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\nDiabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system that is characterized by defects in impaired metabolism of glucose, lipid and protein as well as insulin secretion or insufficiency. Diabetes continues to be a major health care problem worldwide and its prevalence is expected to rise from the current 382–471 million individuals by 2035 [1, 2]. There are three main types of diabetes-Type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells; Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is much more common and primarily caused by impaired glucose regulation due to a combination of dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
\nDifferent treatments, such as insulin, pharmacotherapy and diet therapies, which exert antidiabetic effects through different mechanisms, are currently used for the management of diabetes. Such mechanisms include stimulation of insulin secretion by sulfonylurea and meglitinides drugs, increase of peripheral absorption of glucose by biguanides and thiazolidinediones, delay in the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine by alpha-glucosidase and reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis by biguanides [3, 4, 5].
\nIn spite of the appreciable progress that has been made in the management of diabetes through the use of conventional drugs and management strategies, diabetes and its complications continue to be a major medical problem and rising burden of disease. Most synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents available for the treatment of the disease have some disadvantages, including drug resistance, serious side effects, cannot be used during pregnancy, are toxic and also costly [6, 7].
\nSpices and herbs have played important roles in civilization and history of many nations of the world. Their flavor and pungency makes them indispensable in the preparation of palatable dishes; but beyond adding flavor, spices are reputed to possess several medicinal and pharmacological properties and hence find use in the preparation of a number of medicines. Spices can be the dried leaf (e.g., bay leaf), buds (cloves), bark (cinnamon), rhizome/root (ginger), berries (grains of pepper), seeds (cumin), or even the stigma of the flower (saffron) [8].
\nThe Zingiberaceae plant family consists of many species used as culinary herbs and spices, frequently cited for their antidiabetic and hypoglycemic properties. Ginger (
Online published articles from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, ResearchGate, PubMed and SciELO were explored for data collection. For literature search, key words such as spices, diabetes, Zingiberaceae, ginger, in vivo, in vitro, pharmacological, medicinal, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic were used. The study reviewed all important literature from 2000 to 2018.
\nThe following sections describe various studies reporting the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties of ginger, phytochemical constituents responsible for these properties and its mechanisms of action.
\nThe ginger (Zingiberaceae) family consists of 53 genera and over 1200 medicinal plants, typically tropical annuals or perennials, often with large rhizomes. This plant family is well-known for its medicinal values and is distributed widely throughout the tropics, particularly in Southeast Asia.
\nGinger (Figure 1) has been used for thousands of years for the treatment of numerous ailments, such as colds, nausea, arthritis, migraines and hypertension. Several authors have reviewed the medicinal, chemical, and pharmacological properties of ginger [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Ginger is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive that is “generally recognized as safe” [14] and has a long history of use as a culinary spice and in herbal medicine to treat many ailments.
\nGinger helps to relieve various inflammatory disorders like gout, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; as an analgesic, hypoglycemic, cardiotonic, antiemetic, antimicrobial and antifungal. Other uses include as an antidiabetic, antidyslipidemia, hypotensive, vasodilator, antiobesity and anticancer agent [15, 16, 17, 18].
\nIn addition, the spice has shown prominent protective effects on diabetic liver, kidney, eye, and neural system complications [19]. Several experimental studies have reported that administration of ginger extracts significantly decreased blood glucose level in Type 1- and Type 2-induced diabetic animals in a dose-dependent pattern [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27].
