Chapters authored
Pathogenesis, Pathology and Genetics of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition with high prevalence worldwide. OA affects not only the articular cartilage, but the entire joint, including the subchondral bone, ligaments, capsule, synovial membrane and the periarticular muscles. Despite the fact that the risks associated with OA increase with age, it is not a part of the natural aging process. It typically involves the knee, hip, spine, hand and foot joints. Several factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA, including biomechanical factors, proinflammatory mediators and proteases. On the other hand, it was mostly the results of the studies conducted on the genetic, genomic and epigenetic aspects of OA, from among many of its underlying etiological factors, which shed light on the molecular processes involved in the etiopathogenesis of OA. As the mechanisms that cause joint tissue damage in OA come to light, the treatment of OA will go beyond just providing symptomatic relief. Consequentially, new treatments will emerge that will either slow or completely stop the progression of OA.
Part of the book: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Sjogren’s Syndrome
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, destruction and dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Sjögren’s syndrome can be described as primary or secondary, depending on whether it occurs alone or in association with other systemic autoimmune diseases. Systemic manifestations of SS involve the musculoskeletal system. SS can be seen in association with both joint and muscle manifestations, including arthralgia and arthritis, as well as myopathy, which is usually asymptomatic. Besides, it may include bone metabolic disorders, fatigue and fibromyalgia. The diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome is based on characteristic clinical signs and symptoms. The etiology and pathogenesis of SS is elusive and has not yet been clarified. There is no curative treatment for SS, thus the aim in the treatment of SS is to alleviate the symptoms.
Part of the book: Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease