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1. Introduction
In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), parathyroid hyperplasia, high circulation parathyroid hormone (PTH), and hyperphosphatemia characterize secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).
SHPT is a serious manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with negative effects on patients’ life quality and outcome.
In ESRD, medical treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism has three main strategies: reduction of P uptake by dialysis, dietary restriction, and/or P-binders; calcimimetics; and vitamin D.
Due to toxicity, aluminum-based P-binders have been replaced by those containing Ca salts. At high doses, Ca-based P-binders may elevate the risk of vascular calcification. Ca-free P-binders with dietary P restriction appear to lower fibroblast growth factor-23 and improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with SHPT [1].
Despite the availability of several P-binders, the ideal P-binder that combines high efficacy, low pill burden, minimal side effects (including gastro-intestine), and low cost is still not available [2], and the effect on survival is unclear [3].
In EDRD patients, vitamin D may improve abnormal mineral homeostasis; however, a steady escalation of vitamin D analog dose is not feasible due to hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and/or parathyroid gland resistance, despite the concurrent use of calcimimetics [4].
Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet therapy are currently a class of agents that activate the Ca sensing receptor and potentiate the effect of extracellular Ca. Literature supports cinacalcet therapy to improve patients’ outcomes, especially with regard to vascular calcifications and presumably the very lethal condition of calciphylaxis [5].
Additional clinical evidence suggests that cinacalcet in combination with low-dose vitamin D is more effective in lower PTH than calcitriol alone. However, cinacalcet is administered orally and has been associated with gastrointestinal intolerance along with hypocalcemia [6].
In addition, poor adherence has been observed among dialysis patients self-administering cinacalcet [5]. Cost effectiveness is another consideration; the addition of cinacalcet contracts an additional US$3000–4000 per year on the top of the costs of vitamin D and P-binders [7].
If calcimimetics side effects are intolerable, some researchers have reported that parathyroidectomy may be more cost-effective than cinacalcet in some patients with ESRD and suffering from uncontrolled SHPT [4].
2. Parathyroidectomy rates, indications, and methods
Parathyroidectomy was required in about 10% of patients after 10 years and 20% after 20 years in dialysis patients [8]. The parathyroidectomy rate was 8.8/1000 patient-years from 1991 to 2009 in the Swedish dialysis and transplant population [9]. A trend toward a dip in parathyroidectomy rate was found during the era of cinacalcet. This change in treatment strategy was accompanied with increased preoperative PTH levels reflecting delayed surgery and increased disease severity [10].
The overall rate of parathyroidectomy in the United States was approximately 5.4/1000 patients between 2002 and 2011. The rate decreased from 2003 (7.9/1000 patients), reached a nadir in 2005 (3.3/1000 patients), increased again through 2006 (5.4/1000 patients), and remained stable since that time. Rates of in-hospital mortality after parathyroidectomy decreased from 1.9% in 2003 to 0.8% in 2011 [11].
In-hospital mortality has seldom happened in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital during 30 years in over 2000 patients undergoing parathyroidectomy plus autotransplantation for secondary hyperparathyroidism, owing to routine cardiac 2D-echography, thallium-201 myocardial imaging, and EKG examinations before surgery [12]. In recent 5 years, sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy is also routinely performed preoperatively.
The indications for parathyroidectomy are symptoms of bone pain, skin itching, general weakness, insomnia, and soft tissue calcification with Ca levels ≥10.2 mg/dL, P levels ≥4.7 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase (Alk-ptase) levels ≥94 IU/L, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels ≥800 pg./mL, and bone mineral density (T-score) ≤ −2.5 in dialysis patients. All oral medications including calcitriol, sevelamer, and cinacalcet have to be discontinued 1 month before surgery to avoid severe hypocalcemia in the post-operation period.
During surgery, if four or more glands and bilateral thymus are removed (total parathyroidectomy and bilateral thymectomy) (TPX & BT), l00 mg of parathyroid gland with diffuse hyperplasia is autotransplanted (AT) into the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm without harboring the arteriovenous fistula [13]. If less than four glands are found and removed, bilateral thymectomy is performed, but AT is omitted.
3. Definition of severe hypocalcemia post-parathyroidectomy and risk factors
Previously, the critical value of hypocalcemia (CVH) was defined as Ca levels ≤6.0 mg/dL within 48 h of total parathyroidectomy, indicating the possibility of life threatening complications [14] or as profound and prolong hypocalcemia (hungry bone syndrome) with corrected serum Ca levels of ≤8.4 mg/dL lasting for 4 or more days, that occurred anytime within 1 month following the parathyroidectomy [15]. Bone hungry syndrome occurred frequently around 25–27.4% after total parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism [4, 15] and CVH around 15.3% [14].
