\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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Crystallization is considered a useful method for phosphorus recovery from various aqueous phases. The technique converts liquid phase phosphorus (usually present as a phosphate-type anion) to solid phase by utilizing the solubility products of a phosphorus-containing salt. Crystals of the relevant reactants are charged to a reactor. When the pH is adjusted to a region where the formation of new fine crystals does not occur, deposition occurs on the seed crystal. There are several dephosphorization methods, the selection of which depends on the composition of the wastewater to be treated. Whether calcium and magnesium salts are chosen depends on the relative concentrations of ammonium or potassium ions and phosphorus already present in the wastewater.
The chemical reaction for recovery of phosphorus by precipitation as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP, struvite) and its solubility product pK [1] is presented in Eq. (1):
The reaction for the production of magnesium potassium phosphate (MPP) and pK [2] is presented in Eq. (2):
Eq. (3) shows the reaction for the production of hydroxyapatite (HAP) [3]:
Phosphorus recovery by MAP and MPP crystallization required high concentration of ammonium and potassium as coexisting species, respectively, and phosphorus reacts efficiently when the solubility products are exceeded by addition of magnesium and adjustment of pH [4–6]. Wastewaters that satisfy these crystallization conditions are limited. To spread and establish this technology, it needs to be applicable to wastewaters with inadequate crystallization conditions and still obtain good results.
HAP techniques at low concentrations are well established. At high-concentration conditions, fine crystals are formed and there is concern regarding their outflow.
In the crystallization process, stable flow conditions and a crystallizer are ideally preferred. Continuous operation makes it possible to achieve large production volumes. Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), fluidized bed reactors, and bubble column-type reactors can be employed. The basic equipment for achieving phosphorus recovery from higher concentrations consists of a stirred tank and a settling tank. Crystals in the effluent from the stirred tank become fine particles because of high supersaturation. Such particles are not easy to separate from the water treated, so the precipitate slurry is returned to the stirred tank from the bottom of the settling tank to act as seed crystal. Owing to the possibility of fine solids adhering to the return line and stirring propeller in a CSTR, the use of fluidized bed and bubble column reactors becomes preferable.
The fixed bed reactor used for low concentrations involves feeding the influent through the bottom of a rector that is filled with seed crystal and brought into contact with the seed crystal. In a fluidized bed reactor, the reaction surface area is expanded by fluidizing the seed crystal. The residence time is short, so the degree of supersaturation of the inflow is lowered by circulating treated water. In a bubble column with a draft tube, a circulating flow is generated between the inner and outer pipes by air fed to the inner tube. A sedimentation tank is provided at the upper end of the reaction section so that the crystals generated do not flow out. Seed crystals are not used.
Waste liquids containing high concentrations of phosphorus available for recovery include urine, livestock wastewater, sidestream, and sludge incineration ash extract liquid.
Xu et al. [4] prepared synthetic urine and examined conditions for MPP production. Potassium and potassium concentrations were about 960 and 2000 mg/L. Suitable operating pH values for MPP and MAP production were about 11 and 10, respectively. MAP treatment was also performed in a feed solution containing 240 mg/L-P and 4591 mg/L NH4-N [5].
Livestock wastewater treatment consisted of primary solid-liquid (S/L) separation and secondary biological treatment of the effluent. MAP treatment of the supernatant of primary treatment of a wastewater containing 985 mg/L NH4-N, 161 mg/L PO4-P, and 797 mg/L was reported [6].
For secondary treated water, it is advantageous for S/L separation of crystals generated in the case of membrane separation activated sludge; however, ammonia and phosphorus are reduced by biological treatment, so there are few attempts to apply MAP precipitation. One of the targets of this research is secondary treated water, particularly for operation conditions at lower concentration levels of phosphorus, ammonium, and potassium than ordinarily MAP and MPP treatments [7, 8].
Potassium chloride, phosphoric acid, magnesium chloride, and ammonium chloride were used to prepare synthetic wastewater.
When anaerobic digestion of excess sludge is undertaken, the concentration of phosphorus and ammonium ions in the dehydrated filtrate increases, and sufficient efficiency can be obtained using the MAP method. However, at intermediate concentrations, the efficiency of MAP decreases. Therefore, in this study, we also aimed to recover phosphorus from intermediate concentration phosphorus wastewaters. The HAP method using a CSTR reactor without seed crystal and the MAP method using a fluidized bed reactor were applied. HAP treatment was appropriate for operating conditions at higher phosphorus concentrations than ordinarily found for secondary treatment [9].
