Data of the microgrid power system [5].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4623",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Renewable Energy - Utilisation and System Integration",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Utilisation and System Integration",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The development of renewable energy technologies (such as wind, solar, and biomass) has accelerated the establishment of a low-carbon society. This book provides a glimpse of some recent advancements in modelling, control, electrical generators and power converters, and social and political aspects of utilising these renewable sources of energy. It is aimed to provide some latest references for the readers who are interested in research work, energy policies, and social dimensions of renewable energy.",isbn:"978-953-51-2408-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2407-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4201-0",doi:"10.5772/59389",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"renewable-energy-utilisation-and-system-integration",numberOfPages:324,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"a95f39bf464b9e664978e0ed8e4d77ca",bookSignature:"Wenping Cao and Yihua Hu",publishedDate:"May 11th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4623.jpg",numberOfDownloads:30498,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:114,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 9th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 30th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 26th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 25th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 27th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174154/images/system/174154.png",biography:"Professor Cao is a chair professor at Anhui University, China. He is a fellow of IET and a senior member of IEEE.\nHe received a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award in 2016, the Dragon\\'s Den Competition Award from Queen\\'s University Belfast in 2014, and the Innovator of the Year Award from Newcastle University, UK, in 2013. He has served as an editor for IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Industry Application, IET Power Electronics, and several other international journals. He has published over 260 research articles and 12 edited books and book chapters. His research interests include fault analysis and condition monitoring of electrical machines and power electronics.",institutionString:"Anhui University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Aston University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"174197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yihua",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"yihua-hu",fullName:"Yihua Hu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174197/images/4977_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Yihua Hu received the B.S. degree in electrical motor drives in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree in power electronics and drives in 2011, both from China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, China. Between 2011 and 2013, he was with the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University as a Postdoctoral Fellow. Between November 2012 and February 2013, he was an academic visiting scholar with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Between 2013 and 2015, he worked as a Research Associate at the power electronics and motor drive group, the University of Strathclyde. Currently, he is a Lecturer at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, UK.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"50334",title:"Wind Power Development and Landscape – Social Participation, Opportunities and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/63424",slug:"wind-power-development-and-landscape-social-participation-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes and exemplifies how different methods for landscape analysis have been applied for wind farm development and planning in Sweden and Spain. In our case studies from Sweden and Spain we discuss the possibilities, strengths and shortcomings of use of different methods of landscape assessment for wind power development in relation with the definition of landscape by the European Landscape Convention (ELC). The Swedish case study is an example of how the proposed guidelines for wind development in the master plan of Uddevalla has been contested and how dialogue-based landscape analysis has redirected wind energy planning. This has been possible through disentangling and illuminating social values in the description of landscape characters as a basis for new planning guidelines. The Spanish case of the Valle de Lecrín and Alpujarra demonstrates limitation of a study based only on expert analysis of visual impact of wind farms. By complementing these expert methods with dialogue, local stakeholder’s perspective was revealed and the role of wind turbines in the construction of a local landscape was understood. We show that the role of the landscape planner should be understood as an interpreter and mediator, rather than that of an expert and prescriber.",signatures:"Karin Hammarlund, Marina Frolova and Anna Brånhult",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50334",authors:[{id:"174792",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Karin",surname:"Hammarlund Kramer",slug:"karin-hammarlund-kramer",fullName:"Karin Hammarlund Kramer"},{id:"174849",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Frolova",slug:"marina-frolova",fullName:"Marina Frolova"},{id:"174850",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Branhult",slug:"anna-branhult",fullName:"Anna Branhult"}],corrections:null},{id:"50004",title:"Study of Novel Power Electronic Converters for Small Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems",doi:"10.5772/62477",slug:"study-of-novel-power-electronic-converters-for-small-scale-wind-energy-conversion-systems",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter proposes a study of novel power electronic converters for small scale wind energy conversion systems. In this chapter major topologies of power electronic converters that used in wind energy converter systems have been analysed. Various topologies of DC/AC single stage converters such as high boost Z-source inverters (ZSI) have been investigated. New proposed schemes for inverters such as multilevel and Z-source inverters have been studied in this proposed chapter. Multilevel converters are categorized into three major groups according to their topologies which are diode clamped multilevel converters (DCM), cascade multilevel converters (CMC) with multiple isolated dc voltage sources and flying capacitor based multilevel converters (FCMC). Z-source inverters are divided to ZSI, qZSI and trans-ZSI types. Trans-ZSI is mostly used for high step-up single stage conversions.",signatures:"Mostafa Abarzadeh, Hossein Madadi Kojabadi and Liuchen Chang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50004",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50004",authors:[{id:"19466",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein Madadi",surname:"Kojabadi",slug:"hossein-madadi-kojabadi",fullName:"Hossein Madadi Kojabadi"},{id:"22279",title:"Prof.",name:"Liuchen",surname:"Chang",slug:"liuchen-chang",fullName:"Liuchen Chang"},{id:"22578",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mostafa",surname:"Abarzadeh",slug:"mostafa-abarzadeh",fullName:"Mostafa Abarzadeh"}],corrections:null},{id:"50017",title:"Modelling and Control of Grid-connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems",doi:"10.5772/62578",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-grid-connected-solar-photovoltaic-systems",totalDownloads:5109,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"At present, photovoltaic (PV) systems are taking a leading role as a solar-based renewable energy source (RES) because of their unique advantages. This trend is being increased especially in grid-connected applications because of the many benefits of using RESs in distributed generation (DG) systems. This new scenario imposes the requirement for an effective evaluation tool of grid-connected PV systems so as to predict accurately their dynamic performance under different operating conditions in order to make a comprehensive decision on the feasibility of incorporating this technology into the electric utility grid. This implies not only to identify the characteristics curves of PV modules or arrays, but also the dynamic behaviour of the electronic power conditioning system (PCS) for connecting to the utility grid. To this aim, this chapter discusses the full detailed modelling and the control design of a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic generator (PVG). The PV array model allows predicting with high precision the I-V and P-V curves of the PV panels/arrays. Moreover, the control scheme is presented with capabilities of simultaneously and independently regulating both active and reactive power exchange with the electric grid. The modelling and control of the three-phase grid-connected PVG are implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and validated by experimental tests.",signatures:"Marcelo Gustavo Molina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50017",authors:[{id:"7483",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Molina",slug:"marcelo-molina",fullName:"Marcelo Molina"}],corrections:null},{id:"50271",title:"Method for Aligning Facets in Large Concentrators That Have Segmented Mirrors for Solar Thermal Applications",doi:"10.5772/63472",slug:"method-for-aligning-facets-in-large-concentrators-that-have-segmented-mirrors-for-solar-thermal-appl",totalDownloads:1539,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high radiative flux solar furnaces already in operation, and the furnaces to be built in the future, have large concentrators consisting of multiple facets. It