In a recent study, we included 322 patients who were successfully treated with TPX & BT plus AT. They were divided into two groups. Group A (mild hypocalcemia) patients had serum Ca levels ≥6.5 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation and needed ≤4 g i.v. Ca gluconate to keep Ca levels ≥6.5 mg/dL during the post-operative period (7 days). Group B (severe hypocalcemia) patients had serum Ca levels <6.5 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation or needed >4 g of i.v. Ca gluconate during the post-operative period to keep Ca levels ≥6.5 mg/dL. Surgery was considered successful when iPTH levels were lowered to <72 pg./mL within 1 week after surgery [16]. The rate of severe hypocalcemia was 23.3% in our study. It appeared that our study included a larger sample size than previous series did [14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20]; thus, our results were more dependable, but a few risk factors we identified were different from those reported previously.
Using the ROC curve analysis of Ca levels at 18 h post-operation for predicting hypocalcemia that needed i.v. Ca gluconate, the maximal Youden index was 0.415 and the optimal cutoff value was 7.6 mg/dL, with sensitivity of 0.72 (95% CI 0.590–0.839), specificity of 0.695 (95% CI 0.620–0.748), and area under the curve 0.749 ± 0.032 (mean ± SE) (95% CI 0.686–0.812) (Figure 1); patients who met this criterion should be treated with i.v. Ca gluconate. Previous reports suggested that Ca levels of 7.5–8.0 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation could predict severe hypocalcemia, and our results support this finding [18, 20].
Figure 1.
Using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, maximal Youden’s index = 0.415, sensitivity = 0.72, 1-specificity = 0.305, area under curve = 0.749 ± 0.032 (SE), 95% confidence interval = 0.686–0.812, and optimal cutoff calcium value = 7.6 mg/dL (at 18 h post-operation) to predict severe hypocalcemia.
Preoperatively, patients were younger in Group B [50 (40–46)] [median (interquartile range)] than in Group A [58 (52–64)] (p < 0.001); serum P, Alk-ptase, and iPTH levels were significantly higher, but serum Ca levels were significantly lower in Group B than those in Group A (Table 1). Same findings were reported previously [14, 15]. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of sex, symptoms, body weight, and duration of dialysis (Table 1). The amount of blood loss during surgery was not significantly different between the two groups. The operation time, total weight of removed parathyroid glands, duration of post-operative hospitalization (days), and total amount of i.v. Ca gluconate administered were significantly more, but calcium levels at 18 h post-operation were significantly lower in Group B than in Group A (p = 0.014, p = 0.035, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively) (Table 2).
Age, sex, symptoms, body weight, duration of dialysis and preoperative serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), Alkaline-phosphatase (Alk-ptase) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels. Comparison between mild hypocalcemia (Group A) and severe (Group B) hypocalcemia groups.
Blood loss during surgery, operation time, total weight of removed parathyroid glands, days of postoperative hospitalization and total intravenous (i.v.) Ca gluconate and Ca levels at 18 h post-operation. Comparison between mild (Group A) and severe (Group B) hypocalcemia groups.
Using Student’t test.
Using Mann-Whitney U test.
Data = median (interquarter range) (IQR).
Data = mean±SD (standard deviation).
We believe that younger patients have better bone-formation abilities than older patients; thus, they are more likely to have severe hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy [15, 21, 22].
In our study, severe hypocalcemia occurred in 75 patients (23.3%), which is lower than the rates (27.4–97%) reported previously, likely owing to the definition of severe hypocalcemia [15, 20, 21, 22].
We found that mean preoperative Ca levels were lower in Group B than in Group A but Alk-ptase levels in Group B were higher than in Group A (Table 3). The cause was not very clear, but this had also been reported previously [15, 20, 21, 22].
[Normal ranges]
Group A (N = 247) Mild hypocalcemia
Group B (N = 75) Severe hypocalcemia
p
Ca [7.9–9.9 mg/dL]
7.3 (6.8–7.9)
7.0 (6.6–7.7)
0.013
P [2.4–4.7 mg/dL]
4.0 (3.2–5.1)
4.1 (3.2–4.9)
0.958
Alk-ptase [28–94 IU/L]
192 (113–343)
349 (191–636)
<0.001
iPTH [14–72 ng/mL]
8.8 (2.9–16.4)
10.1 (2.8–20.6)
0.343
Table 3.
Serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-ptase) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels at the day of discharge. Comparison between mild (Group A) and severe (Group B) hypocalcemia groups.
Using Mann-Whitney U test.
All data = median (interquarter range) (IQR).
Before patient discharge, Ca levels in Group B were lower than in Group A, but Alk-ptase levels in Group B were higher than in Group A (Table 3). Although it was unclear whether serum Ca levels in patients with severe hypocalcemia remained significantly lower throughout the year after operation, as reported previously [15], we found that all patients in our study could maintain Ca levels >8.0 mg/dL after 3 months with the use of oral Ca carbonate <3 g/day and calcitriol <0.5 μg/day. We speculated that the autotransplanted parathyroid tissue might start to function 1–3 weeks later, as reported previously [23].