In many cases of livestock wastewater treatment, the membrane separation activated sludge method is selected in preference to sewage treatment. Because the treated water does not contain suspended solids, it is not necessary to separate the recovered phosphorus and this method is therefore effective for recovering phosphorus. The precipitate of the crystallization treatments can be used as received; however, if a nitrification process is used, the ammonium concentration decreases, which is disadvantageous for MAP. Raw urine was purchased from a livestock farmer and placed in the 2 m3 urine sump at Kumamoto Prefectural Livestock Research Institute. The solution was progressively moved into the aeration tank at 100 L/day and then treated with a tower-type membrane-activated sludge methods. The treated water was received in a 1 t tank and used as the raw water for MAP treatment experiments. Figure 1 shows MAP experimental apparatus, which consisted of a reaction region with a draft tube structure and precipitation region for S/L separation, both volumes of 5 L.
Bubble column with draft tube for magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) (or magnesium potassium phosphate, MPP) treatment.
The reaction region was 15 cm in diameter and 28 cm in height. A double pipe was installed at the bottom, through which circulating flow was generated by injection air. The hydraulic retention time was set to 10 h and activated sludge-treated water was continuously supplied to the reactor bottom. The pH was maintained at 7.5–8.5 via a pH controller dosing a 0.5 N NaOH solution and aeration at 12 L/min carried out using an air pump. The equipment was located outdoors without temperature control. The experiment was carried out for about 100 days. Sampling was conducted every 2–3 days. Changes in water properties are shown as raw and treated waters in Figure 2. We try to remove residual concentration by adsorption. Because the phosphorus concentration in the effluent was not adequately decreased by MAP treatment, further treatment was conducted using adsorption methods. Phosphorus-adsorbent pellets (Limonite Co. Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan) were made from a special soil. The soil was compressed to pellets of 11–13 mm diameter and 10–30 mm length with a binder. The main component of the soil was 62% iron oxide, which exhibited phosphorus adsorption characteristics. The pellets were placed in column of 30 cm height and 10 cm diameter, and MAP-treated water was supplied from the bottom at 20 L/day.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate treatment of secondary livestock wastewaters.
The total phosphate (T-PO4) content of the raw water approximately 100 mg/L up to 80 days after which decreased to 80 mg/L. The treatment characteristic could be categorized into periods: 0–24, 25–54, 50–64, and 71–100 days. The average ammonium concentrations during these periods were 38, 15, 165, and 52 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentrations (165 mg/L) were due to addition of ammonium chloride. The Mg/T-P ratio was maintained at 0.98–1.53. When the raw water phosphoric acid concentration was 100 mg/L, the extent removal increased in relation to the ammonium concentration. Even if the ammonium ion concentration increased, the phosphorus removal decreased when the phosphoric acid concentration decreased to 80 mg/L. Weijia et al. [7] also considered the addition of magnesium and ammonium to phosphorus recovery using a bubble column, because the phosphorus and ammonium concentrations of the activated sludge secondary treatment are reduced by nitrification and biological uptake. The results showed about 50% phosphorus removal and that remaining treatment was required. Attempts have also been made to add magnesium and ammonium to increase the MAP production when the ammonium concentration is low [7]. The chemical reaction for recovery of phosphorus by precipitation as magnesium (MAP, struvite) is shown in Figure 3.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals.
The adsorption results are shown in Figure 4. The phosphorus concentration of MAP-treated water was in the range 44–58 mg/L but decreased to 7–21 mg/L because of adsorption. The total average removal efficiency was 74%.
Adsorption treatment of magnesium ammonium phosphate effluent.
High concentrations of phosphorus and ammonium ions are contained in the dehydrated filtrate of the sewage, and fine crystals are precipitated unless adequate S/L separation is performed. The average total phosphorus and ammonium concentrations of the dehydrated filtrate at the North Area Kumamoto sewage treatment plant during the test period were 86.4 and 600 mg/L, respectively.