is, therefore, necessary to have an alignment procedure of the facets that guarantee the accuracy of alignment, allowing an alignment in a short time. This chapter presents a novel method for aligning the facets of a large concentrator, which uses a single optical system to achieve the required precision and the desired energy distribution in the focal plane. Simulation and experimental results obtained with our procedure show that the proposed alignment satisfactorily meets the specifications.",signatures:"Sergio Vázquez y Montiel, Fermín Granados Agustín and Lizbeth\nCastañeda Escobar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50271",authors:[{id:"165219",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizbeth",surname:"Castañeda Escobar",slug:"lizbeth-castaneda-escobar",fullName:"Lizbeth Castañeda Escobar"},{id:"165220",title:"Dr.",name:"Fermin",surname:"Granados Agustin",slug:"fermin-granados-agustin",fullName:"Fermin Granados Agustin"},{id:"173771",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Vazquez Y Montiel",slug:"sergio-vazquez-y-montiel",fullName:"Sergio Vazquez Y Montiel"}],corrections:null},{id:"49793",title:"Theoretical Analysis and Implementation of Photovoltaic Fault Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/62057",slug:"theoretical-analysis-and-implementation-of-photovoltaic-fault-diagnosis",totalDownloads:2685,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The utilization of solar energy by photovoltaics (PVs) is seen in increase across the world since the technologies are getting mature and the material costs are being driven down. However, their operating costs are still very high, owing to their vulnerability to harsh outdoor environments they are working. Currently, the reliability of PV systems is the bottle-neck issue and is becoming a heated research topic. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art technologies for photovoltaic fault diagnosis, based on an intensive literature review and theoretical analysis. The chapter evaluates the fault mechanisms of photovoltaics at the cell, module, string and array levels. Analytical models are developed to understand the PV’s terminal characteristics for diagnostic purposes. Offline and online fault diagnosis technologies are reviewed and compared based on the use of electrical sensors and thermal cameras. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the PV faulty characteristics, to develop offline and online fault diagnosis, and to use the fault diagnosis information to achieve optimal operation (maximum power point tracking) under various PV faulty conditions, by using multi-disciplinary analytical, empirical and experimental methods.",signatures:"Yihua Hu and Wenping Cao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49793",authors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"},{id:"174197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yihua",surname:"Hu",slug:"yihua-hu",fullName:"Yihua Hu"}],corrections:null},{id:"50022",title:"Genset Optimization for Biomass Syngas Operation",doi:"10.5772/62727",slug:"genset-optimization-for-biomass-syngas-operation",totalDownloads:1816,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although biomass is underrepresented in current methods for power generation, it has great potential to help meet the growing need for clean energy. This chapter details the modification of a gasoline-powered two-stroke genset for operation on syngas from a woodchip-powered gasifier. Generator and engine modifications along with a flexible air/fuel control system are described. Results from genset operation indicate a sustainable power output of 360 W with a biomass consumption rate of approximately 6 kg/hour. Optimum power production was achieved at an air/fuel ratio close to 1. After several hours of operation the engine was disassembled and inspected, revealing significant deposits on the piston and crank case parts, indicating that the engine would require weekly maintenance under such operating conditions.",signatures:"Horizon Walker Gitano-Briggs and Koay Loke Kean",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50022",authors:[{id:"9153",title:"Professor",name:"Horizon",surname:"Gitano",slug:"horizon-gitano",fullName:"Horizon Gitano"}],corrections:null},{id:"49376",title:"Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting - Sources and Techniques",doi:"10.5772/61722",slug:"radio-frequency-energy-harvesting-sources-and-techniques",totalDownloads:4932,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Energy harvesting technology is attracting huge attention and holds a promising future for generating electrical power. This process offers various environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Especially, radio frequency (RF) energy has interesting key attributes that make it very attractive for low-power consumer electronics and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Ambient RF energy could be provided by commercial RF broadcasting stations such as TV, GSM, Wi-Fi, or radar. In this study, particular attention is given to radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) as a green technology, which is very suitable for overcoming problems related to wireless sensor nodes located in harsh environments or inaccessible places. The aim of this paper is to review the progress achievements, the current approaches, and the future directions in the field of RF harvesting energy. Therefore, our aim is to provide RF energy harvesting techniques that open the possibility to power directly electronics or recharge secondary batteries. As a result, this overview is expected to lead to relevant techniques for developing an efficient RF energy harvesting system.",signatures:"M. Pareja Aparicio, A. Bakkali, J. Pelegri-Sebastia, T. Sogorb, V. Llario\nand A. Bou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49376",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49376",authors:[{id:"2119",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Pelegri-Sebastia",slug:"jose-pelegri-sebastia",fullName:"Jose Pelegri-Sebastia"}],corrections:null},{id:"49379",title:"Renewable Energy, Emissions, and Health",doi:"10.5772/61717",slug:"renewable-energy-emissions-and-health",totalDownloads:2150,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The deployment of renewable energy sources is reviewed in this research showing the importance that they have reached in most countries. The International Energy Agency has insisted on the importance of their promotion all over the world, considering that at least one renewable energy source is available in all countries. The aim of this chapter is to show that although renewables are an effective alternative to the use of fossil fuels, there are other important positive externalities. As the fossil fuels are the main source of greenhouse emissions and other air pollutants, the negative effects that they have on human health, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, have been recently shown in many studies. When renewables contribute to reducing the use of fossil fuels and associated air pollutant emissions, they have a positive effect on human health. Therefore, policy makers have to take into consideration all these positive externalities of renewable sources, when evaluating the possibility of their promotion. However, this evaluation should also take into consideration that not all renewable energy sources have equivalent positive effects. Our final conclusion is that governments should be supported by recent research when deciding the most appropriate energy mix for a country.",signatures:"María del P. Pablo-Romero, Rocío Román, Antonio Sánchez-Braza\nand Rocío Yñiguez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49379",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49379",authors:[{id:"72663",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del",surname:"Pablo-Romero",slug:"maria-del-pablo-romero",fullName:"Maria Del Pablo-Romero"},{id:"72665",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Roman Collado",slug:"rocio-roman-collado",fullName:"Rocio Roman Collado"},{id:"72666",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Yniguez",slug:"rocio-yniguez",fullName:"Rocio Yniguez"},{id:"174170",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Sánchez-Braza",slug:"antonio-sanchez-braza",fullName:"Antonio Sánchez-Braza"}],corrections:null},{id:"49275",title:"Distributed Renewable Power Sources in Weak Grids — Analysis and Control",doi:"10.5772/61613",slug:"distributed-renewable-power-sources-in-weak-grids-analysis-and-control",totalDownloads:2512,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter describes the main aspects about distributed generation (DG) systems and investigates the operation of DG systems based on static power converters connected to weak grids. Initially, the concept of DG is discussed, and the main topologies for the connection of DG systems to the grid are covered. Converters used in such applications are also introduced. When connected to weak grids, DG systems based on static power converters suffer with problems related to the total harmonic distortion (THD) at the connection point. To address this issue, initially, a definition of weak grid is presented. Then, the dynamic behaviour of the most common small DG system when connected to a weak grid and the relation between the voltage harmonic distortion and the weak grid impedance are analyzed. Aiming to comply with the THD requirements, the main topologies of passive filter used in the connection of inverter-based DG units with weak grids are also discussed. Finally, a controller design that considers the grid side impedance in its formulation is developed. Experimental results are provided to support the theoretical analysis and to illustrate the performance of the grid-connected DG in a weak grid case operation scenario.",signatures:"Everton Luiz de Aguiar, Rafael Cardoso, Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira\nStein, Jean Patric da Costa and Emerson Giovani