Preoperative P levels were higher in Group B than in Group A, which had rarely been reported previously [24].
High Alk-ptase levels are characteristic of bone diseases involving increased osteoblastic activity, bone formation, and resorption in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative Alk-ptase levels were higher in Group B than in Group A. We found that preoperative Alk-ptase levels were an independent risk factor for severe hypocalcemia, similar to previous reports [14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 24].
After TPX & BT plus AT, Alk-ptase levels increased progressively, reflecting increased bone formation, which peaked at 2 weeks [15] and decreased gradually to normal levels at 3 months post-operation (Table 4). Before patients were discharged in our series, the mean Alk-ptase level was still higher in Group B than in Group A showing that oral Ca carbonate and calcitriol should be continually administered for 2 weeks to 3 months, according to serum Ca levels [15].
Preoperatively, high iPTH levels were a clear indicator of the severity of renal hyperparathyroidism and bone disease. Preoperatively, high iPTH levels increased both bone formation and bone resorption; after parathyroidectomy, bone resorption would decrease and bone formation would increase; thus, severe hypocalcemia could develop after surgery [14, 22, 24].
We found that the total weight of the removed parathyroid glands was more in Group B than in Group A, as was the operation time. The total weight of parathyroid glands and the operation time contributed to severe hypocalcemia, might be due to advance disease and extensive dissection during surgery, but were rarely reported before [20, 25, 26].
Multi-variant binary logistic regression test showed that young age, low preoperative Ca levels, high preoperative Alk-ptase levels, and long operation time were independent risk factors for severe hypocalcemia, with associated odds ratio of 0.956, 0.595, 1.003, and 1.010, respectively (p = 0.001, p = 0.007, p < 0.001, and p = 0.016, respectively) (Table 4).
Risk factors unit
Coefficient
p
Odds ratio
95% CI
Age 1year
−0.045
=0.001
0.956
0.931–0.982
Ca 1 mg/dL
−0.520
0.007
0.595
0.409–0.866
Alk-ptase 1 IU/L Operation time 1 min
0.003 0.010
<0.001 0.016
1.003 1.010
1.001–1.004 1.002–1.018
Table 4.
Risk factors of severe hypocalcemia after total parathyroidectomy plus auto transplantation.
Using binary logistic regression test.
Ca = calcium levels.
Alk-ptase = alkaline phosphatase.
In our study, Ca levels were negatively correlated with P levels (r = −0.255, p < 0.001), and Alk-ptase levels were positively correlated with iPTH levels (r = 0.449, p < 0.001); therefore, preoperative Ca and Alk-ptase levels were finally identified as independent risk factors for severe hypocalcemia combined with young age and long operation time.
4. Treatment of severe hypocalcemia with our algorithm
Cozzolino et al. [27, 28] proposed a dose corresponding to the rate of 1–2 mg/kg/h for i.v. Ca gluconate, which could be increased or decreased by 25–50% from the initial value. Loke et al. [17] developed a titration regimen in which a 10% Ca gluconate infusion was started at 4.5 mL/h when serum Ca levels were < 8 mg/dL and then increased to 6.5 mL/h and finally to 9.5 mL/h if Ca levels continually declined. The algorithms they proposed were too complicated for clinical applications, and therefore, we modified it into our clinical algorithm (Figure 2). We adopted the clinical algorithm developed by Cozzolino et al. [28], with some modifications.
Figure 2.
The clinical algorithm for the treatment of hypocalcemia after total parathyroidectomy plus autotransplantation for secondary hyperparathyroidism.
At 18 h post-operation, Ca, P, and iPTH levels were checked to ensure that the operation had been successful and the levels of iPTH were < 72 pg/mL and P levels were above the normal lower limit (2.4 mg/dL).
If serum Ca levels were > 7.6 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation, oral Ca carbonate 2–4 g/day and calcitriol 0.5–1 μg/day were administered; Ca levels were checked on alternate days.
If serum Ca levels were ≤7.6 mg/dL and >6.5 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation, i.v. Ca gluconate (10%) 4–6 g in 75 mL of 5% glucose in water (D5W) or normal saline was administered for 24 h, concomitant with oral Ca carbonate 4–6 g/day and calcitriol 2 μg/day; Ca levels were checked daily.
If serum Ca levels were ≤6.5 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation, i.v. Ca gluconate 8 g in 150 mL D5W was administered for 24 h, concomitant with oral Ca carbonate 6–8 g/day and calcitriol 4 μg/day; Ca levels were checked daily except Ca levels <6.0 mg/dL. In that situation, Ca levels were checked every 12 h until they reached levels ≥6.0 mg/dL.
If patients had symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia, such as paresthesia of the mouth and extremities, muscle spasms, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign, seizure, tetany, EKG abnormalities, arrhythmia, and hypotension, Ca levels were checked immediately and i.v. Ca gluconate 2 g in 15 mL D5W was administered in 15 min; Ca levels were then checked as usual and treated accordingly (Figure 2).
