\r\n\t(i) Quantum dots of very high-quality optical applications, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED) and ‘QD-White LED’, Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs), Quantum dot solar cells (Photovoltaics).
\r\n
\r\n\t(ii) Quantum Computing (quantum bits or ‘qubits’), (vii) The Future of Quantum Dots (broad range of real-time applications, magnetic quantum dots & graphene quantum dots), Superconducting Loop, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Fingerprints.
\r\n
\r\n\t(iii) Biomedical and Environmental Applications (to study intracellular processes, tumor targeting, in vivo observation of cell trafficking, diagnostics and cellular imaging at high resolutions), Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes and Bacterial Cells, Resonance Energy-Transfer Processes, Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Pollutant Control.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-594-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-593-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-595-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",keywords:"LED, Organic LEDs, Dyes & Pigments, Solar Cells, Laser Photonics, Electronic Switching Devices, Qubits, Josephson Junction, Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes, and Bacterial Cells",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 16th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 27th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 26th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 13th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. J. Thirumalai received his Ph.D. from Alagappa University, Karaikudi, He was also awarded the Post-doctoral Fellowship from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), the Republic of Korea. His research interests focus on luminescence, self-assembled nanomaterials, and thin-film optoelectronic devices. He has published more than 60 SCOPUS/ISI indexed papers and 11 book chapters, edited 4 books, and member of several national and international societies like RSC, OSA, etc. His h-index is 19.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99242/images/system/99242.png",biography:"Dr. J. Thirumalai received his Ph.D. from Alagappa University, Karaikudi in 2010. 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1. Introduction
The development of optical fiber tweezers (OFTs) makes it a versatile candidate for optical trapping and manipulation of targets ranging from different dielectric particles to biological cells and biomolecules [1, 2, 3]. This is because OFTs possess exceptional advantages in manipulation flexibility, due to the simple structure with only optical fibers. This simple structure also avoids the use of a high numerical-aperture objective which is necessary for the light focusing in conventional optical tweezers system [4, 5]. It is much easier to handle and manipulate the microscopic objects after trapped with OFTs [6, 7]. And it is much more suitable for practical use such as in trapping, levitating and rotating of microscopic particles in different environments [8, 9, 10]. The OFTs tip can be inserted into thick samples and turbid media, which greatly increases the sample applicability. In addition, OFTs exhibit a low-cost manipulation technique and can also be integrated into small devices, such as optofluidic channels [11]. OFTs enable the trapping and manipulation of different single targets. For the further biological detection in bio-environments, it is highly desired to form biocompatible photonic probes that can minimize the physical damage to the biological samples. Unfortunately, most photonic probes are made from inorganic and artificial materials, which are incompatible and invasive when interfacing with biological systems. It is still a big challenge to find out a biomaterial to assemble biophotonic probes that are noninvasive and highly biocompatible to biological systems. Fortunately, it is found that living cells, which are abundant in the natural world, show the capability for light manipulation and propagation with high biocompatibility, and can thus be used for the assembly of living photonic probes. In this chapter, recent advances of OFTs in trapping and manipulating of cells, particularly in assembly of living photonic probes based on biological cells, were discussed. These formed living photonic probes provide a promising approach for bio-detection in biological environments with highly biocompatibility [12, 13].
2. Working principle of OFTs
OFTs, generally based on a tapered fiber probe, can be fabricated by drawing a commercial single-mode optical fiber through a flame-heating technique. The shape of OFTs tip can be controlled by controlling the heating temperature and the drawing speed. The operation principle of typical OFTs has been detailedly analyzed and described [14]. As schematically shown in Figure 1a, an OFT is immersed in water. DA means the axial distance of a dispersed particle to the OFTs tip, while DT means the transverse distance. With a laser beam launched into the OFTs, particle will be trapped and manipulated by the generated optical force. There two components of the optical force, i.e., gradient force (Fg) and scattering force (Fs). Fg is directed to the region with stronger light intensity and is responsible to trap the particle, while Fs is directed along the light propagation and can push particles away from the OFTs tip. When a particle is near the axial axis of the OFTs, it will be trapped to the axis by Fg. For particle near the OFTs tip, the dominated Fg can trap the particle to the fiber tip. As the distance to the tip increases, Fs will become larger than Fg, and the dominated Fs will push the particle away from the fiber tip. The electric field amplitude (EA) distribution around the OFTs was shown in Figure 1b, with a laser beam at a wavelength of 980 nm launched into the fiber probe. It can be seen that the light outputted from the OFTs is firstly focused at the tip and subsequently diverged out in water with a divergence angle of 32°. Figure 1c shows the calculated optical force exerted on a 3-μm silica particle along the x direction. It can be seen that, near the fiber tip, the force is negative, indicating a trapping force for particles. Therefore, particles near the fiber tip can be trapped by the OFTs. As the distance increases, the force is positive, indicating a driving force for particles. Therefore, particles can be pushed away by the OFTs. Figure 1d shows the calculated force and trapping potential in the y direction. It can be seen that the trapping potential on the axis is the smallest, and therefore particles beside the axis can be trapped at the axis. These optical forces enable the trapping capability of OFTs. By simply moving the fiber probe, the trapped particles can be manipulated in a highly flexible manner.
Figure 1.
Principle of a single optical fiber tweezers for trapping of particles [14]. (a) Schematic of particle manipulation by an OFT with light launched. (b) Simulated electric field amplitude (EA) distribution by FDTD method. (c) Calculated optical force exerted on particles along the x direction. (d) Calculated optical force and trapping potential along the y direction.
3. Manipulation of single cell and multiple cells by OFTs
OFTs can serve as a powerful tool for the trapping and manipulation of cells. Using Escherichia coli as an example, both single and multiple motile bacteria have been trapped and manipulated in a non-contact manner [15]. Figure 2a shows the experimental schematic for non-contact trapping of E. coli using OFTs. In this scenario, a laser beam at a wavelength of 980 nm was launched into the OFTs. A E. coli bacterium that was randomly swimming in the suspension was then trapped by the OFTs. The trapping was a non-contact trapping, and the bacterium was in the trapping position with several microns to the tip of the OFTs. During the trapping, the highly active bacterium was struggling around the trapping region. Figure 2b–d shows the detailed process for the trapping and struggling dynamics. The bacterium was trapped by the OFTs in a non-contact manner. However, due to the motility, the trapped bacterium was struggling after trapping. This phenomenon provides a new method for the studying of bacteria dynamics using OFTs.
Figure 2.
Optical trapping of a single bacterium using OFTs [15]. (a) Schematic illustration of the non-contact optical trapping of a single bacterium and the struggling dynamics. (b) Optical microscope images of the trapping and struggling process of a single bacterium.
In addition to the trapping and manipulation of single cells, OFTs can also be used for the trapping and assembly of multiple cells. For example, Figure 3a shows a schematic for the trapping and assembly of multiple E. coli cells in a microfluidic channel using OFTs [16]. Light output from the OFTs can trap the E. coli bacteria delivered by microfluidics. After a single bacterium was trapped, light can further propagate along the cell, and can be used for the trapping of other bacteria. Therefore, multiple bacteria can be trapped and assembled into cell chains with different lengths. To show the multiple trapping capability, Figure 3b shows the simulated light propagation along multiple cells. It can be seen that, light can propagate along the trapped cells, and the exerted optical force can be used for further trapping of other bacteria (Figure 3c). To experimentally demonstrate stable trapping and connecting of multiple E. coli cells with highly organized orientation, i.e., realization and retaining of E. coli cell–cell contact, the 980-nm wavelength laser with an optical power was launched into the fiber probe. Figure 3d shows the trapped multiple cells and formed cell chains with different numbers of cells at different input optical powers. By moving the fiber probe, the assembled cell chains can further be flexibly manipulated.
Figure 3.
Optical trapping of multiple cells using OFTs [16]. (a) Schematic of multiple E. coli trapping using OFTs. A laser at 980 nm wavelength was launched into the fiber probe which was placed in a microfluidic channel with a flowing suspension of E. coli cells. Multiple E. coli cells were trapped and connected orderly at the tip of the fiber probe. (b) Simulated light propagation along multiple bacteria. (c) Simulated light distribution along the assembled cell chains. (d) Calculated optical trapping force exerted on the last cell of each cell chain and the trapping potential.
4. Assembly of cell-based biophotonic waveguides by OFTs
Based on the multiple cell trapping capability of OFTs, direct formation of biophotonic waveguides with E. coli were reported [17]. By launching a laser of 980 nm wavelength into the OFTs, multiple E. coli were trapped and connected together with highly ordered organizations, forming biophotonic waveguides with different lengths (Figure 4a). By coupling a visible laser beam into the formed biophotonic waveguides, light propagation along these biophotonic waveguides can be directed observed as indicated by the red-light spots at the end of the waveguides (Figure 4b). The light propagation loss along the formed waveguides can be measured using an optical power meter by coupling another tapered optical fiber at the end of the formed biophotonic waveguide. As shown in Figure 4c and d, the measured propagation loss was measured to be 0.23 dB/μm.
Figure 4.
Biophotonic waveguides formation [17]. (a) Optical microscope images of formed bio-waveguides (bio-WGs) with different lengths. (b) Light propagation observation along the formed biophotonic waveguides. (c) Normalized optical power measured at the end of each waveguides. (d) Measured optical loss of the waveguides.