The fluidized bed reactor apparatus is shown in Figure 5. The reactor was acrylic and had a diameter of 2 cm and height of 100 cm. There was no settling region.
Fluidized bed reactor.
The bottom part was filled to a height of 4 cm with glass beads with a diameter of 5 mm to ensure laminar flow. The pH of the raw was around 6.7, and there was almost no change in the phosphorus concentration on adding magnesium. To reduce pH fluctuations, part of the sidestream was diluted with raw water at 1:1. The mixed water was withdrawn and then supplied to the reactor.
Solids were suspended by injecting the fluid in an upward direction. Contact between the solid and liquid was large and their superficial velocity was high. Based on these advantages, the MAP rapidly precipitated and deposited on the solid particles, enabling a very short processing time. To lower the degree of supersaturation at the inlet, circulate treated water and mix with raw water to supply. The lack of need for a sedimentation tank also contributed in processing time. Figure 6 shows the relationship between T-P removal efficiency and pH at different initial P concentrations. At an initial concentration of 11.4 mg/L (PO4: 34.2 mg/L), the phosphorus removal was about 20% at pH 8.5, but this increased to approximately 60% as the pH increased to 9.1. At an initial concentration 27.2 mg/L (PO4: 81.6 mg/L), the removal reached 80%. Uludag-Demirer and Othman [8] investigated removal from wastewater containing phosphate 100–1500 mg/L and reported 48% removal at pH 9.0 for water containing 100 mg/L phosphate. Guadie et al. [9] also investigated for high (120 mg/L)- and low (12.5 mg/L)-concentration wastewaters. They found that T-P removal at low concentration could be improved by circulation of the treatment water. Su et al. [10] pointed out the effects of seed crystal.
Relationship between initial total phosphorus (T–P) concentration and extent of its removal as a function of pH of effluent.
Unitika Co. Ltd. Central Research Center (Kyoto, Japan) set up a small-scale MAP reactor in a sewage treatment center (Kumamoto, Japan) and applied the technique to the dehydrated liquid of methane fermentation. An overview of the plant is shown in Figure 7. The reactor contained an inner cylinder and circulating flow was obtained by feeding air to the inside. A long residence time was necessary to prevent the outflow of solids, so it was not suitable for treatment of large volume. We introduced a hydro-cyclone to minimize the residence time and made the water surface area of the separation section as small as possible. The design influent rate was 5 m3/day, and the instantaneous supply to hydro-cyclone was 2 m3/day. The reaction volume was 86 L; the residence time in the reaction and separation regions was 25 and 1.6 min, respectively. The average TP removal efficiency was 53.3% for raw water average concentration 94.7 mg/L (maximum 105 mg/L, minimum 80.7 mg/L). When a hydro-cyclone was applied, the removal improved 77.6%; however, if a longer retention time 4.6 min was applied to the separation, the average TP removal increased to 86.7% in the reactor alone [12].
System configuration of mini-plant in sewage treatment center.
For experiments under high concentrations, actual dehydrate liquids were collected from the sewage treatment center in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.