Carati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49275",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49275",authors:[{id:"19926",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Cardoso",slug:"rafael-cardoso",fullName:"Rafael Cardoso"},{id:"173886",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean Patric",surname:"Da Costa",slug:"jean-patric-da-costa",fullName:"Jean Patric Da Costa"},{id:"174225",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson",surname:"Carati",slug:"emerson-carati",fullName:"Emerson Carati"},{id:"174226",title:"Prof.",name:"Everton Luiz",surname:"De Aguiar",slug:"everton-luiz-de-aguiar",fullName:"Everton Luiz De Aguiar"},{id:"174234",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"De Oliveira Stein",slug:"carlos-de-oliveira-stein",fullName:"Carlos De Oliveira Stein"}],corrections:null},{id:"49445",title:"Planning Tools for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources Into Low- and Medium-Voltage Distribution Grids",doi:"10.5772/61758",slug:"planning-tools-for-the-integration-of-renewable-energy-sources-into-low-and-medium-voltage-distribut",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents two probabilistic planning tools developed for the long-term analysis of distribution networks. The first one focuses on the low-voltage (LV) level and the second one addresses the issues occurring in the medium-voltage (MV) grid. Both tools use Monte Carlo algorithms in order to simulate the distribution network, taking into account the stochastic nature of the loading parameters at its nodes. Section 1 introduces the probabilistic framework that focuses on the analysis of LV feeders with distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation using quarter-hourly smart metering data of load and generation at each node of a feeder. This probabilistic framework is evaluated by simulating a real LV feeder in Belgium considering its actual loading parameters and components. In order to demonstrate the interest of the presented framework for the distribution system operators (DSOs), the same feeder is then simulated considering future scenarios of higher PV integration as well as the application of mitigation solutions (reactive power control, P/V droop control thanks to a local management of PV inverters, etc.) to actual LV network operational issues arising from the integration of distributed PV generation. Section 2 introduces the second planning tool designed to help the DSO, making the best investment for alleviating the MV-network stressed conditions. Practically, this tool aims at finding the optimal positioning and sizing of the devices designed to improve the operation of the distribution grid. Then a centralized control of these facilities is implemented in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The simulation is carried out under various load and generation profiles, while the evaluation criteria of the methodology are the probabilities of voltage violation, the presence of congestions and the total line losses.",signatures:"Jean-François Toubeau, Vasiliki Klonari, Jacques Lobry, Zacharie De\nGrève and François Vallée",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49445",authors:[{id:"31945",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacques",surname:"Lobry",slug:"jacques-lobry",fullName:"Jacques Lobry"},{id:"174062",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean-François",surname:"Toubeau",slug:"jean-francois-toubeau",fullName:"Jean-François Toubeau"},{id:"174063",title:"Dr.",name:"François",surname:"Vallée",slug:"francois-vallee",fullName:"François Vallée"},{id:"174064",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Vasiliki",surname:"Klonari",slug:"vasiliki-klonari",fullName:"Vasiliki Klonari"}],corrections:null},{id:"49377",title:"Simulation Methods for the Transient Analysis of Synchronous Alternators",doi:"10.5772/61604",slug:"simulation-methods-for-the-transient-analysis-of-synchronous-alternators",totalDownloads:2418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The integration of unconventional renewable energy sources on the electrical grid poses challenges to the electrical engineer. This chapter focuses on the transient modeling of electrical machines. These models can be used for the design of generator control, the definition of the protection strategies, stability studies, and the evaluation of the electrical; mechanical; and thermal constraints on the machine. This chapter presents three modeling techniques: the standard d-q equivalent model, the coupled-circuit model, and the finite element model (FEM). The consideration of magnetic saturation for the different models is presented. The responses of the different models during three-phase, two-phase, and one-phase sudden short circuit are compared.",signatures:"Jérôme Cros, Stéphanie Rakotovololona, Maxim Bergeron, Jessy\nMathault, Bouali Rouached, Mathieu Kirouac and Philippe Viarouge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49377",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49377",authors:[{id:"20064",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Viarouge",slug:"philippe-viarouge",fullName:"Philippe Viarouge"},{id:"21026",title:"Prof.",name:"Jérôme",surname:"Cros",slug:"jerome-cros",fullName:"Jérôme Cros"},{id:"174022",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxim",surname:"Bergeron",slug:"maxim-bergeron",fullName:"Maxim Bergeron"},{id:"174023",title:"BSc.",name:"Stéphanie",surname:"Rakotovololona",slug:"stephanie-rakotovololona",fullName:"Stéphanie Rakotovololona"},{id:"175691",title:"Mr.",name:"Jessy",surname:"Mathault",slug:"jessy-mathault",fullName:"Jessy Mathault"},{id:"175692",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Bouali",surname:"Rouached",slug:"bouali-rouached",fullName:"Bouali Rouached"},{id:"175693",title:"Mr.",name:"Mathieu",surname:"Kirouac",slug:"mathieu-kirouac",fullName:"Mathieu Kirouac"}],corrections:null},{id:"50147",title:"Photovoltaic Power Plant Grid Integration in the Romanian System–Technical Approaches",doi:"10.5772/62739",slug:"photovoltaic-power-plant-grid-integration-in-the-romanian-system-technical-approaches",totalDownloads:1688,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Technical issues of the integration of distributed generation (GD) in distribution networks are related to effects on power service quality (supply reliability, network voltage changes), power flows and network losses. The aim of this chapter is to perform a technical and economic evaluation of the impact that the connection of a Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plant has upon the electric energy distribution network in the distribution operator (DO) area. Additionally, the study also examines the effects on final consumers. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72960",title:"Adaptive Load Frequency Control in Power Systems Using Optimization Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93398",slug:"adaptive-load-frequency-control-in-power-systems-using-optimization-techniques",body:'A general power system is a complex electrical network that consists of generation networks, transmission networks, and distribution networks in addition to loads that are being distributed throughout the network over a large geographical area [1, 2]. In the power system, well-designed controllers are requested during the system variations to maintain the stability of the power system as well as guarantee its reliable operation.
The growth of the industries leads to increase the complexity of the power system. System frequency depends mainly on the active power, while system voltage depends on the reactive power. So, the control viewpoint of power systems can be classified into two independent issues. One is focusing on the control of the active power along with the frequency what is called load frequency control (LFC), while the other one is to deal with the reactive power along with the voltage regulation [3].
Load frequency control of an interconnected power system means the interconnection of more than one control area through tie lines. Sudden load variation in any control area of an interconnected power system will lead to both frequency change and tie line power deviation. Large frequency fluctuations may cause sometimes what is called system blackout [4].
The main objectives of load frequency control (LFC) are [5, 6] as follows: 1—regulating frequency and tracking the load demands. 2—Ensuring zero steady-state error for frequency deviations. 3—Maintaining frequency and power interchanges with neighboring control areas at the specified values. 4—Controlling the change in tie line power between control areas. 5—Maintaining acceptable overshoot and settling time on the frequency and tie line power deviations.
Frequency deviations should be within restricted limits for some reasons [7]:
To keep the three phase AC machines, in which its running speed relates proportionally to the supply frequency.
To keep the turbine’s blades that are designed to operate at a particular speed, but the change of supply frequency will cause variation in this speed. This speed change may cause damage of the turbine blades.
When frequency goes below rated frequency at the case of constant system voltage, then the flux in the core increases, and then the transformer core goes into the saturation region.
The frequency error may affect negatively on the digital storage and retrieval process.
If it’s not required to maintain the frequency constant, then the system frequency and speed change with the characteristics of the governor as the load changes, and the operator is not required to change the setting of the generator. On the other hand, if constant frequency is required, the operator can adjust the velocity of the turbine by changing the characteristics of the governor.
Most published research in this field neglects uncertainties [8] and practical constraints [9] and furthermore, suggest complex control structures with impractical frameworks, which may have some difficulties when implementing in real-time applications [10].