In addition to the linear biophotonic waveguides, using OFTs, branched photonic probes can also been assembled. For example, Figure 5 shows the assembled branched photonic probes with E. coli bacteria [18]. By designing a specially segmented tapered optical fiber, light output from the fiber can be divided into three individual beams, and E. coli bacteria can be trapped by the individual beams, further forming into branched biophotonic probes with different lengths (Figure 5). These branched photonic probes show strong stability, and can be used for further applications. By moving the OFTs, the formed biophotonic probes can be flexibly manipulated to different designated positions for further applications. These results show that the OFTs offer a seamless interface between optical and biological worlds for biophotonic probes formation with natural materials, and provides a new opportunity for direct sensing and detection of biological signal and information in biocompatible microenvironments.
Figure 5.
Optical assembly of branched biophotonic structures [18]. (a, b) Assembly of two-branch structures. (c) Assembly of three-branch structures.
5. Assembly of cell-based periodical structures by OFTs
In addition to the assembly of biophotonic waveguides with one type of cells, assembly of periodical structures of different types of cells was also demonstrated using OFTs [19]. Using E. coli cells and Chlorella cells as examples, different cells are flexibly patterned into one-dimensional (1D) periodic cell structures with controllable configurations and lengths (Figure 6), by periodically connecting one type of cells with another by optical force. Further demonstration shows that the structures show good performance for light propagation and can be moved flexibly. Real-time light signals can be detected from these photonic structures. These features make these photonic structures excellent candidates for the detection of signals transducing among different patterned cells. This assembly and patterning technique can also be applicable for other cells, such as mammalian cells and human cells.
Figure 6.
Experimental schemes for cell assembly into periodical structures [19]. (a) an OTF is placed in cell suspensions. (b) Laser launched, multiple E. coli cells trapped. (c) a Chlorella cell is trapped and connected to the former trapped E. coli cells. (d) a periodical structure is formed, and light propagates along the periodical structure. (e) Schematic shows the assembled periodical biophotonic structures.
6. Assembly of cell-based structures in vivo by OFTs
The assembly capability can also be used for in vivo applications. For example, a non-contact intracellular binding and controllable manipulation of chloroplasts in vivo was demonstrated using OFTs [12]. By launching a laser beam at 980 nm wavelength into the tapered fiber, which was placed above the surface of a living plant (Hydrilla verticillata) leaf with a gap of about 3 μm to the leaf surface, chloroplasts with different numbers were stably bound and arranged into one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional arrays inside the leaf by optical force without damage to the chloroplasts, by the cooperation of scattering force Fs and gradient force Fg (Figure 7). The formed chloroplast chains were controllably transported inside the living cells. This non-invasive and non-contact method of organelle binding and manipulation could provide a way for biological and biochemical research in vivo, especially for investigating signal transduction and communication between intracellular organelles via organized organelle-organelle contact.
Figure 7.
Assembly of biophotonic probes in vivo [12]. (a) Schematic illustration of biophotonic probe assembly inside a leaf using OFTs. (b) Schematic illustration of biophotonic probe assembly based on a chain of chloroplasts. The chloroplasts inside a leaf are trapped and assembled by the cooperation of Fg and Fs. (c) Schematics and microscope images of the manipulation and assembly of organelle-based biophotonic probes in vivo.
7. Assembly of living photonic probe by OFTs for bio-probing and detection
Recently, using OFTs, a fully biocompatible living photonic probe for subwavelength probing of localized fluorescence from leukemia single-cells in human blood has been created [13]. The high-aspect-ratio living photonic probe based on a yeast cell (1.4 μm in radius) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) cells (2 μm in length and 200 nm in radius) is formed at the tip of a tapered optical fiber by optical trapping (Figure 8a). In the assembly, the authors have precisely moved the fiber to approach a yeast cell. Benefited from the spherical shape of the yeast, the trapping laser beam was focused into a tiny region and exerted a strong optical force on a L. acidophilus cell that traps it behind the yeast. With this alignment, the trapping laser beam propagates through the L. acidophilus cell and exert an optical force on other L. acidophilus cells, which were orderly bound together by optical binding effect and finally formed the living photonic probe. Figure 8b shows a formed probe assembled with a yeast and five L. acidophilus cells. To view the light propagation, after assembly of the probe, the trapping laser remained on, and a visible illumination light was launched into the probe. Figure 8c–e show the illumination light propagating along the tapered fiber. At the output port of the probe, a tiny light spot was observed with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 345, 282, and 248 nm for the illumination wavelengths of 644, 532, and 473 nm, respectively.
Figure 8.
Assembly of living biophonic probes for bio-probing [13]. (a) Schematic illustration for assembly of living photonic probe by OFTs. (b) Image of a formed living photonic probe. (c)-(e) images showing light propagation along the formed living photonic probes. Light spots can be observed at the end of each photonic probes.
As a benefit of the highly focused effect of the living cells, the living photonic probe can also deliver subwavelength excitation light to biological samples, and detect optical signals with a subwavelength spatial resolution. Moreover, within human blood, selective probing of the localized fluorescent signals on single leukemia cell surface can be realized via the precise manipulation of the living photonic probe. Due to the high biocompatibility and resolution, these photonic probes hold great promises for biosensing and imaging in bio-microenvironment. Furthermore, the living photonic probe can be integrated in the available near-field scanning optical microscopy, functioning as a biocompatible and non-invasive scanning probe for near-field imaging of living cells. Figure 9, as an example, shows the use of the living photonic probe in probing localized fluorescence of leukemia cells in human blood [13]. Figure 9a–d shows the spot excitation capability by manipulating the living photonic probe to approach the cell membrane. As shown in Figure 9a, there was no fluorescent signals when the distance between the living photonic probe and the surface of a leukemia cell was 3 μm. But the fluorescent signal was detected with a distinct fluorescent spot observed at the cell membrane when the probe was in contact with the cell (Figure 9b). The fluorescent signals at other locations were also detected by scanning the cell surface via precisely moving the probe (Figure 9c and d). Flexibility and deformability of the living photonic probe have also been demonstrated by interacting with biospecimens. As shown in Figure 9e and f, the living photonic probe was forced against a leukemia cell, then the living photonic probe was bent to an angle θ of 15° without puncture to the cell membrane. A certain degree of the deformability of the probe has no obvious influence on the scanning capabilities. For comparison, the authors pushed a fiber probe with a sub-micrometer tip, which is commonly used in scanning probe microscopes, against the leukemia cell (Figure 9g). As a result of the relatively large dimension and rigid structure, the fiber probe could easily insert into the cell (Figure 9h), and rupture the cell membrane (Figure 9i).
Figure 9.
Living photonic probe for single-cell probing and detection [13]. (a-d) Excitation and detection of local fluorescence from a leukemia cell in human blood by manipulating the living photonic probe to scan a cell. (e,f) Flexibility testing of the probe by pushing the probe against the leukemia cell membrane. (g-i) Touching and punching of the cell directly using a tapered optical fiber tip, to compare the flexibility of the living photonic probe.
