Registered pesticides in Nepal till 14 July, 2020.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8728",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Update on Critical Issues on Infant and Neonatal Care",title:"Update on Critical Issues on Infant and Neonatal Care",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Infant and neonatal health is one of the areas of greatest development and evolution within pediatrics. This edited volume Update on Critical Issues in Infant and Neonatal Care is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in six topics about common newborn and infant health problems. In 6 chapters that address relevant issues about infant and neonatal care, the book seeks to contribute to the clinical work of the health teams of critical care units. Specialists in the field of pediatrics from different countries have developed these chapters and through them they hope to share part of their experience.",isbn:"978-1-78985-362-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-361-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-085-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80145",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"update-on-critical-issues-on-infant-and-neonatal-care",numberOfPages:94,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"52c4dbe7c0deb54899657dc4323238d6",bookSignature:"René Mauricio Barría",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8728.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4734,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 22nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 10th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 9th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/88861/images/system/88861.jpg",biography:"R. Mauricio Barría, DrPH, is a principal investigator and associate professor at the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile. He was trained as an epidemiologist and received his MSc in Clinical Epidemiology from Universidad de la Frontera, Chile, and his DrPH from Universidad de Chile. His research interests include maternal-child health, neonatal care, and environmental health. He is skilled in epidemiological study design with a special interest in cohort studies and clinical trials. From 2010 until 2017 Dr. Barría was director of the Evidence-Based Health Office. He is currently the director of the Institute of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile.",institutionString:"Austral University of Chile",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Austral University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1108",title:"Neonatology",slug:"neonatology"}],chapters:[{id:"67757",title:"Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Newborns of the Republic of North Macedonia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87045",slug:"neonatal-hyperbilirubinemia-in-newborns-of-the-republic-of-north-macedonia",totalDownloads:804,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most frequent neonatal problems that affect almost two thirds of term infants. Although etiology of jaundice has been widely studied, identification of pathological causes presents constant clinical challenge. Our study group performed an extensive retrospective study of etiology of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and showed high frequency (44.37%) of jaundice of undefined etiology. The group included exaggerated physiological jaundice, early- and late-onset breast-milk jaundice, and no identifiable etiology. Other etiologies were neonatal infection, prematurity, birth trauma, and hemolysis represented with 15%. We described hematological parameters in both non-hemolytic and hemolytic type of jaundice; a significant correlation of relevant laboratory findings with etiology was established. In this chapter we will present our own data and perform a data-relevant literature review. Furthermore, investigation and management plan of neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia will be presented in accordance with own data and available literature.",signatures:"Anet Papazovska Cherepnalkovski, Natasha Najdanovska Aluloska, Nikolina Zdraveska, Katica Piperkova and Vjekoslav Krzelj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67757",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70806",title:"Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Things to Consider and Ways to Manage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90885",slug:"neonatal-respiratory-distress-syndrome-things-to-consider-and-ways-to-manage",totalDownloads:893,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Involving more commonly the premature (less than 37 weeks of gestational age) infants, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is an important clinical syndrome responsible for a high rate of mortality and morbidity. The main progress in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) management is attributable to prescription of surfactant for fastening pulmonary maturation. Respiratory protection, such as mechanical ventilation and nasal continuous positive airway pressure, and surfactant are building blocks of disease treatment. In this chapter, we are going to have a rapid review on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatments of RDS.",signatures:"Bita Najafian and Mohammad Hossein Khosravi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70806",authors:[{id:"214323",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hossein",surname:"Khosravi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-khosravi",fullName:"Mohammad Hossein Khosravi"},{id:"308156",title:"Dr.",name:"Bita",surname:"Najafian",slug:"bita-najafian",fullName:"Bita Najafian"}],corrections:null},{id:"69313",title:"One of the Main Problems of Infants: Bronchiolitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89417",slug:"one-of-the-main-problems-of-infants-bronchiolitis",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute bronchiolitis, which is the most common acute lower respiratory system disease, is resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in children less than 2 years. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common causative pathogen for over 30 million new acute lower respiratory infection episodes in children under 5 years of age. Rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza, and other respiratory viruses also cause acute bronchiolitis as the sole pathogen or as coinfection with or without RSV. Cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency, and premature birth are important risk factors for hospitalization and increase the risk of acute bronchiolitis-associated respiratory failure or even death. Bronchiolitis is a clinical diagnosis that varies from mild illness to severe respiratory failure. The severity of bronchiolitis is evaluated with several parameters including wheezing, retraction, respiratory rate, and general situation. However, the most important clinical finding is the presence or absence of hypoxemia and whether the patient can tolerate respiratory distress. Fluid support and oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula, face mask, or head box are critical for the treatment of bronchiolitis. Commonly used bronchodilators, corticosteroids, ribavirin, and antibiotics have not been shown to be effective in improving the clinical course of the bronchiolitis.",signatures:"Şule Gökçe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69313",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69313",authors:[{id:"269379",title:"M.D.",name:"Şule",surname:"Gökçe",slug:"sule-gokce",fullName:"Şule Gökçe"}],corrections:null},{id:"68793",title:"PDA Closure in ELBW Infants: If, When, and How to Do It",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88857",slug:"pda-closure-in-elbw-infants-if-when-and-how-to-do-it",totalDownloads:938,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common cardiovascular condition afflicting premature neonates especially those born extremely low birth weight (ELBW). Despite five decades of scientific inquiry which has produced thousands of publications including over 65 randomized controlled trials, cardiologists, neonatologists, and surgeons still cannot answer simple questions such as if, when and how to close to the PDA in ELBW infants. This chapter will examine current evidence in order to answer these fundamental questions. The chapter will specifically focus on transcatheter PDA closure (TCPC), which albeit a new therapy, has displayed great potential to be the best therapeutic option in the future. It is about time that physicians from all sub-specialties come together and integrate the evidence to develop a management algorithm for ELBW infants with hemodynamically significant PDA.",signatures:"Stephanie Whiting and Shyam Sathanandam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68793",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69364",title:"Universal Screening for Congenital CMV Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89611",slug:"universal-screening-for-congenital-cmv-infection",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important public health problem. It is a leading cause of disability in children. Congenitally infected neonates often appear asymptomatic at birth or have nonspecific symptoms. An early diagnosis and subsequent early antiviral therapy associated to nonpharmacological therapy (e.g., hearing rehabilitation, speech-language therapy, and cochlear implants) can reduce long-term disability. Much research has been done in this field, but further studies are still necessary. Looking back at the most recent papers, we will draw a review on this topic trying to answer to the question: could universal CMV screening be a useful and cost-effective diagnostic tool?",signatures:"Sara Lunardi, Francesca Lorenzoni and Paolo Ghirri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69364",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68922",title:"VANEDELA’s Test Screening, Comparison Low, Middle, and High Risk in Mexican Population",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88729",slug:"vanedela-s-test-screening-comparison-low-middle-and-high-risk-in-mexican-population",totalDownloads:562,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The neurodevelopment screening test Valoración Neuroconductual del Lactante (VANEDELA’s) allows the professional to follow the rapid and economic application development in which high- and moderate-risk children who do not reach their optimum development potential during the first 2 years of life can be detected in a timely manner. It also provides a tracking tool to follow-up the recommendations and interventions of children who had developmental delays to see how adaptive strategies work.",signatures:"Rosa Ivone Martínez-Vázquez, Blásquez-Martínez Jorge Ulises, Morales Ramírez Aline and Gerardo Alberto Alvarado-Ruiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68922",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68922",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5821",title:"Selected Topics in Neonatal Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"711594f833d5470b73524758472f4d96",slug:"selected-topics-in-neonatal-care",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6191",title:"Selected Topics in Breastfeeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3334b831761ffa52e78de6fc681e33b3",slug:"selected-topics-in-breastfeeding",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría P.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2990",title:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"093e4b7e0964b0fe0229a4b4cafef28c",slug:"neonatal-bacterial-infection",bookSignature:"Bernhard Resch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66173",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",surname:"Resch",slug:"bernhard-resch",fullName:"Bernhard Resch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"741",title:"Neonatal Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0edbdb5d5b8c322337668b98822eb79",slug:"neonatal-care",bookSignature:"Deborah Raines and Zoe Iliodromiti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/741.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165631",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoe",surname:"Iliodromiti",slug:"zoe-iliodromiti",fullName:"Zoe Iliodromiti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7527",title:"Neonatal Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"777de6ff63e03a7b9c8e443d8f06828c",slug:"neonatal-medicine",bookSignature:"Antonina I. Chubarova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7527.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"244610",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonina",surname:"Chubarova",slug:"antonina-chubarova",fullName:"Antonina Chubarova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5473",title:"Pediatric and Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cecf75716957606b6bbbb3999e80cfcf",slug:"pediatric-and-neonatal-surgery",bookSignature:"Joanne Baerg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5473.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178844",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanne",surname:"Baerg",slug:"joanne-baerg",fullName:"Joanne Baerg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9132",title:"Congenital Anomalies in Newborn Infants",subtitle:"Clinical and Etiopathological Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e1cf722caa7276c22d24dbf4df139e9",slug:"congenital-anomalies-in-newborn-infants-clinical-and-etiopathological-perspectives",bookSignature:"Rita P. Verma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9132.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278358",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita P.",surname:"Verma",slug:"rita-p.-verma",fullName:"Rita P. Verma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7784",title:"Spina Bifida and Craniosynostosis",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a979d42a6e93e686c533420a9a638c07",slug:"spina-bifida-and-craniosynostosis-new-perspectives-and-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Branislav Kolarovszki, Raffaella Messina and Valeria Blè",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7784.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92436",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Branislav",surname:"Kolarovszki",slug:"branislav-kolarovszki",fullName:"Branislav Kolarovszki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9805",title:"Infant Feeding",subtitle:"Breast versus Formula",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d1570fa9b5653287eaa25fe171b404a",slug:"infant-feeding-breast-versus-formula",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini, Zaid Rasheed Al-Ani and Walter Hurley",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73639",slug:"corrigendum-to-single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",title:"Corrigendum to: Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Radiopharmaceuticals",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73639.