\nLamuchi-Deli et al. [29] evaluated the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of
A recent study by de Las Heras et al. [30] which evaluated the hypolipidemic-and insulin sensitizing effects of hydroethanolic extract of ginger in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats, revealed that ginger extract improved lipid profile and attenuated the increase of plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin in HFD rats. Wei et al. [31], also reported that 6-Paradol and 6-Shogaol, the pungent compounds of ginger, promoted glucose utilization in adipocytes and myotubes, and 6-paradol reduced blood glucose in HFD-fed mice. Al-Qudah et al. [32] reported that aqueous extract of ginger was effective in lowering serum glucose, restoration of hematological indices to normal and repair damaged pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
\nIn another study, Oludoyin and Adegoke [33] investigated the effect of ginger extracts on blood glucose in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The authors reported that the fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats was reduced to normal by both raw and cooked ginger extracts in a manner comparable to glibenclamide. Evaluation of the nutritional and antidiabetic activity of ginger powder, its aqueous and methanolic extract, as well as the essential oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [34] revealed reduction in levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), liver total lipid and cholesterol of diabetic rats; and increased levels of liver glycogen and triglyceride compared to positive control group. In the study, ginger oil showed the best antidiabetic activity, followed by ginger extracts. Again, another study reported that ginger extract administered at 200 mg/kg/day/kg body weight for 10 weeks to male Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats, exhibited protective activity against insulin resistance [34].
\nAl-Noory et al. [35] showed that fresh ginger extracts led to decrease in the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the serum of alloxan-induced diabetic rats, compared with the control groups; and previous extracts caused reduction in LDL to levels comparable to normal group and equal to the effect of atorvastatin given at a dosage of 10 mg/day. Similarly, oral administration of aqueous ginger extract to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for a period of 30 days was reported to give a dose-dependent antihyperglycemic effect, 68% decrease in plasma glucose level at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, indicating that ginger is a potential phytomedicine for the treatment of diabetes [36]. Iranloye et al. [37] also showed that ginger effectively reduced fasting blood glucose, malondialdehyde levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity in alloxan-induced and insulin-resistant diabetic rats compared to control rats.
\nTreatment of streptozotocin-induced Type I diabetic rats with
The study conducted by Al-Amin et al. [39] on the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties of ginger (
Hypoglycemic effect of ginger (4 and 8 g/kg), administered intraperitoneally to rats after 30 min of diabetes induction, with the effect being more pronounced after 2 h has been reported. In another study, Otunola and Afolayan [41], showed that aqueous extract of a spice mixture containing ginger at 500 mg/kg body weight extract significantly (
Several in vitro hypoglycemic potentials of ginger and its bioactive constituents especially 6-shogaol have been reported (Table 1).
\nIn vitro study | \nResult/outcome | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
[6]-Gingerol on 3 T3-L1 cells | \nEnhanced differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and insulin-sensitive glucose uptake | \nSekiya et al. [42] | \n
[6]-Shogaol or [6]-gingerol on 3 T3-L1 cells | \nSignificant inhibition of TNF-α-mediated adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. [6]-Shogaol acted as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist, while [6]-gingerol acted by suppressing TNF-α-induced JNKs signaling | \nIsa et al. [43] | \n
Ethyl acetate extract of ginger on L6 myotube cell surface | \nStimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 expression in L6 myotube cell surface, reduced lipid content in 3T3 adipocyte, and inhibited protein glycation. Inhibited α-amylase (IC50 = 980.2 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 180.1 μg/mL) | \nRani et al., [44] | \n
Aqueous extract of ginger at 5, 10, 20, 40 g/L incubated with (PBS), glucose + BSA for 5 weeks | \nDose-dependent, antidiabetic activity through inhibition of glucose diffusion and reduced glycation | \nSattar et al., [45] | \n
In vitro hypoglycemic potentials of ginger and its bioactive constituents.
The capacity of ginger for hypoglycemic, antidiabetic, insulogenic, better glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin levels, reduction in elevated lipid levels, and prevention of weight loss associated with diabetes in human diabetic patients have also been reported (Table 2).
