surface when the mission is accomplished to decrease its floatability under conditions of desalination of surface layer of water a special mode of stabilization with the help of vertical thrusting propulsions was introduced.
The most important task was to develop and debug a system of the AUV homing to the carrier ship. After completing simulation research and full-scale experiments a sequence of operations was determined for the AUV to implement the homing algorithm.
\n\t\t\t\tAt the first stage the AUV performs search motion along the path in the shape of circle, forms array of range value to the shipboard antenna depending on the current path, and takes a bearing corresponding to maximum speed of range attention. Having found required direction the vehicle moves to the carrier-ship along the fixed route. When AUV approaches to the shipboard antenna not closer than 100 m it starts moving in the “figure-of-eight” (in the center of which the shipboard antenna stays), and waits for the commands from the shipboard. The final stage of the control during AUV homing to the ice opening is carried out by the operator in the acoustic remote control mode.
\n\t\t\t\tThe elements of the described algorithm were tested in the sea during AUV preparation. Figure 6 shows one of AUV motion paths during its homing to the shipboard antenna in the open-water at the initial distance of 750 m.
\n\t\t\t\tAn example of AUV autonomous homing path to the shipboard antenna.
These trials proved that homing to the carrier is performed rather quickly. In the mentioned experiment at cruising speed 1 m/s an average speed of approaching to the antenna comprised taking into account all movements of the vehicle 0.57 m/s, and not taking into account initial search movement – 0.8 m/s.
\n\t\t\t\tThe AUV’s operation under ice is necessary not only for accurate positioning of the current operations, but also for monitoring and ensuring the AUV return to the carrier ship. When the vehicle moves 10-15 km away from the launch ice opening it is important to ensure reliable acoustic link with the shipboard antenna module. At the same time, it is imperative to provide ongoing monitoring of the communication link condition in order to avoid risks of losing acoustic contact. In this case antenna module becomes a towed acoustic beacon to which AUV is homed when the mission is accomplished. For open-water and mid-latitude operations AUV “Klavesin” is equipped with hydroacoustic navigation and control facilities the application of which on the North Pole in normal operations mode is limited by a number of circumstances.
\n\t\t\t\tOperation of USB APS requires no transponders. It is usually equipped with a magnetic course sensor, which has low accuracy in polar latitudes. Installing bottom acoustic transponders, both return and single-use, and the LB APS on the site are ineffective due to drift of ice floe. If the homing acoustic antenna drifting with the ship moves too far off, conditions for acoustic monitoring and operation control onboard the ship deteriorate dramatically. Installing surface LB APS transponders also has its shortcomings. Firstly, each transponder current positioning requires integrating with the regular navigation receiver, as well as with coordinates transmitter in the control desk; then the data input is required. Secondly, it is necessary to install the transponders at the depths of at least 250-300 m to provide their proper work taking into account the peculiarities of vertical distribution of sound speed in Arctic latitudes. The sizes of the ice opening, and, thus, the transponders’ measuring base are limited. At the same time unpredictable drift of transponders, installed on flexible umbilicals, brings to considerable errors and failures of navigation system operation.
\n\t\t\t\tBasic elements of the positioning complex include an inertial positioning system (IPS) and an acoustic Doppler log. During preparations for the high-latitude expedition operation procedure was worked out for the gyrocompass “Octans-III” by French company iXSEA and the Doppler log developed by the IMTP FEB RAS. As a result the following scheme was implemented for AUV positioning guidance.
\n\t\t\t\tThree maximum-spaced LB APS transponders were installed around the ice opening chosen for AUV descending – ascending. The transponders’ coordinates were determined at the time of their installation and directly before AUV starting. Then they were entered into the positioning program as persistent data. Transponders’ location was measured at regular intervals, and updated measurements were entered into the positioning program. The current ship’s position and its antenna position were determined by regular satellite positioning receiver. Taking into account received data the ice floe drift and the location of transponders’ measuring base were evaluated.
\n\t\t\t\tAUV starting point coordinates on the surface were recorded. Then the AUV mission starting point at the bottom and the starting point of the onboard positioning system operation respectively were determined based on the LB APS data. During the mission the AUV current path was reckoned based on readings of the absolute velocity meter, the course indicator, the depth gauge, the heel sensor and the pitch sensor installed onboard.
\n\t\t\t\tBased on the telemetry data transmitted from the AUV via acoustic communication link the AUV motion path was monitored onboard the carrier ship in real time. Navigational plot simultaneously displayed the drift path of the carrier ship with the base of transponders and AUV motion path in respect of drifting transponders’ base (fig. 7). The reckoning system’s resultant error was corrected by a series of discrete points where the AUV position was calculated based upon the LB APS data using the refined coordinates of the transponders.
\n\t\t\t\tAUV motion path displayed on the navigational plot: A - in respect of the bottom according to the onboard positioning system data; B - in respect of drifting transponders’ base according to the LB APS data.
After its mission had been accomplished, the AUV performed automatic location of the shipboard acoustic antenna module. At the final homing stage before its ascent the AUV position in the ice opening was controlled using the vehicle distance from the antenna module and each transponder. Commands for the last procedures of ascent (ascent from the depth of 20 m and then 5 m) were sent when the AUV was in the nearest position to the shipboard antenna (no more than 20-25 m) and in the center of the ice opening (determined according to the distance from AUV to the transponders).
\n\t\t\tThe expedition performed operations on the Lomonosov Ridge in the area of the point with the coordinates 84 40\' N and 149 10\' Е at the condition of ice cover approximately 9.5 points (solid ice cover with single rare ice openings sized up to 100 m.) and with the speed of drift of ice floe up to 0.5 knots. Firstly, a trial AUV descent at the depth up to 100 m for ballasting and checking system operation was carried out. The received results allowed coming to a decision about deep-water launches.
\n\t\t\t\tTwo operational descents with echo-ranging survey of the bottom, environment measurements, acoustic profiling and photographing of separate bottom areas were performed. During operational launches AUV position was controlled onboard the carrier-ship with AUV motion path displayed in real time and presenting AUV current condition parameters – coordinates, speed, course, depth, height, and direct distance from shipboard antenna.
\n\t\t\t\tThe navigation scheme and technique described above enabled AUV positioning and control, monitoring its mission accomplishment, and ensuring the vehicle’s precise arrival at the ice opening for ascent. At the final stage of AUV mission – ascent after 22 hour of self-contained operation - the control of vehicle direct distance from carrier ship antenna and installed transponders was provided. Range measurement error didn’t exceed 10 m at that moment, and when appearing on the surface AUV was in 10-15 m from the board of the carrier ship and in 20-30 m from its antenna.
\n\t\t\t\tAnalyzing available data positioning accuracy can be approximately evaluated. During the 22-hour long launch cumulative uncorrected error of the onboard positioning system, which was defined as deviation between the ascent point coordinates determined by the onboard positioning system and the coordinates obtained during GPS observation, was equal to 1,370 m or approximately 60 m/hour. This error had been accumulated and formed from the following sources:
\n\t\t\t\terror of geographical coordinates for the mission starting point at the bottom. AUV starting point coordinates on the surface were determined rather accurately, but during descent (approximately 50 min) AUV moved along complicated path, and its location was monitored by APS using drifting transponders’ base. Estimated position of the starting point according to APS was corrected by compensation of transponders’ base drifting with error approximately 50 m.
dead-reckoning error of the onboard positioning system. According to the results of the experiments carried out during system debugging the cumulative reckoning error was less than 1% of traversed path. It comprises less than 50 m/h at speed 1 m/s.
dead-reckoning error during AUV ascent and homing at depths excluding Doppler log efficiency. Vehicle speed data was worked out by water speed log, and its accuracy is essentially lower than that of a Doppler log. Total operation time of the reckoning system in a homing mode was at least 3 hours, it also influenced cumulative error.
Evaluation listed above is not final, as accepted configuration of navigation facilities has additional possibilities of correcting reckoned coordinates and considerably reducing positioning error. Reduction of error is achieved by means of positioning separate points of reckoned path to the points calculated at this period of time according to LB APS with the use of drifting transponders relocation. Error in determination of coordinates calculated according to the LB APS data can be compared to the relative range measurement error (no more than one percent for the disadvantageous working conditions) and comprises 60 m at the range of 6000 m. Then, as it was mentioned, onboard the carrier ship besides speed and course data necessary for reckoning, the telemetry data on depth and height are received, and direct AUV range from the homing antenna with precise coordinates are continuously controlled. If the vehicle performs rectilinear equal tacks, then drift parameters of the carrier ship and abovementioned basic data allow positioning the vehicle according to changes of range data from the homing antenna using simple mathematical models. These coordinates positioning error comprises about 2% from the current range (for the conditions of carried out operations – about 100 m).