8. Conclusions
In this chapter, we reviewed the trapping and assembly of biological cells using OFTs, and finally extended the trapping capability for the assembly of living photonic probes such as cell-based biophotonic waveguides, cell-based periodical structures, cell-based structures in vivo, and living photonic probe for bio-probing and detection. These living photonic probes exhibit extremely high biocompatibility for further biological applications in bio-environment. As a benefit of the light focusing ability of the cells, the biocompatible living photonic probes allow the trapping, manipulation, sensing, and diagnostics in vivo. Furthermore, the living photonic probes assembled using OFTs offer an biophotonic bridge between optical and biological worlds with natural materials. With the advantages of its biocompatibility, the living photonic probes are envisioned to provides a new opportunity for direct sensing and detection of biological signal and information in biocompatible microenvironments.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61975065, 11904132), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019B151502035), and Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (202102010088).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
\n',keywords:"Optical fiber tweezers, living photonic probes, optical trapping, optical manipulation, cell assembly",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77505.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77505.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77505",totalDownloads:131,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:22,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2021",dateReviewed:"June 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 12th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"July 12th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Optical fiber tweezers, as a versatile tool for optical trapping and manipulation, have attracted much attention in cell trapping, manipulation, and detection. Particularly, assembly of living cells using optical fiber tweezes has become a significant attention. Advanced achievements have been made on the assembly of fully biocompatible photonic probes with biological cells, enabling optical detection in biological environment in a highly compatible manner. Therefore, in this chapter, we discuss the use of optical fiber tweezers for assembly of living photonic probes. Living photonic probes can be assembled by the trapping and assembly of multiple cells using optical fiber tweezers. These photonic probes exhibit high biocompatibility and show great promise for the bio-applications in bio-microenvironments.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77505",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77505",book:{id:"10767",slug:"fiber-optics-technology-and-applications"},signatures:"Xing Li and Hongbao Xin",authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Working principle of OFTs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Manipulation of single cell and multiple cells by OFTs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Assembly of cell-based biophotonic waveguides by OFTs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Assembly of cell-based periodical structures by OFTs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Assembly of cell-based structures in vivo by OFTs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Assembly of living photonic probe by OFTs for bio-probing and detection",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM, Bjorkholm J. Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles. Opt. Lett. 1986;11:288-290. DOI: 10.1364/OL.11.000288'},{id:"B2",body:'Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM. Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria. Science. 1987;235:1517-1520. DOI: 10.1126/science.3547653'},{id:"B3",body:'Zhao X, Zhao N, Shi Y, Xin H. Optical fiber tweezers: a versatile tool for optical trapping and manipulation. 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Levitation of a microscopic object using plural optical fibers. Opt. Commun. 2000;176:43-47. DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4018(00)00499-5'},{id:"B10",body:'Frick M, Haller T, Dietl P. Combined optical tweezers and optical stretcher in microscopy. SPIE. 2001;4434:227-232. DOI: 10.1117/12.446684'},{id:"B11",body:'Ribeiro RSR, Soppera O, Oliva AG. New trends on optical fiber tweezers. J. Lightwave Technol. 2015;33:3394-3405.'},{id:"B12",body:'Li Y, Xin H, Liu X. Non-contact intracellular binding of chloroplasts in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2015;5:10925. DOI: 10.1038/srep10925'},{id:"B13",body:'Li Y, Xin H, Zhang Y. Living nanospear for near-field optical probing. ACS Nano. 2018;12:10703. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05235'},{id:"B14",body:'Xin H, Xu R, Li B. Optical trapping, driving, and arrangement of particles using a tapered fiber probe, Sci. Rep. 2012;2:818. DOI: 10.1038/srep00818'},{id:"B15",body:'Xin H, Liu Q , Li B. Non-contact fiber-optical trapping of motile bacteria: dynamics observation and energy estimation. Sci. Rep. 2014;4:6576. DOI: 10.1038/srep06576'},{id:"B16",body:'Xin H, Zhang Y, Lei H. Optofluidic realization and retaining of cell-cell contact using an abrupt tapered optical fiber. Sci. Rep. 2013;3:1993. DOI: 10.1038/srep01993'},{id:"B17",body:'Xin H, Li Y, Liu X. Escherichia coli-based biophotonic waveguides. Nano Lett. 2013;13:3408. DOI: 10.1021/nl401870d'},{id:"B18",body:'Xin H, Li Y, Li B. Bacteria-based branched structures for bionanophotonics. Laser Photonics Rev. 2015;9:554. DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201500097'},{id:"B19",body:'Xin H, Li Y, Li B. Controllable patterning of different cells via optical assembly of 1D periodic cell structures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015;25:2816. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201500287'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Xing Li",address:null,affiliation:'
Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan Universtiy, Guangzhou, China
Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan Universtiy, Guangzhou, China
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10767",type:"book",title:"Fiber Optics",subtitle:"Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"Fiber Optics - Technology and Applications",slug:"fiber-optics-technology-and-applications",publishedDate:"November 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10767.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-627-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-626-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-628-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"237167",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Huerta-Cuellar",slug:"guillermo-huerta-cuellar",fullName:"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"228"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"78908",type:"chapter",title:"Multi-core Fiber Technology",slug:"multi-core-fiber-technology",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad Irfan Anis and Hamdan Ali",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"298972",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Irfan Anis",fullName:"Muhammad Irfan Anis",slug:"muhammad-irfan-anis"},{id:"428645",title:"Mr.",name:"Hamdan",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Hamdan Ali",slug:"hamdan-ali"}]},{id:"78911",type:"chapter",title:"Functional Tapered Fiber Devices Using Polymeric Coatings",slug:"functional-tapered-fiber-devices-using-polymeric-coatings",totalDownloads:116,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oscar González-Cortez, Rodolfo A. 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1. Introduction
In specific, bagasse is scientifically defined as a waste of sugarcane liquid extraction after milling process and is in a fibrous form. Bagasse is one of the biomass resources that is widely used as a boiler fuel in sugar factory, source of animal feed, material of paper, cement and brick reinforcement material [1, 2]. The amount of bagasse production each year is abundant, easily obtained, and economical. Based on the data from Indonesian Sugar Farm Research Center (P3GI) [3], bagasse amounts to approximately 32% of milled sugarcane weight or about 10.2 million ton/year or mill/season all around Indonesia. Furthermore, bagasse contains 48–52% water, sugar (approximately3.3% in average), and fiber at an average of 47.7% [4, 5]. Bagasse fiber is unable to be dissolved in water because mostly it consists of cellulose, pentosane, and lignin [6]. Bagasse waste could be used as a raw material in producing surfactant due to its high lignin content, which is estimated to be approximately 25% [7]. Lignin can be separated from bagasse waste by lignin isolation method and hydrolysis process using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution [8, 9]. The process also depends on creating bagasse surface enlargement by minimizing the size of its fiber in order to have the better yields of the isolated product. Lignosulfonate is a derivate of lignin that can be produced by reacting lignin with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) at certain reaction conditions via the electrophilic addition reaction [10, 11]. The presence of double bonds within the lignin structure has made lignin to be available for the addition reaction using various electrophilic substances, for instance, the hydrogen sulfite (▬HSO3) group of sodium bisulfite [12]. Thus, the product is categorized as sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) surfactant [13]. In addition, lignosulfonate is one of the variants of anionic surfactant that is often utilized in a chemical injection process of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the oil industry [14]. Therefore, the high lignin content in bagasse have made bagasse to be an eligible candidate to produce surfactant and became the aim of this research, which is to produce the lignosulfonate surfactant via sulfonation reaction of lignin previously isolated from bagasse. Based on the observations and search for existing patents, what have been found are patent Nos. 2,837,435 and 4,304,361 regarding the use of bagasse as a raw material for building needs, cutting of bagasse fiber for growing media needs, methods for producing bio-aromatic-based chemicals, bio-based aromatic fuels, and lignin residues [15, 16]. Whereas, the No. 8529731 was found to contain the process of fractionation of bagasse into cellulose, hemicellulose (xylene), and lignin with high-purity α-cellulose, which is a useful raw material for the manufacture of cellulose esters such as cellulose triacetate and cellulose plastics [17]. Amri [18] has shown research on sodium lignosulfonate surfactant which has characteristics of water solubility, hygroscopic, and color properties as well as the polydispersity properties of sample SLS which are generally in accordance with commercial SLS.
The lignin isolation method (hydrolysis) can excite lignin with acid, resulting in acid lignin as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The reaction of lignin and NaOH in the delignification process [19].
Isolation of lignin is generally carried out using sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. Under acidic conditions, the charged lignin will become neutral. Lignin will not dissolve in water and will settle. The resulting solid can be separated by filtering. To change the nature of water-insoluble lignin, lignin can be modified through the sulfonation process to become lignosulfonate [20]. Sulfonation is intended to change the hydrophilic nature of the less polar lignin into a more polar/water-soluble lignosulfonate salt by inserting the sulfonate group and its salt into the lignin hydroxyl group so that the lignosulfonate salt has a structure as a surface-active agent or surfactant [19]. The sulfonate group in the lignosulfonate is a hydrophilic group that causes the lignosulfonate to have an amphipathic structure (surfactant). Figure 2 shows the structure of the lignosulfonate.
Figure 2.
Lignosulfonate structure.
The existence of the sulfonate group can be determined by the general formula R-SO3Na which is a simplification of the sulfate R-O-SO3Na [21]. The R group is a group of C8-C22 aromatic carbon atoms which is a hydrophilic group, while the hydrophobic group consists of carboxylates, sulfonates, phosphates, or other organic acids. The sulfonation process is the core process for producing lignosulfonate salts. The reaction occurs between lignin and sulfite salts. There are several types of sulfite salts that can be used in this process, including using sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) in addition to other ingredients such as Na2SO3, NaOH + CH2 (OH) SO3Na, HCHO + NaOH, C2Cl4 + ClSO3H, or SO32− + CH2O [22].
Several studies on the manufacture of sodium lignosulfonate that have been tried include raw materials for oil palm empty bunches [23], oil palm shells [24], palm frond biomass [18], and bagasse [25, 26]. The results of this study were limited to the manufacture of sodium lignosulfonate products which were correlated with the size of bagasse powder and the concentration of sodium bisulfite. Lignosulfonates, as a result of lignin sulfonation, are currently widely used as emulsifiers in iron ore processing, oil field chemicals, and pesticide formulas [27] as well as dust emission control and stabilizer for the fertilizer industry, animal feed industry, gypsum agent wallboard dispersant, oil well drilling mud additive, brick reinforcement, cement, and mortar [28].
2. Materials and methods
In this study of sulfonation reaction toward lignin isolated from bagasse, this study used bagasse as the main raw material, with chemical reagents being sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, sodium bisulfite, and distilled water. Range and specifications are used in the bagasse lignin isolation process consisting of bagasse size 40, 60, and 80 mesh; sodium hydroxide concentration 0.6, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 M; and sodium bisulfate concentration 0.25 M. The equipment used in the process of lignin isolation and surfactant sulfonation consists of a sieve shaker; hot plate magnetic stirrer; two- or three-neck flask; condenser; beaker glass 200, 500, and 1000 mL; measuring cup 250 mL; thermometer; rod mixer; burette; gloves; glasses; mask; fume hood; pH meter paper; Buchner funnel; Whatman paper; watch glass; oven; digital balance; 250 and 500 mL reagent bottles; 10-mL vial bottle; and desiccator. The mechanism process of the lignosulfonate surfactant occurs through two reactions, namely, hydrolysis and sulfonation [29]. Hydrolysis is a reaction to break down lignin molecules into smaller molecules so that they can dissolve in water. Sulfonation is a reaction between bisulfite ions and lignin molecules. Previous research results reported that the surfactant methyl ester sulfonate (MES) could be synthesized from the direct sulfonation of palm kernel oil methyl ester using sodium bisulfite solution. The important from this previous research is the sulfuric acid concentration factor which affects the value of the decrease in surface tension, the decrease in interface tension, the stability of the emulsion, and the color of the surfactant [30].