This system has a high degree of supersaturation, so fine precipitates were easily generated, and solid-liquid (S/L) separation was difficult. Therefore, it was desirable to recover as much phosphorus as possible while promoting crystal growth. A sedimentation tank was provided and crystals of the bottom region were returned to the reactor. To examine the effects of calcium source on recovery rate, an experiment was carried out using both calcium chloride and lime (calcium hydroxide). The influence of the addition amount was examined for the calcium chloride system. The HAP apparatus shown in Figure 8 used a 2.5 L reaction tank and 1 L settling tank. The filtrate of the digested sludge was fed to the reaction tank at 0.6 L/h and 200 mg/L calcium chloride solution was fed to maintain a Ca2+/PO43− molar ratio of 3.0. The influence of the calcium chloride addition was examined. The reflux ration from the sedimentation tank to the reaction tank was maintained at 2.0. The pH of reactor was controlled at 8.5–8.7 by adding 0.5 M sodium hydroxide. Run (a) of Figure 9 shows the relationship between removal of phosphorus and calcium addition. The removal efficiency was 70–90% at Ca/PO43− = 1.2, 75–90% at Ca/PO43− = 1.6, and 90% or more at Ca/PO43− = 3.0. Run (b) of Figure 10 used a raw water concentration of about 150 mg/L PO43−, which was two-thirds of the concentration in Run (a) because it contained wash water. When the calcium chloride addition ratio was 3.0, this gave same removal as Run (a). Figure 10 shows changes in the average particle diameters: it took 82 days for Run (a) crystals to reach 60 μm, while this size was achieved after 12 days for Run (b). The high initial concentration of Run (a) caused the generation of a large number of primary nuclei (2). Lime feed: dehydrated filtrate was supplied at 0.8 L/h. Lime of 4000 mg/L concentration was fed to the reaction tank at 0.8 L/h and returned from the settling tank at a reflux ration of 2. Figure 11 shows the relationship between elapsed time, pH, phosphate removal, and average diameter. The pH gradually rose over the 14-day period and reached pH 8.9. The extent of removal increased in proportion to the pH, reaching approximately 90%. Changes in average particle diameter and distribution as a function of lime dosage and time are shown in Figure 12, and photographs are shown in Figure 13, respectively. When lime was present as a solid (milk of lime) and acted as a seed crystal, crystals grew rapidly. From these results, it was possible to treat actual wastewater with a phosphate concentration of 200–250 mg/L HAP crystallization. We could grow crystals by circulating precipitated crystals and retaining them for a longer period in the reactor. The appropriate ratio of calcium to phosphate was 1.6–3, and the pH was in the range of 8.5–8.7. Crystal growth was faster with a lower phosphorus concentration. The growth rate increased further with the use of lime as the calcium source.
Reactor for hydroxyapatite treatment.
Results of continuous hydroxyapatite (HAP ) treatment for long periods for different initial phosphorus concentrations when adding calcium chloride. In Run (a), the concentration range was 200–250 mg/L P, and the molar ratio of added calcium was varied. In Run (b), the concentration range was 100–150 mg/L P and the ratio of Ca:P was 3.0
Crystal growth rates accompanying continuous treatment of raw water containing (a) 200–250 mg/L PO43- (b) 100–150 mg/L PO43-.
(a) Removal rate and (b) crystal growth during (b) to hydroxyapatite (HAP) treatment with the addition of lime.
Distribution of diameter.
Photographs of crystals.
When compared with primary treatment, the phosphorus concentration also decreased because of activated sludge secondary treatment. When magnesium is added to a system in which potassium and ammonium coexist, competition arises in the formation of phosphate salts. MPP production is advantageous if the ammonium concentration is decreased in the secondary treatment. These relationships and the processing characteristics were clarified with respect to continuous processing.
This study was initially performed using batch beaker tests. To determine the influence of the stoichiometric relationship of ingredients, we used a synthetic secondary piggery wastewater (including phosphorus, potassium, and ammonium). Figure 14 shows the effects of phosphorus concentration on removal and recovery. We had previously confirmed that the optimum pH for MPP production is pH 10–11 [12, 13]. The initial phosphorus concentrations were from 0.65 to 4.6 mM from MAP treatment; the NH4 concentrations were set at 25.6 and 4.4 mM, respectively. Magnesium was added to be equimolar to phosphorus. Removal of phosphorus refers to a reduction in its concentration in the liquid (expressed as a percentage); recovery refers to the percentage of phosphorus reporting to the solid product. Extents of removal and recovery for an initial phosphorus concentration 0.65 mM were 37.1 and 76.2%, respectively. Both removal and recovery increased with increasing initial phosphorus concentration; more than 3.0 mM was required to reach approximately 90%. Figure 15 shows the effects of initial ammonium concentration on the potassium to phosphorus (K:P) molar ratio in the resulting crystals. Phosphorus and potassium were 6.5 and 5.6 mM, respectively, and ammonium concentration ranged from 0 to 22.3 mM. Magnesium was added to be equimolar with phosphorus and the pH was maintained 11. The K:P molar ratio did not change to 11.6 mM Mg and then decreased, which was attributed to competition with MAP production. Figure 16 shows the effects of potassium concentration on the molar ratio. When the potassium concentration was 17 mM (680 mg/L), the K:P ratio was closed to 1, which showed that at least 680 mg/L K is necessary for MPP production. Figure 17 shows the influence of the additional molar ratio of magnesium on phosphorus on the component ratio in the crystal pH 11. The input of Mg:P molar ratio was changed. Phosphorus, potassium, and ammonium ion concentrations were changed to 1, 1.3, 1.7, and 2. pH values were 10 and 11. When Mg:P = 1, the molar ratio of each component was a stoichiometric ratio of almost 1.