\n\t\t\t\tGood positioning facilities of AUV “Klavesin” allowed efficiently perform a number of research operations during deep-water descents under ice in High Latitudes. During abovementioned expedition the following operations were carried out with the help of underwater vehicle:
\n\t\t\t\tbathymetric survey of seabed area equal 50 sq. km,
echo-ranging survey of seabed surface,
acoustic profiling,
strip survey of some seabed areas,
sea water temperature and electric conductivity measurements.
Let’s mention some results of the performed operations.
\n\t\t\t\tBathymetric survey was carried out by means of direct measurements of vehicle descent with the use of depth sensor, and measurements of AUV distance to the bottom with the use of echoranging system. At AUV speed 1 m/s discreteness of the data received comprises 1 m. Bathymetric cumulative error doesn’t exceed 3 m. All measurements are made in international reference coordinate system WGS-84. A bathymetric map of the area is made according to the measurement data.
\n\t\t\t\tEcho-ranging survey of seabed area was carried out with the help of low-frequency and high-frequency side-scan sonars (LF SSS and HF SSS). A combined SSS-image (plot) of operation area and separate high-resolution fragments of bottom and biological payloads were received. The results of SSS-survey illustrate the character of seabed and bottom objects of different nature.
\n\t\t\t\tSeabed acoustic profiling was performed during vehicle motion at 30 m from the bottom. The swath was approximately 30 m, profiling depth 30-50 m. Geological structure of deep-sea and sediment layers were explored. It allowed evaluating morphological characteristics of the bottom structure.
\n\t\t\t\tHydrologic research included sea water temperature and electric conductivity measurements. This data was used for sound velocity calculation. The character of temperature dependences on depth and formation of vertical distribution of sound velocity is detected. Vertical temperature profiles, electric conductivity and sound velocity profiles as well as map of near bottom temperature field were made on the basis of these measurements.
\n\t\t\t\tSeabed photo survey was carried out at 0.755.1 m. Photos of many biological payloads sheltered in silt with exit openings are of a great interest.
\n\t\t\tAn autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle for scientific research was used for the first time in the world history under ice in the Arctic polar latitudes. The possibility of its use for bottom characteristics research was practically proved.
As a result of the research the unique information about the seabed characteristics, which cannot be accessed using any other equipment was obtained. Based on the obtained data a bathymetric map and a sonar image plot of the explored seabed area were composed. Acoustic sounding bottom profiles, vertical temperature, electric conductivity and sound velocity profiles were generated.
The materials gained during the expedition can be of a scientific interest for the maritime law, marine biology, geology, and marine science specialists.
The authors thanks IMTP FEB RAS members – all those who took part in development and trials of AUV positioning complex as well as the colleagues from the institutions who took part in organization and complex testing of AUV systems. Especially authors would like to thank A. Pavin whose materials were used during preparation of the paper.
\n\t\tThe constant development of medical applications using ionizing radiation requires an understanding of the transport of particles through materials, such as tissues, organs, patients, imaging devices. For this reason, computational simulations, using the Monte Carlo Method, have been extensively used in several areas, specifically, in Radiological Physics, where this tool is applied for modeling a treatment or medical examinations, for example, that for some regions of interest are difficulties and complexities to making experimentally.
Several computational codes, based on Monte Carlo simulation, have been used in radiological protection, radiotherapy source dosimetry, planning systems, and other applications PENELOPE [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], MCNP [7, 8, 9, 10, 11], EGSnrc [12, 13, 14, 15], FLUKA [16, 17, 18, 19, 20], TOPAS [21, 22, 23, 24, 25], GAMOS [26, 27, 28, 29], Geant [30, 31].