The method of processing bagasse into lignosulfonate is carried out through two processes, namely, the isolation process of lignin from bagasse and the sulfonation process of lignin into sulfonates. The bagasse from the sugar factory was previously sifted coarsely and then to oven to dry completely. Then the oven bagasse is sieved again with a sieve shaker to obtain a particle size of bagasse with a certain mesh, namely, 40 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, and 100 mesh. Figure 3 shows the bagasse that has been dried and then sieved using a sieve shaker to become a fine powder (Figure 4) [31].
Figure 3.
Bagasse.
Figure 4.
Mesh of bagasse [31].
The method used in this study is a development from previous researchers who modified lignosulfonate from lignin. In his research, lignin isolation was carried out using NaOH reaction by heating at a temperature of 60–100°C for 3–10 hours [20]. In this research, the lignin isolation process begins by inserting the bagasse that has been sieved with a sieve shaker into the reaction flask and reflux directly in sodium hydroxide solution at a various concentration for 5 hours at a temperature of 90–100°C. The result of reflux of NaOH is then filtered, diluted, and neutralized by adding dropwise concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to pH = 2 and allowed to stand for at least 8 hours until a precipitate appears, then filtered, and dried in an oven at 70°C. In this filtering process, it is accompanied by rinsing with distilled water because lignin does not dissolve in water and this rinsing with distilled water will dissolve the remaining glucose that may still be present in the results of the lignin isolation. The precipitate obtained is lignin isolated from bagasse and after drying using a vacuum oven, it becomes a brown powder.
The lignin isolation process starts with 5 gram of dry bagasse powder of each mesh size which is put into a three-neck flask, then NaOH is added until the bagasse is submerged and heated for 5 hours using a hot plate magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 90–100°C. The reflux filtrate which still contains NaOH is taken and diluted with water at a volume ratio of 1:1. The solution is then added dropwise to H2SO until it reaches pH = 2, then this solution is left to stand to get a precipitate for at least 8 hours. The precipitate that is formed is filtered and then dried in an oven. The structure of isolated lignin product was determined through FTIR spectrophotometric measurements which were then compared with the standard lignin FTIR spectrum. In the lignin isolation process, optimization was also carried out using the concentration of NaOH used, namely, with a concentration range of 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 M. Each NaOH concentration is used in the lignin isolation process by varying the size of the bagasse mesh.
The synthesis of bagasse into sodium lignosulfonate begins with the preparation of bagasse powder which will be isolated to separate the lignin from the bagasse. After lignin is formed, a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) [32, 33] test must be carried out to ensure the presence of lignin-forming components. The standard lignin used is commercial lignin from the lignin product of Aldrich and Kraft. If the component has not been formed, it must return to the isolation process again with changes to the variables used. There are three components of the main functional groups as indicators of lignin formation, namely, the phenolic O▬H functional groups, the aliphatic and aromatic ▬CH▬ stretching groups, and the C═C aromatic functional groups. In the lignin isolation process, the variables used are NaOH concentration, duration of the isolation process, and temperature in the isolation process. This looping process is carried out continuously until the lignin component is obtained that is in accordance with the existing commercial lignin standards. If the lignin formed meets the component requirements, it can be continued to the sulfonation process. The result of this sulfonation process is a brown powder of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) surfactant. This product must also perform component characterization using the FTIR test. If the FTIR test results do not show any lignosulfonate-forming components, then a looping process is carried out until the sulfonation process produces a lignosulfonate component that matches the standard lignosulfonate. The standard lignosulfonates used are Patricia and Aldrich standards [34].
The components of the lignosulfonate that must be present include the stretching vibration of the alkene functional group ▬C═C▬aromatic, the stretching vibration of the sulfonate functional group S═O, the bending vibration of the C═O functional group carboxylate group, and the bending vibration of the S-OR ester functional group. At this stage, it can be said that the synthesis process is complete, as illustrated in Figure 5. The process of synthesis of bagasse into sodium lignosulfonate surfactant as a whole can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Schematic synthesis of bagasse into sodium lignosulfonate [35].
The sulfonation process is a procedure in the form of adaptation and modification from research conducted by Ari [25] and Furi [26]. A total of 8 gram of isolated bagasse lignin was put into a three-neck flask, then sodium bisulfite solution was added, and then heated (refluxed) at 150°C for 5 hours. The reaction product is cooled and precipitated and further dried in a vacuum oven. From this sulfonation process, it produces a surfactant called sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). The structure of SLS surfactant was determined through FTIR, LCMS, and NMR spectrophotometric measurements [36]. The FTIR test results were then compared with the main components of the commonly used commercial lignosulfonate [34]. If it is in accordance with the components forming the SLS surfactant, this product can be said to have been successfully obtained. If it is not accordance with the standard components that should be present in the lignosulfonate, the sulfonation process is repeated with different parameters.
Furthermore, the lignosulfonate monomer structure test was carried out using gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The structure of the lignosulfonate monomer is needed in order to help see the suitability of the use of the surfactant lignosulfonate against the crude oil to be injected by the lignosulfonate.
3. Results and discussion
The lignin isolation process has been carried out several times with variations in the concentration of NaOH and the size of the mesh bagasse. Variations in bagasse mesh sizes used were 40 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, and 100 mesh, and the concentration of NaOH was 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 M. Figure 6 shows the results of lignin isolation in the form of a dark brown powder.
Figure 6.
Lignin from bagasse isolation.
From the experiment as many as 15 variations, only four variations met the requirements, namely, lignin results above 60% and they had lignin-forming components, namely, lignin (80–3), lignin (60–8), lignin (40–10), and lignin (80–10). The results of lignin recovery can be seen in Table 1. In this table, it can be seen that the highest percentage of lignin recovery occurs in the lignin isolation process with a concentration of 3 M NaOH—40 mesh size of 63.36%, 8 M NaOH—60 mesh size of 75.73%, and 10 M NaOH—80 mesh size 63.79%.
No.
Concentration of NaOH (M)
Lignin (%)
mesh 40
mesh 60
mesh 80
mesh 100
1
2
22.46
20.66
48.60
18.00
2
3
63.36
34.36
61.80
22.22
3
6
32.26
13.07
24.43
35.80
4
8
66.80
75.73
38.36
24.30
5
10
62.85
51.80
63.79
26.10
Table 1.
Results of lignin isolation at variations in bagasse size and NaOH concentrations.
Based on the results of the percentage lignin obtained and the results of the lignin functional group absorption test, it turns out that not all research variations have three indicators of the lignin-forming functional groups. The lignin results were compared by looking at the percentage transmittance value; the best lignin results were lignin (80–3), which is bagasse lignin processed with 80 mesh size variations using NaOH 3 M. Lignin (80–3) is then compared with lignin commercial standards which are lignin of Aldrich and Kraft. Figure 7 shows the FTIR test results on the sample result of isolated and sample of standard lignin.
Figure 7.
FTIR test results on lignin isolation.
Figure 7 shows the combined FTIR results for the four most lignin isolation processes, which produce lignin yields of more than 60%. The four variations of lignin isolation are represented as curve a, curve b, curve c, and curve e. This FTIR graphic overlay is then combined with the standard lignin FTIR results, namely, curve “d” at this figure (Table 2).
No.
Typical functional group vibrations in lignin structure
Wave number (cm−1)
Standard
Bagasse lignin (80–3)
Aldrich lignin
Kraft lignin
1.
Stretch the phenolic O-H
3200–3550
3405.67
3436.62
3414
2
Aliphatic and aromatic stretch groups ▬CH▬
2900
2919.70
2930.17
2926.01
3.
Stretch the arena▬C═C
1500–1600
1511.92
1599.14
1614.42
4.
Amine C▬N
1000–1250
1100
5.
Alkyl C▬H
600–700
650
Table 2.
Comparison of the typical absorption peak wave numbers of bagasse lignin with commercial standard lignin FTIR spectrum by Aldrich and Kraft [35].
Based on the reference, standard lignin consists of five main components, namely, phenolic O▬H functional groups at wave number 3200–3550 cm−1, aliphatic and aromatic ▬CH▬ stretching groups at wave number 2900 cm−1, the C═C aromatic functional groups at wave number 1500–1600 cm−1, amine C▬N, and alkyl C▬H [37]. There are three main components that are the same as Aldrich lignin and Kraft lignin, namely, phenolic, aliphatic aromatic, and arenas.
In Figure 7, for the four curves that have a shape similar to the standard curve, curve “e” (colored black) shows peaks at phenolic, aliphatic, and aromatic wavelengths. So that based on the overlay of the FTIR results, it can be said that the most similar to the standard conditions is the “e” (black) curve which is the result of 80 mesh lignin isolation with 3-M NaOH reagent.