\nHuman trials/dosage | \nResults | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
Type 2 diabetic men (40–60 years) given 3 g/day of dry ginger powder in divided doses for 30 days. Number-8 T2D, 8 placebo | \nSignificant reduction of blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol | \nAndallu et al. [48] | \n
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients with Type 2 diabetes, given 2 g/day of ginger extract supplementation. Number-28 T2D, 30 Placebo | \nSignificantly lowered levels of insulin, LDL-C, TG, HOMA index and increased the QUICKI index; no significant changes in FPG, TC, HDL-C and HbA1c; improved insulin sensitivity | \nMahluji et al. [49] | \n
Randomized controlled trial of Type 2 diabetic men between 30 and 70 years given 1.6 g/day of ginger or wheat flour capsule. Number-33 T2D, 30 Placebo | \nDecreased fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, total cholesterol and triglyceride. No change in BMI, LDL-C, LDL-C and HDL-C | \nArablou et al. [50] | \n
Randomized controlled trial of Type 2 diabetic patients (30–70 years) given either 3 g/day ginger or cellulose microcrystalline capsules for 8 weeks. Number-40 T2D, 41Placebo | \nSignificant reduction in fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin; no change in BMI, fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index | \nMozaffari-Khosravi et al. [51] | \n
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial where Type 2 diabetic patients received 2 g/day of ginger powder supplement or lactose as placebo for 12 weeks. Number-22 T2D, 19 placebo | \nSignificant reduction of fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I and malondialdehyde in ginger group compared to baseline and control group, while increasing apolipoprotein A-I in Type 2 diabetic patients | \nKhandouzi et al. [52] | \n
Randomized controlled trial of Type 2 diabetic patients (20–60 y) T2DM given 3 g ginger or lactose capsule/day for 3 months. Number-22 T2D, 23 Placebo | \nReduced fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index | \nShidfar et al. [53] | \n
Double-blind placebo-controlled trials of Type 2 diabetic patients were randomly allocated to 2000 mg/day of ginger or placebo for 10 weeks. Number-25 T2D, 25 placebo | \nReduced serum levels of fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C compared to placebo group, reduced ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C; but no significant change in serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C | \nArzatii et al. [54] | \n
Clinical (human) trials of the antidiabetic potentials of ginger.
GC-MS profiling of diethyl extracts as reported by Koch et al. [46] showed the presence of monoterpenes such as (α-pinene, camphene, myrcene, and α-phellandrene), oxygenated monoterpenes (geranial, citronellal, neral, linalool, borneol, and α-terpineol), and sesquiterpenes (α-and β-farnesene, ar-curcumene, zingiberene, zingiberenol, copaene, or cadinene). The most abundant substances in the extracts were α-zingiberene (37.9%), β-sesquiphellandrene (11.4%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (9.6%), geranial (8.2%), ar-curcumene (6.3%), and γ-terpinene (5.1%).
\nSimilarly, Sharma et al. [47] reported that the essential oil of fresh ginger rhizome was characterized by high percentage of sesquiterpenes (66.66%), monoterpenes (17.28%) and aliphatic compounds (13.58%). The predominant sesquiterpene was zingiberene (46.71%) followed by valencene (7.61%), β-funebrene (3.09%) and selina-4(14),7(11)-diene (1.03%).
\nVarious mechanisms have been proposed for the antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activities of medicinal plants. These include peripheral utilization of glucose, increased synthesis of hepatic glycogen by enhancement of glycogen regulatory enzyme expression in the liver, inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, stimulation of pancreatic insulin release, insulomimetic actions and inhibition of hepatic glucose production [55, 56].
\nAccording to Dearlove et al. [57], spices such as cinnamon, cloves, oregano, and allspice possess bioactive compounds that have (1) antiglycation properties which inhibit the formation of AGEs; (2) antioxidant activities that neutralize the effects of ROS; and (3) anti-inflammatory potentials. Some studies associate the antidiabetic action of ginger to its bioactive principles such as gingerol and shogaol which have the capacity to enhance glucose uptake in rat’s skeletal muscle cells, and promote increased expression and translocation of GLUT-4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane of the cells thus clearing excess glucose from the serum [34].
\nAnother mechanism proposed was the inhibition of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism-α-glucosidase and α-amylase by phenolic compounds (gingerols and shogaols) present in ginger [23, 45]; while other authors showed that ginger increases muscle and liver glycogen stores by enhancing peripheral utilization of glucose, thus limiting gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney in a manner similar to insulin [37].