In this work, some applications will be presented, in different scenarios to determine dose, relative dose, dose distribution, as well as to determine dosimetric parameters used in radiotherapy, using computational codes through Monte Carlo simulation.
In this section, some applications of computational codes in radiotherapy will be presented.
The PENELOPE (PENetration and Energy LOss of Positrons and Electrons) computational code includes several computational codes written in FORTRAN 77 [32]. The package simulates the transport of electrons, photons, and positrons in arbitrary materials and energy values from 100 eV to 1 GeV, in geometries and materials defined by the user [33]. PENELOPE has a database of cross-sections for materials involving elements with atomic numbers from 1 to 92, and 180 other compounds and mixtures of interest in Radiological Physics.
This computational code has been used in several applications in Radiotherapy, such as determining parameters of brachytherapy sources [4, 34, 35, 36].
According to the TG-43 protocol, later revised and entitled TG-43 U1 [37, 38], the calculation of the dosimetric parameter Anisotropy Function is performed through Eq. (1):
where D is the dose rate; r is the distance from the center of the source to the point of interest (in cm),
Quevedo et al. [4] determined a dosimetric parameter, using Monte Carlo simulation with the PENELOPE package. The high dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy source commonly used in gynecological brachytherapy was modeled, and the Anisotropy Function in regions close to the source was determined. Figure 1 shows (a) the source geometry, modeled in the PENELOPE package, and (b) the Anisotropy Function in regions close to the irradiation source.
(a) Source geometry, modeled in the PENELOPE package, adapted from Quevedo et al. [
To validate the results obtained, using Monte Carlo simulation with the PENELOPE package, dose profiles in the longitudinal direction of the source were compared with data from the BrachyVision planning system. Figure 2 shows the comparisons of relative doses, as a function of distances, between the PENELOPE package and the BrachyVision treatment planning system for distances (a) 0.4 cm from the center of the source towards the source cable, (b) center of the source and (c) 0.4 cm from the center of the source towards the top of the source encapsulation, adapted from Quevedo et al. [4].
Relative dose comparisons, as a function of distances, between the PENELOPE package and the BrachyVision treatment planning system for distances (a) 0.4 cm from the center of the source towards the source cable, (b) center of the source, and (c) 0.4 cm from the center of the source towards the top of the source encapsulation, adapted from Quevedo et al. [
From the comparisons in the three plans, it is possible to verify that the data obtained in the simulations with the PENELOPE package shows agreement greater than 98% of the points, with the data obtained from the treatment planning system, indicating that the PENELOPE package has great potential in the determination of dosimetric parameters of high dose rate brachytherapy sources.
The TOPAS (Tool for Particle Simulation) computational code is based on physical Geant4 models and low energy electromagnetic models of the PENELOPE code [39] and has shown great potential for simulations in medical and quality control applications [22, 40, 41, 42, 43].
TOPAS is based on an innovative parameter control system, which allows the modeling of therapy and imaging devices without the need for programming knowledge, in order to reduce user errors. The code has a vast library of predefined modules for geometry, physical models, and detection. Despite this, it is possible for more experienced users to write their own modules in C++. You can also create patient geometries based on computed tomography (CT) images. Therefore, TOPAS presents itself as a highly extensible and accessible tool for medical physicists for modeling therapy and imaging devices.
Another innovative feature of this code is that it handles time-dependent amounts, that is, it has 4D resources through its Time Feature System. Time-varying amounts are essential for modeling advanced radiotherapy treatment techniques, the Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) technique is an example of this, where the positioning of the patient or target organ varies. Therefore, TOPAS proposes an approach to 4D simulation to deal with various time-dependent quantities in a single simulation, such as volume change, rotational movement, current variation, magnetic field, etc. [44].
Knoll et al., determined dose deposition from a source of brachytherapy used in ophthalmic treatments [23]. In this work, the applicator used in the treatment, which uses the 90Sr/90Y source, was modeled in the TOPAS code, including the active part, encapsulation, and simulator object filled with water. A relative dose profile was obtained in a high dose gradient region, normalized at the reference point to 1 mm and, for validation purposes, the data obtained with TOPAS were compared with data from the ICRU (International Commission on Radiation & Measurements) with the same conditions. Figure 3 shows (a) geometry of the 90Sr/90Y source with applicator and simulator object and (b) comparison of relative dose, as a function of distance, between TOPAS and ICRU data (Adapted from [23]).
