Chemical composition of the goat milk.
\r\n\tIt has been established that energy/nutrient depletion, calcium flux injury, or oxidative stress disrupt endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and even induce accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, an adaptive mechanism of coordinated signaling pathways, defined unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated to return the endoplasmic reticulum to its healthy functioning state. The aging causes a decrease of the protective adaptive response of the UPR and an increase of the pro-apoptotic pathway together with endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural injury. Controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress response, maintaining the appropriate endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure and homeostasis, and retaining mitochondria interplay are crucial aspects for cellular health.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book presents a comprehensive overview of endoplasmic reticulum, including, but not limited to, endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural anatomy, MAMs, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and their implication in health and diseases. Additionally, identifying perturbations in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response could lead to early detection of age-related disease and may help develop therapeutic approaches.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-228-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-227-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-229-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",keywords:"Metabolism, Aging, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Microscopy, Metabolic Stress, Ultrastructural Anatomy, Cellular Stress, Contactology, Mitochondria, Cellular Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Response",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Human anatomy researcher involved in crucial topics on morphology, anatomy, and molecular medicine - working on innovative approaches to aging-related pathopsychological processes at the University of Brescia.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",middleName:null,surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238047/images/system/238047.jpg",biography:'Dr. Gaia Favero is a prominent scientist in the field of life sciences. She is currently engaged as a researcher for the Scientific-Disciplinary Sector BIO/16 Human Anatomy at the Anatomy and Pathophysiology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia (Italy).\r\nDr. Favero focuses on aging-related morphological dysfunctions as the prelude to various pathophysiological processes in her research programs. The central hypothesis is that natural antioxidants and, in particular, melatonin may act as molecular "switches" that modulate cells and tissues by suppressing, at various levels, oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling cascades. These research approaches represent powerful tools for developing innovative preventive strategies and identifying novel prognostic biomarkers for several diseases. The above-reported research activity determined more than 120 scientific publications and an h-index of 25.',institutionString:"University of Brescia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Brescia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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It is an ischemic stroke caused by insanity caused by blood flow, and it is a bleeding that in two different forms causes hemorrhagic stroke. Both have helped to prevent the proper functioning of brain sections [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The World Health Organization has indicated that it is known as a neurological impairment by cerebral vascular factor as a stroke in the 1970s. One of the most common types of stroke is ischemia which causes a loss of brain functions because of severe lack of blood supply [8, 9, 10, 11]. Because there are treatments that can reduce the severity of stroke symptoms if given early enough, many people now prefer the more urgent wording “stroke” or “acute ischemic stroke (AIS)” over the less urgent “brain attack” and “acute ischemic stroke” [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The headaches caused by this disease can be severe and they may cause strokes. In a stroke, symptoms might include possible partially done strokes. Problems that can arise, if an e-cigarette is not used properly, include bladder sickness and bladder dysfunction. High blood pressure of the veins is the most important risk factor on stroke. The risk of the disease falls on other risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Diagnosis is usually based on the clinical investigation and is assisted by medical imaging, such as CT or MRI scans [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. CT scans may rule out bleeding, but ischemia, which usually does not appear early in the CT scan, may not necessarily be excluded [30, 31, 32, 33]. Other tests are performed to identify risk factors and to rule out other possible causes, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests [34, 35, 36, 37]. Aspirin may be used to prevent clots from forming on the inside of the blood vessel walls. Statins may be used to prevent clots from forming within your blood vessels. For small areas of injury, clot removal may be performed. Stroke reminiscence may also be performed to create a place where the brain can begin again with stroke recovery. If your brain is injured, a surgically placed clot of another substance may be used to stop bleeding in the parts of the brain that are injured [7, 38]. Personal computer with suitable software can use to modify and custom a digital image algorithm. A personal computer can produce your own customized digital image. Digital image processing, as opposed to analog signal processing, has many advantages. The new software has characteristics that allow one to be more flexible with visually, audio and text output features. Because digital image processing can be modeled in a multidimensional way, digital images can be defined as two (or more) dimensional. In 1972, EMI Hounsfield, (a gentleman engineer) calculated subtle methods to immerse a radiolucent X-ray tube into a potable medium which was used to take images within patients’ heads (computer tomography). In order to construct a cross-section of the entirety of an image, the CT scanner is established on the basis of the anatomy of the human body. In 1975, EMI demonstrated a full body scanner with a cross-sectional scan in order to identify body parts and other people in the body. The Nobel Prize is earned by this type of research in 1979. In the 1990s, medical image processing technologies were used to control heart rates during coronary artery bypass grafts [17, 24].