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73639",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73639",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73639",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73639",chapter:{id:"73033",slug:"single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imran",dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2020",datePublished:"January 7th 2021",book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",email:"drarnaqvi@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"302793",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Babar",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",fullName:"Muhammad Babar Imran",slug:"muhammad-babar-imran",email:"muhammadbabarimran@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"73033",slug:"single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imran",dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2020",datePublished:"January 7th 2021",book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",email:"drarnaqvi@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"302793",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Babar",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",fullName:"Muhammad Babar Imran",slug:"muhammad-babar-imran",email:"muhammadbabarimran@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7183",leadTitle:null,title:"Functional Foods",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'"Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food" said Hippocrates, the father of medicine approximately 2500 years ago. Is food also medicine? Are products that intend to cure diseases medicinal products and not food? Do we know the combination of foods or food components with functional properties that can help promote the well-being or reduce the risk of chronic diseases? In general terms, all foods are functional because they provide the nutrients necessary for a healthy diet. So what are the components that functional foods have beyond their nutrition value? What is the definition of functional foods? What scientific research is needed to validate health claims for functional foods? This book will provide answers to all of these questions. It is important for scientists to have the opportunities to study the relationship between a food type or a food active component and the improved state of health or reduction of diseases. The communication of health benefits to consumers is of critical importance so that they have the knowledge to make informed choices about the foods they eat and enjoy.',isbn:"978-1-83881-150-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-149-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-151-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73983",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"functional-foods",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"8023d990ea5254d039f9c438b66899c6",bookSignature:"Vasiliki Lagouri",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7183.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:10046,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfTotalCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 28th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 19th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 18th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"232589",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasiliki",middleName:null,surname:"Lagouri",slug:"vasiliki-lagouri",fullName:"Vasiliki Lagouri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/232589/images/system/232589.jpeg",biography:"Vasiliki Lagouri BA MSc PhD received her three degrees from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. She has research and academic experience (1992-2019) at the Chemistry Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Food Technology Department in Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Post doc positions in the Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences at National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Her current position is Project Manager in National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Institute of Chemical Biology (ICB). \r\nShe has over 30 of publications in International Journals, Conference Proceedings and 3 Book authorships and editorships in food chemistry, natural antioxidants, and olive oil and olives as functional foods (number of citations more than 400). She has research experience on experimental designs and applications of different methods to study the chemistry of natural sources, the isolation, identification and quantification of biologically active polar and non-polar compounds. She offered her services as a reviewer for the Journals: International Journal of Food properties, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Central European Journal of Chemistry, Separation Science and Technology, Natural Products Research, Nutrients, Molecules. She is a member of the American Chemical Society, Society Free-Radical Research-Europe (SFRR-E), Oxygen Club of California (OCC), ISEKI-Food Association: European Association for Integrating Food Science and Engineering Knowledge Into the Food Chain and the Greek Chemist’s Union and she is included in Who’s Who of America.",institutionString:"National Hellenic Research Foundation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Hellenic Research Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"323",title:"Food and Nutrition",slug:"food-and-nutrition"}],chapters:[{id:"64524",title:"Introductory Chapter: Functional Foods",slug:"introductory-chapter-functional-foods",totalDownloads:1020,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"232589",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasiliki",surname:"Lagouri",slug:"vasiliki-lagouri",fullName:"Vasiliki Lagouri"}]},{id:"63575",title:"Olive Oil: Antioxidant Compounds and Their Potential Effects over Health",slug:"olive-oil-antioxidant-compounds-and-their-potential-effects-over-health",totalDownloads:2153,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"248097",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Seray",surname:"Kabaran",slug:"seray-kabaran",fullName:"Seray Kabaran"}]},{id:"64324",title:"Olive Oil Phenols",slug:"olive-oil-phenols",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"258502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christos",surname:"Papanikolaou",slug:"christos-papanikolaou",fullName:"Christos Papanikolaou"},{id:"267135",title:"Prof.",name:"Prokopios",surname:"Magiatis",slug:"prokopios-magiatis",fullName:"Prokopios Magiatis"},{id:"267136",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleni",surname:"Melliou",slug:"eleni-melliou",fullName:"Eleni Melliou"}]},{id:"63677",title:"Functional Properties of Snack Bars",slug:"functional-properties-of-snack-bars",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"252951",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Istrati",slug:"daniela-istrati",fullName:"Daniela Istrati"},{id:"253109",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Oana",surname:"Constantin",slug:"oana-constantin",fullName:"Oana Constantin"}]},{id:"63516",title:"Fermented Functional Beverages",slug:"fermented-functional-beverages",totalDownloads:1207,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"252951",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Istrati",slug:"daniela-istrati",fullName:"Daniela Istrati"},{id:"252503",title:"Prof.",name:"Camelia",surname:"Vizireanu",slug:"camelia-vizireanu",fullName:"Camelia Vizireanu"},{id:"253118",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Pricop",slug:"eugenia-pricop",fullName:"Eugenia Pricop"},{id:"253119",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",surname:"Profir",slug:"alina-profir",fullName:"Alina Profir"}]},{id:"65354",title:"Fish as an Important Functional Food for Quality Life",slug:"fish-as-an-important-functional-food-for-quality-life",totalDownloads:1243,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[{id:"253367",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr",surname:"Hei",slug:"dr-hei",fullName:"Dr Hei"},{id:"258615",title:"Prof.",name:"Ch",surname:"Sarojnalini",slug:"ch-sarojnalini",fullName:"Ch Sarojnalini"}]},{id:"64935",title:"Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop DIC as a Strategic Technology for Different Types of Natural Functional Foods",slug:"instant-controlled-pressure-drop-dic-as-a-strategic-technology-for-different-types-of-natural-functi",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"22910",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Karim Salim",surname:"Allaf",slug:"abdul-karim-salim-allaf",fullName:"Abdul Karim Salim Allaf"},{id:"22911",title:"Ms.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Allaf",slug:"tamara-allaf",fullName:"Tamara Allaf"},{id:"24143",title:"Ms.",name:"Colette",surname:"Besombes",slug:"colette-besombes",fullName:"Colette Besombes"},{id:"258593",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabah",surname:"Mounir",slug:"sabah-mounir",fullName:"Sabah Mounir"},{id:"258680",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Tellez-Perez",slug:"carmen-tellez-perez",fullName:"Carmen Tellez-Perez"},{id:"258758",title:"Dr.",name:"Maritza",surname:"Alonzo-Macías",slug:"maritza-alonzo-macias",fullName:"Maritza Alonzo-Macías"},{id:"268755",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezzeddine",surname:"Amami",slug:"ezzeddine-amami",fullName:"Ezzeddine Amami"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220812",firstName:"Lada",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220812/images/6021_n.jpg",email:"lada@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"497",title:"Soybean and Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11aa0c9ed0f6ea8da765be93b50954bb",slug:"soybean-and-nutrition",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"496",title:"Soybean and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66d40dbc031b2825ba95f7ac2bfae1b6",slug:"soybean-and-health",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1018",title:"Milk Production",subtitle:"An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0666bd242c21546d0c83c0290bd114ea",slug:"milk-production-an-up-to-date-overview-of-animal-nutrition-management-and-health",bookSignature:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76047",title:"Prof.",name:"Narongsak",surname:"Chaiyabutr",slug:"narongsak-chaiyabutr",fullName:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2066",title:"Milk Production",subtitle:"Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Management and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0bce9f57b06503666b182457b414a9de",slug:"milk-production-advanced-genetic-traits-cellular-mechanism-animal-management-and-health",bookSignature:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76047",title:"Prof.",name:"Narongsak",surname:"Chaiyabutr",slug:"narongsak-chaiyabutr",fullName:"Narongsak Chaiyabutr"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6678",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"819eb2d8d2c889ef23affd7fd01e4e98",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby and Ghada Mostafa Azzam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6678.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6669",title:"Meat Science and Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bca2d87ed258a60a9c92c5c6056d1465",slug:"meat-science-and-nutrition",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6155",title:"Diabetes Food Plan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b826ff12304ae270954a41210f4e1582",slug:"diabetes-food-plan",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7943",title:"Nutrition in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf9135b4940c5e9bf0f7de103e543946",slug:"nutrition-in-health-and-disease-our-challenges-now-and-forthcoming-time",bookSignature:"Gyula Mózsik and Mária Figler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7943.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6538",title:"Current Topics on Superfoods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42525eaf5a539bc1e2318f4eb8dfea5a",slug:"current-topics-on-superfoods",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6538.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8926",title:"The Health Benefits of Foods",subtitle:"Current Knowledge and Further Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc0b94fd149503cbe9b4ff3fc06e969e",slug:"the-health-benefits-of-foods-current-knowledge-and-further-development",bookSignature:"Liana Claudia Salanță",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203097",title:"Dr.",name:"Liana Claudia",surname:"Salanta",slug:"liana-claudia-salanta",fullName:"Liana Claudia Salanta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41883",title:"Neuroimaging for the Affective Brain Sciences, and Its Role in Advancing Consumer Neuroscience",doi:"10.5772/51042",slug:"neuroimaging-for-the-affective-brain-sciences-and-its-role-in-advancing-consumer-neuroscience",body:'
To fully understand the driving behaviour of a car it is absolutely inevitable to investigate all its hidden parts underneath the surface and to find out what their functions are. To fully understand human behaviour we need to complete traditional behavioural measures with neuroimaging data that allow us to look inside the brain. Only via neuroimaging methodology do we have access to underlying brain processes that guide our behaviour without leading to any conscious reportable traces that show up in questionnaires. On top of that, especially when emotion-related explicit responses are required questionnaires provide us with biased responses due to cognitive influences. These responses can be far away from true underlying emotion-related information. The discrepancy between biased and unbiased emotion-related information processing is of utmost interest for both basic affective neuroscience and consumer neuroscience.
This section will begin by reviewing major milestones in emotion research achieved by way of fMRI. It focuses on advances in our understanding of the structures involved in the visual perception of emotion and how this has changed the way researchers look at the role of the amygdala, particularly its role in the coordination of emotion responses beyond the fear response. New leads in perception research using functional MRI methods are then reviewed including the possible primacy of cognition in emotion perception, as well as the often neglected role of the endocrine system in modulating perceptual ability.