(a) 90Sr/90Y source geometry with applicator and simulator object and (b) comparison of relative dose, as a function of distance, between TOPAS and ICRU data (adapted from [
The greatest uncertainty obtained in computer simulations with the TOPAS code was approximately 0.01% at the point where it was normalized. When compared to the ICRU, the greatest difference found was approximately 4% at 1.6 mm depth. Thus, the TOPAS code has been shown to be a promising tool for dosimetry in brachytherapy and radiological applications.
Although the TOPAS code provides a wide range of tools for use in radiotherapy at patient scale or clinically applicable geometries, the fundamental unit of biological response to the effects of ionizing radiation is at the cellular or subcellular scale. For this reason, TOPAS has an extension dedicated to the study of the biological effects of radiation in micrometer and nanometer scale, designed based on Geant4-DNA, the extension of Geant4, the basis of TOPAS, so that very low energy are included in the interactions.
When interacting with matter, excitations and ionizations can be caused due to ionizing radiation. In the context of radiotherapy, incident particles cause radiolysis of water and subsequent chemical interactions, inducing molecular damage to the cell, more specifically to DNA, which is the critical target for most biological effects of radiation [45]. For this reason, TOPAS-nBio has several models of cellular and subcellular geometries (such as blood cells and single and double-stranded DNA models, for example) specialized in a pre-defined way [46]. Furthermore, with regard to biological modeling, the code inherits the chemical parameters provided by the Geant4-DNA toolkit and also includes mechanistic DNA repair models to perform water radiolysis simulations. With this, it is possible to develop complete modeling from the initial physical events to the final observed biological result [47].
According to Semenenko et al. [48] the combination of runway structure simulations with core geometry models is considered the gold standard for predicting the spectrum of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. Therefore, Hongyu et al. [43] determined the cellular response after proton irradiation using the TOPAS-nBio code for damage induction and repair modeling with MEDRAS, which is a model capable of predicting the main final biological damage in a variety of cell types, including repair kinetics, chromosomal aberrations, and cell survival.
To determine the DNA damage yield, the results were scored in the SSD format and quantified by strand break (SBs), single-strand break (SSBs), and double-strand break (DSBs) yields, compared to published and experimentally measured data.
The initial DNA damage after proton irradiation (0.5–500 MeV, corresponding to the LET region of 60–0.2 keV/μm) was simulated with the code. The core model used was placed in the center of a cubic world with a side length of 14 μm, containing the core, filled with water. Primary protons were randomly initiated on the surface of the nucleus and propagated within the nucleus in a random direction. Induced DNA damage caused by direct and indirect interactions in the physical and chemical stages was quantified as SBs, SSBs, or DSBs and sent in standard DNA damage data format (SDD). To get enough statistics, 100 stories were performed for each energy point. Each simulation had a fixed number of primary particles and deposited a dose of 1 Gy inside the nucleus. Statistical uncertainty associated with DSB dose and yield was less than 2%.
The average LET was recorded as a radiation quality index and calculated by the equation:
where d is the average length of the proton path inside the nucleus and ε is the energy deposition of primary and secondary particles inside the nucleus.
The initial DNA damage induced by incident protons was simulated by modeling the physical and chemical interactions within the nucleus with standard process models available in TOPAS-nBio.
As a result, a relationship was obtained between the LET of the proton according to literature references and the simulated particle energy in TOPAS-nBio. In low energy regions, the maximum discrepancy between the results was 32.5%, probably due to the size of the scoring volume, and in this low energy region, the protons do not cross the entire nucleus. However, there was an optimal agreement of 96%, as shown in Figure 4.
Proton LET as a function of proton energy compared to experimental data [
The results of DNA damage as a function of the LET of the proton simulated with TOPAS-nBio were also obtained, as shown in Figure 5.