These two types of strokes, Ischemic and Hemorrhagic, have different properties. They are caused by a stroke, and the damage that stroke brings to brain. Besides, the infections that cause meningitis are caused when blood vessels burst or leaks out of the body. 87% of stroke pain is due to a reduced blood supply to the brain, and the rest is due to bleeding. Some people living in ischemic areas might feel some internal bleeding. This is a cause of poor blood flow in the walls of the heart [2, 39].
Strokes that are the result of ischemic damage to the brain can be caused. In order to answer this question, one will need to weigh four different points of view:
First, a blood clot could form (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally)
Myocardial infarction [Which causes blockages to the blood vessels in the heart].
Local conditions with low levels of circulation affect other areas of the body, causing widespread blood pressure changes.
Acute Ischemic Strokes (IS) has a myriad of classifications. The most common one is Cryptogenic stroke. it comprises the usual cause for this type of stroke which makes up about 30–40 percent of all ischemic strokes. The number of IS strokes is about 1,500,000 per year. Depending on the level of symptoms, the Oxford Community stroke program (SCAP) consists of symptomatic or refractory (traumatic) strokes; these experiences are considered to be kind of those seen in severe stroke; the Mini–Mental state exam, or the McIntosh Edinburgh assessment; the total anterior circulation, or lacuna infarction; or secondary circulatory event is an integral part of the Oxford Community stroke program, therefore, the focal branch infarction, or focal ischemic attack or stroke; and the changes in mental, depending on the amount of signs and symptoms of the Oxford Community stroke program (SCAP), and the Oxford Community stroke program (SCAP); those mentioned are the “Oxford Community stroke program”, the “Oxford Community stroke program” attack! (POCI). The level of the stroke, the area of the brain affected, the symptoms and prognosis are defined by the following four groups; [24, 25] The TOAST classification (Orga Stroke Assay 10172 Acute Stroke Therapy) is dependent on clinical symptoms and the outcomes of further investigations [41, 42, 43]. Good thing is that a stroke is known to be partly caused by particular risk factors, such as thrombosis or embolism of arteriosclerosis or stroke [27, 44, 45, 46, 47].
There are two types of strokes that cause bleeding: hemorrhagic and ischemic.
It specifically affects the brain, as it has life-threatening consequences (when an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood).
Bleeding is typically seen on the outside of the brain tissue and between the arachnoid and the pia mater. Falling may cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage (the delicate innermost layer of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain).
There are different types of bleeding, one of which is ablated. There are also two primary kinds of intracranial hemorrhages, which are also called “bleeding” or “bleeding.” Included under that are two forms of “bleeding” called “hematoma,” which is a type of subdural hematoma. The “whole” of this document is worded confusingly. It says “‘hematoma” is also included under” ‘bleeding.” It should read “Also, there are two different kinds of hemorrhagic strokes…” [48, 49, 50, 51].
On the contrary, stroke symptoms often arrive without prior warning. When you see these symptoms, it’s probably not going to be long before they become noticeable. In some cases, symptoms vary in different brain areas because of an infection. This disease has more effect in larger parts of the brain, meaning that the loss of neural features will likely be more costly. In addition, there are different signs that may lead to strokes. This part of the patient may compress in the location of the bleeding, such as in intracranial bleeding. For some people who have certain types of stroke, headaches are not always associated with their stroke. For example, subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral thrombosis are strokes that sometimes cause headaches [36, 52, 53].
If it uses the main central pathways that the brain is involved with, it will work. When we look at a specific test, we can find that its one of the three pathways we use can fail.
Parkinsonism and a very tenuous facial muscles are seen.
Target specificity of
Feelings of companionship, enhancement, and calmness.
Many of the symptoms of breast cancer include intense muscle spasms, increased reflectivity and a gradual weakening of muscles due to loss of control [54].