The discrimination of affective signals in visual sensory input is thought to begin in the early stages of visual perception (LeDoux, 1996). The structures facilitating this are intertwined with visual processing to consistently produce rapid and sometimes unconscious emotional responses to the surrounding environment before the individual consciously recognises exactly what they are seeing (Whalen et al., 1998). The efficiency of visual-emotion discrimination despite its complexity has caught the attention of visual, perceptual and emotion researchers. The role of the amygdala in visual emotion discrimination is a primary focus in emotion perception research. The amygdala is a small almond size subcortical structure found bilaterally in the medial temporal lobe of mammalian brains. Neuroimaging studies show that neural pathways projecting from nuclei of the amygdala innervate multiple cortical and subcortical regions (Sah, Faber, De Armentia, & Power, 2003). All of these findings have obviously made the amygdala a primary region of interest for understanding the nature and organisation of emotion activity in the brain.
Modern theory suggests that the amygdala evolved early in the evolution of species as a mechanism specialised for rapidly detecting and responding to perceived threat (LeDoux, 1996), which has been described as an ‘alarm signal’ (e.g. Liddell et al., 2005; Tamietto & de Gelder, 2010). According to this theory, the neural communication of ‘raw’ or consciously unprocessed emotional information bypasses comprehensive visual processing stages, allowing the rapid transmission of threat signals to the amygdala via a pathway that crosses only the superior colliculus and pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus (see figure 1a). This adaptive function of this structural organisation is in line with the discovery of direct efferent connections from the amygdala to the hypothalamus, which coordinates autonomic and reflexive bodily responses to motivationally salient stimuli (Risold, Thompson, & Swanson, 1997) and which has long been recognised for its direct involvement in emotional behaviour (Swanson, 2000). This fear detection system is also found in less cortically developed mammals (LeDoux, 1996), suggesting that the direct subcortical processing pathway was an evolutionary achievement, and one that has been left unaltered across time and species due to its efficient design and salient purpose. This theory is also in line with findings from human studies focusing on emotion processing below the level of consciousness, where the subcortical alarm system was shown to operate independent of conscious awareness, presumably allowing for the preparation of motivational responses to threat even before such cues are consciously seen (Morris, Öhman, & Dolan, 1999; Whalen, et al., 1998). Despite the perseverance of the subcortical threat-detection pathway model, several phenomena challenge its comprehensiveness (A comprehensive discussion of these issues is provided by Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010). A central problem unaccounted for by this model of emotion processing is the modulation of early visual emotion processes by higher cognitive influences, which this section now turns to.
The functional capacity of the direct subcortical pathway model fails to adequately address possible mechanisms of this early cognitive interaction given that a main proposition of the model is that rapid subcortical processing involves the exclusive processing of affective signals, bypassing any higher cortical involvement. Pessoa and Adolphs(2011) in fact point out that there is no empirical evidence to suggest that affective information ‘bypasses’ cortically-bound circuits, but rather that multiple pathways are involved in the construction of visual emotion perception, and that each pathways likely specialises in selective attributes of information processing, but that none of these pathways involves the exclusive use of emotional information relative to other pathways.
There is general widespread agreement regarding the existence of an interaction between bottom-up and top-down factors in emotion processing (Gros, 2010; Ochsner et al., 2009). The New Look framework (Bruner, 1957) in particular states that the construction of perception is influenced by top down factors such as individual needs and expectations. While it is not yet known exactly what stage/s of visual perception are influenced by cognition it has been traditionally assumed that cognitive input influenced later categorisation stages of visual processing, and that earlier stages involved the pure bottom up extraction of basic features from sensory signals. Several recent experiments suggest, however, that top-down modulation by cognition may reach much deeper into the early visual stages of perception than current theory anticipates. Gilchrist and Nesberg(1952) showed that hungry individuals overestimated the brightness of pictures of food compared to other pictures, while more recently Radel and Clement-Guillotin(2012) extended this work by directly attributing the perceptual effect to an early perceptual processing stage.They examined differences in reaction times when hungry and satiated individuals were asked to identify food from non-food pictures as fast as possible and found that hungry individuals did recognise pictures of food fastest, directly pointing to an early unconscious level of semantic encoding that precedes the processing of motivationally relevant information.
In another recent study investigating the relationship between emotion word concepts and facial expression recognition, a direct interaction was found between higher semantic centres and early emotion perception. In this study, the authors temporarily inhibited accessibility of an emotion word via a technique called semantic satiation, whereby repeatedly saying the word (in this case 30 times) causes the temporary exhaustion of action potential generation along this region, thereby briefly inhibiting conscious access to the word. Using this technique, the researchers investigated whether semantically satiating an emotion word label such as ‘anger’ affected participants ability to recognise an angry face. Indeed they found that after 30 repetitions of the emotion word participants were slower to recognise an angry facial expression compared to when the word had not been satiated by repetition beforehand (Gendron, Lindquist, Barsalou, & Barrett, 2012), demonstrating the widespread and dynamic involvement of cortical areas in modulating emotion perception.
While these studies do not provide direct evidence for the involvement of the amygdala as an interception point of higher cognitive processes, there are many empirical examples demonstrating a correlational relationship between amygdala activity and cognitively based emotion tasks (For a review see Phelps, 2006). In addition, it is known that there are extensive connections between the amygdala and multiple cortical regions (see figure 1). However, possibly one of the strongest cases supporting a primitive role for cognition in visual processing comes from recent imaging data of the visual cortex and amygdala, which this chapter now turns to.
An emerging theory of the discrimination of emotion content during visual perception is the idea that sequential stages of communication occur between the amygdala and the visual pathway via a ‘serial re-entry’ style of emotion processing. This concept is based on the idea that affective signals received early in the discrimination process travel through ‘predictive pathways’ that initiate and modulate the preparation of an appropriate bodily response via efferent amygdala projections. Serial modification of the affective response is thought to occur as the affective signal cascades along the visual pathway and the emotional nature of the inputted information becomes clearer.
Current empirical anatomical research provides support for the notion that the amygdala plays a key role in gauging emotional value of visual affective information, however it is still unclear which visual structures participate in this process and what their function may be. Accumulated analysis of previous research suggests that visual emotion discrimination is likely to occur hierarchically, with affective signals originating through rostral inferior temporal-amygdala interactions, an area that has been implicated in basic unconscious identity and semantic processing (See Storbeck, Robinson, & McCourt, 2006 for an indepth discussion) and response initiation originating later through amygdala-extra striatal interactions. Testing this kind of theory requires access to both temporal and spatial properties of processing events. However, the limitations imposed by scalp recorded electroencephalography have challenged researchers to develop novel ways to empirically demonstrate evidence of a re-entrant style of visual-emotion processing. Sabatinelli and colleagues (Sabatinelli, Lang, Bradley, Costa, & Keil, 2009) attempted to answer this question using rapid-sampling event-related-fMRI, a technique that, although not feasible for whole brain analysis, can be useful for examining a specific set of proximally located regions of interest. In this study, relative onset of activation of specifically defined regions along one plane were examined including the inferior temporal cortex, amygdala, medial occipital gyrus and calcarine fissure. They found relative differences in BOLD signal onset related to emotional valence at successive stages of visual processing including the inferior temporal cortex and the amygdala (See Figure 2). The data suggests that re-entrant input begins with connections between the inferior temporal cortex and the amygdala. Discrimination of emotional from non-emotional signals is evident by increases in BOLD activations to emotional stimuli located in the amygdala and the inferior temporal cortex (V2; Secondary occipital cortex) approximately ~1 second before emotional discriminatory activation is seen in the extra striatial cortex. Despite its anatomical placement early in the visual processing pathway, the primary visual cortex does not, however, respond to emotional stimuli, and is instead consistently activated by both emotional and non-emotional stimuli suggesting its non-involvement in emotion detection. Further to this, the amygdala has been shown to have direct feed-forward and feed-back connections with not just subcortical structures but also multiple cortical structures located in the parietal cortex, the frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and the Insula. Therefore it is possible that at many stages of visual processing regions directly connected to the amygdala can influence emotional responses to visually perceived emotional stimuli.
|
Average time courses (n17) of picture-driven BOLD signal in amygdala, inferotemporal cortex, middle occipital gyrus, and calcarine fissure. Blue and red lines represent pleasant and unpleasant pictures, and green represents neutral pictures. The gray bar on the abscissa signifies the picture presentation period. Arrows indicate the point at which BOLD signal during an arousing picture presentation is significantly greater activity than BOLD signal during neutral pictures. Figure and caption adapted with permission from Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Costa, V. D. and Keil, A. (2009). The timing of emotional discrimination in human amygdala and ventral visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(47), 14864-14868.
Many homeostatic mechanisms function as feedback cycles. The hypothalamus is the principle structure that maintains homeostasis through its influence on the endocrine and autonomic nervous system. This dynamic system is only recently being investigated via brain imaging methods in terms of its influence on emotion-related information processing, and there is still much to learn regarding how the endocrine system interacts with and modifies the perception and expression of emotion. Nevertheless, this area of investigation presents a unique opportunity for understanding organisational and functional principles underlying emotion and motivated behaviour.
Reproductive hormone levels have traditionally been associated with emotional behaviour. Researchers are now beginning to understand how this relationship unfolds in the brain. It is already known that reproductive hormone receptors exist in amygdaloidal regions (Österlund & Hurd, 2001) and that hormones act on physiological processes, altering morphology, which in turn modifies behavioural expressions(See Becker et al., 2005 for an extended discussion). Several behavioural experiments have demonstrated a correlation between fluctuations in specific hormone levels and a perceptual bias towards recognition of threatening stimuli. For example, Pearson and Lewis (2005) reported highest accuracy for fear during the late preovulatory phase when estrogen levels are highest, and lowest accuracy for fear during the menstrual phase when estrogen levels are lowest. Raised progesterone levels have also been associated with a bias towards the recognition of threatening stimuli (Conway et al., 2007; Derntl et al., 2008a) suggesting that elevated progesterone levels are associated with increased sensitivity to facial cues carrying sources of threat or negative contagion. Derntl and colleagues also found a general ovulatory phase effect in females, further suggesting an evolutionary consistent relationship between pregnancy and increased behaviour consistent with protection and caution.
Recent examinations of the neural activity underlying hormonally-modulated perceptual biases have been performed during natural fluctuations in hormone levels and during controlled administration conditions, with the accumulated evidence to date suggesting an important role for reproductive hormones in modulating neural plasticity related to threat vigilance. For example, using BOLD fMRI, Van Wingen and colleagues (2007a; 2007b) found that the administration of a single dose of progesterone was associated with increased amygdala activity during an emotion matching task, but in an emotion memory task, administered progesterone was associated with decreased amygdala activity. Derntl and colleagues (2008b) found somewhat different effects when they separated female participants into two groups based on cycle phase: The early follicular phase (lower estradiol and lower progesterone levels) and the late Luteal phase (higher estradiol and higher progesterone levels). They reported a correlation between amygdala activation, recognition accuracy and female hormone levels such that amygdala activation was stronger during the follicular stage (low progesterone levels), coinciding with improved emotion recognition performance across five discrete emotion categories, including negative and positive emotions (Figure 3; Figure 4). According to the authors of the study, increased amygdala activity during the luteal phase is likely to be related to perceptual sensitivity biases towards threatening emotional stimuli, facilitating cautious behaviour associated with lower risk-taking. While during the follicular phase increased amygdala activity may be associated with heightened social awareness. At the behavioural level this may enable an underlying social advantage for fertile females in that the higher accuracy displayed during the fertile phase mediates more successful social interactions, a skill vital for selecting the best mate.
This section has described some of the major advances in our understanding of what factors modulate emotion processing during visual perception as well as current leads in hormone and gender based emotion research. Current evidence holds that the amygdala acts not only as a hub for facilitating the rapid signalling of threatening stimuli to initiate hypothalamic mediated autonomic responses, but also as a central relay station for the widespreadcommunication of emotional information to areas throughout subcortical and cortical regions. Affective signals are now thought to originate from IT-amygdala interactions, with modulation and response formation occurring shortly thereafter via complex interconnections between the amygdala and successive stages of the visual system.
Results of whole-slab analysis showing activation maps of random effects analysis on one coronal slice (Y = 0) comprising the amygdala for FPG (a) and for LPG (b) (threshold: t = 3.17 and p < 0.005 uncorrected).
Recognition accuracy with standard error of mean for all emotions across females in the follicular phase (FPG) and females in the luteal phase (LPG) is presented in (a). Mean percent correct across all stimuli for FPG and LPG females are illustrated in (b). Results of the repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant phase effect ( p = 0.011) with a better performance of the FPG group–—illustrated with an asterisk in (b) without any significant emotion-by-phase interaction ( p = 0.373).
Modelling of the BOLD signal in ER-fMRI may be a valuable technique for better understanding the functional basis of emotion discrimination in visual perception based on the time course of BOLD related activity. It is also important to remember, however, that in evolutionary terms the most important objective of all affective neuroscience and perception is not the speed at which the first neural activation occurs, but the speed at which the first behavioural response occurs. De Gelder, Van Honk and Tamietto(2011) point out that these two events are not necessarily linked. In other words, it cannot be assumed that adaptive behavioural responses will be explainable in terms of functions involving the first neural pathway to respond to the emotional stimuli. Rather, adaptive responses are more likely to be the result of the fastest pathway to initiate a biologically relevant motivational response, which may or may not be independent of initial activations. Better understanding the effect of hormones on the modulation of emotion perception is one avenue for increasing our understanding of the functional organisation underlying emotion perception, particularly given that this method is highly related to understanding principles of evolution, as well as understanding many underlying factors influencing social behaviours.
Over the last few decades the merging of marketing with neuroscience has captured the attention of both the academic and corporate world. Neuromarketing enables marketers and researchers to better understand what consumers react to and how intense their reaction is. What makes it more interesting is that these questions can be answered without the need to explicitly ask the consumer for their opinion. Neuromarketing is able to tap into one’s non-conscious and collect answers to questions such as: Is the colour, shape or smell of a particular product a good selling point? Although in its infancy, this new field has already had a major impact on the way many businesses market their products. With the formation of over 150 neuromarketing firms in the last 10 years, and almost 5000 times the number of Google searches between 2002 and 2004 (Figure 5; Plassmann, ZoëgaRamsøy&Milosavljevic, 2012) there is no surprise that this field has had such an impact across a vast number of disciplines.
Graphical depiction of the increase in Google searches and published articles relating to neuromarketing as well as the increase in neuromarketing companies (plassmann et al., 2012; with permission).
Although it is undeniable that neuromarketing is a useful field of study, along with its success, has come a major dilemma pertaining to the way that it perceived by consumers and the media. Throughout this section, I will no longer refer to neuromarketing as such, but instead as consumer neuroscience. Since the formation of neuromarketing, consumers and those alike have held the opinion that the aim of this field was force consumers to buy things that they do not want nor need. It is a common misconception that neuromarkeitng aims to find the ‘buy button’ in the brain (provided one actually exists). This is neither the current aim of neuromarketing/consumer neuroscience nor should it ever be. Instead, the term consumer neuroscience emphasises that this field aims to study the interactions between products, the market and consumers rather than an attempt to coerce consumers into buying products.
Before we can appreciate the field of consumer neuroscience, we must have an understanding of what neuroscience is and what it can bring to the field of marketing. Neuroscience, through studying the nervous system, seeks to better understand the biological basis of behaviour. However, according to Plassmann et al. (2012), due to the complex nature of consumer behaviour, it is essential that we focus specifically on systems neuroscience rather than cellular neuroscience. Systems neuroscience is a sub-discipline of neuroscience which focuses on how different neural circuits function, either together or separately. Rather than focusing on behaviour at a neuronal level, systems neuroscience focuses on both the cognitive and affective (emotional) aspects of consumer behaviour. It is common knowledge that much of our behaviour is driven by our unconsciousness (Chartrand, 2005). For this reason, it is justified that neuroimaging be used to better understand consumer behaviour.
An excerpt taken from
This section of the chapter will focus on how neuroimaging studies have identified specific neural circuits that are involved in the different aspects of the decision-making process. The figure above (Figure 6.) illustrates that the areas activated within the brain depending on the interaction that the consumer has with abrand. In many cases, several regions are responsible for the processing of a single cue. More specifically, the image gives a summary of the location of some of the processes that are involved in the psychology of brands (Plassmann et al., 2012).
In the following, we will focus on several current neuroimaging techniques and how their introduction into the field of marketing has influenced our understanding of consumer neuroscience. Branding, package design and labelling will be discussed because they are a major focus of a large number of studies. In addition, they are of particular interest to the marketing community because the results can be applied to the marketing of products and services.
When looking to purchase a product, brand name is an important factor, but plays only a partial role in the final decision made by the consumer. According to Keller and Lehmann (2006), consumers rely on well-known brands because they know that these brands are either of a higher quality or that the performance of the product is superior to that of the competition. Studies have shown that more often than not, it is only when a lesser-known brand is offered at a lower price, that they are chosen over well-known brands (Sethuraman& Cole, 1999).
In one of the most famous consumer neuroscience studies, McClure et al. (2004) revealed that in some cases, brand name is everything. In this study, a comparison between Coca Cola and Pepsi was made. Prior to the commencement of the study, it was established that there was roughly an equal preference for both Coca Cola and Pepsi. During the second phase of the experiment participants were shown either a picture of a Coke can prior to receiving Coke or a Pepsi can prior to receiving Pepsi. Participants that received Coke showed significant levels of activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the hippocampus and midbrain. No such finding was reported when Pepsi was delivered after participants viewed a Pepsi can. Furthermore, when the delivery was preceded with a light instead of a Coke can, significant differences in activation were seen between the two forms of cues (Figure 7). According to Mclure et al. (2004) suggest that the activation seen in the DLPFC, hippocampus and midbrain provides evidence that Coke possesses a greater wealth of cultural meaning than that associated with Pepsi.
As seen in the above study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a useful means of measuring the significant levels of activation in the brain. As an area of the brain becomes more active, it requires more oxygen. It is these changes in oxygen levels that fMRI aims to measure. However, fMRI is not the only method utilised by researchers to understand how the brain reacts to stimuli. Another tool used to investigate brain activity within a consumer setting is the less prominent magnetoencephalography (MEG). In contrast to fMRI, MEG measures brain activity by recording the magnetic fields produced by the naturally occurring electrical currents in the brain. In a study conducted by Junghofer, Kissler, Schupp, Putsche, Elling and Dobel (2010), investigated which brain regions were responsible for the early processing (>120ms) of man made stimuli. During the study, two separate measures of consumer behaviour were collected. Self-report data was collected from participants via a survey in which they expressed activities related to their consumer behaviour toward specific brands of shoes or motorcycles. Moreover, a brain-based measure was also collected in which participants were exposed to images of different brands of motorcycles and shoes. The most interesting finding presented by Junghofer et al., was the discrepancy between the self-report data and the data collected from the brain responses. Explicitly, self-report data showed a clear difference in consumer behaviour and brand expertise between each gender, however this was less evident from the results of the brain measures. Figure 8 shows that although activity in the occipito-temporal regions differed between males and females, many participants showed rather similar activation to both shoes and cars.
Significant activations between Coke delivered following an image of a Coke can and Coke delivered following the presentation of a light cue. Significant activations were found bilaterally in the hippocampus, the left parahippocampal cortex, midbrain and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings were exclusively found with Coke (
Image taken from
The study conducted by Junhöfer et al. (2010) present findings similar to those expressed in a number of pieces of research. It is repeatedly reported that a discrepancy exists between subjective and objective measures of consumer behaviour. From a marketing perspective, these findings illustrate the continuing problems that arise when consumers are asked questions in relation to their willingness to buy, rather than obtaining a response via subconscious processes.
In sum, the study conducted by McClure et al. (2004) presented findings that explain the success that Coca Cola has had over its rival, Pepsi. However, the only conclusions we can draw from this study is that there are strong neurocorrelates related to Coke, but not to Pepsi. Although we know that Coke has a greater wealth of knowledge associated with it in comparison to Pepsi, there is little we can do with these findings in terms of marketing. More specifically, we are unable to generalise the findings to that of other products, we are unable to draw conclusions as to why Coke has developed a greater amount of cultural meaning and Pepsi has not, and most importantly, we can not use these findings to improve Pepsi as a product to help it better compete with Coke.
In a similar manner, the study conducted by Junhöfer et al. (2010) have no immediate translational value, however, there is the possibility that these findings can help companies to better understand trends in consumer behaviour. Furthermore, these trends can then be used to assist in the development in activities related to their products. Again, the only conclusion that we are able to draw from this study is that a product liked by consumers may initiate activation in the occipito-temporal cortex. However, although this study may be seen as useless for companies that have already released their products onto the market, companies that are looking to release their product and wish to investigate how well it will compete with existing products may find this study more relevant.