As a result of considerable degree of interconnection, the presence of technical and economic constraints, and the traditional requirements of system reliability and security, operating the power system in the new environment will certainly be more complex than in the past. At present, simple and classical tuned controllers are widely used in the power system LFC task. Existing LFC system parameters are usually tuned based on experiences, classical methods, and trial and error approaches, and they are incapable of providing good dynamical performance over a wide range of operating conditions and various load scenarios. Therefore, the novel modeling and control approaches are strongly required, to obtain a new trade-off between efficiency and robustness.
Thus, this chapter presents an adaptive control technique that uses new optimization methods to make an on-line tuning of the LFC parameters to deal with both load demand changes and fluctuations resulted from renewable energy sources.
Recently, remote off-grid MGs have been widely developed especially for rural and distant areas, in which providing electrical energy from the main utility grid is costly and has destructive environmental effects. There are many real MGs installed for providing the electrical energy for distant areas [11, 12, 13, 14].
Low inertia and dynamic complexity are the most important challenges in the MGs. Therefore, if a mismatch between the load and power generation occurs, the MG frequency deviation is inevitable. Therefore, it seems that the robust control design strategies can be considered as powerful solutions to achieve robust performance and stability [15, 16]. Several optimization techniques have been proposed by researchers to tune the control parameters using simulation of the entire system and to damp the frequency fluctuation [17] such as optimization of controller parameters [18, 19].
The system used in this chapter is a microgrid power system shown in Figure 1 consisting of a 20 MW diesel generator and 17 MW load. The nominal parameters of the system are listed in Table 1. The simulation results have two scenarios.
Block diagram of the system under study.
Ki | D (pu/Hz) | M (pu.sec) | R (Hz/pu) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−0.3 | 0.015 | 0.08335 | 3 | 0.08 | 0.4 |
Data of the microgrid power system [5].
The dynamic model of the proposed microgrid power system can be described in the following equations [5]:
and (
PSO is one of the famous optimization techniques. It has been derived from the social-psychological theory. PSO has some features such as:
PSO is basically developed through simulation of the bird flocking in two-dimensional space. The position of each particle is represented by XY axis position, and the velocity is represented by Vx and Vy. The position and velocity information will guide the modification of the particle position. Bird flocking optimizes a certain objective function. Each particle knows both of its XY position and its best value (Pbest). Each particle knows the best value so far in the group (gbest) among (Pbest).
This information is analogy of knowledge of how the other particles around them have performed. Namely, each particle tries to modify its position using the following information [20, 21, 22]:
The distance between the current position and Pbest and the distance between the current position and gbest.
The current positions (x, y) and the current velocities (Vx, Vy).
Velocity of each particle can be modified by the following equation:
where
current position of particle i at iteration k | |
velocity of particle i at iteration k | |
personal best of ith particle at iteration k | |
global best of ith particle at iteration k. | |
c1, c2 | social parameters |
the inertia weight used to accelerate the obtaining of the global best solution in the search space. | |
rand1, rand2 | positive random numbers drawn form a uniform distribution between [0,1]. |
The inertia weighting function is utilized as follows:
where:
Initial velocity | |
Final velocity | |
Maximum iteration number |
Using Eq. (4) and Eq. (5), a certain velocity (which gradually gets close to (Pbest and gbest)) can be calculated, and the current position can be modified by the following equation:
where
Figure 2 illustrates the modification concept of searching point by PSO.
PSO’s concept of searching point.
In2015, Venkata Rao has presented as a new optimization algorithm. One of the main advantages of Jaya is that there is no need to tune of its parameters. There are similarities between Jaya and the Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) [22].
The idea of Jaya is pushing the problem to move towards the best solution and avoid moving towards the worst solution. The flowchart illustrated in Figure 3 shows the work procedures of the Jaya algorithm.
Flow chart of Jaya method [
The advantages of Jaya algorithm can be concluded as follows [23, 24]:
It does not contain the problem of the selection of algorithm-specific control parameters.
It can solve unconstraint and constraint problems.
It is suitable for discrete optimization problems.
Ease of solving.
Jaya algorithm has a victorious nature, and this leads it to be more powerful.
It will be more effective to build the objective function of the optimization algorithm, if the total transfer function of the controlled system is in standard second order form, so it will be easy to use the standard parameters such as natural frequency, settling time, and rise time
A simplified microgrid model shown in Figure 4 is applied to drive the standard second order transfer function
Block diagram of simplified microgrid model.
From this transfer function, the parameters
Figure 5 illustrates the block diagram of an adaptive load frequency controller of micro-grid power system. In this technique, optimization methods such as Jaya and PSO are used to make on-line tuning of the gain of the area controller.
Block diagram of the adaptive LFC system.
Figure 6 shows the system response of the system with adaptive LFC controller-based PSO in case of step load demand (
System response using adaptive LFC-based PSO (…… fixed parameters controller ــــــــــ adaptive controller-based PSO).
Tuned controller gain using PSO.
Figure 8 illustrates the system response of the system with adaptive LFC controller-based Jaya algorithm in case of the same step load demand. The figure supported that the system with the adaptive controller gives more robust performance compared with the system with fixed parameters controller. Also, Figure 9 shows the output of Jaya.
System response using adaptive LFC-based PSO (…… fixed parameters controller ــــــــــ adaptive controller-based Jaya).
Tuned controller gain using Jaya.
Table 2 presents a comparative performance analysis of Jaya algorithm with PSO. Each test function used the same number of iterations and population. PSO parameters are stated in Table 3. Table 2 shows that the Jaya technique can give good speed convergence characteristics as compared to PSO.
Functions | Search space | Statistical values | PSO | Jaya | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ackley | 5 | [−10,10] | Best | 3.85e−05 | 2.70e−16 |
Worst | 3.88e−05 | 2.70e−16 | |||
Sphere | 5 | [−10,10] | Best | 1.79e−08 | 4.77e−14 |
Worst | 1.82e−08 | 4.77e−14 |
Comparative performance indexes of different test functions.
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Swarm size | 50 |
Inertia weight (w) | 1 |
Inertia weight damping ratio (wdamp) | 0.99 |
Personal learning coefficient (C1) | 1.5 |
Global learning coefficient (C2) | 2.0 |
Algorithm-specific parameters values for PSO.
Figure 10 shows the value of the objective function (Jmin) with the number of J-evaluation in case of using Matyas function for 50 population size. It can be noted that the Jaya technique converges relatively faster than PSO.
Convergence characteristics for Matyas function.
Figure 11 illustrates a comparison between Jaya and PSO using the proposed objective function presented in Eq. (8). The figure indicates that system with adaptive controller tuned by the Jaya optimization method gives good response compared with the system with adaptive controller tuned by PSO. It could minimize the overshoot and the settling time.
System response using adaptive LFC-based PSO (…… adaptive controller-based PSO ــــــــــ adaptive controller-based Jaya).
In this case of study, the system with proposed controller has been tested under fluctuation resulted from renewable power generation such as power generated from wind turbine as shown in Figure 12. The simplified dynamic model of the wind turbine is presented in the following transfer function:
Block diagram of the adaptive LFC system in the presence of a wind energy source.
Figure 13 illustrates the power of the wind turbine.
Output power of the wind turbine.
The system with proposed controller tuned by Jaya algorithm has been compared with the system with conventional fixed parameter controller, and the result is shown in Figure 14. this result supports the efficiency of the controller with Jaya optimization in dealing with frequency variation that resulted from the wind energy source.