The selected lignin was then continued for the sulfonation process with several variations in the concentration of sodium bisulfite. The sulfonation process has been done with various variations in the concentration of sodium bisulfite and sulfonation time. The best results were achieved in the sulfonation process with a concentration of 0.25 M sodium bisulfite and a sulfonation time of 5 hours. Sulfonation process repeated three times and compare to find spectrum that compose lignosulfonate. The final result of the sulfonation process is lignosulfonate in the form of a light brown powder, as shown in the figure below Figure 8 (Table 3).
Figure 8.
Sodium lignosulfonate surfactant from bagasse.
No.
Functional groups in the structure of lignosulfonates
Wave numbers (cm−1)
SLS standard (Patricia)
SLS standard (Aldrich)
SLS bagasse
1.
Stretch alkene ═C═C
1630–1680
1608.34
1635.34
2
Stretch Sulfonate S═O
1350
1365
1384.64
3.
Carboxylate C═O
1000–1300
1187.94
1114.64
4.
Ester S-OR
500–540
499.83
462.83
Table 3.
Comparison of the FTIR spectrum of SLS surfactant-synthesized bagasse and the FTIR spectrum of SLS standard Patricia and Aldrich.
From the result of FTIR test, lignosulfonate has been formed, indicated by difference a wavelength spectrum of lignosulfonates and a wavelength spectrum of lignin. The sulfonation process was done in 3 repetitions and the results were tested again by FTIR. With 3 repetitions of the process, the results are almost the same, so you can say the process is correct. To ensure the perfect result of the sulfonation process, a comparison was made with other lignosulfonates [34]. The standard lignosulfonate used for comparison were SLS Aldrich and SLS Patricia. From the FTIR results, the spectrum of SLS surfactant synthesized bagasse and sodium lignosulfonate standard spectrum, the absorption peak and its wave number in the FTIR spectrum of SLS surfactant synthesized from bagasse showed conformity with the spectrum of FTIR standard. This shows that the sulfonation process of lignin to lignosulfonate has been successfully.
In Figure 9, it is clear that there is a difference between the FTIR results of lignin and surfactant, where on the blue curve line, as in the surfactant FTIR curve, there is a shift in the absorption peak that occurs, especially at a wavelength of 1635.34 cm−1 as a function of the alkene group, at a wavelength of 1384.64 cm−1 as a function of the sulfate group, at a wavelength of 1114.65 cm−1 as a function of the carbolic acids group, and at a wavelength of 462.832 cm−1 as the ester functional group.
Figure 9.
Overlay of FTIR surfactant—Lignin from bagasse.
Some of the peaks read on FTIR showed lignin and lignosulfonate bagasse components. The lignin component consists of phenolic functional group elements OH, aliphatic and aromatic groups ▬CH▬, C═O ketone groups, arena functional groups ▬C═C▬, CN amine groups, and CH alkyl groups with similarity values for standard spectrum wavelengths, such as those shown in Table 4 (Figure 10).
Indicator
Component
Wavelength (cm−1)
Lignin
Phenolic O-H
3400
Aliphatic and aromatic ▬CH▬
2910
Ketone C═O
1450
Arena ▬C═C
—
Amine C▬N
1100
Alkyl C▬H
650
Lignosulfonates
Alkene C═C
1635.34
Sulfate S═O
1384.64
Carboxylic acids C═O
1114.65
Ester S-OR
462.832
Table 4.
FTIR of lignin and lignosulfonate bagasse.
Figure 10.
Sugarcane becomes lignosulfonate [35].
Likewise for lignosulfonates, with indicator components consisting of C═C alkenes, sulfate S═O, C═O carboxylic acids, and S-OR esters, with spectrum wavelengths close to the standard spectrum wavelength values. Lignin from bagasse can be completely synthesized into sodium lignosulfonate surfactant completely with lignosulfonate components consisting of alkene, sulfonate, carboxylate, and ester.
Furthermore, from the results of the NMR test, the components form the lignosulfonate. In the HMQC data, it can be seen that the proton nuclei are directly correlated with carbon-13 (13C) or have one bond (1JC, H) so that their own pairs can be known with certainty. The broad singlet signal on the δ H 6.64 ppm chemical shift (2H, bs, H−3, and H-5) correlates directly with carbon at δ C 102.2 ppm (C-3 and C-5). In addition, the HMQC spectrum also indicates the presence of methylene protons bound to C-9, methane bound to oxygen, and sulfate bound to C-8 and C-7, respectively.
From the HMBC spectrum, it can be seen that there is a correlation between protons and carbon with a distance of two bonds (2 J) to three bonds (3 J), which can be seen in Figure 3. From the HMBC data, it can be seen that there is a correlation between H-3 and H-5 with C-5/C-3, C-1, and C-7; H-7 correlates with C-8 and H-9 correlates with C-8 and C-7. These data support the existence of phenyl propanoid compounds as the basis for lignosulfonates [38]. The correlation between HMQC and HMBC can be seen in Figure 11. With the results that look like this, it shows that the isolation process of lignin from bagasse has been successful. Likewise, the sulfonation of lignin to lignosulfonate has also been successful.
Figure 11.
NMR test results—HSQC and HMBC correlation of bagasse lignosulfonate H4S4 isolates.
4. Conclusions
Based on the results of the lignin sulfonation process on lignin sulfonation optimization, several conclusions can be drawn, namely:
Bagasse as biomass is a raw material that can be processed into lignosulfonate surfactants. The lignosulfonate obtained from bagasse is processed in two stages, namely, the lignin isolation process using sodium hydroxide and the sulfonation process using sodium bisulfite.
Based on the FTIR test, the lignin-forming components were shown by the presence of phenolic functional groups O▬H, aliphatic ▬CH▬ and aromatic stretching groups, and C═O ketone functional groups, while the lignosulfonate-forming components were indicated by the presence of alkene groups, sulfate groups, and carbocyclic acids and ester functional groups, each with a spectrum wavelength corresponding to the standard spectrum.
Based on the results of the NMR test, the presence of phenyl propanoid compounds as the basis of the lignosulfonate compounds indicates that the sulfonation process has reached the expected target, namely, the formation of lignosulfonates completely.
\n',keywords:"bagasse, FTIR, isolation, lignin, lignosulfonate, sulfonation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74117.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74117.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74117",totalDownloads:503,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"May 31st 2020",dateReviewed:"August 20th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 19th 2020",datePublished:"August 18th 2021",dateFinished:"November 19th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Bagasse is scientifically defined as waste from the extraction of sugarcane liquid after the grinding process. Bagasse is biomass which is used as raw material to be processed into surfactants. Bagasse fiber cannot be dissolved in water because it consists mostly of cellulose, pentosane and lignin. The optimum conditions for obtaining the highest yield and the best conversion of bagasse to lignin were achieved when used 80 mesh bagasse and 3 M NaOH as a hydrolysis agent. Then lignin is reacted with 0.25 sodium bisulfite to the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate. Lignin and sodium lignosulfonate were further characterized using a FTIR spectrophotometer to determine the components contained therein. The lignin component consists of phenolic functional group elements, aliphatic and aromatic groups, ketone groups, aren functional groups, amine groups and alkyl groups along with standard lignin components. Likewise with lignosulfonates, with indicator components consisting of C═C alkenes, Sulfate S═O, C═O carboxylic acids and S-OR esters. The NMR test was resulted the monomer structure of SLS surfactant bagasse. The results indicate that the lignin isolation process from bagasse has been successfully. Likewise, the sulfonation of lignin to lignosulfonate is also successful.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74117",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74117",signatures:"Rini Setiati, Septoratno Siregar and Deana Wahyuningrum",book:{id:"10127",type:"book",title:"Biotechnological Applications of Biomass",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biotechnological Applications of Biomass",slug:"biotechnological-applications-of-biomass",publishedDate:"August 18th 2021",bookSignature:"Thalita Peixoto Basso, Thiago Olitta Basso and Luiz Carlos Basso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10127.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-182-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-180-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-183-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"139174",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thalita",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto Basso",slug:"thalita-peixoto-basso",fullName:"Thalita Peixoto Basso"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"271621",title:"Dr.",name:"Rini",middleName:null,surname:"Setiati",fullName:"Rini Setiati",slug:"rini-setiati",email:"rinisetiatidgm@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"291882",title:"Prof.",name:"Septoratno",middleName:null,surname:"Siregar",fullName:"Septoratno Siregar",slug:"septoratno-siregar",email:"septo@tm.itb.ac.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"291884",title:"Dr.",name:"Deana",middleName:null,surname:"Wahyuningrum",fullName:"Deana Wahyuningrum",slug:"deana-wahyuningrum",email:"deana@chem.itb.ac.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Teixeira SR, Arenales A, de Souza AE, Magalhães R d S, Peña AFV, Aquino D, et al. Sugarcane bagasse: Applications for energy production and ceramic materials. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management. 2016;41(3):229. DOI: 10.5276/JSWTM'},{id:"B2",body:'Hallersbo M, Onoszko E. An Investigation of new Markets for the Bagasse in Cuban Sugar Mills, Bachelor of Science Thesis EGI-2015. 2015'},{id:"B3",body:'Taslim S. Sugar Development Policy in Indonesia, Food and Fertilizer Tecnology for the Asian and Pacific Region. 2014. Available at: https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/701'},{id:"B4",body:'Lois-Correa J, Flores-Vela A, Ortega-Grimaldo D, Berman-Delgado J. Experimental evaluation of sugar cane bagasse storage in bales system. 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A study on the modified lignosulfonate from lignin. Energy Sources. 2010;26(4):409-414. DOI: 10.1080/00908310490281528'},{id:"B21",body:'Fujimoto T. New Introduction to Surface Active Agent. Kyoto: Sanyo Chemical Industry; 1985'},{id:"B22",body:'Aziz MM, Rachmadi H, Wintoko J, Yuliansyah AT, Hasokowati W, Purwono S, et al. On the use of sodium lignosulphonate for enhanced oil recovery. In: International Conference on Biomass: Technology, Application, and Sustainable Development IOP Publishing, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2017. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/65/1/012030'},{id:"B23",body:'Ismiyati SM. Pembuatan natrium lignosulfonat berbahan dasar lignin isolat tandan Kosong Kelapa sawit: Identifikasi dan uji kenerjanya sebagai bahan pendispersi. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian. 2008;19(1):25-29'},{id:"B24",body:'Kurniati E. Pemanfaatan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Arang Aktif. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Teknik. 