The inability to conduct studies that are translational is a major issue that is repeated time and time again throughout the consumer neuroscience literature. However, consumer neuroscience is still in its infancy and hopefully, as the technology and methods are better understood, it becomes possible to generalise the findings of such studies to the field of marketing.
It should come as no shock that a more appealing product is capable of initiating a much more positive emotion. Previous studies have shown that individuals have been seen to express heightened levels of emotion toward attractive product packaging in comparison to unattractive product packaging (see Honea &Horsky, 2011). Have you ever wondered why when you buy something as expensive as a piece of jewellery, the packaging is usually made to look rather plain. Some products that are assumed to be of high value, highly experiential and have a positive influence on sensory systems, have been known to be presented in rather plain boxes as this neutralises the expectations of the individual, thus results in intensified subsequent emotions (Honea &Horsky, 2011). In addition to modifying the emotional responses of consumers, product aesthetics are able to alter the expectations of consumers. In many cases, the effect that product aesthetics has on consumer behaviour can be seen without the use of any neuroimaging techniques. Simply, the modification of product packaging can be used to mislead consumers into believing that products are larger or hold more than they actually do. There are many reasons that companies modify the packaging of their products, however the focus of this section is not to report how product packaging is used to mislead consumers (European Parliament, 2012), but rather identify the areas involved in processing packaging using neuroimaging techniques.
So what happens at a non-conscious level that affects which products we find appealing and which of those we do not? When shopping, it is usually the case that the decisions we make are made non-consciously and in a matter of seconds (Milosavljevic, Koch & Rangel, 2011), so it is imperative that the product being marketed stands out from its competitors. So how do companies decide what their new product packaging should look like and whether or not the public will find them enticing? Well the answer lies with neuroscience. A new branch of neuroscience termed “neuroaesthetics” has been used to address the questions surrounding the way the brain is activated in the presence of product packaging. Given that much of consumer behaviour is driven by processes at a non-conscious level (Chartrand, 2005), it would be inappropriate to simply ask for a verbal response as to which product or packaging they would be more likely to purchase. Moreover, previous research has shown us time and time again that there are discrepancies between self-report measures (subjective measures) and neuroimaging measures (objective measures; Walla, Brenner &Koller, 2011).
Several studies conducted by Reimann, Zaichkowsky, Neuhaus, Bender & Weber (2010) investigated the effect that good aesthetic properties had on brain activity. Interestingly, the first two of their studies revealed that participants chose products with aesthetic properties more often than products with standard packaging, even when a well-known brand was used (Figure 9). It was also reported that participants took longer to make the choice that resulted in the product with the aesthetic packaging being chosen.
Left: Significant levels of activation in the vmPFC regarding brand and type of packaging (standardised vs. not standardised). Right: Percentage of activation change in the vmPFC (
To assess which regions of the brain were responsible for the increase in affective processes, Reimann et al. (2010) conducted an fMRI study and found that participants engage specific brain areas when assessing aesthetic package design. More specifically, significant increases in activation were seen in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the striatum (especially in the right nucleus accumbens) and also in the cingulate cortex (Figure 10). In addition, the heightened levels of activation in the vmPFC due to aesthetic packaging were witnessed for both well-known and unfamiliar brand names.
Significantly larger levels of activation in the vmPFC (A), striatum, particularly nucleus accumbens (B), cingulate cortex (C), primary visual cortices (D), and precuneus (E) during aesthetic product presentations (
Each of the abovementioned regions of the brain plays an important role in the processing of aesthetic features of products. The literature repeatedly shows that the vmPFC becomes activated when an individual is rewarded (McClure et al. 2004; Plassmann et al., 2012). In this case, the reward was considered to be when participants saw a product that possessed aesthetic properties. Similarly, the striatum (in this case the right nucleus accumbens) also plays a role in the processing of aesthetic properties. However, in contrast, the striatum becomes activated when participants anticipate a reward. According to Reimann et al. (2010) these regions of the brain work in sync at the point when the consumer views a product with aesthetics.
In another study that focused on the way that products are labeled rather than the way that the products are packaged, it was reported that in obese individuals, several regions of the brain are more highly activated when an item of food is perceived to be of a higher calorie content (Ng, Stice, Yokum&Bohon, 2011). During this study, an identical milkshake was delivered to obese and lean participants (based on their body mass index), however one was labeled as low fat and the other as regular. Obese participants were seen to show higher levels of activation in the somatosensory, gustatory, and reward evaluation regions when presented with a regular milkshake versus an identical milkshake labeled ‘low-fat’.
Difference in activation between lean and obese women. Activation of the caudate was due to anticipated intake of high-fat versus water. Activation of the frontal operculum was due to anticipated intake of high fat versus low fat milkshakes. Activation of the Rolandic operculum was due to the receipt of high fat versus low fat milkshake (
With regard to the obese individuals in their study, Ng et al. (2011) found significantly higher activation of the Rolandic operculum (gustatory cortex) and caudate. These areas were reported as becoming activated when participants anticipated the intake of food. In addition, obese women were also seen to have a more active posterior cingulate gyrus and hippocampus, parrahippocampalgyrus and vmPFC. Ng et al. stated that these areas may have been responsible for the encoding of the reward value. Figure 11 shows the difference in the activation of the caudate, operculum and Rolandic operculum between lean and obese women.
According to Ng et al. (2011), the findings from their study offer an explanation as to why obese people remain obese even when they focus on eating low-fat foods. When an individual eats a food that is high in calories, the reward experience during consumption increases the expectation of reward, thus eating continues and may result in overeating. In contrast, when eating low calorie foods, people may overeat in order to compensate for the relative reduction of pleasantness and reward.
This study provides an excellent example of the translational value of consumer neuroscience. Although it does not allow businesses to increase the monetary value of its products, it identifies why consumers behave differently depending on the labeling of the product. There is no doubt that the findings presented by Ng et al. (2011) may be beneficial to not only the health industry, but the way that supermarkets interact with consumers. Many supermarkets promote products that are ‘low fat’ with the expectation that consumers will be buy these products and consume less calories, however it may be having the opposite effects.
Moreover, the study conducted by Ng et al. (2011) shows that obese people show more activation in several brain regions when they are not only expecting to receive food, but when eating something that is labeled as low fat rather than regular. Although the findings of Reimann et al. cannot be generalized to specific marketing contexts at present, the ability to generalize these findings to specific products and consumer scenarios will become better understood as this field continues to grow.
It is undeniable that consumer neuroscience is of benefit to both the research and marketing world. However, it is possible that the technology reported within this chapter is not well enough understood to be able to generalise the findings to the field of marketing and have it result in benefits to a company. The studies presented above show a correlation between neuroimaging and buyer behaviour, however the ability to generalise these findings to specific consumer contexts is difficult. In the early development of consumer neuroscience, simply stating that neuroscientific methods were being used resulted in an increase in sales. From the studies provided throughout this summary, it can be speculated that the technology being used in consumer neuroscience studies may be far ahead of our comprehension. However there are more basic forms of neurophysiological technologies available which appear to be much more promising.
In addition to the use of fMRI or MEG within a consumer neuroscience setting, another recent development within this field is the use of startle reflex modulation (Walla, Brenner &Koller, 2011). This method involves the presentation of several stimuli, some of which are associated with a loud startle probe designed to initiate a startle response in the participant. In humans, it is found that for pleasant or positive stimuli, the startle response is reduced in comparison to that witnessed when unpleasant or negative stimuli are presented. The startle reflex has been used within a marketing context (Walla et al., 2011; Grahl et al., 2012) and provides a direct measure of emotion that can be directly linked to a participant’s like or dislike. In Walla et al.’s study(2011), it acknowledges that a discrepancy exists between participants’ stated preference for a brand and what their startle reflex shows. In addition, it shows a significant difference in eye blink response between liked and disliked brands(Figure 12).
Mean eye blink response to liked versus disliked brands. (with permission)
It is plausible that the findings presented by Walla et al. (2011) indicate that physiological techniques may be more beneficial in the earlier stages of product development. Through the use of startle reflex modulation; it may be possible to determine whether or not consumers are likely to react positively to a product before it reaches markets. This process may also allow businesses to determine how to make their products more appealing before they are marketed. It is clear that the potential of neuroscience to benefit the marketing world is present, however it may be a few more years away.
Nepal is an agrarian country and 60.4% of its population is dependent on agriculture and it contributes to 26.8% of national GDP [1, 2]. Commercialization of agriculture is needed to accelerate the economic growth in the country, which is largely subsistence type. Since Nepal has entered World Trade Organization (WTO) as a member country in 2004, it is necessary to exploit the globalized trade for the nation [3]. Most of the people who are engaged in agriculture are rural dwellings and they are the prime driver of the agriculture of the country, Nepal. However, the commercialization of agriculture demands high-value inputs, which are often associated with higher use of improved, and hybrid cultivars, machinery, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
Pesticides are those chemical substances that are used to control pests of an agricultural and urban setting. These substances include fungicides, insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, molluscicides, nematicides, miticides, avicides, etc. Insecticides are used for a very long time to deter, minimize, and manage insect pests in an agricultural field, forest land, and in human settlements. In agricultural crop production only, insects and other pests cause around 35% yield decline [4].
The role of insecticides to reduce the insect pests attack on various crops, damage to the health of humans and livestock is crucial. Due to the advantage of the rapid action of these chemicals over target organisms, these are widely being used all over the world. Nepal could not be an exception regarding the use of chemical insecticides. Insecticides encompass a broad range of chemicals that are toxic not only to insects but also to other organisms. These chemicals often lead to pesticide resistance, the resurgence of insect pests, and the decline of beneficial organisms, along with the detrimental impact on human health and the environment [5]. Unscientific use of pesticides is of major concern to the farmers of the developing countries and Nepal could not be the exception, which further exacerbates the situation.
Phytophagous insects only do the damage to grown crops, on average of 35–40%. Sometimes, it exceeds more than that based on the severity of the pest [6]. Commercial growers mainly depend on various insecticides to get rid of the various insect pests. But, the exact amount of import of these insecticides, their use, and the effect on human health and the environment is of major concern to Nepalese agriculture [7].
A rigorous and thorough study was done to collect and synthesize information on the topic of the review. Different research papers, review articles, reports, governmental websites, and their publications were studied and screened for data compilations. Gathered data were coded in the MS-Excel and subsequent tabulation and column graphs were generated.