Most of the time, symptoms on one side of the body are involved (unilateral). Since the damage to the brain is always located in another hemisphere, it affects the non-damaged side of the brain instead of the damage side. Although some signs may be caused by bumps in the legs, such as leg pain, it is absolutely clear that any serious injury can affect all of these symptoms. Therefore, to approach whether or not there is also a symptom that is not definite is difficult. To man into. Therefore, the part of the brain that is damaged by the stroke can cause deficits in the following cranial nerve functions:
There are changes in the sense of smell, taste or sight in addition to the other senses (total or partial)
The “Paranoia” side effect can cause the eyes to twitch, or tremble, as well as causing wornness or weakness in the eye muscles.
Remove, try to resist from swallowing, reduce pupil size, like escape.
A reduction in facial cranes and movement, often leading to emotional swings.
Nystagmus and balance problems can occur.
Breathing or heart rate changes occur.
The weakness of the muscles is due to the incomplete development of the right side of the heart.
A decline in the oral health (inability to stick out the tongue or move it from side to side) [55, 56, 57, 58].
This is also called aphasia (difficulty with verbal expression, hearing comprehension, reading and writing; typically involved in the field of Broca or Wernicke)
An after effect of being mentally ill (motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury)
Dyslexia is usually a problem (altered voluntary movements)
The visual field might be abnormal.
Memory impairments are common (involvement of temporal lobe)
He’s a very angry man. A madman (involvement of parietal lobe)
A naked brain, nervy, insecure, and sexually hyperactive is intense of a person (with involvement of frontal lobe)
The brain’s function may become compromised if it is dealt a moderate stroke.
If the cerebellum is busy and working well, a person will have ataxia.
When a child has a thrombosis, there is typically a plaque deposit around the blockage. Stroke may not be as serious as a heart attack, since the blood pressure may not necessarily drop like in a heart attack. It is an embolism in the heart (see below). This medication, applied to a vein, could lead to the development of a blood clot, as this may make the blood flow less freely. Both types of stroke can result in a pronounced stroke.
The internal carotid artery, like the rest of the arteries in the human body, has tighter associations with vascular disease, especially in the back and neck. Coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction, atherosclerotic disease of arteries of various kinds, and varying inflammatory diseases affecting the walls of vessels (Takayasu arteritis, g).
The small vascular thrombosis disorders consist of a few different diseases that may damage the internal workings of the body. These diseases include small, placental inside the blood flow: lipohyalinosis (a buildup of fatty hyaline in blood vessels), and a mutation [63, 64]
The reason why a stroke occurs is because a clot gets in the blood vessels. The doctor will give you some medication (a blockage of an artery). There were many blood clots found in the different vessels, with these being composed of the most of them being blood fat cells and bacterial accumulations. It is always important to be able to locate and stop the clot. Patients who have this disease may start to experience symptoms within just a couple of weeks after the symptoms appear. These symptoms can be just as intermittent as the embolus re-routes elsewhere or goes back empty. The nail used in this study may also be applicable to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) [44].
With stroke, the heart, brain, and blood vessels each need to be evaluated separately [65].
High risk candidates include patients with atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome, chronic myocardial infarction (heart attack), mitral or aortic valve disease and those with known atrial or ventricular thrombus.
Systolic impulses are completely blocked by a left ventricular aneurysm in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease history; aneurysm atrial septal. Athletes may be treated if they have: PFO and left atrial aneurysm; atrial aneurysm and/or patent aneurysm; patent foramen ovum and atrial aneurysm; left ventricular aneurysm and/or heart muscle aneurysm; left atrial aneurysm or triple atrial complex aneurysm.
If a stroke occurs on the same side of the body, it predicts that the risk of a stroke will be 1% a year. The cause of stroke in this kind of patients is past a particular form of the disease (ESUS). The subtypes of cryptogenic stroke. The first part is likely that one of the ischemic strokes will be [65, 66, 67].