Changes removal rate to removal extent.
Effects of initial ammonium concentration on K/P [
Effects of initial potassium concentration on K/P [
Relationship between the magnesium-to-phosphorus ratio in the wastewater and the potassium- and magnesium-to-phosphorus molar ratios in the resulting crystals.
These results showed that to maintain the purity of crystals by efficient MAP treatment, it is important to maintain the pH at 11; the phosphorus and potassium and concentrations were required to be 3 mM (54 mg/L) and 17 mM (680 mg/L), respectively, and the ammonium concentration be less 8 mM (120 mg/L).
Figure 18 shows photograph of crystals obtained by continuous treatment in a bubble column using the apparatus of Figure 1. Figures 19 and 20 show the result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, respectively.
Scanning electron microscopy analysis of white precipitation [
Comparison of X-ray diffraction patterns of sample and standard crystal [
Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of white precipitate [
It is difficult to distinguish MAP and MPP in photographs because both crystals have a needle-like shape. Considering these results in conjunction with the XRD data, it appears that MPP was formed in Run (b), but not in Run (a). As already mentioned MAP and MPP were generated from a concentration of 8.3 mM. The XRD results of Run (a) indicated that the molar percentage ratios of P:Mg:K were 16.3:14.0:15.7, which is close to the target stoichiometry of MPP crystal.
MAP treatment for primary treated water of livestock wastewater is handled by immersing a mesh metal in liquid. In the secondary treatment, ammonium and phosphorus ion concentrations are lower by nitrification and bio-uptake, so treatment efficiency is lowered. In the membrane separation activated sludge method, because suspended solid is not mixed, recovery of phosphate is easy. To address this problem, a combination of the MAP and adsorption methods and an HAP method with crystal recirculation and without seed crystal were considered. In addition, competition with MAP precipitation is a problem in the MPP method, so inhibition of the ammonium concentration in the MPP method was studied using artificial water. MPP production was found to be given priority when the concentration of ammonium ions was 3 mM or less and potassium ions were 17 mM or more.
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Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"53128",doi:"10.5772/66368",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9257,totalCrossrefCites:73,totalDimensionsCites:137,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]},{id:"53580",doi:"10.5772/66885",title:"Application of Phenolic Compounds for Food Preservation: Food Additive and Active Packaging",slug:"application-of-phenolic-compounds-for-food-preservation-food-additive-and-active-packaging",totalDownloads:3862,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are well known for their health benefits related to antioxidant activity. In addition, this kind of compounds can be extracted from natural sources, such as olives, grapes, fruits, vegetables, rice, spices, herbs, tea and algae, among others. In this way, these compounds have increased their popularity and, little by little, the consumers are more interested in these compounds due to the fact that they come from natural sources and because they have health biological activity. In fact, other important characteristics associated to phenolic compounds are the antimicrobial activity, because phenolics have the capacity of retarding the microbial invasion in some products and avoiding the putrefaction of others, mainly fruits and vegetables. These properties allow phenolic compounds to be suitable for numerous food preservation applications. Therefore, different kinds of products can be fortificated with phenolic compounds to extend the shelf life of some foods, to turn them in functional food or to incorporate them in food packaging. Active packing is an innovative strategy where phenolic compounds can play an important role for improving the global assessment and extend the shelf life of commercial products.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Sara Martillanes, Javier Rocha-Pimienta, Manuel Cabrera-Bañegil,\nDaniel Martín-Vertedor and Jonathan Delgado-Adámez",authors:[{id:"193618",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado-Adámez",slug:"jonathan-delgado-adamez",fullName:"Jonathan Delgado-Adámez"},{id:"193962",title:"Ms.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Martillanes",slug:"sara-martillanes",fullName:"Sara Martillanes"},{id:"193963",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha-Pimienta",slug:"javier-rocha-pimienta",fullName:"Javier Rocha-Pimienta"},{id:"193964",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cabrera-Bañegil",slug:"manuel-cabrera-banegil",fullName:"Manuel Cabrera-Bañegil"},{id:"193965",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"daniel-martin",fullName:"Daniel Martín"}]},{id:"53576",doi:"10.5772/66844",title:"Inhibitory Properties of Phenolic Compounds Against Enzymes Linked with Human Diseases",slug:"inhibitory-properties-of-phenolic-compounds-against-enzymes-linked-with-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2594,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Some drugs currently used are inhibitors of enzymes involved in mediating many disease processes. Concerns over the toxicity and side effects of synthetic enzyme inhibitors have led to a search for new safe and effective inhibitors particularly from natural sources. Owing to their wide range of biological effects, plant phenolic compounds are one of the most studied families of natural products. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the potential of phenolic compounds as enzyme inhibitors. Extensive research has been conducted to study the enzyme inhibitory capacity of many phenolic compounds against several enzymes linked with important human conditions. Investigations conducted are mainly focused on the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, lipase, cholinesterases, proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase) and tyrosinase, which are related with hypertension, type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s diseases, inflammation and skin hyperpigmentation, respectively. Overall, among phenolics, flavonoids are probably those with great capacity to inhibit the activity of the enzymes revised. Several studies demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids, which highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Although our literature survey showed that a huge number of phenolic compounds have been studied and there are some promising compounds depending on the enzyme, more in vivo tests and subsequent steps to be a drug candidate are required before therapeutic application.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Sandra Gonçalves and Anabela Romano",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"193968",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"sandra-goncalves",fullName:"Sandra Gonçalves"}]},{id:"54035",doi:"10.5772/67232",title:"Health Benefits of Phenolic Compounds Against Cancers",slug:"health-benefits-of-phenolic-compounds-against-cancers",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are the biggest group of phytochemicals, and many of them have been found in plant‐based foods. Polyphenol‐rich diets have been linked to many health benefits including cancer. The potential anti‐carcinogenic mechanisms of action that have been so far identified for phenolic compounds, as well as the feasibility reports occurred in vivo. In general terms, under the oxidative stress, polyphenols could act in those cellular mechanisms by participating in the modulation of the redox status and on multiple key elements in intracellular signal transduction pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. A protective role of polyphenols against carcinogenesis is supported by many studies carried out on animal models and different mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain such protective effects. Studies performed in animals have demonstrated that phenolic components can prevent and/or slow down the initiation‐progression of different types of cancers. They act through the regulation of cell signal transduction and gene expression and exhibit either up or down regulation of genes controlling tumor development.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Abdelkader Basli, Nassim Belkacem and Iman Amrani",authors:[{id:"193750",title:"Dr.",name:"Basli",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelkader",slug:"basli-abdelkader",fullName:"Basli Abdelkader"},{id:"195990",title:"Mr.",name:"Belkacem",middleName:null,surname:"Nacim",slug:"belkacem-nacim",fullName:"Belkacem Nacim"},{id:"195991",title:"Dr.",name:"Amrani",middleName:null,surname:"Iman",slug:"amrani-iman",fullName:"Amrani Iman"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53973",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7198,totalCrossrefCites:69,totalDimensionsCites:151,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"53128",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9243,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:135,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]},{id:"53295",title:"Chemical Structure of Phenols and Its Consequence for Sorption Processes",slug:"chemical-structure-of-phenols-and-its-consequence-for-sorption-processes",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Sorption of phenolic compounds is a very complex process and many factors influence it. At the beginning, detailed chemical structure of phenols is presented with its consequence for physical properties, for example, values of melting and boiling points, solubility in water, pKa and Log P. Also influence of activating and deactivating substituents on the properties is explained. On this basis, interaction with the most frequently used sorbents, for example, chemically modified silicas, polymers and porous carbons, is described. Both sorbents characteristics including physical (porosity) and chemical properties (functional groups) and experimental conditions such as concentration of solutes, contact time, temperature, solvent effects and presence or absence of oxygen are taken into account. The explanations of irreversible adsorption and oxidative coupling phenomena are included. The mechanisms of phenolic compounds sorption are described.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Sobiesiak",authors:[{id:"193105",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Sobiesiak",slug:"magdalena-sobiesiak",fullName:"Magdalena Sobiesiak"}]},{id:"53528",title:"Anthocyanin Pigments: Importance, Sample Preparation and Extraction",slug:"anthocyanin-pigments-importance-sample-preparation-and-extraction",totalDownloads:7536,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Anthocyanins are naturally occuring pigments belonging to the group of flavonoids, a subclass of the polyphenol family. They are common components of the human diet, as they are present in many foods, fruits and vegetables, especially in berries and red wine. There were more studies conducted on effect of processing and storage on changes and stability of colors of anthocyanins in foods such as fruits and also for their use as natural colorants. Besides, the interest on anthocyanins is still growing also