At 5–7 days post-operation, if patients’ Ca levels were > 7.6 mg/dL, they were discharged with oral calcium carbonate 2–4 g/day and calcitriol 0.5–2 μg/day.
If Ca levels were stable and ≥ 6.5 mg/dL, they were discharged with oral Ca carbonate 6–8 g/day and calcitriol 4 μg/day. If Ca levels were < 6.5 mg/dL, they were kept in hospitalization and treated as per the clinical algorithm (Figure 2).
Following the clinical algorithm post-operatively, we administrate i.v. Ca gluconate 4–6 g in 75 mL D5W or normal saline in 24 h for patients with Ca levels <7.6 mg/dL, Ca gluconate 8 g/day in 150 mL D5W or normal saline in 24 h for patients with Ca levels <6.5 mg/dL, and i.v. Ca gluconate 2 g/15 mL D5W or normal saline in 15 min for patients with symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia. More concentrated solution for continuous infusion should be infused via central line [29]. Either 10% Ca gluconate (40 mg of elemental calcium per 10 mL) or 10% Ca chloride (270 mg of elemental calcium per 10 mL) can be used to prepare the infusion solution. Ca gluconate is preferred because it causes less tissue necrosis if extravasated [30]. The amount of i.v. Ca gluconate is adjusted by serum Ca levels and duration (days), neither by patients’ body weight nor i.v. speed.
The K/DOQI guidelines and others suggest that serum Ca levels should be measured every 4–6 h post-operation [27, 31], but according to our experience and some other authors [28], this is not necessary except when Ca levels are <6.0 mg/dL. In such cases, we measured Ca levels every 12 h, until they were stable and reached ≥6.0 mg/dL.
5. Duration of hospital stay
In our study, the duration of post-operative hospital stay of Group A (5.0 ± 1.1 days) (mean ± SD) was significantly shorter than that of Group B (6.4 ± 2.5 days, p < 0.001). The duration of post-operative stay in our series was shorter than that reported previously: 7.8 ± 2.9 days (mild hypocalcemia) versus 9.3 ± 3.9 days (severe hypocalcemia) according to Yang et al. [14] and 10.2 ± 2.3 days (mild hypocalcemia) versus 15.6 ± 6.6 days (severe hypocalcemia) according to Ho et al. [15]. It was obvious that the duration of post-operative stay in our series was 3–5 days shorter than that from previous reports of severe hypocalcemia, suggesting that the clinical algorithm we adopted was acceptable.
6. Readmission rate
A total of 2756 parathyroidectomy procedures were performed in patients with CKD, with unplanned readmission rate of 17.2 and 6.8% due to hypocalcemia/hungry bone syndrome. In one study, readmission occurred within 30 days after discharge, but readmission for severe hypocalcemia peaked within just 10 days and decreased thereafter [32].
Post-parathyroidectomy readmission rates for patients with CKD are five times higher than those for general population [32]. Using routing AT in our series, we found that seven patients (2.1%) underwent readmission due to various causes, and only two of them were due to hypocalcemia. One patient was readmitted 3 days after discharge due to gastritis, and the other at 2 days due to hypocalcemia and heart failure. However, no mortality was observed in our series (Table 5).
Causes
Mild hypocalcemia (Post-Op days)
Severe hypocalcemia (Post-Op days)
Pancreatitis
1 (24)
Bloody stool
1 (27)
Sepsis
1 (19)
Brain infarction
1 (30)
Hypocalcemia [gastritis]
1 (3)
[Combined with heart failure]
1 (2)
Cellulitis [lower extremity]
1 (4)
Table 5.
Causes of readmission within one month post operation (Post-Op).
No surgical mortality.
3 months after parathyroidectomy, no one needs calcium carbonate more than 2 g/daily or calcitriol more than 0.5 μg/day to keep calcium levels over 8.0 mg/dL.
7. Conclusions
After successful TPX & BT plus AT for secondary hyperparathyroidism, severe hypocalcemia occurred in 23.3% of patients in our series. The risk factors for severe hypocalcemia were young age, low preoperative Ca levels, high preoperative Alk-ptase levels, and long operation time. Serum Ca levels <7.6 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation were the optimal cutoff value for hypocalcemia that needed i.v. Ca gluconate. When the suggested clinical algorithm was followed, the mean duration of post-operative hospital stay due to severe hypocalcemia was short (6.4 ± 2.5 days) and readmission rate (0.62%) due to hypocalcemia was quite low.