\nSon et al. [58], posits that-gingerol exerts its antidiabetic effects through multiple mechanisms that include—(1) increased glucose uptake in the absence of insulin, (2) induction of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, (3) promotion of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to plasma membrane, (4) suppression of advanced glycation end product-induced rise of ROS levels in pancreatic β-cells, (5) reduction of fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose intolerance, (6) regulation of hepatic gene expression of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism toward decreased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, while increasing glycogenesis, thereby reducing blood glucose concentrations.
\nThis study presented an update on the antidiabetic potentials of ginger from the Zingiberaceae family. Although several in vivo and in vitro reports were available, there were relatively few clinical (human) trials. The doses and outcomes also varied; as well as the mechanism of action through which antidiabetic effects were mediated. Although these reports are indicative of the anti-diabetic or hypoglycemic potentials of ginger, the doses and outcomes also varied; most importantly, the mechanisms of action through which anti-diabetic effects are mediated were highlighted. Ginger, according to these studies, exerts its anti-diabetic effects through restorative effects on pancreatic β-cells, increasing insulin sensitivity, insulin-like action and peripheral utilization of glucose. Other mechanisms include increased synthesis of hepatic glycogen through the enhancement of glycogen regulatory enzyme expression in the liver, inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, stimulation of pancreatic insulin release, and inhibition of hepatic glucose production. However, further studies, especially in humans are therefore needed and the oral safety of the various extracts under prolonged usage must be confirmed, more so, since ginger is one of the spices generally regarded as safe.
\nThe authors acknowledge the support of Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre, University of Fort Hare.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The Fourth Industrial Revolution will send a ripple effect of far-reaching repercussions throughout the labor-intensive field of agriculture. Combining artificial intelligence and big data will evolve into a high-tech industry that operates itself. These technologies allow for precision agriculture, such as yield monitoring, diagnosing insect pests, measuring soil moisture, diagnosing harvest time, and monitoring crop health status. In particular, the Internet of things (IoT) will measure the temperature, humidity, and amount of sunlight in production farms, making it possible for remote control via mobile devices. It will not only boost the production of the farms but also add to their value.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Jehoon Sung",authors:[{id:"210240",title:"Dr.",name:"Jehoon",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",slug:"jehoon-sung",fullName:"Jehoon Sung"}]},{id:"59242",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73622",title:"Review of Variable-Rate Sprayer Applications Based on Real- Time Sensor Technologies",slug:"review-of-variable-rate-sprayer-applications-based-on-real-time-sensor-technologies",totalDownloads:2079,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Precision variable rate spray is one of the research hotspots in the field of modern agriculture spraying applications. Variable rate spraying of the canopy allows growers to apply adjusted volume rate of pesticides to the target, based on canopy size, and to apply plant protection products in an economical and environmentally sound manner. In the field of pesticide application, knowledge of the geometrical characteristics of plantations will guarantee a better adjustment of the dosage of the agrochemicals applied. This technology is integrated with intelligent real-time sensors, which have a high potential for agricultural precision spray applications. This book chapter presents the foundations and applications in agriculture of the primary systems used for real-time spray target detection of the geometrical characterization of tree plantations. Systems based on infrared, ultrasonic, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and stereo vision sensors were discussed, respectively, on their performances to detect spray targets. Among them, laser scanners and stereo vision systems are probably the most promising and complementary techniques for achieving three-dimensional (3D) pictures and maps of plants and canopies. The advantages of data fusion applied in real-time target detection and its accuracy in density estimation of the plants were stressed.