owing to their strong antioxidant activity against many chronic diseases, numerous studies about their medicinal, therapeutical and nutritional value were also conducted. There are pieces of evidence regarding the positive association of their intake with healthy biological effects. They act as antioxidants both in the foodstuffs in which they are found and in the organism that take in foods rich in anthocyanins. Many efforts have been carried out to develop new analytical techniques for identification and quantification of anthocyanins in plant materials, as well as their effects in vivo and in vitro. With this in mind, an overview to general considerations concerning (i) polyphenol and flavonoid history; (ii) chemical structure, color and intake of anthocyanins and (iii) sample preparation and extraction methods are presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Julia Martín, María José Navas, Ana María Jiménez-Moreno and\nAgustín G. Asuero",authors:[{id:"190870",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustín G.",middleName:null,surname:"Asuero",slug:"agustin-g.-asuero",fullName:"Agustín G. Asuero"},{id:"190871",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"julia-martin",fullName:"Julia Martín"},{id:"195470",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª José",middleName:null,surname:"Navas",slug:"ma-jose-navas",fullName:"Mª José Navas"},{id:"195471",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana María",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez",slug:"ana-maria-jimenez",fullName:"Ana María Jiménez"}]},{id:"53576",title:"Inhibitory Properties of Phenolic Compounds Against Enzymes Linked with Human Diseases",slug:"inhibitory-properties-of-phenolic-compounds-against-enzymes-linked-with-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2588,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Some drugs currently used are inhibitors of enzymes involved in mediating many disease processes. Concerns over the toxicity and side effects of synthetic enzyme inhibitors have led to a search for new safe and effective inhibitors particularly from natural sources. Owing to their wide range of biological effects, plant phenolic compounds are one of the most studied families of natural products. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the potential of phenolic compounds as enzyme inhibitors. Extensive research has been conducted to study the enzyme inhibitory capacity of many phenolic compounds against several enzymes linked with important human conditions. Investigations conducted are mainly focused on the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, lipase, cholinesterases, proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase) and tyrosinase, which are related with hypertension, type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s diseases, inflammation and skin hyperpigmentation, respectively. Overall, among phenolics, flavonoids are probably those with great capacity to inhibit the activity of the enzymes revised. Several studies demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids, which highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Although our literature survey showed that a huge number of phenolic compounds have been studied and there are some promising compounds depending on the enzyme, more in vivo tests and subsequent steps to be a drug candidate are required before therapeutic application.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Sandra Gonçalves and Anabela Romano",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"193968",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"sandra-goncalves",fullName:"Sandra Gonçalves"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"500",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",abstract:"Due to the modern lifestyle and consumers’ interests, demands toward healthy foods and nutraceuticals were increased, among them essential oils (EOs) characterized by different biological activities. However, the use of EOs in foods and pharmaceuticals may be limited due to the hydrophobicity nature in addition to the instability and cause of degradation upon exposure to environmental conditions, e.g., oxygen, temperature, and light. Therefore, encapsulation in various colloidal systems such as microcapsules, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and molecular inclusion complexes, seem to be the solution for such issues. New trends in food packaging have also been focused on exploiting capsulated bioactive EOs constituents for extending foods’ shelf life due to their potent antimicrobial agents and the great activity against pathological bacteria. Micro and nanoencapsulation of EOs may affect their biological activities based on the technique used. In the current chapter, different subjects have been discussed, like techniques used for the encapsulation of EOs, potential applications in food, and their behaviors/trends after encapsulation.