Frequency response in case of presence of the wind energy source (…… fixed parameters controller ــــــــــ adaptive controller-based Jaya).
This chapter presents an adaptive load frequency controller in a microgrid power system. The gain of the proposed controller is tuned by optimization techniques. The system under study consists of a microgrid with a 20 MW diesel generator and 17 MW demand load. PSO and Jaya optimization algorithms have been used to tune the gain of the system controller. The system with Jaya has been compared to the system with PSO and the system with fixed controller parameters in the case of step load change. Simulation results indicated that the system with Jaya optimization can give the best performance at the moment of step load demand. In addition, the system with Jaya algorithm has been compared to the system with a conventional controller in case of frequency fluctuations resulting from a wind energy source. Digital simulations supported the superiority of the Jaya optimization method.
The authors want to thank both Professor Gaber Shabib and Dr. Mahmoud M. Hussein for their efforts to finish this chapter.
Crude oil is a type of petroleum which has not been treated yet. In general, geologists agree that over millions of years crude oil was formed out of remains of small aquatic plants and animals living in ancient seas. Brontosaurus may be cast into bits for good, but petroleum is largely owed to one-cell marine organisms. Geological history of crude oils is the one most important when its characteristics are determined; therefore, crude oils in similar marine deposits can resemble each other on different continents. However, regions characterized by different deposits of the marine environment, pressure and temperature can produce a variety of crude oil, from sweet to greenish, to black, light or heavy, waxy or not.
Water is usually found in crude oil reservoirs or injected into oil production by steam. When rising through the well and passing through the valves and pumps, water and oil can blend into relatively stable dispersions of water droplets in crude oil, usually referred to as emulsions from oil fields [1]. In combination with gas and saline-forming water, crude oil is found. As the reservoir is depleted, the amount of water produced with oil is co-produced, and the number of water supplies with crude oil is increasing steadily. The simultaneous action of shear and pressure drop on the wellhead, squash, and a valve easily emulsifies these immiscible fluids. It is produced in emulsion at 90 to 95% of the world’s crude oil. Due to economic reasons and pipeline corrosion, water in oil causes many trouble; before sending oil for processing, the water needs to be separated fully from petroleum. If a [2] system contains at least two intermixable phases, they are called dispersion. The formation of a dispersed system involves a dispersed phase and a continuous flow.
Two immiscible (unbeatable) liquids are mixed into emulsion. One (the scattered) fluid is scattered into the other (the continuous phase). Many emulsions are emulsions of oil/water, with dietary fats one common type of oil found in daily life. Emulsions tend to look cloudy as the many interfaces of the phases (the interface is called the boundary) dispersion light through the emulsion. Emulsions are unstable and therefore not spontaneously formed. Emulsions tend to return to the stable state of the emulsion-related phases over time. The kinetic stability of emulsions can be greatly increased by surface active substances (surfactants), so that emulsion does not change markedly during stocking years once formed [3]. The formation of an emulsion is undeniable during the extraction and transport of crude oil. The formation occurs when the heterogeneous mix flows into the pipe valves and porous rocks and endures turbulence at high or high temperatures. The principal reasons for improving emulsion are the existence of water surface-active agents, ionic compositions and pH [4].
Transporting and manufacturing companies do not receive emulsions because it is highly capable of producing a stable composition, unless well treated, leading to many problems, especially in the process of refining. During the extraction of crude oil, many fighting can be brought together for an inscription [5].
Formation of flow lines of high pressure drops. Increased water–oil mixture pumping and transport costs via the pumps and pipes.
Disposal of pipeline and equipment for production (due to two-phase flow and presence of chloride ions in the aqueous phase).
Corrosion and scaling escalation (due to the salt content in the formation of water).
Separator equipment tripping in gas/oil separator plants (GOSPs) that reduce the quality of crude oil exported.
Reduction of the gravity of the oil API.
Disposal of downstream catalysts for processing plants
Improvement of crude oil viscosity (due to small dispersed water drops).
The primary elements of crude oil may be divided into four: saturates, including waxes, aromatic materials, resins, and asphalt, known as SARA fractions. The raw oil is classified in a solvent according to its polarity and solubility. Demulsification is the division into oil and water of a crude oil emulsion. In distillated piers, heat exchangers and reboilers, emulsions can cause problems of corrosion and under deposits. Commercial processes include settling, heating, distillation, centrifuge, electrical processing, chemical therapy and filtration. In combination, this separation technology can be used to ensure optimal results.
Many of the oilfield researchers are concerned about the stability of crude oil emulsions, inventing various efficient and relevant techniques to cut it off. The demulsification process has grown in importance because the development of viscous emulsions of oil, water and clay complicate use of steam and caustic injections or combustion processes for in situ heavy oil recovery.
In the petroleum industry the origin of the emulsion from the oilfield reservoir has become a complex problem. Strengthening future requirements for the best petroleum quality requires impressive and intensive development efforts to improve emulsion demulsification mechanisms. According to [5] Kokal and Aramco (2005), Rough oil is seldom produced on its own. It usually is produced from water, which in the production process creates several complications. The water can produce two ways. The water may be produced as free, immediately settling water, or emulsion formation due to the presence of the water.
Three main types of emulsion that are common in the petroleum industry are the emulsions of water in oil (in which the water phase is dispersed in continuous petroleum), oil in water (in the continuous water phase) and multiple emulsions (Figure 1). Thermodynamically unstable, but also cinemically stable, these types of emulsion may last forever or even for a long time [5]. Emulsions are divided into three classes based on their kinetic stability: loose, medium and tight emulsions. They differ in their separation rates when the loose emulsions are separated in a couple of minutes and the water is occasionally discussed as free water. In 10 minutes, medium emulsions are to be separated. Tight emulsions however take longer than days, weeks or even completely separate as such to separate.
Types of emulsion.
The most significant interest was given to water-in-oil emulsions during crude oil production. These emulsions must be divided into two stages to meet the transport requirements of crude oil and must be sent to refineries. Water in oil emulsion is commonly known as regular emulsion, often called “chocolate mousse” or “mouse” while oil in waters emulsion is referred to as reverse or reverse. Some 95% of the world’s crude oil produced the emulsion water in oils. it tends to separate into the formation of water droplets throughout the continuous oil phase. During manufacturing, an adequate mixing of emulsifiers/surfactants added to the crude oil volume leads to corrosion in the pipelines and increasing transport costs and refining costs. The crude oil viscosity is one of the important parameters in transport. Droplet size distribution affects the emulsion viscosity, since the smaller the droplet size, the higher the viscosity and stability of the water-in-oil emulsions [6]. The water emulsion in oil is formed when certain raw oils are mixed with water (which has their natural salt, NaCl) and when droplets are produced of water spread through the oils. Wind or wave turbulence supplies the mixing energy required to form emulsions in the ocean.
A
The structure of several emulsions is more complicated and contains small droplets suspended in large droplets, which are continuously suspended. For example, water-in-oil-in-water emulsions include small water droplets that are suspended in larger oil droplets during a constant water period [7]. It is possible to separate multiple emulsions into two classes: water in oil and water emulsions (W/O/W), and oil in water emulsions (O/W/O). Emulsions (W/O/W) are composed of oil globules dispersed in water droplets. Meanwhile, (O/W/O) emulsions consist of water globules dispersed in oil droplets. The intermediate state of these several emulsions is when simple emulsions undergo transformations from W/O emulsions to O/W emulsions.