The use of insecticides started in Nepal in early 1950s with intention of control of malaria, especially to eradicate the disease transmitted by mosquitoes for the Gandaki Hydropower Project [8]. First introduced chemicals to Nepal were Paris green, gramaxone, nicotine sulfates, Dichloro-diphenyl –trichloroethane (DDT), and these all were brought from the USA. These chemicals were followed by other organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and synthetic pyrethroids [8, 9]. In the agricultural field, pesticides were started to use in the early sixties. This is the era of the green revolution where farmers were instructed to get maximum yield from a crop by using higher inputs such as improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Until that period, farmers were unaware of the chemicals and insecticides to manage the various insect pests of agricultural crops. At the time, farmers have a preference over broad-spectrum pesticides due to the effective work to knock down the pests [10]. Nepal does not produce any insecticides till now but imported primarily from six countries, that is, India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, Italy, and Japan [3]. Till now, 54 types of insecticides were introduced to Nepal with 14 bio-pesticides, which are depicted in Tables 1 and 2. Organochlorines and some other highly toxic chemical pesticides were banned in Nepal, which are shown in Table 3. Insecticides were registered in 1787 commercial names by Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Center (PQPMC) under the Department of Agriculture, Nepal. In Nepal, there are altogether 16,110 retailers, 5 pesticide formulators, 37 pesticide applicators, and 286 pesticide importers [11]. Traders of pesticides are mainly concentrated in the commercial agricultural areas such as in plain regions, in the valley, and in and around the major cities of the country. Still, pesticide business has not penetrated the mid-hills, hills, and larger rural areas of the country.
S. No. | Insecticide chemical group (in use) | Common names |
---|---|---|
1 | Organophosphate | Acephate, Azamethiphos, Chlorantraniliprole, Chlorpyrifos, Dimethoate, Ethion, Malathion, Phenthoate, Profenofos, Quinalphos, Temephos |
2 | Carbamates | Propoxur, Thiodicarb |
3 | Synthetic pyrethroids | Cypermethrin, Permthrin, Alphacypermethrin, Alphamethrin, Bifenthrin, Beta-cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin, Etofenprox, Fenvalerate, Flumethrin, Lambda Cyhalothrin |
4 | Nicotinoid | Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam |
5 | Avermectin | Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate |
6 | Methyl | Amitrazz |
7 | Organic thiophosphate | Azamethiphos |
8 | Nereistoxin analogue | Cartap hydrochloride |
9 | Halogenated pyrroles | Chlorfenapyr |
10 | Thioureas | Diafenthiuron |
11 | Benzoylurea | Diflubenzuron |
12 | Pyrazole | Fipronil |
13 | Pyridine compound | Flonicamid, Pymetrozin |
14 | Diamide | Flubendiamide |
15 | Isoxazoline | Fluralaner |
16 | Oxadiazine | Indoxacarb |
17 | Spinosyns | Spinosad |
18 | Tetronic acid | Spriomesifen |
19 | Tetramic acid | Spriotetreamat |
20 | Insect growth regulator | Novaluron, Lufenuron, Cyromazine, Chlorfluazuron, Buprofezin |
21 | Dazomet | — |
Registered pesticides in Nepal till 14 July, 2020.
S. No. | Common name | Origin |
---|---|---|
1 | Neem based | |
2 | Bacteria | |
3 | Bacteria | |
4 | Bacteria | |
5 | Bacteria | |
6 | Fungus | |
7 | Fungus | |
8 | Fungus | |
9 | Fungus | |
10 | Fungus | |
11 | Fungus | |
12 | Fungus | |
13 | Nematode | |
14 | Nuclear polyhedrosis virus | Virus |
List of bio-pesticides registered in Nepal.
S. No. | Banned pesticides | Decision year | S. No. | Banned pesticides | Decision year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DDT | 2001 | 13 | Monocrotophus | 2006 |
2 | BHC | 2001 | 14 | Methyl Parathion | 2006 |
3 | Aldrin | 2001 | 15 | Endosulphan | 2012 |
4 | Dieldrin | 2001 | 16 | Phorate | 2015 |
5 | Endrin | 2001 | 17 | Carbofuran | 2019 |
6 | Heptachlor | 2001 | 18 | Dichlorvos | 2019 |
7 | Chlordane | 2001 | 19 | Triazophos | 2019 |
8 | Mirex | 2001 | 20 | Carbaryl | 2019 |
9 | Phosphamidon | 2001 | 21 | Benomyl | 2019 |
10 | Organo Murcuric Fungicides | 2001 | 22 | Carbosulphan | 2019 |
11 | Lindane | 2001 | 23 | Dicofol | 2019 |
12 | Toxapheone | 2001 | 24 | Aluminium Phosphide 56% | 2019 |
Banned pesticides in Nepal.
In average, consumption of pesticide inactive ingredient is very low, that is, 0.396 kg/ha compared to other countries such as India (0. 481 kg/ha), China (2.0–2.5 kg/ha), Japan (10.8 kg/ha), Europe (1.9 kg/ha) and USA (1.5 kg/ha) [12]. But, in highly commercial agricultural areas have much higher use of pesticides than the national average.
Since insecticides are imported highly from foreign countries based on higher demand, farmers are using those chemicals in their fields injudiciously. Comparatively use of insecticides and other pesticides used in Nepal are lower than in developed countries, but the real problem is in the commercial pocket areas where growers are using exceedingly higher than they needed. There is a wider perception to the farmers that they have got the only chemical measures to control insect pests. Lack of awareness and knowledge of farmers, lack of alternatives of insect pests’ management other than chemicals, lack of governmental regulation and monitoring policies and actions for pesticide use are some of the reasons for improper and excessive use of insecticides in Nepal [13]. Insecticide use is reported much higher in vegetables compared to cereal crops and others. Since the vegetable growers are commercial, they tend to use insecticides more often. One study reported that more than 85% of insecticides imported were used in vegetable crops to deter various insect pests and oftentimes farmers are using insecticides even the insects are not at a damaging level. It is reported that a higher concentration of insecticides residues, that is, Cypermethrin than the permissible limit was detected in tomato and brinjal. The same study also showed that the concentration of Deltamethrin was higher in cowpea and was followed by cauliflower, tomato, and brinjal [14]. The residues of carbamate and organophosphate group of insecticides were observed in the vegetables sampled from the leading vegetable market of Nepal located in the heart of the capital city, Kathmandu. Tomato and cowpea were having higher residues of insecticides and these were grown in the commercial pocket of vegetables of Nepal, that is, Sarlahi and Kavre districts. The same study has revealed that 21.38% of tomato samples and 18.75% of cowpea samples were of sub-standard quality among the samples which were tested positive in pesticide residue analysis using the reagent kit method were [15]. The trend of insecticide use is increasing in Nepal by 10–20% per year and this signifies the prevailing crisis of Nepalese agriculture not only in terms of economic losses but also of associated detrimental effects [16].
It is reported that 25% of farmers of plain regions, 9% of mid-hills, and 7% of mountains use pesticides in their fields, and their usage in these ecological zones of Nepal is depicted inFigure 1 [17]. It is also reported that insecticides application is significantly higher in cotton and tea plantation in Nepal and it is worthwhile to mention that, compared to the cereal crops, use of insecticides and other pesticides is significantly higher in vegetables and other commercial/cash crops, as shown in Figure 2 [11]. In Kavrepalanchok district, near to the capital city, farmers were using insecticides 1–3 times whereas the same farmers were using 2–15 times in vegetables such as cabbage, potato, tomato, bitter gourd, cucumber, etc. It is even comparable to the share of pesticides in the production of various crops. Wheat has no pesticide application whereas, pesticide application in bitter gourd accounts for an 8.41% share in crop production [18] Farmers have reported the use of a cocktail spray of insecticides. Some farmers have also malpractice of dipping green vegetables in insecticide solutions such as malathion, mancozeb, etc. for a shiny and fresh look to fetch a good price in the market [12]. Farmers are very unaware and they hardly care for the waiting period to pick their harvest before they take it to the market. And, these products are purchased by the consumer and immediately taken for their food requirement and this makes the case more worsen [15].
Crop wise pesticide use (a. i. gm/ha) in Nepal (Source: PQPMC, 2021).
Ecological scenario of pesticide use in Nepal (Source: PQPMC, 2021).
Farmers of Nepal are very unaware of pesticide risk and it is the case of the area where people are engaged in conventional agriculture. In one survey conducted in Gaidahawa Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district, about 73% of the vegetable farmers have the practice of reusing the leftover pesticides. In the farmers’ field, researchers have reported that farmers have left the pesticide containers and packets in the open field, without thinking about the risk those containers possess [19]. Among the various pesticides reported in the area, chlorpyrifos was with higher concentration, that is, 177 μg/kg from the soil samples collected from three different depths of soil, that is, 0–5 cm, 15–20 cm, and 35–40 cm. DDT although banned in Nepal from 2001, its residues were found at all depths of the soil, which shows its persistent nature in the environment [19, 20]. The DDT mean concentration at 35–40 cm soil depth from the above-mentioned research area was found higher than 10 μg/kg, which is more than the threshold value for the safety of various soil organisms. Other insecticides such as Profenofos and imidacloprid were also found in the soil samples abundantly at different soil samples and found to be toxic to different soil organisms [19].
Insecticides can be used in a variety of forms, including liquid, concentrated, powder, dust, particle, aerosol, and fog, to control various insect pests of various crops. Those chemicals sprayed in a crop’s field will move and transfer to the environment via water, wind, and absorption. It can be transferred to long distances and in various forms. A large part of the most commonly used insecticides do not reach their target insect and may be affecting non-target organisms or polluting the environment. Non-target organisms include not only other insects, but also vertebrates such as wildlife, humans, and domestic animals. Insecticides can enter non-target habitats or ecosystems and affect non-target organisms [20]. Since food is a basic need and the practices of insecticide use do have a greater impact on human health. The most contaminated insecticides group, that is, carbamate and organophosphates are neurotoxic and are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These insecticides belong to the toxicity categories I and II. These are categorized under the most dangerous insecticides to the non-target organisms including humans and the environment [21]. These chemical insecticides may have contaminate on the environment such as soil, water (surface and ground), various flora and fauna, etc.