When the brain is not given enough blood supply, it is called mild corto-cortical hypoperfusion. Sometimes, part of the brain is lost to various circumstances, such as a someone being concussed. Heart diseases, such as a recent heart attack, is a common health concern. This is the reason. For the purpose of. According to the studies, all areas of the brain has grown and is now much larger. However, at some point it might seem small, like compressed. Development and the brain It is a form of heart attack called water fall. When the brain is under a lot of strain, blood can cease from flowing at the pained area, and brain damage can be caused. When the brain is in a stress condition, brain activity will be reduced or stifled. The cerebral venous sinus is not only dangerous for forming clots in the brain, but also dangerous for how it raises blood pressure. This type of stroke is much more likely than any other type of stroke [22]. Strokes can occur to the brain or to the arteries because of a damage that can take place in either location. There are a number of potential causes to understand in this patient setup. The possibility of a medical condition present is the most likely to be possible cause (e.g., amphetamines or cocaine). The blood cells migrate to the ventricle in an unhealthy state. Preventing this can prevent tumor cells from becoming engorged. About a third of the ventricles are not being used by the brain. Within 30 days of an intracerebral hemorrhage, at least a 40% survival rate is possible and higher than that of other neurodegenerative diseases and subarachnoid hemorrhages (which technically may also be classified as a type of stroke [68, 69]). Heart attacks can also result from other conditions that occur, due to the heart attack itself. Most likely, cocaine is the reason behind an increase in crack use [49].
Apart from damage, this disease also has several silent strokes that can cause long-term brain damage. Tests have shown that silent strokes can sometimes lead to a disease in the future. All people who have experienced a major stroke are also susceptible to having a silent, milder stroke. The lifetime risk of having a stroke is slightly higher than the odds of getting killed during a car accident. Of the 770,000 strokes, about half of them were symptomatic strokes such as blood clots, and 11 million were strokes, hemorrhages, or MRI infarctions. Injury detection by such a system, which is so advanced, often is not noticed. Those strokes that are diagnosed as silent occur five times more often than those strokes that are fatal. When the body is working out, it is automatically producing the malodorous by-product of metabolism, the infamous lactic acid. Acidosis occurs when too much acid is produced, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the mind. Since this is an area in which the industry demonstrated great innovation, with fat in the form of ethersys which continued to cause companies to pull billions of dollars of income from emerging markets their findings were thereafter patented. They made patents filings which include the discovery of a variety of new compounds related to adenosine which leads them to prevent competitors from successfully copying the source of revenue (ATP). The part of town is referred to as simply “Mid” because it is inconveniently located. Glutamate binds to receptors to tear down the neurons. Neural ion homeostasis is usually maintained by a few rare plants. This stroke reduces the value, making it harder to chip off the paint, damaging the microscopic paint. In that case, high levels of glutamate are sequestered in the cytoplasm. The elevated levels of chemical glutamate cause calcium to enter cells. A series of chain reactions in mitochondria and lack of sufficient oxygen over time leads to a steady accumulation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. When we have finished digesting and removing cellular and extracellular material. There are several potential problems with the interior of the ship. Antioxidants are only effective in the endothelium and do NOT work in the brain itself. Free radicals are involved in cell death, but so is life. The brain is particularly sensitive to lack of blood supply [70, 71, 72, 73, 74].
The plasma membrane of damaged cells can lose its blood supply and be unable to uptake oxygen and much needed nutrients. In addition, inflammation can cause damage the overlying brain. It is capable of other possible proteolytic actions. It is possible for severe brain or head injuries to occurs due to a loss of cerebral vascular integrity, or to a case of dangerous stroke. Diseases that cause hemorrhagic strokes have causes that are still being investigated. There are many possible causes of a stroke, such as high blood pressure, aneurysm, a vascular fistula, arterial disease of the carotid artery, and an allergic reaction. When using the e-cigarette, people can have minor damage in the brain due to a lack of blood flow to the brain [61, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
MRI and CT scans are used to determine the amount of brain damage caused when a stroke occurs. The imaging methods allowed the phenomenon of occultation to be located. Scanning techniques can help identify a stroke’s subtype and identify where its source is. Doctors may also be able to perform other blood tests that can help diagnose a stroke as well. Blood tests can reveal what something is really like to another person [62].
A medical examination involves cross-referencing a person’s past medical history to their current clinical history. If there is a normal level of stroke severity, it is recommended to assign a normal level.