Demulsification is the breakdown of the emulsion into its incompatible individual phases, particularly water and oil. In petroleum industries, the demulsification process is very important, where emulsions occur almost always either naturally or consciously (man made emulsions). Before oil refining, water is to be separated from crude oil in the petrochemical industries and refineries. Emulsion breakers are currently used in large numbers as chemical additives to break the emulsion of water in oils. In terms of technology, the resistance to and response to demulsification technologies such as thermal, mechanical, electrical or chemical emulsions of a w/o emulsion mainly depends on the physico-chemical structure of the oil they are formed from, emulsification, and aging conditions. The effort and strategies for optimizing the demulsification of w/o can therefore vary from one oil field to another [8]. The emul sions must be separated into water and oil phases in several stages during the process of demulsification. Creaming and sedimenting, flocculation, eastwald ripening, coalescence are the mechanisms involved in this process which shown in Figure 2.
Process of demulsification of crude oil.
The difference in density between water and oil is responsible for both sedimentation and creaming; that is, the density of water is higher than oil. Sedimentation is an important mechanism for the demulsification of crude oil and is characterized by water droplets on the ground of the continuous oil phase of an emulsion settling. The growth of oil droplets on the water surface is instead a creaming process. Whether sedimentation or creaming takes place depends, therefore, on whether the dispersed phase is water or oil [9].
During flocculation the droplets of the water in crude oil emulsions are aggregated or flocculated together. The flocculation rate depends on a number of factors, such as the emulsion’s water content, emulsion temperature, oil viscosity, the difference in oil/water density, and the electrostatic field. [10].
Ripening of the east forest is another process that demulsifies the crude oil. Ripening in the Eastwald is the process through which the volume drops. The process takes place as soon as in the continuous phase the dispersed phase has a finite solubility, which causes drops of varying sizes to migrate. In large fractions, faster growth generally occurs because the drops are easier to swap materials. The solubility of oil in water or water in oil is low for heavy oil, which slows down growth processes. The decline of growth through Ostwald maturation plays a crucial part in stabilizing emulsions from oil into water [11].
Coalescence is a crucial step in the demulsification of crude oil and an irreversible process by which water droplets merge into or fuse into a larger process. The coalescence process often results in fewer droplets of water. The emulsion of crude oil is permanently demulsified [12]. Factors such as a high flocculation rate and lack of mechanically strong films, high interfacial tension and water cutting, low interfacial speed and high temperature are necessary for an efficient coalescence [13].
Increased temperature, centrifuge, electrical techniques, high resonance time, and chemical treatment separation increase destabilization of crude oil emulsions. The Many demulsification approaches have been found to achieve this, and numerous parameters, including the distribution of the droplet size, dosage and drainage rate, emulsion viscosity/demulsifier type and temperature [5]. The techniques like Chemical, biological, mechanical, Thermal, centrifugal, freeze/thaw, and ultrasonic membrane techniques electric and microwave demulsifications.
One of the most important techniques of water in-oil emulsification is chemical demulsification and it is widely applied in the petroleum industries. A demulsifier is a surface-active compound so that the demulsifier moves to an oil–water interface and breaks the film rigid, which causes the water droplets to coalesce. In principle, a huge quantity of surfactants can be prepared just through the manipulation of surfactants in a commercial polymer surfactant long chain by changing accepters, compounds, amounts and sequences [14]. The basic element of the chemical demulsification mechanism of any type of emulsion is the gradual replacement of demulsifiers within the water oil film and eventually causing tremendous changes to the interface viscosity and elasticity [15]. Optimal interruption of the emulsion of crude crude oil by demulsifiers requires careful selection of the chemicals for a given emulsion, an appropriate amount of the chemicals and an appropriate mix of the chemical in an emulsion which represented by Figure 3. In addition, the emulsion could be resolved completely by adding heat, electric grids and coalescers [16].
Chemical Demulsification of crude oil.
In comparison with the emulsion of heavy raw oil, the surfactant formulated was found to be more effective in demulsifying the medium raw oil emulsion. This difference was attributed to the efficiency of the surfactant because the medium crude oil contains less asphalt than heavy crude oil. In a follow-up study, [17]. Examined the effect on the demulsifying efficiency of W/O emulsions of five demulsifying agents formulated from different polymer ratios. The results showed that the efficiency of water separation increased with increased molecular weight. Calcium chloride was used in demulsifiers used for the demulsification of superheavy petroleum with cationic poly(dimethylamine co-epichlorohydrine) (PDcE) and cationic polyacrylamine (CPAM) [18]. The optimum formulation of the demulsifier with a PDcE/CaCl2/CPAM ratio of 20:600:1,2 (m/m) resulted in effective separation between heavy oil emulsions of mineral oil (98.04 per cent). Contrary to the work of Tonget et al., they have been used as demulsifying medium for the demulsification of super-heavy crude oil as a series of ionic liquids, such as trioctyl methylammonium [TOA]+]- and ammonium salt [OCD] + [Y]—. Use from [TOA] + [Y]-species of the Ionic Liquid has achieved an efficiency in water extraction of 95 percent. An ionic demulsifier at a concentration of 900 mg/L and resulted in a dewatering efficiency of 89.5 percent. Polymers, such as alkene oxides diester, ethicellul, formulated demulsifiers [19]. Variation at polymer demulsifier concentration has often led to different degrees of demulsification efficiency, and at 97.5 percent the highest demulsification effectiveness recorded with the help of a polyester-based demulsifyer within 45 minutes of the demulsification process. Likewise, a high demulsifying efficiency of 95–99.98 percent was demonstrated in magnetic chemical demulsifiers such as magnetic graphene oxides, januus magnetic submi-cron parts, oleic acid coated magnetite nanoparticles, and alginate [20]. Based on the results of the analysis of range and the relationship between the factors and oil concentration, demulsifying dosage > flocculant dosage > set time > stirring time > intensity of movement were found and optimal conditions for demulsification-flocculation were optimized successfully. The toxicity and nonbiological degradability of chemical substances can be controlled by the use of biodemulsifiers generated by micro-organisms in the water extracted during demu lsification.
A biodemulsifier has features leading to the destabilization of the crude oil emulsion. Biodemulsifiers are environmentally friendly and do not cause secondary pollution to be used. Biodemulsifiers can function effectively under extreme conditions and can be used for different constituents of complex emulsions of crude oil. In different environments the effectiveness of each bacterial isolation varies greatly from the elements of temperature, soil properties, contaminant type and amount, and the ability to demulsify.
A series of machines such as a free-water knock-out drum, a 2- and three-phase (low and high-pressure trap), desalting tanks and settlement tanks can be used for the mechanical demulsification of raw oil emulsions. When relative large goutlets are present in the emulsion of crude oil, the flow rate is usually reduced and gravitational forces are used to separate oil, water and small suspended goutlets. Usually, they are present in high volume desalters or separators over the shortest period of time. By concentrating oil traces on the separator, the velocity of the oil separation increases. Normally, when the mixture is very high, the oil in the separator is separated. The centrifuge is one of mechanical equipment rarely used for demulsification as the capital cost and capacity of the centrifuge is high. Emulsions sediment by gravity in a gravity deposition tank separate oil from water. The dispersed-phase droplets are reproached and coalesced when the emulsion is sediment. A centrifugal contactor can be combined with a gravity settling tank for efficient demulsification, as reported by Krebs et al.who studied the demulsification kinetics of an emulsion O/W model in a centrifugal field to imitate the force acting on emulsion droplets on O/ W separators. The study focused mainly on the growth rate of the separate oil stage and on the variation in the mean emulsion layer droplet diameter in terms of centric acceleration and time.