DNA damage obtained with TOPAS-nBio. Eml A: Total, direct, and indirect SB yield per Gy per Gbp of DNA. In B: Total, direct and indirect SSB yield per Gy per Gbp of DNA. In C: Total, direct, indirect, and hybrid DSB yield per Gy per Gbp of DNA. In D: Contribution of indirect or hybrid damage to SB, SSB, and DSB [
The figure shows a relationship between the relative contribution of direct and hybrid damage as a fraction of each type of SB, SSB, and DSB break. Thus, it was shown that most SBs and SSBs would be caused by indirect damage and the indirect contribution rate would increase from approximately 60% to approximately 75% at 4.5 keV/μm (10 MeV proton energy) and, then decrease to higher LET values where radiolysis is denser, causing a greater number of chemical interactions. Furthermore, it was shown that most DSB damage was classified as a hybrid type, caused by the combination of direct and indirect damage. Simulations using TOPAS-nBio showed that Monte Carlo tools can predict DNA damage and can be used to interpret experimental data and design new theories.
Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to determine and study different parameters that are challenged in experimental measurements, due to its capability in simulating the radiation transport. In this chapter were presented applications for radiotherapy procedures, in scenarios with homogeneous and anatomical phantoms determining dose values, dose distribution, and dosimetric parameters through the PENELOPE and TOPAS code, showing itself as a useful tool for radiotherapy.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
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\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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In this chapter, cloud computing and other information technologies based accounting start-ups are covered, and the effects of these highly increasing start-ups on the profession of accounting have been addressed. In conclusion, it has been predicted that technology-based accounting start-ups with both accounting professionals and entrepreneurs having an expertise on information technologies will come together and will increase in the future, and cloud-based accounting initiatives will shape the future of the profession.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Burak Özdoğan",authors:[{id:"203445",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdogan",slug:"burak-ozdogan",fullName:"Burak Ozdogan"}]},{id:"55274",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68832",title:"Paradigm Shift in Corporate Reporting",slug:"paradigm-shift-in-corporate-reporting",totalDownloads:2189,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In this paper, we present the evolution of integrated reporting and organizations playing an active role in this process. As a result of the changes, corporate reports including only historical financial information have become insufficient. It has started to be important for the firms to be sensitive towards environment, social capital and governance. For these reasons, authorities started to search for new reporting types. Their aim was to form a report giving detailed (prospective and retrospective) information about the total performance of the firm. Sustainability reports, the starting point of integrated reporting, were established and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards were formed to increase the popularization. Integrated reports aim to supply full disclosure about the firms’ strategies, goals and performances. They also respond to the demands and needs of key stakeholders. In order to actualize the financial stability and sustainability, they are necessary. Integrated reports also put related groups into play. So, decision makers become a participant instead of watching the system from outside. In addition, integrated thinking philosophy provides systematic disclosure of value creation, namely how organizations made resource allocations in the past and how they will create value in the future according to their business models.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Pınar Okan Gökten and Beyhan Marşap",authors:[{id:"204188",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Okan Gokten",slug:"pinar-okan-gokten",fullName:"Pınar Okan Gokten"},{id:"204189",title:"Prof.",name:"Beyhan",middleName:null,surname:"Marsap",slug:"beyhan-marsap",fullName:"Beyhan Marsap"}]},{id:"56092",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69103",title:"Value Relevance of Accounting Data in an Emerging Market: Did Accounting Reforms Make a Difference?",slug:"value-relevance-of-accounting-data-in-an-emerging-market-did-accounting-reforms-make-a-difference-",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This study investigates the association of accounting earnings (NI) and book value of equity (BV) with stock prices in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), currently Borsa Istanbul (BIST), during the 1992–2006 period. We also explore the effect of accounting reforms on value relevance that is measured as the strength of the association between a firm’s NI and BV and its market value. We specifically investigate the impact of the Turkish Uniform Chart of Accounts (1994), mandatory inflation accounting, consolidations and voluntary (2003–2004), and the mandatory (2005) adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We hypothesize that these reforms have reduced information asymmetry and thus are expected to enhance the value relevance of accounting information. We find strong evidence that the Ohlson model is a valid model, and BV is more value relevant than NI in BIST. We also find that inflation accounting and consolidations have enhanced the value relevance of BV, while IFRS has increased the value relevance of NI, but reduced that of BV. We contribute to the debate by exploiting the unique sequence of reforms, to come up with comparative value relevance testing designs and interesting results for all major reforms, which we believe will be instructive for researchers and for all emerging and developed economies undergoing similar reforms and best practices.