2008;8(2, 2008):96-103'},{id:"B25",body:'Ari PH. Studi Awal Mengenai Pembuatan Surfaktan dari Ampas Tebu. Jurusan Teknik Kimia. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang; 2009'},{id:"B26",body:'Furi TA, Coniwanti P. Pengaruh Perbedaan Ukuran Partikel Dari Ampas Tebu Dan Konsentrasi Natrium Bisulfit (NaHSO3) Pada Proses Pembuatan Surfaktan. Jurnal Teknik Kimia Unsri. 2012;4(18):49-58'},{id:"B27",body:'Rivai M. Analisis Kinerja Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) Ramah Lingkungan Dari CPO, JPO dan CNO. IPB, Pusat Penelitian Surfaktan dan Bioenergi. Bogor: IPB; 2008'},{id:"B28",body:'Chen G, Gao J, Chen W, So S, Peng Z. Method for Preparing Concrete Water Reducer by Grafting of Lignosulfonate with Carbonyl Aliphatics, Patent Application Publication, No.: US 2011/0124847 A1. 2011'},{id:"B29",body:'Setiati R, Prakoso S, Siregar S, Marhaendrajana T, Wahyuningrum D, Fajriah S. Improvement of bagasse become lignosulfonate surfactant for oil industry. IOP Conf Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2017;106(2017):012105. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012105'},{id:"B30",body:'Suryani A, Putra ND. Kajian Pengaruh Konsentrasi H2SO4 Pada Proses Produksi Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) Dengan Metoda Sulfonasi. Journal of Agroindustrial Technology. 2004;14(2):67-73. Available from: http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnaltin/article/view/4388/2955'},{id:"B31",body:'Setiati R, Wahyuningrum D, Siregar S, Marhaendrajana T. Optimasi Pemisahan Lignin Ampas Tebu Dengan Menggunakan Natrium Hidroksida, Prosiding SNaPP. Sains dan Teknologi Unisba; 2015'},{id:"B32",body:'Naumann A, Peddireddi S, Kües U, Polle A. Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy in Wood Analysis. 2007'},{id:"B33",body:'Merlin N, Nogueira AB, de Lima VA, dos Santos LM. Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, chemical and chemometrics analyses to the characterization of agro-industrial waste. Quimica Nova. 2014;37(10):1584-1588'},{id:"B34",body:'Patricia RJ. Relationship between the structure of Fe-Lignosulfonate complexes determined by FTIR spectroscopy and their reduction by the leaf Fe reductase. In: The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XVI. Davis: University of California; 2009'},{id:"B35",body:'Setiati R. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Lignosulfonate from Bagasse: The Effects of Concentration and Salinity toward the Performance of Oil Injection in Core [dissertation]. Bandung, Indonesia: Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB); 2017'},{id:"B36",body:'Holladay JE. Result of Screening for Potential Candidates from Biorefinery Lignin. University of Tennesse, Departement of Energy. Springfield, VA: US Departement of Energy; 2007'},{id:"B37",body:'Areskogh D. Structural Modification of Lignosulfonate. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institut of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering; 2011'},{id:"B38",body:'Lutnaes BF, Myrvold BO, Lauten RA, Endeshaw MM. 1Hand 13C NMR Data of Benzylsulfonic Acids – Model Compounds for Lignosulfonate. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Willey Interscience; 2007'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Rini Setiati",address:"rinisetiati@trisakti.ac.id",affiliation:'
Petroleum Engineering, FTKE, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia
Chemistry, FMIPA, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10127",type:"book",title:"Biotechnological Applications of Biomass",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biotechnological Applications of Biomass",slug:"biotechnological-applications-of-biomass",publishedDate:"August 18th 2021",bookSignature:"Thalita Peixoto Basso, Thiago Olitta Basso and Luiz Carlos Basso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10127.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-182-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-180-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-183-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"139174",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thalita",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto Basso",slug:"thalita-peixoto-basso",fullName:"Thalita Peixoto Basso"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"355882",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Mesfer Al Kahtani",email:"drhababi@gmail.com",fullName:"Mohammed Mesfer Al Kahtani",slug:"mohammed-mesfer-al-kahtani",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"77916",title:"The Regenerative Effect of Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Fat Micro-Graft in Treatment of Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis",slug:"the-regenerative-effect-of-intra-articular-injection-of-autologous-fat-micro-graft-in-treatment-of-1",abstract:"Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent conditions resulting to disability particularly in elderly population About 13% of women and 10% of men aged 60 years and older have symptomatic knee OA. The proportions of people affected with symptomatic knee OA is likely to increase due to the aging of the population and the rate of obesity or overweight in the general population. There are multiple factors associated with this progressive disease such as obesity, female gender, and repetitive trauma. Pain is the most common symptom in knee OA, a leading cause of chronic disability, clinical diagnosis will be supported by certain radiological findings. There are numerous conservative therapies that help to relive symptoms depend on severity of Osteoarthritis, and knee replacement remains standard of care in advance disease. Fat Micrografting is evolving technique with promising result in selected patients with regenerative and reparative effect of adipocyte-derived stem cell toward damaged cartilage and bone, which supported by clinical evidence.",signatures:"Mohammed Mesfer Al Kahtani, Ali H. 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Physical Sciences, Technology and Engineering Board
\\n\\n
Chemistry
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Ayben Kilislioglu - Department of Chemical Engineering Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
\\n\\t
Goran Nikolic - Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Leskovac, Serbia
\\n\\t
Mark T. Stauffer - Associate Professor of Chemistry, The University of Pittsburgh, USA
\\n\\t
Margarita Stoytcheva - Autonomous University of Baja California Engineering Institute Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
Joao Luis Garcia Rosa - Associate Professor Bio-inspired Computing Laboratory (BioCom) Department of Computer Science University of Sao Paulo (USP) at Sao Carlos, Brazil
\\n\\t
Jan Valdman - Institute of Mathematics and Biomathematics, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Information Theory and Automation of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
\\n
\\n\\n
Earth and Planetary Science
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Jill S. M. Coleman - Department of Geography, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
\\n\\t
İbrahim Küçük Erciyes - Üniversitesi Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
\\n\\t
Pasquale Imperatore - Electromagnetic Environmental Sensing (IREA), Italian National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
\\n\\t
Mohammad Mokhtari - Director of National Center for Earthquake Prediction International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran
\\n
\\n\\n
Engineering
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Narottam Das - University of Southern Queensland, Australia
\\n\\t
Jose Ignacio Huertas - Energy and Climate Change Research Group; Instituto Tecnológico y Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico
Likun Pan - Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, China
\\n\\t
Mukul Chandra Paul - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
\\n\\t
Stephen E. Saddow - Electrical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, USA
\\n\\t
Ali Demir Sezer - Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, İstanbul, Turkey
\\n\\t
Krzysztof Zboinski - Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw, Poland
\\n
\\n\\n
Materials Science
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Vadim Glebovsky - Senior Researcher, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia Expert of the Russian Fund for Basic Research, Moscow, Russia
\\n\\t
Jianjun Liu - State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure of Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
\\n\\t
Pietro Mandracci - Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
\\n\\t
Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Materials Science and Technology Center (MSTC) São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Toshio Ogawa - Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan
\\n
\\n\\n
Mathematics
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Paul Bracken - Department of Mathematics University of Texas, Edinburg, TX, USA
\\n
\\n\\n
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Muhammad Akhyar - Farrukh Nano-Chemistry Lab. Registrar, GC University Lahore, Pakistan
\\n\\t
Khan Maaz - Chinese Academy of Sciences, China & The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Pakistan
\\n
\\n\\n
Physics
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Izabela Naydenova - Lecturer, School of Physics Principal Investigator, IEO Centre College of Sciences and Health Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin, Ireland
\\n\\t
Mitsuru Nenoi - National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan
\\n\\t
Christos Volos - Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
\\n
\\n\\n
Robotics
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Alejandra Barrera - Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, México
\\n\\t
Dusan M. Stipanovic - Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
\\n\\t
Andrzej Zak - Polish Naval Academy Faculty of Navigation and Naval Weapons Institute of Naval Weapons and Computer Science, Gdynia, Poland
Petr Konvalina - Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
\\n
\\n\\n
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Chunfa Huang - Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA
\\n\\t
Michael Kormann - University Children's Clinic Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Infectiology & Immunology, Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy in Pediatrics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
\\n\\t
Bin WU - Ph.D. HCLD Scientific Laboratory Director, Assisted Reproductive Technology Arizona Center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Tucson, Arizona , USA
\\n
\\n\\n
Environmental Sciences
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Juan A. Blanco - Senior Researcher & Marie Curie Research Fellow Dep. Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Publica de Navarra Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
\\n\\t
Mikkola Heimo - University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
\\n\\t
Bernardo Llamas Moya - Politechnical University of Madrid, Spain
\\n\\t
Toonika Rinken - Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Tartu, Estonia
\\n
\\n\\n
Immunology and Microbiology
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran - Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, India
Isabel Gigli - Facultad de Agronomia-UNLPam, Argentina