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Zhihong Zhang, Xiaoyang Wang, Qinghui Lai and Zhaoguo Zhang",authors:[{id:"227982",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhihong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhihong-zhang",fullName:"Zhihong Zhang"},{id:"239622",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaoyang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaoyang-wang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Wang"},{id:"239624",title:"Prof.",name:"Qinghui",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"qinghui-lai",fullName:"Qinghui Lai"},{id:"239625",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhaoguo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhaoguo-zhang",fullName:"Zhaoguo Zhang"}]},{id:"71024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91133",title:"Implication of Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming for Future Sustainability",slug:"implication-of-urban-agriculture-and-vertical-farming-for-future-sustainability",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Urban agriculture (UA) is defined as the production of agricultural goods (crop) and livestock goods within urban areas like cities and towns. In the modern days, the urbanization process has raised a question on the sustainable development and growing of urban population. UA has been claimed to contribute to urban waste recycling, efficient water use and energy conservation, reduction in air pollution and soil erosion, urban beautification, climate change adaptation and resilience, disaster prevention, and ecological and social urban sustainability. Therefore, UA contributes to the sustainability of cities in various ways—socially, economically, and environmentally. An urban farming technology that involves the large-scale agricultural production in the urban surroundings is the vertical farming (VF) or high-rise farming technology. It enables fast growth and production of the crops by maintaining the environmental conditions and nutrient solutions to crop based on hydroponics technology. Vertical farms are able to grow food year-round because they maintain consistent growing conditions regardless of the weather outside and are much less vulnerable to climate changes. This promises a steady flow of products for the consumers and a consistent income for growers. Various advantages of VF over traditional farming, such as reduced farm inputs and crop failures and restored farmland, have enabled scientists to implement VF on a large scale.",book:{id:"8939",slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Anwesha Chatterjee, Sanjit Debnath and Harshata Pal",authors:[{id:"312477",title:"Dr.",name:"Harshata",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"harshata-pal",fullName:"Harshata Pal"},{id:"316680",title:"Dr.",name:"Anwesha",middleName:null,surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"anwesha-chatterjee",fullName:"Anwesha Chatterjee"},{id:"316681",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjit",middleName:null,surname:"Debnath",slug:"sanjit-debnath",fullName:"Sanjit Debnath"}]},{id:"64696",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82450",title:"Date Palm Value Chain Analysis and Marketing Opportunities for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries",slug:"date-palm-value-chain-analysis-and-marketing-opportunities-for-the-gulf-cooperation-council-gcc-coun",totalDownloads:3554,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In order to develop a sustainable date palm production system in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries of the Arabian Peninsula, an analysis of the date value chain in these countries was undertaken. Through the mapping of the chain, the overall objective was to identify the processes where values are created and how they are distributed among stakeholders along the entire date palm value chain. The method used in this analysis was based on an assessment of the data gathered from the multi-stakeholder surveys implemented in the three case studies of the GCC countries: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Oman, and Kuwait. The empirical findings reveal several problems and constraints that might affect the future of the GCC date palm sector. Therefore, development of a competitive supply date palm chain (both market and agribusiness development) could provide a greater contribution to the GCC economy if producers paid more attention to marketing of this very important food commodity. Hence, date palm production is no longer a way of life but nowadays is considered as an investment option and source of revenues for many stakeholders if the GCC region.",book:{id:"8308",slug:"agricultural-economics-current-issues",title:"Agricultural Economics",fullTitle:"Agricultural Economics - Current Issues"},signatures:"Boubaker Dhehibi, Mohamed Ben Salah and Aymen Frija",authors:[{id:"197434",title:"Dr.",name:"Boubaker",middleName:null,surname:"Dhehibi",slug:"boubaker-dhehibi",fullName:"Boubaker Dhehibi"},{id:"268347",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salah",slug:"mohamed-ben-salah",fullName:"Mohamed Ben Salah"},{id:"268348",title:"Dr.",name:"Aymen",middleName:null,surname:"Frija",slug:"aymen-frija",fullName:"Aymen Frija"}]},{id:"59402",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73861",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59402",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]},{id:"70662",title:"Automation and Robotics Used in Hydroponic System",slug:"automation-and-robotics-used-in-hydroponic-system",totalDownloads:2809,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Hydroponic system requires periodic labor, a systematic approach, repetitive motion and a structured environment. Automation, robotics and IoT have allowed farmers to monitoring all the variables in plant, root zone and environment under hydroponics. This research introduces findings in design with real time operating systems based on