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Mine Aksu, Ayse Tansel Cetin and Can Simga Mugan",authors:[{id:"203574",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mine",middleName:null,surname:"Aksu",slug:"mine-aksu",fullName:"Mine Aksu"},{id:"204249",title:"Prof.",name:"Can Simga",middleName:null,surname:"Mugan",slug:"can-simga-mugan",fullName:"Can Simga Mugan"},{id:"204250",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse",middleName:null,surname:"Tansel Cetin",slug:"ayse-tansel-cetin",fullName:"Ayse Tansel Cetin"}]},{id:"61095",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76867",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This research aims to reveal the connections among ethical awareness, ethical decision making, and transparency from the perspective of certified public accountants (CPAs) in Istanbul. Data are collected from Turkish CPAs’ survey responses, which are based on a seven-point Likert scale, and analyzed using explanatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression, and the results show that, based on the participants’ average responses, CPAs are affected mainly by the level of their ethical awareness in decision making about an ethical issue or transparency of financial reports, which indicates that the three concepts are strongly connected to each other.",book:{id:"6660",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"55385",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68778",title:"Public Accounting Reform from Institutional Theory Perspectives: Case of Turkey",slug:"public-accounting-reform-from-institutional-theory-perspectives-case-of-turkey",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In the literature, it is often found that institutional theory is used as the theoretical framework to explain the development and application of accounting. By means of these studies, it becomes easier to understand accounting as a social and political activity within itself and thus to be able to understand the economic, institutional, political and social environment of the turnover of the practices. In this regard, the main aim of this study is to explain the development of the public accounting system in Turkey with the help of institutional theory. Thus, it is aimed to explain all the dynamics that provide the institutionalization of state account in the national sense, together with the economic, political and social processes of the period in question. It is revealed that the regulatory arrangements directly contribute to the institutionalization of a field, and as a result, how the public organizations directly contribute to the institutionalization process.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Ceray Aldemir and Tuğba Uçma Uysal",authors:[{id:"204342",title:"Dr.",name:"Ceray",middleName:null,surname:"Aldemir",slug:"ceray-aldemir",fullName:"Ceray Aldemir"},{id:"204348",title:"Dr.",name:"Tugba",middleName:null,surname:"Ucma Uysal",slug:"tugba-ucma-uysal",fullName:"Tugba Ucma Uysal"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78825",title:"Accounting Quality and Its Challenges in 21st Century",slug:"accounting-quality-and-its-challenges-in-21st-century",totalDownloads:256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper describes current research to drive future research challenges in accounting quality. The definition of accounting quality is mainly varying depending on the objective that the study pointed. Previous research revealed that many proxies describe the accounting quality but most of them from the financial perspective. Furthermore, this paper tries to expose this research issue in the behavioural approach and drive future research in the mixed method. It concludes that the behavioural issues can be a research model, triggering future research challenges in accounting quality. The authors support these triggers from the perspectives of political hegemony, bureaucracy ratcheting, cognitive distortion, and international accounting standard. Finally, we infer and simultaneously predict that accounting quality would broaden its concepts and lasting impression in the 21st century.",book:{id:"10818",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations"},signatures:"Sumiyana Sumiyana, Hendrian Hendrian, Ruslan Effendi, Krisnhoe Fitrijati and Sriwidharmanely Sriwidharmanely",authors:[{id:"328451",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumiyana",middleName:null,surname:"Sumiyana",slug:"sumiyana-sumiyana",fullName:"Sumiyana Sumiyana"},{id:"328452",title:"Dr.",name:"Sriwidharmanely",middleName:null,surname:"Sriwidharmanely",slug:"sriwidharmanely-sriwidharmanely",fullName:"Sriwidharmanely Sriwidharmanely"},{id:"350499",title:"Dr.",name:"Hendrian",middleName:null,surname:"Hendrian",slug:"hendrian-hendrian",fullName:"Hendrian Hendrian"},{id:"350500",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruslan",middleName:null,surname:"Effendi",slug:"ruslan-effendi",fullName:"Ruslan Effendi"},{id:"350501",title:"Dr.",name:"Krisnhoe",middleName:null,surname:"Fitrijati",slug:"krisnhoe-fitrijati",fullName:"Krisnhoe Fitrijati"}]},{id:"61095",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This research aims to reveal the connections among ethical awareness, ethical decision making, and transparency from the perspective of certified public accountants (CPAs) in Istanbul. Data are collected