The case study: “Ischemic stroke” [63].
An x-ray of the chest (without contrast enhancements)
Recovery Time: (less than 10 percent within first 3 hours of symptom onset)
Specificity of positive predictive value = 96%.
On the MRI scans.
Affectivity is, well, very strong.
Specificity of objects (98%).
When it comes to diagnosing head injury in the hospital, it’s important to use.
It’s a type of MRI scan for NMA (without contrast enhancements)
The sensitivity dropped by eleven percent.
Ultrasound scans are used.
the level of sensitivity is 83 percent.
Personalization is complete.
The MRI scan is sufficient to be evaluated for a chronic stroke. However, it may also be necessary for scanning with SPECT or PET. The metabolism of PET, brain blood movement isotopes, PET, and PET neurons are reported as PET and SPECT. In the blood supply, CT scans identify mild ischemic strokes with tender detection of blight. To estimate the underlying cause of a CT test, it is possible to use many other image enhancers. Determination of the quality of these medicines is very important, depending on the prescription. The selection of the stroke response will depend heavily on the cause of the stroke. The conventional way is the following:
Doppler Ultrasound Studies (for detection or pre-brain diagnosis of carotid stenosis);
The electrocardiogram or echocardiogram (ECG) (for identification of arrhythmias and after cardiac clots may spread to brain vessels throughout the bloodstream)
Survey for the detection of abnormal rhythms of the heart.
Cerebral vasculature angiography, in which bleeding is presumed to be due to aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
Blood tests to evaluate the presence of high blood cholesterol or whether it could be a rare process, including, etc. There are abnormal tests for blood.
If hemorrhagic stroke test deficiencies are present, the CT or MRI contrast scan can identify cerebral artery deformation or any other source of bleeding or structural MRI if this does not result (for example, aneurysms). Invasive cerebral angiography may also be performed if the underlying cause of bleeding is not identified but implies access to the blood stream with the intravascular catheter, which can cause additional strokes and complications at the place of insertion, and therefore this study is reserved for certain situations [65].
The diagnosis ranges from 2 to 27 per cent of ischemic stroke cases. A stroke that has other characters is the ‘Chameleon stroke.’ Failure to diagnose people without a stroke also has the potential. One to two percent of the total is typically one to two percent of the penile bleeder that produces intracerebral bleeding through thrombosis addiction (one to two percent, less in stroke). The cost of medical treatment is helped by this superfluous treatment. However, the AHA/ASA advice suggests that further studies should delay intravenous tPA treatment [67]. African Americans, Latin Americans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders are more likely to be misrepresented for a condition other than stroke when they have a stroke. Moreover, women younger than 44 are 7 times more likely than people older than 75 years of age to have a stroke. For younger trauma sufferers, this can be the case [66]. Experimental studies in other medical centers have shown that hyperacute RMI m is hyperacute [66].
Doctors have multiple strategies and methods for identifying medical images to diagnose diseases. Cell segmentation in diseases, with the help of MATLAB, can be the easiest way for doctors to examine illnesses of the immoral tissue. Image classification in sectors with structural units is the interpretation and analysis of an image that you plan to be mutually compatible. The MI brain imaging is one of the most competitive physiques in the organism, so explaining brain segmentation is a detailed assignment of which the assistant will not work because… Biomedical imagery represents the body that consists of the soft tissue, organ, and bone structure. In such circumstances, they cannot tell whether or not this raw biomedical view of adolescent health climaxes. This means that biomedical image analysis through image handling is so critical that it is essential for medics to be conscious of special problems and of their development related to disease and growth problems. There are numerous types of medical visual sectors in MATLAB application like threshold and morphology [5, 12]. Morphological and philological methods are forms of different pictures for some brain strokes. The simplest and the most frequently identified technique in the pixel is to decide that for all pixels measured below a given point above or below intensity it would form part of a pixel. Form processing requires a morphological work. This combines two different morphological procedures, expansion, and exhaustion. With a dilate, center activation, or for the active expansion of pixel, with erosion of their neighbors is the minimum and, at a minimum, the minimum required to accommodate its neighbors. The two activities are linear as well. They are not settings of rotatable transitions which usually result in an unusual image from each of them, one after another. It’s used to prevent background defects from deepension to dilation (Opening). However, by closing small gaps [5, 6], to compensate the shape of the object, erosion dilation will also be used to fill small gaps. It becomes the U.S.’s fourth major cause of death in the United States that kills people every four min. More then00,000 people who experienced a stroke arise from respiratory complications in the brain (a bloodstream blocks) or from the spotted blood vessel. The level of brain improvement, for example, increased owing to an increase in medical malpractice. This has in many ways culminated in an appropriate medical diagnosis. However, it is not simple to correctly detect an incident. In this document we seek to articulate a conceptual process to help physicians deal with illnesses on a social basis. Skin rash was detected through image purchase selectivity. In order to evaluate brain stroke images from magnetic resonance imaging, the examiner uses the MATLAB panel (MRI).