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk"},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:46,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",abstract:"This chapter will be described oxidative stress related to modern age illness as well as biological activity of essential oils and essential oil components in terms of their antioxidant activity. The importance of essential oils and their constituents in terms of protecting lipids and proteins from oxidation will also be explained. Alzheimer’s disease as a disease related to oxidative stress and strategies in their treatment by using essential oil components as cholinesterase inhibitors will also be described. As case studies will be pointed out medicinal plants, endemic Saturejasubspicata L., and widely used Menthapulegium L. growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo"},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:34,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",abstract:"Pimenta dioica L. Merrill. Myrtaceae family, known for its berries called pimenta or allspice, is one of the oldest spices in the world, widely used for its culinary and medicinal qualities. The main commercial product obtained from this spice is its essential oil, the reason for the interest in essential oil is based on the versatility of its use in different industrial areas (food, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals) due to its harmless and beneficial effects for health. In addition, it contains compounds that have shown broad biological activity, which turns out to be useful in the treatment of diseases related to the excessive formation of oxygen radicals. As a result, the extraction process and operating conditions have a significant impact on the bioactivity of these molecules. As a consequence, selecting the correct mix of variables to improve oil extraction and functionality is essential. The most of study on this essential oil is being focused on resolving these issues, as well as purification and identification. This chapter will cover the methods for obtaining P. dioica essential oil, as well as the chemical profile of the oil and its biological properties, which include its effects on humans, plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso"},{id:"80673",title:"Teucrium ramosissimum Derived-Natural Products and Its Potent Effect in Alleviating the Pathological Kidney Damage in LPS-Induced Mice",slug:"teucrium-ramosissimum-derived-natural-products-and-its-potent-effect-in-alleviating-the-pathological",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102788",abstract:"Teucrium esssential oil mediates an extensive spectrum of biological effects, including renal diseases. The aim of this research was to explore the ethnobotanical feature, biochemical composition and antiinflammatory potential of T. ramosissimum alone or prior the use of LPS-induced kidney damage. The essential oils were subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) apparatus to detect biomolecules in T. ramosissimum. In vivo renal dysfunction induced by LPS was investigated using mouse model. Our data showed that oral treatment of animals with LPS highly increased level of serum biomarkers and induces renal dysfuntion, whereas, pre-treatment with T. ramosissimum mediated markedly histopatological changes of kidney architecture and ameliorates renal function. Dense cover of secretory structures in teucrium leaves may protect this specie. Overall, this study showed phytocompounds richness and interesting biological activities of Tunisian Teucrium ramosissimum. Essential oil of this specie T. ramossimum given prior to LPS exposure protected mice from renal inflammation.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Fatma Guesmi and Ahmed Landoulsi"},{id:"80600",title:"Essential Oil as Green Preservative Obtained by Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques",slug:"essential-oil-as-green-preservative-obtained-by-ecofriendly-extraction-techniques",totalDownloads:60,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103035",abstract:"Essential oils are formed by a complex matrix of substances that are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants. Nowadays, different ecofriendly extraction techniques (e.g., ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid by CO2, etc.) have been adopted to obtain essential oils. These techniques provide unique quality of essentials oils or extracts from aromatic plants in a short time with high energy savings. Essential oils not only impart aroma, but also possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Health limitations in the use of synthetic additives have drawn researchers’ attention towards essential oils as safe natural preservatives. Therefore, this chapter summarizes novel technologies to recover essential oils or extracts. In addition, it focuses on application of essential oils and their constituents as green preservatives to retard microbial growth and oxidative spoilage.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy"},{id:"80122",title:"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils",slug:"pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-potentials-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:127,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102037",abstract:"It is a common perspective that medicinal plants have played and continue to perform an undeniably major role in the lives of people worldwide. Essential oils are the key constituents of medicinal herbs and their biological activities have been discovered since ancient times and are enormously utilised in multiple industries. The essential oils possess important biological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal, etc. Because of these unique features they are more acceptable and are utilised in various fields throughout the world. In the cosmetics industry they play an important role in the development of perfumes while in the food industry they have been used as food preservatives. Essential oil components are interestingly utilised for pharmaceutical applications. The most investigated properties are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, anxiolytic activities etc. The current thrust area is evaluation for aromatherapy and anti-cancer, as it is noted that essential oils reported in plants may prevent, inhibit, or even reverse formation of cancerous cells. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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