\\n\\t
Milad Manafi - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
\\n\\t
Rita Payan-Carreira - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Departamento de Zootecnia, Portugal
\\n
\\n\\n
Medicine
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Mazen Almasri - King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Dentistry
\\n\\t
Craig Atwood - University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Stem Cell Research, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
\\n\\t
Oreste Capelli - Clinical Governance, Local Health Authority, Modena, Italy Public Health
\\n\\t
Michael Firstenberg - Assistant Professor of Surgery and Integrative Medicine NorthEast Ohio Medical University, USA & Akron City Hospital - Summa Health System, USA Surgery
\\n\\t
Parul Ichhpujani - MD Government Medical College & Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, India
Amidou Samie - University of Venda, SA Infectious Diseases
\\n\\t
Shailendra K. Saxena - CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India Infectious Diseases
\\n\\t
Dan T. Simionescu - Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson SC, USA Stem Cell Research, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
\\n\\t
Ke Xu - Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China Oncology
\\n
\\n\\n
Ophthalmology
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar - University Hospital Bonn Department of Nuclear Medicine Bonn, Germany Medical Diagnostics, Engineering Technology and Telemedicine
\\n\\t
Miroslav Blumenberg - Department of Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, NY, USA Dermatology
\\n\\t
Wilfred Bonney - University of Dundee, Scotland, UK Medical Diagnostics, Engineering Technology and Telemedicine
\\n\\t
Christakis Constantinides - Department of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Medical Diagnostics, Engineering Technology and Telemedicine
\\n\\t
Atef Mohamed Mostafa Darwish - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt Gynecology
\\n\\t
Ana Polona Mivšek - University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Midwifery
\\n\\t
Gyula Mozsik - First Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Centre, University of Pécs, Hungary
\\n\\t
Shimon Rumelt - Western Galilee-Nahariya Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel Ophthalmology
\\n\\t
Marcelo Saad - S. Paulo Medical College of Acupuncture, SP, Brazil Complementary and Alternative Medicine
\\n\\t
Minoru Tomizawa - National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Japan Gastroenterology
\\n\\t
Pierre Vereecken - Centre Hospitalier Valida and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Belgium Dermatology
\\n
\\n\\n
Gastroenterology
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Hany Aly - Director, Division of Newborn Services The George Washington University Hospital Washington, USA Pediatrics
\\n\\t
Yannis Dionyssiotis - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine
\\n\\t
Alina Gonzales- Quevedo Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Havana, Cuba Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System
\\n\\t
Margarita Guenova - National Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Haematological Diseases, Bulgaria
\\n\\t
Eliska Potlukova - Clinic of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland Edocrinology
\\n\\t
Raymond L. Rosales -The Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines & Metropolitan Medical Center, Manila, Philippines & St. Luke's Medical Center International Institute in Neuroscience, Quezon City, Philippines Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System
\\n\\t
Alessandro Rozim - Zorzi University of Campinas, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine
\\n\\t
Dieter Schoepf - University of Bonn, Germany Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System
\\n
\\n\\n
Hematology
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Hesham Abd El-Dayem - National Liver Institute, Menoufeyia University, Egypt Hepatology
\\n\\t
Fayez Bahmad - Health Science Faculty of the University of Brasilia Instructor of Otology at Brasilia University Hospital Brasilia, Brazil Otorhinolaryngology
\\n\\t
Peter A. Clark - Saint Joseph's University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Bioethics
\\n\\t
Celso Pereira - Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology
\\n\\t
Luis Rodrigo - Asturias Central University Hospital (HUCA) School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Hepatology & Gastroenterology
\\n\\t
Dennis Wat - Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK Pulmonology
\\n
\\n\\n
Social Sciences and Humanities Board
\\n\\n
Business, Management and Economics
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Vito Bobek - University of Applied Sciences, FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria
Joao Luis Garcia Rosa - Associate Professor Bio-inspired Computing Laboratory (BioCom) Department of Computer Science University of Sao Paulo (USP) at Sao Carlos, Brazil
\n\t
Jan Valdman - Institute of Mathematics and Biomathematics, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Information Theory and Automation of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
\n
\n\n
Earth and Planetary Science
\n\n
\n\t
Jill S. M. Coleman - Department of Geography, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
\n\t
İbrahim Küçük Erciyes - Üniversitesi Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
\n\t
Pasquale Imperatore - Electromagnetic Environmental Sensing (IREA), Italian National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
\n\t
Mohammad Mokhtari - Director of National Center for Earthquake Prediction International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran
\n
\n\n
Engineering
\n\n
\n\t
Narottam Das - University of Southern Queensland, Australia
\n\t
Jose Ignacio Huertas - Energy and Climate Change Research Group; Instituto Tecnológico y Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico
Likun Pan - Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, China
\n\t
Mukul Chandra Paul - Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
\n\t
Stephen E. Saddow - Electrical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, USA
\n\t
Ali Demir Sezer - Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, İstanbul, Turkey
\n\t
Krzysztof Zboinski - Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw, Poland
\n
\n\n
Materials Science
\n\n
\n\t
Vadim Glebovsky - Senior Researcher, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia Expert of the Russian Fund for Basic Research, Moscow, Russia
\n\t
Jianjun Liu - State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure of Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
\n\t
Pietro Mandracci - Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
\n\t
Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Materials Science and Technology Center (MSTC) São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Toshio Ogawa - Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan
\n
\n\n
Mathematics
\n\n
\n\t
Paul Bracken - Department of Mathematics University of Texas, Edinburg, TX, USA
\n
\n\n
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
\n\n
\n\t
Muhammad Akhyar - Farrukh Nano-Chemistry Lab. Registrar, GC University Lahore, Pakistan
\n\t
Khan Maaz - Chinese Academy of Sciences, China & The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Pakistan
\n
\n\n
Physics
\n\n
\n\t
Izabela Naydenova - Lecturer, School of Physics Principal Investigator, IEO Centre College of Sciences and Health Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin, Ireland
\n\t
Mitsuru Nenoi - National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan
\n\t
Christos Volos - Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
\n
\n\n
Robotics
\n\n
\n\t
Alejandra Barrera - Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, México
\n\t
Dusan M. Stipanovic - Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
\n\t
Andrzej Zak - Polish Naval Academy Faculty of Navigation and Naval Weapons Institute of Naval Weapons and Computer Science, Gdynia, Poland
Petr Konvalina - Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
\n
\n\n
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
\n\n
\n\t
Chunfa Huang - Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA
\n\t
Michael Kormann - University Children's Clinic Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Infectiology & Immunology, Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy in Pediatrics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
\n\t
Bin WU - Ph.D. HCLD Scientific Laboratory Director, Assisted Reproductive Technology Arizona Center for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Tucson, Arizona , USA
\n
\n\n
Environmental Sciences
\n\n
\n\t
Juan A. Blanco - Senior Researcher & Marie Curie Research Fellow Dep. Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Publica de Navarra Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
\n\t
Mikkola Heimo - University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
\n\t
Bernardo Llamas Moya - Politechnical University of Madrid, Spain
\n\t
Toonika Rinken - Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Tartu, Estonia
\n
\n\n
Immunology and Microbiology
\n\n
\n\t
Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran - Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, India
Isabel Gigli - Facultad de Agronomia-UNLPam, Argentina
\n\t
Milad Manafi - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
\n\t
Rita Payan-Carreira - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Departamento de Zootecnia, Portugal
\n
\n\n
Medicine
\n\n
\n\t
Mazen Almasri - King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Dentistry
\n\t
Craig Atwood - University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Stem Cell Research, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
\n\t
Oreste Capelli - Clinical Governance, Local Health Authority, Modena, Italy Public Health
\n\t
Michael Firstenberg - Assistant Professor of Surgery and Integrative Medicine NorthEast Ohio Medical University, USA & Akron City Hospital - Summa Health System, USA Surgery
\n\t
Parul Ichhpujani - MD Government Medical College & Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, India
Amidou Samie - University of Venda, SA Infectious Diseases
\n\t
Shailendra K. Saxena - CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India Infectious Diseases
\n\t
Dan T. Simionescu - Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson SC, USA Stem Cell Research, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
\n\t
Ke Xu - Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China Oncology
\n
\n\n
Ophthalmology
\n\n
\n\t
Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar - University Hospital Bonn Department of Nuclear Medicine Bonn, Germany Medical Diagnostics, Engineering Technology and Telemedicine
\n\t
Miroslav Blumenberg - Department of Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, NY, USA Dermatology
\n\t
Wilfred Bonney - University of Dundee, Scotland, UK Medical Diagnostics, Engineering Technology and Telemedicine
\n\t
Christakis Constantinides - Department of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Medical Diagnostics, Engineering Technology and Telemedicine
\n\t
Atef Mohamed Mostafa Darwish - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt Gynecology
\n\t
Ana Polona Mivšek - University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Midwifery
\n\t