microcontrollers; pH fuzzy logic control system for nutrient solution in embed and flow hydroponic culture; hydroponic system in combination with automated drip irrigation; expert system-based automation system; automated hydroponics nutrition plants systems; hydroponic management and monitoring system for an intelligent hydroponic system using internet of things and web technology; neural network-based fault detection in hydroponics; additional technologies implemented in hydroponic systems and robotics in hydroponic systems. The above advances will improve the efficiency of hydroponics to increase the quality and quantity of the produce and pose an opportunity for the growth of the hydroponics market in near future.",book:{id:"8939",slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes, Héctor Flores Breceda, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras and Urbano Luna Maldonado",authors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"},{id:"215230",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Vidales Contreras",slug:"juan-antonio-vidales-contreras",fullName:"Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras"},{id:"220744",title:"MSc.",name:"Héctor",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Breceda",slug:"hector-flores-breceda",fullName:"Héctor Flores Breceda"},{id:"252026",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Fuentes",slug:"humberto-rodriguez-fuentes",fullName:"Humberto Rodríguez-Fuentes"},{id:"299825",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Márquez Reyes",slug:"julia-mariana-marquez-reyes",fullName:"Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes"},{id:"303920",title:"Prof.",name:"Urbano",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"urbano-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Urbano Luna Maldonado"}]},{id:"77112",title:"Advancements of Spraying Technology in Agriculture",slug:"advancements-of-spraying-technology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:639,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Plant protection activities are most important practices during crop production. Application of maximum pesticide products with the sprayer. The application of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides is one of the most recurrent and significant tasks in agriculture. Conventional agricultural spraying techniques have made the inconsistency between economic growth and environmental protection in agricultural production. Spraying techniques continuously developed in recent decades. For pesticide application, it is not the only sprayer that is essential, but all the parameters like the type and area of the plant canopy, area of a plant leaf, height of the crop, and volume of plants related to plant protection product applications are very important for obtaining better results. From this point of view, the advancement in agriculture sprayer has been started in last few decades. Robotics and automatic spraying technologies like variable rate sprayers, UAV sprayers, and electrostatic sprayers are growing to Increase the utilization rate of pesticides, reduce pesticide residues, real-time, cost-saving, high compatibility of plant protection products application. These technologies are under the “umbrella” of precision agriculture. The mechanized spraying system, usually implemented by highly precise equipment or mobile robots, which, makes possible the selective targeting of pesticide application on desire time and place. These advanced spraying technologies not only reduces the labour cost but also effective in environmental protection. Researchers are conducting experimental studies on the design, development and testing of precision spraying technologies for crops and orchards.",book:{id:"10454",slug:"technology-in-agriculture",title:"Technology in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Technology in Agriculture"},signatures:"Fiaz Ahmad, Aftab Khaliq, Baijing Qiu, Muhammad Sultan and Jing Ma",authors:[{id:"199381",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"muhammad-sultan",fullName:"Muhammad Sultan"},{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"},{id:"346652",title:"MSc.",name:"Aftab",middleName:null,surname:"Khaliq",slug:"aftab-khaliq",fullName:"Aftab Khaliq"},{id:"349757",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiu",middleName:null,surname:"Baijing",slug:"qiu-baijing",fullName:"Qiu Baijing"},{id:"349778",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"jing-ma",fullName:"Jing Ma"}]},{id:"77058",title:"Solar Technology in Agriculture",slug:"solar-technology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Promotion of sustainable agriculture is one of the most priority development goal set by United Nations for achieving the food security to meet the ever-increasing global population food demand. Because of extreme importance of agriculture sector, significant technological developments have been made that played pivotal role for sustainable agriculture by value addition in agricultural products and meeting energy demands for machinery and irrigation. These developments include improved cultivation practices, processing units for agricultural products and operation of machinery and irrigation systems based on solar energy. Moreover, the emergence of new technologies and climate smart solutions with reduced carbon footprints have significantly addressed the ever-increasing fuel