Since the import of pesticides including insecticides is increasing every year. The import of pesticides in the year 2013/14 was 454 tons but now, in the year 2019/20, import has been increased to 681 tons as shown in Figure 3 [11]. The residues of those chemicals on the soil and water are accumulating every year. One research has highlighted the moderate risk of cancer to the public where the soil is contaminated with organochlorine residues such as DDT and endosulfan [22]. This signifies not only the impending to the human health but also to the rich flora and fauna of the country itself. This sort of unsustainable practices in agriculture could be the cause of the loss of rich fauna which includes 17,097 species [23]. Various biotas inhabiting the soil such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, earthworms, soil-inhabiting insects, and other arthropods with the presence of other organisms help to maintain the quality of soil and provide major ecosystem services for maintaining soil health and ultimately the quality of food production. The malpractices of insecticides along with other hazardous pesticides could have a detrimental effect on those organisms and ultimately deteriorate the quality and quantity of food production [19]. Another research conducted at Biratnagar of Nepal reported the presence of DDT and endosulfan in soil. The research also suggested that the use of DDT is still ongoing in the region but endosulfan residues were of past use [22].
Scenario of yearly pesticide import into Nepal (Source: PQPMC, 2021).
These insecticides exposure to humans causes detrimental health defects such as hormonal imbalance, immune suppression, lower intelligence, reproductive anomaly, damage on kidney, liver, neural regions, and cancer. Farmworkers who have also exposure to insecticides get the symptoms of headache, drowsiness, dizziness, skin irritation, muscular twitching, respiratory discomfort, etc. [24, 25].
It is reported that the estimated health cost of the pesticide user individual who has got exposure to pesticides is Nepalese Rupee (NPR) 287. Of the total household expenditure, pesticide-induced health costs take 0.2% of annual household expenditure and 10.32% of annual health care expenditure [26].
More than the optimal concentration of insecticides also has unprecedented results human health and their expenditure on health care. One unit increase in insecticide concentration, that is, by 1 ml/L of water, would cause increased sickness cases by 6.8% and health costs by nearly NPR 30. Similarly, more hours of insecticide or any other pesticides application would bring unintended results to the health of the farmers and their expenditure [26].
It is also upsetting to mention the intentional or suicidal attempts of pesticide poisoning are common in Nepal. Most of the time, insecticides; mainly organophosphate are used by suicidal attempters. The most commonly used insecticides for self-pesticide poisoning were methyl parathion, dichlorvos, aluminum phosphide, and zinc phosphide [27].
It is speculated that the insecticide reduction will cause a decline in the yield of the crops. But, it is not the case of the countries which are following a reduction in pesticide use because of their focus on the ecology of pests and agro-ecosystem. In that scenario, their production has been affected as speculated. Sweden has reduced pesticide use by 68% and public health poisonings by 77%. Their cutoff to the pesticides did not cause increased crop losses by the various pest species including insects. Indonesia also has reduced pesticide use by 65% and on the contrary, their production of rice has increased by 12%. India is also practicing the same and reducing the use significantly over the past years. But, Nepal is doing the opposite [25]. We are quite increasing the pesticide use for the sake of higher production, but, we are not aware of the fact that we are using unwarranted pesticides. Farmers, the ones who are not trained with the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, are spraying the chemical pesticides more often than the ones who are trained. It is found that the trained farmers are spraying the pesticides 2.7 more times than the optimal whereas; the ones who are not trained are spraying 4.4 times of control [27]. This suggests the need of organizing community-based IPM training and environmental awareness programs about harmful effects of pesticides and sharing the know-how of insect pest management other than chemicals. It is also reported that Nepalese farmers are willing to pay higher prices (53–79%) than the current pesticide costs to mitigate the detrimental effect on their health and environment, and this clearly shows that they are willing to adopt alternative measures of pest management. But, the IPM programs of Nepal do have a contribution to the reduction of pesticide use but do not have a significant contribution to the reduction of health damages associated with the pesticides [25].
For the first time in Nepal’s history, the pesticide act was enacted in 1991, regulations were approved in 1993, and pesticide board was formulated in 1994 [18, 28]. Currently, Pesticides Management Act, 2019 was enacted which provisioned registration of bio-pesticides and also included the provision of facilitating warehouses for storing the date expire, band, and obsoleted pesticides in seven provinces of Nepal. It also included the provision of bringing back the pesticides which are spoiled, banned, or obsolete pesticides. It also included the provincial pesticide committee. Punishment was also provisioned in the act and upon defiance of these laws minimum of 25 thousand Nepalese Rupee (NPR) penalty, one-month prison, and maximum 200 thousand NRS penalty, and one-year prison was provisioned. Overall, the pesticide act regulates the manufacture, import, sale, transport, distribution, and use of pesticides in the country. This enabled the registration of pesticides, monitoring and inspection of pesticides, registration of importers and traders, and banning of highly toxic pesticides to minimize the exposure to humans, livestock, and other associated environmental components [29]. But, there is a great scope for proper inaction of law so that the widespread misuse of chemical pesticides in the country either by the importers, traders, and applicators could be minimized greatly. Since Nepal shares an open border with India, there are unintended pesticide imports to the country and many of them are more toxic, banned, and unregistered. Tracking the trade with India is oftentimes difficult since a porous border gives the opportunity to the persons who are involved in illegal trades.
Nepal is also a signatory country for WHO and follows the rules, regulations, and treaties proposed by them. Recently as directed by WHO, the country has banned 1a and 1b types of extremely hazardous pesticides. As a responsible member, Nepal has signed international treaties like the Basal convention, Stockholm convention, and Rotterdam convention, which have aimed to minimize the use of persistent and toxic pesticides [3].
Since Nepali farmers do not have much more information and knowledge about the methods of pest management other than chemicals. But, the Nepal Government and Department of Agriculture have started to prioritize the IPM program. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that aims to combine various techniques of pest management such as mechanical, physical, cultural, biological, and chemical to minimize the risks possessed by the pest in a given ecosystem [30]. IPM always considers the use of chemicals as a last resort and before using chemicals, it seeks out all the possible alternatives for insect pest management.
Since 1999, the Nepalese government has used the Farmer Field School approach to strengthen farmers for cultivating healthy crops with decisions based on an understanding of the field agroecosystem with having eyes on beneficial organisms such as predators and parasites of insect pests. A Farmer Field School, also known as a school without walls, is a school that teaches basic agroecology and crop management skills. A group of farmers gathers in one of their own fields to observe, discuss, record, and analyze real-world field problems from crop planting to harvest. This field school is based on the concept of “learning by doing” rather than “seeing is believing”. The FFS was specially designed for farmers to learn and adopt IPM practices to their diverse and ever-changing ecological conditions [31]. Several crop season-long FFS have been organized in Nepal in recent years to provide knowledge and know-how on IPM to vegetable farmers in the hope of reducing their use of pesticides [32].
IPM farmer’s field schools in the country have positive impacts on the farmers for using a lesser amount of pesticides. This was evident in the Bhaktapur district of the country, which is also well known for commercial vegetable production, and seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables are produced here. As reported, farmers were using a significantly higher amount of pesticides where mean active ingredient (a.i.) of fungicides and insecticides were 2373 and 1963 g respectively and on average use of pesticide use was 2011 g a.i./ha. Among the used pesticides to cruciferous vegetables, the share of insecticides was more, that is, 76% which was followed by fungicides (19%) and unknown were 5%. The participants of IPM farmer’s field school had reduced significantly lower amounts of pesticides compared to non-participants. It was reported the 36% lesser amount of pesticides due to the effect of participation of IPM farmer’s field school [32]. In another report, pesticide application by the farmers was decreased by 40% upon participation in farmer’s field school [33]. This obviously shows the importance of these programs organized by governmental institutions.
Bio-pesticide could be a viable alternatives for Nepalese farmers since it will not be toxic to humans, other organisms, and the environment at large. There are altogether 14 registered bio-pesticides in Nepal which are effective to manage various insect pests and in some instances, other pests too of various crops. In Nepal, the use of bio-pesticides started commercially roughly after 2000. The share of bio-pesticides in the year 2019/20 is 0.005% of the total quantity of pesticides imported and used. This shows the predominantly higher use of conventional pesticides compared to commercial bio-pesticides. But, the use of locally available plant resources for pest control is a long practiced tradition of the farmers of Nepal. Many plants possess pesticide properties and these are all available all around the country. Three hundred and twenty four species of botanicals are found in Nepal only and among them, 23 species have special importance to the farming community of Nepal. The most common plants used as pesticides are as follows: Neem (
Although Nepal shares larger scope of isolation of different micro-organisms from the soil of Nepal, it offers only the formulation of two funguses, that is,
Nepal, an agrarian country located in Southeast Asia is going to face unprecedented changes in human health, environment, and ecosystems due to more use of insecticides to deter insect pests in the farmer’s field. Large amounts of insecticides are imported from foreign countries. These chemicals certainly have negative impacts on the farming community and the environment at large. The situation seems even worse because of a lack of knowledge and skills related to the safety aspects of the farming community about the use of insecticides and its negative effects not only to the consumers but on them too. Many researches have confirmed the presence of undesirable residues of insecticides in vegetables, fruits, and other agricultural commodities. Incidences of human diseases such as immune dysfunction, kidney failure, cancer, etc. are also increasing in the country which somehow has a direct or indirect relation to the more use of insecticides in the field. Because farmer knowledge and behavior can reduce the ecological risk of pesticides, programs such as IPM training and farmer’s field school (FFS), etc. could be determined to change the status quo. Prioritizing the botanicals by the Nepal government and its respective agricultural agencies to the area where there is no practice of using conventional pesticides has special significance to protect the health of humans, various flora and fauna, and the environment.