\n',keywords:"secondary hyperparathyroidism, total parathyroidectomy plus autotransplantation, severe hypocalcemia, intravenous calcium gluconate",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72852.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72852.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72852",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72852",totalDownloads:394,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 17th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 21st 2020",datePrePublished:"September 3rd 2020",datePublished:"June 30th 2021",dateFinished:"July 17th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Severe hypocalcemia is a serious complication occurring after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Totally, 322 patients who were successfully treated with total parathyroidectomy and bilateral thymectomy plus autotransplantation were studied. Group A (247 patients) developed mild hypocalcemia. Group B (75 patients) who had post-operative serum Ca levels <6.5 mg/dL or needed >4 g of intravenous (i.v.) Ca gluconate to keep Ca levels ≥6.5 mg/dL developed severe hypocalcemia. Preoperatively, patient age was recorded, and serum Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase (Alk-ptase), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels were checked. These serum levels were checked again 18 h post-operatively. The algorithm showed that i.v. Ca gluconate 8 g/150 dL (5% glucose)/day was administered for Ca levels <6.5 mg/dL, 4–6 g/75 dL/day for levels <7.6 mg/dL, and 2 g/15 dL/15 min for symptomatic hypocalcemia. Young age, low Ca, and high Alk-ptase levels and long operation time were independent risk factors for severe hypocalcemia. Serum Ca levels <7.6 mg/dL at 18 h post-operation were the optimal cutoff value for hypocalcemia that needed i.v. Ca gluconate. The post-operative hospitalization in Group B was 3–5 days shorter than that previously reported. The readmission rate (0.62%) due to hypocalcemia was rare.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72852",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72852",signatures:"Fong-Fu Chou and Jin-Bor Chen",book:{id:"8935",type:"book",title:"Mineral Deficiencies",subtitle:"Electrolyte Disturbances, Genes, Diet and Disease Interface",fullTitle:"Mineral Deficiencies - Electrolyte Disturbances, Genes, Diet and Disease Interface",slug:"mineral-deficiencies-electrolyte-disturbances-genes-diet-and-disease-interface",publishedDate:"June 30th 2021",bookSignature:"Gyula Mózsik and Gonzalo Díaz-Soto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8935.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-085-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-081-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-086-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"320114",title:"Prof.",name:"Fong-Fu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",fullName:"Fong-Fu Chou",slug:"fong-fu-chou",email:"choulu@ms4.hinet.net",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"321538",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Bor",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jin-Bor Chen",slug:"jin-bor-chen",email:"chenjb1019@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Parathyroidectomy rates, indications, and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Definition of severe hypocalcemia post-parathyroidectomy and risk factors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Treatment of severe hypocalcemia with our algorithm",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Duration of hospital stay",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Readmission rate",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Komaba H, Goto S, Fujii H, Hamada Y, Kobayashi A, Shibuya K, et al. Depressed expression of Klotho and FGF receptor 1 in hyperplastic parathyroid glands from uremic patients. Kidney International. 2010;77(3):232-238'},{id:"B2",body:'Alfieri C, Malberti F, Mazzaferro S, Gallieni M, Russo D, Messa P, et al. Hyperphosphatemia in dialysis: which binder? Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia. 2018, 2018;35(5)'},{id:"B3",body:'Bleyer AJ, Burke SK, Dillon M, Garrett B, Kant KS, Lynch D, et al. A comparison of the calcium-free phosphate binder sevelamer hydrochloride with calcium acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1999;33(4):694-701'},{id:"B4",body:'Lau WL, Obi Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Parathyroidectomy in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2018;13(6):952-961'},{id:"B5",body:'Rroji M, Spasovski G. Calcimimetics versus parathyroidectomy: What is preferable? International Urology and Nephrology. 2018;50(7):1271-1275'},{id:"B6",body:'Cozzolino M, Elli F, Carugo S, Ciceri P. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in end-stage renal disease: No longer a matter for surgeons? Blood Purification. 2016;42(1):44-48'},{id:"B7",body:'Shireman TI, Almehmi A, Wetmore JB, Lu J, Pregenzer M, Quarles LD. Economic analysis of cinacalcet in combination with low-dose vitamin D versus flexible-dose vitamin D in treating secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2010;56(6):1108-1116'},{id:"B8",body:'Tokuyama K, Iseki K, Yoshi S, Yoshihara K, Nishime K, Uehara H, et al. An epidemiologic analysis of parathyroidectomy in chronic dialysis patients. The Okinawa dialysis study group. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1996;38(7):309-313'},{id:"B9",body:'Akaberi S, Clyne N, Sterner G, Rippe B, Reihnér E, Wagner P, et al. Temporal trends and risk factors for parathyroidectomy in the Swedish dialysis and transplant population - a nationwide, population-based study 1991-2009. BMC Nephrology. 2014;15:75'},{id:"B10",body:'Kim SM, Long J, Montez-Rath ME, Leonard MB, Norton JA, Chertow GM. Rates and outcomes of Parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the United States. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2016;11(7):1260-1267'},{id:"B11",body:'Yin SM, Chou FF, Wu SC, Chi SY. Applying preoperative dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy for preventing cardiac mortality and complications for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy. Asian Journal of Surgery. 2018;41(3):229-235'},{id:"B12",body:'van der Plas WY, Engelsman AF, Umakanthan M, Mather A, Sidhu SB, Delbridge LW, et al. Treatment strategy of end stage renal disease-related hyperparathyroidism before, during, and after the era of calcimimetics. Surgery. 2019;165(1):135-141'},{id:"B13",body:'Chou FF, Chan HM, Huang TJ, Lee CH, Hsu KT. Autotransplantation of parathyroid glands into subcutaneous forearm tissue for renal hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1998;124(1):1-5'},{id:"B14",body:'Yang M, Zhang L, Huang L, Sun X, Ji H, Lu Y. Factors predictive of critical value of hypocalcemia after total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Renal Failure. 2016;38(8):1224-1227'},{id:"B15",body:'Ho LY, Wong PN, Sin HK, Wong YY, Lo KC, Chan SF, et al. Risk factors and clinical course of hungry bone syndrome after total parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. BMC Nephrology. 2017;18(1):12'},{id:"B16",body:'Okada M, Tominaga Y, Yamamoto T, et al. Location frequency of missed parathyroid glands after Parathyroidectomy in patients with persistent or recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism. World Journal of Surgery. 2016;40(3):595-599'},{id:"B17",body:'Loke SC, Kanesvaran R, Yahya R, et al. Efficacy of an intravenous calcium gluconate infusion in controlling serum calcium after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2009;38(12):1074-1080'},{id:"B18",body:'Goldfarb M, Gondek SS, Lim SM, et al. Postoperative hungry bone syndrome in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal origin. World Journal of Surgery. 2012;36(6):1314-1319'},{id:"B19",body:'Cheng SP, Liu CL, Chen HH, et al. Prolonged hospital stay after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. World Journal of Surgery. 2009;33(1):72-79'},{id:"B20",body:'Torer N, Torun D, Micozkadioglu H, et al. Predictors of early postoperative hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Transplantation Proceedings. 2009;41(9):3642-3646'},{id:"B21",body:'Latus J, Roesel M, Fritz P, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for hungry bone syndrome in 84 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease. 2013;6:131-137'},{id:"B22",body:'Viaene L, Evenepoel P, Bammens B, et al. Calcium requirements after parathyroidectomy in patients with refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephron. Clinical Practice. 2008;110(2):c80–c85'},{id:"B23",body:'Echenique-Elizondo M, Díaz-Aguirregoitia FJ, Amondarain JA, Vidaur F. Parathyroid graft function after presternal subcutaneous autotransplantation for renal hyperparathyroidism. Archives of Surgery. 2006;141(1):33-38'},{id:"B24",body:'Yang M, Zhang L, Huang L, et al. S risk factors for elevated preoperative alkaline phosphatse in patients with refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism. The American Surgeon. 2017;83(12):1368-1372'},{id:"B25",body:'Sun X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhang L, Yang M. Risk factors for severe hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients. Scientific Reports. 2018;18(1):7743'},{id:"B26",body:'Jain N, Reilly RF. Current opinion in nephrology & hypertension. Hungry Bone Syndrome. 2017;26(4):250-255'},{id:"B27",body:'National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2003;42(4 Suppl 3):S1–S201'},{id:"B28",body:'Cozzlino M, Gallieni M, Corsi C, et al. Management of calcium refilling post-parathyroidectomy in end-stage renal disease. Journal of Nephrology. 2004;17:3-8'},{id:"B29",body:'Hypocalcemia: Treatment guidelines. Approved by the HDH/KGH Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics Committee. [Internet]. Available from: http://im-mmc.synthasite.com/resources/Hypocalcemia%20guideline.pdf'},{id:"B30",body:'Goltzman D. Treatment of hypocalcemia [Updated 19 March 2019. In: UpToDate. [Internet]. Available from: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-hypocalcemia'},{id:"B31",body:'Shpitz B, Korzets Z, Dinbar A, et al. Immediate postoperative management of parathyroidectomized hemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1986;15:507-530'},{id:"B32",body:'Ferrandino R, Roof S, Ma Y, Chan L, Poojary P, Saha A, et al. Unplanned 30-day readmissions after Parathyroidectomy in patients with chronic kidney disease: A Nationwide analysis. Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. December 2017;157(6):955-965'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Fong-Fu Chou",address:"choulu@ms4.hinet.net",affiliation:'
Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
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The standard method for soil salinity assessment is based on a laboratory method that is cumbersome and gives rise to limitations for data-intensive works. The use of sensors for the assessment of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC) of soils offers a way to overcome these constraints. These sensors are based on three electromagnetic phenomena, namely, electrical resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and reflectometry. Each class of sensors presents its own advantages and drawbacks. In the following chapter, these are presented along with the most popular commercial EC sensors used in nowadays agriculture, equations for the assessment of soil salinity on basis sensor measurements, some examples of application, and present and future development trends.