costs and changing climate needs. PV based solar irrigation pumps and agricultural machinery is typical example of this. Because, awareness of these technological development is essential to overcome energy issues, availability of energy to perform agricultural activities for sustainable agriculture at farm level and socioeconomic uplift of farming community to meet food requirements needs in the future. Therefore, this chapter attempts at providing the introduction of technologies for direct and indirect use of solar energy in the agriculture sector. The typical examples of direct use of solar energy like greenhouses or tunnel farming for cultivation of crops and vegetables and use of solar dryers for drying agricultural products have been comprehensively discussed. Similarly, the solar powered tubewells, tractors, and lights, etc. are few important examples of indirect use of solar energy and have also been discussed in this chapter. The indirect use is made possible by converting solar energy into electrical energy with the help of photovoltaic devices, called “solar cells”. Also radio frequency (RF)-controlled seed sowing and spreading machines are discussed, which provide an eco-friendly method. Moreover, comprehensive discussion is made on solar based technologies in general as well regional context in view of their potential to scale-up and to address anticipated issues. The use of photovoltaics in agriculture is expected to be significant contribution in the near future that require urgent planning for the potential benefits and efficient use at the farm level. Therefore, the co-existence of “agrovoltaics” will be essential for the developments of agriculture and agroindustry.",book:{id:"10454",slug:"technology-in-agriculture",title:"Technology in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Technology in Agriculture"},signatures:"Ghulam Hasnain Tariq, Muhammad Ashraf and Umar Sohaib Hasnain",authors:[{id:"324017",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Ashraf"},{id:"343829",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Hasnain",middleName:null,surname:"Tariq",slug:"ghulam-hasnain-tariq",fullName:"Ghulam Hasnain Tariq"},{id:"415545",title:"Mr.",name:"Umar Sohaib",middleName:null,surname:"Hasnain",slug:"umar-sohaib-hasnain",fullName:"Umar Sohaib Hasnain"}]},{id:"79822",title:"Stored Grain Pests and Current Advances for Their Management",slug:"stored-grain-pests-and-current-advances-for-their-management",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"During the offseason, when fresh food is not available, humans have to consume stored grain food. Unfortunately, these stored grains are later infested with many pests. Foods stored in bags and bins are very much susceptible to infestation with several pests which can cause extensive post-harvest losses, spoilage, and less demand in markets, causing a huge economic crisis. Hence, successful management of stored grain pests becomes necessary to prevent these from insect pests. Current approaches for their management are one of the promising goals, as it includes preventive practices, monitoring, sanitation, and identification of main pathogens. Different management strategies of all the common stored grain pests viz. grain weevils, grain borers, grain moths, flour moths, mealworms, grain and flour beetles, booklice, mites, and parasites are enlisted here.",book:{id:"10899",slug:"postharvest-technology-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Postharvest Technology",fullTitle:"Postharvest Technology - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Rayees Ahmad, Shafiya Hassan, Showkat Ahmad, Syed Nighat, Yendrambamb K. Devi, Kounser Javeed, Salma Usmani, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Sait Erturk, Mustafa Alkan and Barkat Hussain",authors:[{id:"319667",title:"Dr.",name:"Barkat",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"barkat-hussain",fullName:"Barkat Hussain"},{id:"444975",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rayees-ahmad",fullName:"Rayees Ahmad"},{id:"444976",title:"Dr.",name:"Shafiya",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"shafiya-hassan",fullName:"Shafiya Hassan"},{id:"444977",title:"Dr.",name:"Showkat",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"showkat-ahmad",fullName:"Showkat Ahmad"},{id:"444978",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed",middleName:null,surname:"Nighat",slug:"syed-nighat",fullName:"Syed Nighat"},{id:"444979",title:"Dr.",name:"Yendrambamb",middleName:null,surname:"K. Devi",slug:"yendrambamb-k.-devi",fullName:"Yendrambamb K. Devi"},{id:"444980",title:"Dr.",name:"Kounser",middleName:null,surname:"Javeed",slug:"kounser-javeed",fullName:"Kounser Javeed"},{id:"444981",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",middleName:null,surname:"Usmani",slug:"salma-usmani",fullName:"Salma Usmani"},{id:"444982",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Javid",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mohd-javid-ansari",fullName:"Mohd Javid Ansari"},{id:"444983",title:"Dr.",name:"Sait",middleName:null,surname:"Erturk",slug:"sait-erturk",fullName:"Sait Erturk"},{id:"444984",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Alkan",slug:"mustafa-alkan",fullName:"Mustafa Alkan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"26",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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