The use of temperature for petroleum emulsions is referred to in thermal treatment. Conventional hot plate is used for optimal temperature in laboratory scales. In addition to the fact that some researchers have treated the emulsion by reducing the temperature to more than a point of freezing and then gradually increasing the temperature, this is called a freeze/taw method. Paraffinic petroleum emulsions could break down faster than high asphaltene oil emulsions. The emulsion could be broken slowly, but the separation rate had increased after the addition of chemicals. In fact, the chemical demulsifiers had better be placed at 10°C for viscous emulsion while the demulsifiers should be added after heating up the emulsion for the very viscous emulsion. Emulsion formed from the residues of the distillation could also be broken with moderate heating, while diesel oil did not break up at high temperatures. The viscosity also diminishes as emulsion breaks down. Chantal et al. employed the techniques of insitu emulsion burning to treat emulsions in oil spills. Their emulsion was real emulsion from the scheme. Little samples were placed in a centrifugal bottle and cooled to frost, then thawed back to certain temperatures. The volume of water removed from the emulsion was measured by the centrifugal tube scales (sample holder). It has been found that demulsifying emulsion from water into raw oil strongly depends on certain parameters, including original water, temperature freezing, freezing period as well as temperature and speed of thawing. The optimal freezing temperature for the oil sludge taken from oil used was around −40°C [22].
The technology of electric demulsification in the industry gains wide acceptance as a technological path toward crude oil demulsification. The technological advantages include low sludge production, simple appliances and a lack of chemical agents [23]. For consumables that are in contact with crude oil emulsions during electrical demulsification, an electric current is typically applied to a dose of the in situ coagulation resulting in an in situ dose. The dose of coagulants helps to disrupt the repulsive charges of the surfactant molecule, which in turn allows oil droplets to be trapped and forms larger flowers that can be separated easily from water (Figure 4). The application of an electric field during electrical demulsification frequently leads to the polarization of droplets and drops can align in chains parallel to the field applied as a result of the interaction between the inducing dipoles. Though the method for adapting the technical to various emulsions with varying properties is considered a substitute for thermal and chemical demulsification. With the direct current fields, the demulsification rate of W/O emulsions in direct current areas increased by the water separation rate. The authors concluded that the demulsification of raw oil emulsions was based on the magnitude and type of electrode of the electric field used [24]. Although electrical derogation has succeeded in the treatment of various industrial effluents from the manufacture of paints and oilfield-produced water for different industrial processes, the focus of research is still on increasing the efficiency of the process.
Electrical Demulsification of crude oil.
The ultrasound makes it easier to clump droplets into the crude oil, thereby making the separation of oil–water phases easier. The simplicity and effectiveness of the ultrasound demulsification used on crude oil emulsions have drawn more and more attention from research. The acoustophoresis phenomenon influences the scattered droplets in an ultrasonic standing wave field during ultrasound demulsification. The variation in density and compression of the spread droplets and the continuous phase can lead to a uniform combination of the acoustic standing wave [25]. More than one study shows that ultrasound energy is used to demulsify crude oil emulsions. The effect on the efficiency of demulsification by parameters like the input of irradiation and irradiation time, temperature and injected water. The interaction among the parameters resulted in the greatest efficiency of demulsification (99.8 percent) with an optimal capacity of 57.7 W, irradiation time of 6.2 min and temperature of 100μc. A further study focused on the effect of the demulsification of crude oil emulsion by two ultrasound irradiations - primary and secondary. The results showed that irradiance of 75 W was decreased for primary radiation and 50 W was decreased for secondary irradiation at 45 s for irradiation. The use of the low-frequency ultrasound for demulsification of crude oil emulsions is becoming increasingly important. In the absence of a chemical emulsifier, [26] studied the effect of a low frequency ultrasound on demulsification from raw oil emulsions.
The membrane demulsification of emulsions of crude oil is based on a tendency to move the spreading phase into the continuing phase via a membrane. The use of membrane technology in the demulsification of crude oil emulsions is an economic and effective way to demulsify the emulsions of crude oil. Several studies on the application of membrane technology to demulsify raw oil emulsions have recently been published. The effect of membrane surface charge on crude oil demulsification and fouling resistance was investigated. For the demulsification process two membranes were used, PP-g-pDMAEMA and PP-g-pOEGMA. In water, the membranes showed positive and negative surface loads. In comparison with the use of PP-g-pOEGMA, the efficiency of demulsification increased by 15%. PP-g-pDMAEMA. The authors concluded that the positive charge for the membrane surface increased the demulsification of crude oil. The membrane damage was however exacerbated following demulsification [27]. The membrane has excellent stability because, after several applications, efficiency has not decreased visibly. A similar study, by [24] was carried out with a nylon membrane modified for the demulsification of emulsion from crude oil, as thermosponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIOAAm). A rough structure, appropriate pore size and thermal responsiveness, the fabricated membrane is able to separate 16 different types of stabilized O / O and W / O crude oil at different temperatures. The membrane was capable of separating any type of crude oil emulsion at a temperature of approximately 25 μC. In contrast, the membrane showed high hydrophobicity and superoleophilicity at a temperature of about 45 / c which can only be used for separation.
The microwave is known as the electromagnetic spectrum of 300 Mhz to 300 GHz. The electrical and magnetic properties of the microwave. Thus, the applied field induces a multi-polarization effect on the medium when projected to the material, according to the transmission, absorption and reflexing rules, depending on the medium properties. The width of the wave varies between 1 mm and 1 m according to the above frequency (300 MHz to 300 GHz). In addition to heating and scientific research, some frequencies, including mobile, radar and television communication, are for specific purposes reserved for the Federal Communications Committee. However, for industrial, scientific and medical purposes the frequency used the most frequently is 915 MHz and 2450 MHz, with 915 in this research. Due to its volumetric heating, the microwave is often preferred in material processing over its conventional counterpart. The heating mechanism in conventional heating takes place by diffusing the heating material from its surface into the bulk. While, in the case of microwave heating, a temperature gradient is almost invariant at different locations in the sample, an important other phenomenon is that a different material has various heating patterns because of the variation in the absorption capacity of the material, which in turn depends on dielectric properties (Figure 5). Emulsion was first treated by Wolf via microwave, who initially began the concept of demulsifying the microwave. The emulsion effectiveness of the microwave was shown to induce some impact on the treated emulsion as the temperature increase leads to reduced viscosity, which would increase water droplets’ mobility, which can neutralize the zeta potential of the dispersed droplets in turn, and also break the link between hydrogen and molecules of surfactant water. In addition the electromagnetic wave is expected to increase the water droplets’ internal pressure, which leads to reduced thickness of the film interface and charges of water droplets free to move toward each other, and downward by gravitational force [28]. The advantage of using microwave energy over its conventional counterpart is that the sample heats better than conventional heating, although local overheating may in some cases cause the sample to hotspots or heat flushes. Crude oil contains large numbers of components with a difference of conductivity and polarity, and the main and main charge-bearing component is asphalt [29].
Oil/ water Seperation by microwave heating.