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti"}]},{id:"51245",doi:"10.5772/63734",title:"THz Measurement Systems",slug:"thz-measurement-systems",totalDownloads:1595,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The terahertz (THz) frequency region is often defined as the last unexplored area of the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the past few years, the full access has been the objective of intense research efforts. Progress in this area has played an important role in opening up the possibility of using THz electromagnetic radiation (T-waves) in science and in real-world applications. T-waves are not perceptible by the human eye, are not ionizing, and have the ability to cross many non-conducting materials such as paper, fabrics, wood, plastic, and organic tissues. Moreover, the use of THz radiation allows non-destructive analysis of the materials under investigation both by study of their “fingerprint” via spectroscopic measurements and by high-resolution spatial imaging operations, exploiting the see-through capability of T-waves. Such technology can be applied in diverse areas, spanning from biology to chemical, pharmaceutical, environmental sciences, etc. In this chapter, we will present the typical architecture of measurement systems based on the THz technology, detailing what are the parameters that define their performance, the measurement methods, and the related errors and uncertainty, and focusing at the end on the use of time-domain spectroscopy for the evaluation of different material properties in this specific frequency region.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Leopoldo Angrisani, Giovanni Cavallo, Annalisa Liccardo, Gian\nPaolo Papari and Antonello Andreone",authors:[{id:"2330",title:"Dr.",name:"Leopoldo",middleName:null,surname:"Angrisani",slug:"leopoldo-angrisani",fullName:"Leopoldo Angrisani"},{id:"179111",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Andreone",slug:"antonello-andreone",fullName:"Antonello Andreone"},{id:"186826",title:"MSc.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cavallo",slug:"giovanni-cavallo",fullName:"Giovanni Cavallo"},{id:"186827",title:"Dr.",name:"GianPaolo",middleName:null,surname:"Papari",slug:"gianpaolo-papari",fullName:"GianPaolo Papari"},{id:"186828",title:"Prof.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Liccardo",slug:"annalisa-liccardo",fullName:"Annalisa Liccardo"}]},{id:"49823",doi:"10.5772/60442",title:"Microwave Power Measurements: Standards and Transfer Techniques",slug:"microwave-power-measurements-standards-and-transfer-techniques",totalDownloads:2140,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, precision power measurement, which is probably the most important area in RF and microwave metrology, will be discussed. Firstly, the background of RF and microwave power measurements and standards will be introduced. Secondly, the working principle of primary power standard (i.e., microcalorimeter) will be described, followed by the discussions of direct comparison transfer technique. Finally, there will be some discussions about the performance evaluation and uncertainty estimation for microwave power measurements.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Xiaohai Cui, Yu Song Meng, Yueyan Shan and Yong Li",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan"},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui"},{id:"173971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu Song",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",slug:"yu-song-meng",fullName:"Yu Song Meng"}]},{id:"51241",doi:"10.5772/63547",title:"Innovative Theoretical Approaches Used for RF Power Amplifiers in Modern HDTV Systems",slug:"innovative-theoretical-approaches-used-for-rf-power-amplifiers-in-modern-hdtv-systems",totalDownloads:1314,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The essential purpose of this chapter is to introduce theoretical and numerical approaches that can be used for modeling nonlinear effects that appear intrinsically in the design of power amplifiers that have been used widely in many modern high-density television (HDTV) architectures. Important effects like the pre-distortion using adaptive techniques, with distinct characteristics like amplitude, phase, and frequency, as well as, their specific nature such as AM/AM, AM/PM, PM/AM, and PM/PM, and constitute one of the main directions of this research. All theoretical and technological approaches have been supported by a consistent set of numerical data performed with one of the most important platform of simulations used in the great area of Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave structures. As a direct application, we are introducing some efficient processes that can be used for the characterization of RF systems with a set of consistent laboratorial measures that permit us to visualize the effective cost and a complete architecture for the characterization of high-power amplifiers. With the continuous and innovative technological demand that is imposed by the international marketing has a great importance to find versatile systems that are capable of measuring several amplifier characteristics, as gain, output power, inter-modulation distortion of different signals, efficiency, current, and temperature that constitute another direction of research that has been demanded strongly for news advanced technologies used widely in modern HDTV systems.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Daniel Discini Silveira, Marcos Paulo de Souza Silva, Marcel Veloso Campos and Maurício Silveira",authors:[{id:"179507",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",slug:"mauricio-silveira",fullName:"Mauricio Silveira"},{id:"179508",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Discini Silveira",slug:"daniel-discini-silveira",fullName:"Daniel Discini Silveira"},{id:"179792",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Paulo De Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"marcos-paulo-de-souza-silva",fullName:"Marcos Paulo De Souza Silva"},{id:"180084",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel Veloso",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",slug:"marcel-veloso-campos",fullName:"Marcel Veloso Campos"}]},{id:"49840",doi:"10.5772/60467",title:"Silent Speech Recognition by Surface Electromyography",slug:"silent-speech-recognition-by-surface-electromyography",totalDownloads:1772,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"For some time, new methods based on a different than acoustic signal analysis are used for speech recognition. The purpose of nonacoustic signals is to allow silent communication. One of these methods based on the electromyography signal is generated by the human speech articulation system. This article presents a device for electromyographic (EMG) signal acquisition and the first measurements from its use.