Gyula Mozsik - First Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Centre, University of Pécs, Hungary
\n\t
Shimon Rumelt - Western Galilee-Nahariya Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel Ophthalmology
\n\t
Marcelo Saad - S. Paulo Medical College of Acupuncture, SP, Brazil Complementary and Alternative Medicine
\n\t
Minoru Tomizawa - National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Japan Gastroenterology
\n\t
Pierre Vereecken - Centre Hospitalier Valida and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Belgium Dermatology
\n
\n\n
Gastroenterology
\n\n
\n\t
Hany Aly - Director, Division of Newborn Services The George Washington University Hospital Washington, USA Pediatrics
\n\t
Yannis Dionyssiotis - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine
\n\t
Alina Gonzales- Quevedo Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Havana, Cuba Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System
\n\t
Margarita Guenova - National Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Haematological Diseases, Bulgaria
\n\t
Eliska Potlukova - Clinic of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland Edocrinology
\n\t
Raymond L. Rosales -The Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines & Metropolitan Medical Center, Manila, Philippines & St. Luke's Medical Center International Institute in Neuroscience, Quezon City, Philippines Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System
\n\t
Alessandro Rozim - Zorzi University of Campinas, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine
\n\t
Dieter Schoepf - University of Bonn, Germany Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System
\n
\n\n
Hematology
\n\n
\n\t
Hesham Abd El-Dayem - National Liver Institute, Menoufeyia University, Egypt Hepatology
\n\t
Fayez Bahmad - Health Science Faculty of the University of Brasilia Instructor of Otology at Brasilia University Hospital Brasilia, Brazil Otorhinolaryngology
\n\t
Peter A. Clark - Saint Joseph's University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Bioethics
\n\t
Celso Pereira - Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology
\n\t
Luis Rodrigo - Asturias Central University Hospital (HUCA) School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Hepatology & Gastroenterology
\n\t
Dennis Wat - Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK Pulmonology
\n
\n\n
Social Sciences and Humanities Board
\n\n
Business, Management and Economics
\n\n
\n\t
Vito Bobek - University of Applied Sciences, FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria
Denis Erasga - De La Salle University, Phillippines
\n\t
Rosario Laratta - Associate Professor of Social Policy and Development Graduate School of Governance Studies, Meiji University, Japan
\n
\n\n
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Moreover, we will apply the fixed point theorems to show the existence and uniqueness of solution to the ordinary difference equation (ODE), Partial difference equation (PDEs) and fractional boundary value problem.",book:{id:"6637",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",title:"Differential Equations",fullTitle:"Differential Equations - Theory and Current Research"},signatures:"Piyachat Borisut, Konrawut Khammahawong and Poom Kumam",authors:[{id:"191850",title:"Dr.",name:"Poom",middleName:null,surname:"Kumam",slug:"poom-kumam",fullName:"Poom Kumam"},{id:"241908",title:"Mr.",name:"Piyachat",middleName:null,surname:"Borisut",slug:"piyachat-borisut",fullName:"Piyachat Borisut"},{id:"241909",title:"Mr.",name:"Konrawut",middleName:null,surname:"Khammahawong",slug:"konrawut-khammahawong",fullName:"Konrawut Khammahawong"}]},{id:"60295",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75523",title:"Existence Theory of Differential Equations of Arbitrary Order",slug:"existence-theory-of-differential-equations-of-arbitrary-order",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The aims of this chapter are devoted to investigate a system of fractional-order differential equations (FDEs) with multipoint boundary conditions. Necessary and sufficient conditions are investigated for at most one solution to the proposed problem. Also, results for the existence of at least one or two positive solutions are developed by using a fixed-point theorem of concave-type operator for the considered problem. Further, we extend the conditions for more than two solutions and established some adequate conditions for multiplicity results to the proposed problem. Also, a result devoted to Hyers-Ulam stability is discussed. Suitable examples are provided to verify the established results.",book:{id:"6637",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",title:"Differential Equations",fullTitle:"Differential Equations - Theory and Current Research"},signatures:"Kamal Shah and Yongjin Li",authors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"},{id:"240625",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongjin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"yongjin-li",fullName:"Yongjin Li"}]},{id:"59445",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74355",title:"Differential Equations Arising from the 3-Variable Hermite Polynomials and Computation of Their Zeros",slug:"differential-equations-arising-from-the-3-variable-hermite-polynomials-and-computation-of-their-zero",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this paper, we study differential equations arising from the generating functions of the 3-variable Hermite polynomials. We give explicit identities for the 3-variable Hermite polynomials. Finally, we investigate the zeros of the 3-variable Hermite polynomials by using computer.",book:{id:"6637",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",title:"Differential Equations",fullTitle:"Differential Equations - Theory and Current Research"},signatures:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",authors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",middleName:null,surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70922",title:"Approximate Solutions of Some Boundary Value Problems by Using Operational Matrices of Bernstein Polynomials",slug:"approximate-solutions-of-some-boundary-value-problems-by-using-operational-matrices-of-bernstein-pol",totalDownloads:692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we develop an efficient numerical scheme for the solution of boundary value problems of fractional order differential equations as well as their coupled systems by using Bernstein polynomials. On using the mentioned polynomial, we construct operational matrices for both fractional order derivatives and integrations. Also we construct a new matrix for the boundary condition. Based on the suggested method, we convert the considered problem to algebraic equation, which can be easily solved by using Matlab. In the last section, numerical examples are provided to illustrate our main results.",book:{id:"7785",slug:"functional-calculus",title:"Functional Calculus",fullTitle:"Functional Calculus"},signatures:"Kamal Shah, Thabet Abdeljawad, Hammad Khalil and Rahmat Ali Khan",authors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}]},{id:"59899",title:"Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Nonlinear Ginzburg- Landau Equation",slug:"local-discontinuous-galerkin-method-for-nonlinear-ginzburg-landau-equation",totalDownloads:997,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Ginzburg-Landau equation has been applied widely in many fields. It describes the amplitude evolution of instability waves in a large variety of dissipative systems in fluid mechanics, which are close to criticality. In this chapter, we develop a local discontinuous Galerkin method to solve the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equation. The nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau problem has been expressed as a system of low-order differential equations. Moreover, we prove stability and optimal order of convergence OhN+1 for Ginzburg-Landau equation where h and N are the space step size and polynomial degree, respectively. The numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results of the method.",book:{id:"6637",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",title:"Differential Equations",fullTitle:"Differential Equations - Theory and Current Research"},signatures:"Tarek Aboelenen",authors:[{id:"235289",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarek",middleName:null,surname:"Aboelenen",slug:"tarek-aboelenen",fullName:"Tarek Aboelenen"}]},{id:"68618",title:"Folding on the Chaotic Graph Operations and Their Fundamental Group",slug:"folding-on-the-chaotic-graph-operations-and-their-fundamental-group",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Our aim in the present chapter is to introduce a new type of operations on the chaotic graph, namely, chaotic connected edge graphs under the identification topology. The concept of chaotic foldings on the chaotic edge graph will be discussed from the viewpoint of algebra and geometry. The relation between the chaotic homeomorphisms and chaotic foldings on the chaotic connected edge graphs and their fundamental group is deduced. The fundamental group of the limit chaotic chain of foldings on chaotic. Many types of chaotic foldings are achieved. Theorems governing these relations are achieved. We also discuss some applications in chemistry and biology.",book:{id:"7785",slug:"functional-calculus",title:"Functional Calculus",fullTitle:"Functional Calculus"},signatures:"Mohammed Abu Saleem",authors:null},{id:"60553",title:"Fixed Point Theory Approach to Existence of Solutions with Differential Equations",slug:"fixed-point-theory-approach-to-existence-of-solutions-with-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1835,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a generalized contractions and prove some fixed point theorems in generalized metric spaces by using the generalized contractions. Moreover, we will apply the fixed point theorems to show the existence and uniqueness of solution to the ordinary difference equation (ODE), Partial difference equation (PDEs) and fractional boundary value problem.",book:{id:"6637",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",title:"Differential Equations",fullTitle:"Differential Equations - Theory and Current Research"},signatures:"Piyachat Borisut, Konrawut Khammahawong and Poom Kumam",authors:[{id:"191850",title:"Dr.",name:"Poom",middleName:null,surname:"Kumam",slug:"poom-kumam",fullName:"Poom Kumam"},{id:"241908",title:"Mr.",name:"Piyachat",middleName:null,surname:"Borisut",slug:"piyachat-borisut",fullName:"Piyachat Borisut"},{id:"241909",title:"Mr.",name:"Konrawut",middleName:null,surname:"Khammahawong",slug:"konrawut-khammahawong",fullName:"Konrawut Khammahawong"}]},{id:"43550",title:"Orbital Integrals on Reductive Lie Groups and Their Algebras",slug:"orbital-integrals-on-reductive-lie-groups-and-their-algebrasB",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,abstract:null,book:{id:"3729",slug:"orbital-integrals-on-reductive-lie-groups-and-their-algebras",title:"Orbital Integrals on Reductive Lie Groups and Their Algebras",fullTitle:"Orbital Integrals on Reductive Lie Groups and Their Algebras"},signatures:"Francisco Bulnes",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"162",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. 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A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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