Demulsification by chemical, biological, mechanical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, ultrasonic, and membrane technologies of crude oil emulsions is investigated. It should be noted that each of these techniques depends on its operational parameters and interplay. In addition, the use of synergistic effects by combining one or more of the techniques discussed in the present review could achieve a more effective demulsification process. The efficiency of separation and the rate of demulsification are the main factors of interest in most demulsification techniques. During processing and transport, the occurrence of crude oil emulsions has proven problematic by increasing the cost of production and the use of chemicals that affect the environment. These facts in the petroleum sector have attracted the interest of scientists who are seeking to identify scientific ways to monitor and prevent the formation of raw oil emulsion. A positive demulsification technique therefore is not only robust and applicable to various types of emulsions, it must also be respectful of the environment with minimum environmental impacts, respect for environmental standards and regulations and at lower cost. Recent literature shows that a correct understanding of the properties and types of crude oil involved in the formation or demulsification of emulsions (O/W or W/O) will help to formulate appropriate methods for demulsifying emulsions. It is apparent from the overview of recent studies that different techniques for demulsifying raw oil emulsions vary in efficiency and effectiveness. But the effect of viscosity on the demulsification process was not taken into account by most researchers. Furthermore, most of the crude oil demulsification scenarios are based on laboratory experiments. In field cases or on-site crude oil demulsification cases, there is scarce literature. Therefore, research should be aimed at proposing, at site with real operating parameters used in crude oil treatment plants in small scale or on the pilot scale,
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Jr. Lang",authors:[{id:"153090",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Lang",slug:"john-lang",fullName:"John Lang"}]},{id:"41260",doi:"10.5772/51829",title:"Experimental Models in Liver Surgery",slug:"experimental-models-in-liver-surgery",totalDownloads:3718,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"M.B. Jiménez-Castro, M. Elias-Miró, A. Casillas-Ramírez and C. Peralta",authors:[{id:"74565",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Peralta",slug:"carmen-peralta",fullName:"Carmen Peralta"}]},{id:"66928",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86148",title:"Ischemic Preconditioning Directly or Remotely Applied on the Liver to Reduce Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Resections and Transplantation",slug:"ischemic-preconditioning-directly-or-remotely-applied-on-the-liver-to-reduce-ischemia-reperfusion-in",totalDownloads:850,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures. In liver resection, I/R causes post-operative transaminasemia and liver function failure. In liver transplantation, I/R causes graft dysfunction, ranging from biochemical abnormalities to primary non-function of the transplanted organ. Ischemic preconditioning is a surgical strategy to reduce the severity of I/R and improve post-operative outcomes by prior exposure to a brief period of vascular occlusion directly to the target organ or remotely to a distant vascular bed. This chapter aims to discuss the different ischemic preconditioning strategies in both liver resection surgery and liver transplantation. In addition, we will describe the differences of such surgical strategies in both steatotic and non-steatotic livers in both preclinical experiments and clinical practice. Such information may be useful to guide the design of the effective ischemic preconditioning methods in the surgery of hepatic resections and liver transplantation.",book:{id:"7875",slug:"liver-disease-and-surgery",title:"Liver Disease and Surgery",fullTitle:"Liver Disease and Surgery"},signatures:"Maria Eugenia Cornide-Petronio, Mónica B. 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Pretto, Jr.",authors:[{id:"126448",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Pretto",slug:"ernesto-pretto",fullName:"Ernesto Pretto"},{id:"174429",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyota",middleName:null,surname:"Fukazawa",slug:"kyota-fukazawa",fullName:"Kyota Fukazawa"}]},{id:"60561",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76134",title:"Chemotherapy of Cholangiocarcinoma: Current Management and Future Directions",slug:"chemotherapy-of-cholangiocarcinoma-current-management-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:1679,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare form of gastroenterological cancer that divided into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal bile duct cancer. Approximately, 10,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in the United States, and a 5-year survival rate is below 20%. While only surgical resection can provide a cure, most of cholangiocarcinomas are detected at inoperable stage and associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, cholangiocarcinoma has a high recurrence rate, even after curative surgery. Therefore, chemotherapy has an important role in the treatment of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. International efforts by physicians and researchers are revealing genetic factors of cholangiocarcinoma progression, which will identify early diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic targets. In this chapter, current strategies of adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and palliative chemotherapy will be discussed, as well as expectant future therapeutic targets and development of individualized therapies.",book:{id:"6502",slug:"topics-in-the-surgery-of-the-biliary-tree",title:"Topics in the Surgery of the Biliary Tree",fullTitle:"Topics in the Surgery of the Biliary Tree"},signatures:"Jung Hyun Jo and Si Young Song",authors:[{id:"227236",title:"Prof.",name:"Si Young",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"si-young-song",fullName:"Si Young Song"},{id:"227245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Jo",slug:"jung-hyun-jo",fullName:"Jung Hyun Jo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8893,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"69426",title:"Management of Patients with Liver Transplantation in ICU",slug:"management-of-patients-with-liver-transplantation-in-icu",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Liver transplantation constitutes the most effective and indispensable treatment of end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Major advances in surgical techniques, anesthesiological management, postoperative care, immunosuppression, and diagnostic approach have led to increased overall survival of patients. Postoperative care poses a great challenge since detrimental occurrences that need prompt treatment may affect the graft or distant organ functionality. Adequate graft function is strongly associated with distant organ restoration and rapid patient recovery. In the ICU setting, the main focal points are hemodynamic stabilization, coagulation and electrolyte disturbances correction, respiratory support, early weaning from mechanical ventilation, and evaluation of graft functionality. It is of paramount importance to facilitate early graft recovery, recognize and promptly treat systematic complications and life-threatening sequelae, and individualize treatment protocols considering graft quality, donor’s and recipient’s health status, and potential co-morbidities. To achieve those goals, technological advancements in continuous patient monitoring, graft functionality, and its metabolic reserves must be assimilated and implemented in the ICU.",book:{id:"7875",slug:"liver-disease-and-surgery",title:"Liver Disease and Surgery",fullTitle:"Liver Disease and Surgery"},signatures:"Areti Karapanagiotou, Achillefs Pitsoulis, Maria Vasileiou and Nikolaos Voloudakis",authors:null},{id:"42584",title:"Segmental Oriented Liver Surgery",slug:"segmental-oriented-liver-surgery",totalDownloads:7474,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"O. Al-Jiffry Bilal and Khayat H. Samah",authors:[{id:"153686",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Aljiffry",slug:"bilal-aljiffry",fullName:"Bilal Aljiffry"},{id:"165264",title:"Dr.",name:"Samah",middleName:null,surname:"Khayat",slug:"samah-khayat",fullName:"Samah Khayat"}]},{id:"68250",title:"Robotic Liver Surgery",slug:"robotic-liver-surgery",totalDownloads:852,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Robotic liver surgery is an evolving specialty within liver surgery. The robotic platform allows some of the limitations in both open and laparoscopic surgery to be overcome. Indeed as the technology develops there is scope for the number of robotic liver resections to increase as well as their complexity. In this chapter we discuss the current robotic platform, review the current role of robotics in liver surgery and review the available data in the literature on patient outcome.",book:{id:"7875",slug:"liver-disease-and-surgery",title:"Liver Disease and Surgery",fullTitle:"Liver Disease and Surgery"},signatures:"Ricky Harminder Bhogal, Stephanos Pericleous and Aamir Z. Khan",authors:null},{id:"42361",title:"Essential Functional Hepatic and Biliary Anatomy for the Surgeon",slug:"essential-functional-hepatic-and-biliary-anatomy-for-the-surgeon",totalDownloads:7662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ronald S. Chamberlain",authors:[{id:"67289",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Chamberlain",slug:"ronald-chamberlain",fullName:"Ronald Chamberlain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1145",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. 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Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. 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Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. 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