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Andrzej B. Dobrucki, Piotr Pruchnicki, Przemysław Plaskota, Piotr Staroniewicz, Stefan Brachmański and Maciej Walczyński",authors:[{id:"173718",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrucki",slug:"andrzej-dobrucki",fullName:"Andrzej Dobrucki"},{id:"173719",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemysław",middleName:null,surname:"Plaskota",slug:"przemyslaw-plaskota",fullName:"Przemysław Plaskota"},{id:"173720",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pruchnicki",slug:"piotr-pruchnicki",fullName:"Piotr Pruchnicki"},{id:"173721",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Brachmański",slug:"stefan-brachmanski",fullName:"Stefan Brachmański"},{id:"173722",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Staroniewicz",slug:"piotr-staroniewicz",fullName:"Piotr Staroniewicz"},{id:"173724",title:"MSc.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Walczyński",slug:"maciej-walczynski",fullName:"Maciej Walczyński"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49823",title:"Microwave Power Measurements: Standards and Transfer Techniques",slug:"microwave-power-measurements-standards-and-transfer-techniques",totalDownloads:2140,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, precision power measurement, which is probably the most important area in RF and microwave metrology, will be discussed. Firstly, the background of RF and microwave power measurements and standards will be introduced. Secondly, the working principle of primary power standard (i.e., microcalorimeter) will be described, followed by the discussions of direct comparison transfer technique. Finally, there will be some discussions about the performance evaluation and uncertainty estimation for microwave power measurements.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Xiaohai Cui, Yu Song Meng, Yueyan Shan and Yong Li",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan"},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui"},{id:"173971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu Song",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",slug:"yu-song-meng",fullName:"Yu Song Meng"}]},{id:"50396",title:"Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Agriculture: The Assessment of Soil Salinity",slug:"electrical-conductivity-measurements-in-agriculture-the-assessment-of-soil-salinity",totalDownloads:4337,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Soil salinity is an important issue constraining the productivity of irrigation agriculture around the world. The standard method for soil salinity assessment is based on a laboratory method that is cumbersome and gives rise to limitations for data-intensive works. The use of sensors for the assessment of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC) of soils offers a way to overcome these constraints. These sensors are based on three electromagnetic phenomena, namely, electrical resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and reflectometry. Each class of sensors presents its own advantages and drawbacks. In the following chapter, these are presented along with the most popular commercial EC sensors used in nowadays agriculture, equations for the assessment of soil salinity on basis sensor measurements, some examples of application, and present and future development trends.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti"}]},{id:"51435",title:"Objectifying the Subjective: Fundaments and Applications of Soft Metrology",slug:"objectifying-the-subjective-fundaments-and-applications-of-soft-metrology",totalDownloads:1703,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The aim of the interdisciplinary research was to facilitate the understanding of a specific topic passing by different disciplinary perspectives. Soft metrology is the perfect example of a scientific field that needs that sort of approach. Seeking to provide a reproducible basis for qualifying and quantifying what are essentially ‘soft’ measurements (subject to human perception and interpretation) is a particularly challenging scientific endeavour. This chapter presents a theoretical overview of main concepts around soft metrology and, in the second instance, proposes a mathematical model for the measurement of a soft measurand through a dedicated index (IPER—influence on performance index).",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Laura Rossi",authors:[{id:"187245",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",slug:"laura-rossi",fullName:"Laura Rossi"}]},{id:"50379",title:"Uncertainty of Measurement in Medical Laboratories",slug:"uncertainty-of-measurement-in-medical-laboratories",totalDownloads:3793,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) is not systematically used in medical laboratories, for what the laboratorian should understand the Uncertainty Approach and its importance to recognize the level of realism of results. This chapter presents, discusses, and recommends the models fulfilling GUM principles. An example is given to a single test for an easier understanding of the determination of measurement uncertainty. All the practice uses a freeware. Results with larger measurement uncertainty intervals have a significant probability of being unrealistic, arising a high risk of the uncorrected clinical decision. A flow chart to the selection of models for the determination of measurement uncertainty in a medical laboratory is recommended.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Paulo Pereira",authors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}]},{id:"51241",title:"Innovative Theoretical Approaches Used for RF Power Amplifiers in Modern HDTV Systems",slug:"innovative-theoretical-approaches-used-for-rf-power-amplifiers-in-modern-hdtv-systems",totalDownloads:1314,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The essential purpose of this chapter is to introduce theoretical and numerical approaches that can be used for modeling nonlinear effects that appear intrinsically in the design of power amplifiers that have been used widely in many modern high-density television (HDTV) architectures. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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