from Turkish CPAs’ survey responses, which are based on a seven-point Likert scale, and analyzed using explanatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression, and the results show that, based on the participants’ average responses, CPAs are affected mainly by the level of their ethical awareness in decision making about an ethical issue or transparency of financial reports, which indicates that the three concepts are strongly connected to each other.",book:{id:"6660",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"78745",title:"Analysis of Return and Risk of Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Asset as Investment Instrument",slug:"analysis-of-return-and-risk-of-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-asset-as-investment-instrument",totalDownloads:421,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This study aims to explore the potential use of the cryptocurrency bitcoin as an investment instrument in Indonesia. The return obtained from bitcoin cryptocurrency is compared to other investment instruments, namely stock returns, gold and the rupiah exchange rate. The research period was carried out based on research data from 2011 to 2020. This study employee compares means test (t test) and analysis of variance (F test) on rate of return of bitcoin investment. The bitcoin return compare to the rate of return form the others investments instruments namely exchange rate, gold and stock. The study collected 120 data of each investments instruments: bitcoin, exchange rate, gold and stock from various of sources during 2011–2020. Then, we calculate the return and risk of individual investment instruments. The results showed that the bitcoin currency had the highest rate of return 18% with a standard deviation of 61% compared to exchange rate, gold and stock returns. While the rate of return for the others investment instruments showed less than 0.5% with standard deviation less than 5%. The rate of return bitcoin has significance difference compare to the rate of return of exchange rate, gold and stock. The study contribute for the investors who would like to invest on bitcoin. The investors should understand the characteristic of bitcoin in term of rate of returns and also the risk. This study also contributes to government of Indonesia on crypto currency development. The Indonesia government should adopt and regulate on crypto currency in the future to secure the investor and economic growth.",book:{id:"10818",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations"},signatures:"Sunita Dasman",authors:[{id:"348739",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunita",middleName:null,surname:"Dasman",slug:"sunita-dasman",fullName:"Sunita Dasman"}]},{id:"55587",title:"Historical Development of Government Accounting",slug:"historical-development-of-government-accounting",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Government accounting aims at preventing waste in government services and establishing a balance between optimal expenditure and services by managing government assets and government sources in the most efficient way. This balance can be established only by obtaining complete and accurate information from government accounting system on time. Since the users have a low level of knowledge needs in government accounting system, it has been recorded for long years in a cash basis manner. However, as the government’s area of operation expanded and the needs increased, it became obvious that cash basis system had lacking parts. So it started to focus on recording financial transactions and financial reporting. These lacking parts in the accounting system tried to be overcome through a new regulation by focusing on the areas where cash basis accounting system was insufficient; and a change was experienced with regard to applying the accrual basis in the areas of government accounting and financial reporting. This study aims to explain the historical development of government accounting by applications in countries and especially by detailed expressions for Turkey. As a result of the literature review and the examination of countries’ government accounting practices, it has been determined that the government accounting practice has made the correct transition from cash basis to accrual basis.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Mihriban Coşkun Arslan",authors:[{id:"203724",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihriban",middleName:null,surname:"Coşkun Arslan",slug:"mihriban-coskun-arslan",fullName:"Mihriban Coşkun Arslan"}]},{id:"55289",title:"Behavioral Accounting and its Interactions",slug:"behavioral-accounting-and-its-interactions",totalDownloads:4019,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Behavioral accounting is a branch of accounting that is related to behavior besides the accounting knowledge. It deals with the attitude and behavior of people when they are encountered with an accounting phenomenon which determines the behavior that they will show in decision‐making. This special area of accounting addresses such aspects as human information‐processing behavior, judgment quality, accounting problems that are created by users and providers of accounting information, and accounting information users’ and producers’ decision‐making skills. Behavioral research tries to find out how individuals make decisions and interact and influence other individuals, organizations, markets, and society. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. 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At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/436277",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"436277"},fullPath:"/profiles/436277",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()