The author wishes to appreciate the contribution of all the individuals and organizations who are constantly working on pesticides, their residues, effects, and mitigation in Nepal, and who has helped the author directly and indirectly in preparing this manuscript.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nYuekun Lai
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\\n\\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\\n\\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\\n\\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\\n\\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\\n\\nGang Chen 2016-18
\\n\\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMark Connors 2015-18
\\n\\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\\n\\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\\n\\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\\n\\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\\n\\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\\n\\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\\n\\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\\n\\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\\n\\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\\n\\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\\n\\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\\n\\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYuekun Lai
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\n\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\n\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\n\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\n\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\n\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\n\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\n\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\n\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\n\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\n\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\n\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\n\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\n\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\n\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\n\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\n\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\n\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\n\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,11,14,15,17,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11555",title:"Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing - New Trends and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"42b6f15e5d9044c3abd00c231efec806",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rodrigo da Rosa Righi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11555.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69889",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"da Rosa Righi",slug:"rodrigo-da-rosa-righi",fullName:"Rodrigo da Rosa Righi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11551",title:"Blockchain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"26f3d47bfbfd96e25e5b46001876cc48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vardan Mkrttchian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11551.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333134",title:"Prof.",name:"Vardan",surname:"Mkrttchian",slug:"vardan-mkrttchian",fullName:"Vardan Mkrttchian"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11458",title:"Human-Robot Interaction - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2003e3388833e911f610e0cd9788a5e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11458.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11506",title:"Antenna Arrays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b378e33d6f6e73721ee0dacbbb89aa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo, Dr. Nijas Kunju and Dr. Aldebaro Klautau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11506.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11470",title:"Graphene - Recent Advances, Future Perspective and Applied Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"409e022e3baf48795e816576a6ee66e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mujtaba Ikram, Dr. Asghari Maqsood and Dr. Aneeqa Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11470.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"286820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mujtaba",surname:"Ikram",slug:"mujtaba-ikram",fullName:"Mujtaba Ikram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Igor Sheremet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11519",title:"Vibration Monitoring and Analysis - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f0d2d82a5c1a49020abf39dc8aabd89d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Louay Yousuf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"322417",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Louay",surname:"Yousuf",slug:"louay-yousuf",fullName:"Louay Yousuf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11525",title:"Wood Industry - Past, Present and Future Outlook",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ccb74142053c89e0e572ac1c5d717a11",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Guanben Du and Dr. Xiaojian Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11525.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"291315",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b4ef3ce01f8f9b113dc28ac847b8c0d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yong A Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203937",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11484",title:"Thin Film Deposition - Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c10a55203c2f0f7d47c743e6cfa2492",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11484.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11121",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"81f076fab2acb567946aeaa4b7281fc1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:166},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"558",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering-machine-learning-and-data-mining",parent:{id:"90",title:"Computer Science and Engineering",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:58,numberOfWosCitations:101,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitations:66,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"558",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"70",title:"Hidden Markov Models",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1e671b0ce985e13e7759a949b660542",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Przemyslaw Dymarski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/70.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18657",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemyslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Dymarski",slug:"przemyslaw-dymarski",fullName:"Przemyslaw Dymarski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"15364",doi:"10.5772/14749",title:"A Non-Homogeneous Hidden Markov Model for the Analysis of Multi-Pollutant Exceedances Data",slug:"a-non-homogeneous-hidden-markov-model-for-the-analysis-of-multi-pollutant-exceedances-data",totalDownloads:2990,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Francesco Lagona, Antonello Maruotti and Marco Picone",authors:[{id:"18666",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Maruotti",slug:"antonello-maruotti",fullName:"Antonello Maruotti"},{id:"20991",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Lagona",slug:"francesco-lagona",fullName:"Francesco Lagona"},{id:"20992",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Picone",slug:"marco-picone",fullName:"Marco Picone"}]},{id:"15356",doi:"10.5772/15495",title:"Hidden Markov Models in Dynamic System Modelling and Diagnosis",slug:"hidden-markov-models-in-dynamic-system-modelling-and-diagnosis",totalDownloads:3359,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Tarik Al-ani",authors:[{id:"6393",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ani",slug:"tarik-al-ani",fullName:"Tarik Al-Ani"}]},{id:"15369",doi:"10.5772/15205",title:"History and Theoretical Basics of Hidden Markov Models",slug:"history-and-theoretical-basics-of-hidden-markov-models",totalDownloads:5064,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Guy Leonard Kouemou",authors:[{id:"3302",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy Leonard",middleName:"Guy Leonard",surname:"Kouemou",slug:"guy-leonard-kouemou",fullName:"Guy Leonard Kouemou"},{id:"19952",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy",middleName:"Leonard",surname:"Kouemou",slug:"guy-kouemou",fullName:"Guy Kouemou"}]},{id:"15360",doi:"10.5772/14009",title:"Modeling of Speech Parameter Sequence Considering Global Variance for HMM-Based Speech Synthesis",slug:"modeling-of-speech-parameter-sequence-considering-global-variance-for-hmm-based-speech-synthesis",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Tomoki Toda",authors:[{id:"16518",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoki",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",slug:"tomoki-toda",fullName:"Tomoki Toda"}]},{id:"15357",doi:"10.5772/14214",title:"Theory of Segmentation",slug:"theory-of-segmentation",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Jüri Lember, Kristi Kuljus and Alexey Koloydenko",authors:[{id:"17169",title:"Dr.",name:"Jüri",middleName:null,surname:"Lember",slug:"juri-lember",fullName:"Jüri Lember"},{id:"20940",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuljus",slug:"kristi-kuljus",fullName:"Kristi Kuljus"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"77974",title:"DMAPT: Study of Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques in Advanced Persistent Threat Attribution and Detection",slug:"dmapt-study-of-data-mining-and-machine-learning-techniques-in-advanced-persistent-threat-attribution",totalDownloads:308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Modern-day malware is intelligent enough to hide its presence and perform stealthy operations in the background. Advance Persistent Threat (APT) is one such kind of malware attack on sensitive corporate and banking networks to stay there for a long time undetected. In real-time corporate networks, identifying the presence of intruders is a big challenging task for security experts. Recent APT attacks like Carbanak, The Big Bang, and Red Echo attack (targeting the Indian power sector) are ringing alarms globally. New data exfiltration methods and advancements in malware techniques are the two main reasons for rapid and robust APT evolution. Although many traditional and hybrid methods are available to detect this stealthy malware, the number of target-specific attacks are increasing rapidly at global level. Attackers have been crafting payloads resistant to malware sandbox environments so that traditional sandboxing techniques may not work with these APT malware detection. In this paper, we shed light on various Data Mining, Machine Learning techniques and frameworks used in both Attribution and Detection of APT malware. Added to this, our work highlight GAP analysis and need for paradigm shift in existing techniques to deal with evolving modern APT malware.",book:{id:"10859",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",title:"Data Mining",fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications"},signatures:"P.V. Sai Charan, P. Mohan Anand and Sandeep K. Shukla",authors:[{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan"},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand"},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla"}]},{id:"78237",title:"Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Optimization under Uncertainty",slug:"artificial-intelligence-and-its-application-in-optimization-under-uncertainty",totalDownloads:362,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Nowadays, the increase in data acquisition and availability and complexity around optimization make it imperative to jointly use artificial intelligence (AI) and optimization for devising data-driven and intelligent decision support systems (DSS). A DSS can be successful if large amounts of interactive data proceed fast and robustly and extract useful information and knowledge to help decision-making. In this context, the data-driven approach has gained prominence due to its provision of insights for decision-making and easy implementation. The data-driven approach can discover various database patterns without relying on prior knowledge while also handling flexible objectives and multiple scenarios. This chapter reviews recent advances in data-driven optimization, highlighting the promise of data-driven optimization that integrates mathematical programming and machine learning (ML) for decision-making under uncertainty and identifies potential research opportunities. This chapter provides guidelines and implications for researchers, managers, and practitioners in operations research who want to advance their decision-making capabilities under uncertainty concerning data-driven optimization. Then, a comprehensive review and classification of the relevant publications on the data-driven stochastic program, data-driven robust optimization, and data-driven chance-constrained are presented. This chapter also identifies fertile avenues for future research that focus on deep-data-driven optimization, deep data-driven models, as well as online learning-based data-driven optimization. Perspectives on reinforcement learning (RL)-based data-driven optimization and deep RL for solving NP-hard problems are discussed. We investigate the application of data-driven optimization in different case studies to demonstrate improvements in operational performance over conventional optimization methodology. Finally, some managerial implications and some future directions are provided.",book:{id:"10859",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",title:"Data Mining",fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications"},signatures:"Saeid Sadeghi, Maghsoud Amiri and Farzaneh Mansoori Mooseloo",authors:[{id:"309983",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeid",middleName:null,surname:"Sadeghi",slug:"saeid-sadeghi",fullName:"Saeid Sadeghi"},{id:"310094",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Farzaneh",middleName:null,surname:"Mansoori Mooseloo",slug:"farzaneh-mansoori-mooseloo",fullName:"Farzaneh Mansoori Mooseloo"},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri"}]},{id:"77726",title:"Privacy Preserving Data Mining",slug:"privacy-preserving-data-mini-1",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Data mining techniques provide benefits in many areas such as medicine, sports, marketing, signal processing as well as data and network security. However, although data mining techniques used in security subjects such as intrusion detection, biometric authentication, fraud and malware classification, “privacy” has become a serious problem, especially in data mining applications that involve the collection and sharing of personal data. For these reasons, the problem of protecting privacy in the context of data mining differs from traditional data privacy protection, as data mining can act as both a friend and foe. Chapter covers the previously developed privacy preserving data mining techniques in two parts: (i) techniques proposed for input data that will be subject to data mining and (ii) techniques suggested for processed data (output of the data mining algorithms). Also presents attacks against the privacy of data mining applications. The chapter conclude with a discussion of next-generation privacy-preserving data mining applications at both the individual and organizational levels.",book:{id:"10859",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",title:"Data Mining",fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications"},signatures:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",authors:[{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç"}]},{id:"15360",title:"Modeling of Speech Parameter Sequence Considering Global Variance for HMM-Based Speech Synthesis",slug:"modeling-of-speech-parameter-sequence-considering-global-variance-for-hmm-based-speech-synthesis",totalDownloads:2437,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Tomoki Toda",authors:[{id:"16518",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoki",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",slug:"tomoki-toda",fullName:"Tomoki Toda"}]},{id:"15356",title:"Hidden Markov Models in Dynamic System Modelling and Diagnosis",slug:"hidden-markov-models-in-dynamic-system-modelling-and-diagnosis",totalDownloads:3360,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"70",slug:"hidden-markov-models-theory-and-applications",title:"Hidden Markov Models",fullTitle:"Hidden Markov Models, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Tarik Al-ani",authors:[{id:"6393",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ani",slug:"tarik-al-ani",fullName:"Tarik Al-Ani"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"558",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/427673",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"427673"},fullPath:"/profiles/427673",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()