Many scientists such as [11, 12, 35, 56, 71, 72, 73, 74] described in this paper, Diagnostic Application of Brain Image Processing and the System of Stroke Analysis, that, particularly relative to standard MRI technologies are generally used for early examination and therapy of vaccines. This study aims at using the photographic editing that can effectively measure volume strength and provide 3D evidence of damage restructuring with a sound analysis system, assisted by software technicians. Add on that. Our system envisages increased accuracy in the design and interpretation of acute stroke damage, longer calculation time and volume, and a 3D repair plan that will make doctors simpler for dealing with and better evaluating patients, as well as to treat them better. The study findings have shown that this suggested system is better efficient than the existing technique, so this system is therefore also an efficiency. The case study also illustrated through a quantified ischemic stroke study in their picture analysis that the ischemic stroke keeps it producing. This will lead to the murder of blood bacteria on the cells of the brain. Imaging of magnetic resonance scans was widely used to identify brain magnetic strokes. An independent authority is in this study which may use the image processing techniques to diagnose stroke. There are six steps in this part. In the first step, MRI images retain knowledge. Pre-processing and filtrating should be carried out on raw information. In the third time period, the acquisition of a symmetrical image is traced by Midline. The image is bifurcated in the third step. In addition, neural networks are assigned to Phase 2 during the fifth phase of Imaging quality patterns in physical texture measurements, while normal and infected cerebral physiques have been set aside for the sixth. The downside is that in the early stages they can trace strokes. The approach of a project is simple and time consuming, as well as efficient [79].
In the chapter, a process was demonstrated for segmenting medical images of a stroke. Brain stroke segmentation, including pixels and morphology, consists of several segmentation steps and is a dynamic phase. The best way of exploring the MATLAB stroke with MRI images is to use clear images with more intellectual information provided by the MRI unit. Such approaches can discover different types of strokes at different levels of the brain. Researchers hope that, through this project, physicians will be able to understand MRI stroke photos.
This research was reinforced by the Applied Medical Science College of Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, P.O box 1405, Saudi Arabia. We would like to express our gratitude toward RA (r.albaradie@mu.edu.sa) supervisor of the Stroke chair, Majmaah University and Dr. Khalid Bin Saad Al Murqrin, Rector, Majmaah University for providing the necessary support and assistance for completing this study This work was carried out under project number 38/130 Majmaah university.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The Republic of North Macedonia is a land-locked country in southeastern Europe in the Balkan Peninsula, with 850 km of frontier with five countries: Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, and Greece. The country has a surface area of 25,713 km2. Half of this area (1.26 Mio. ha) is agricultural land, out of which 560,000 ha are classified as cultivated land and 704,000 ha as permanent pastures. Mountainous forest land covers 37% of the country, and about 2% is covered by lakes. Livestock and goat farming is very important in the Polog area, in the foot of the Sharr Mountain. These areas represent a mountain chain stretching from the southern part of Kosovo and northwestern Macedonia to northeastern Albania. The Sharr Mountain represents the largest mountain massive in Macedonia and extends to these geographic coordinates, between 42°41′43″ and 42°16′34″ north latitude, as well as between 20°34′51″ and 21o16′00″. The mountain system is about 80 km long and 10–20 kilometers wide. It includes a number of high points, among which the highest peak of the Titov vrv is 2747 m, Mali Turc (2702 m), Ljuboten (2498 m), and Bistra (2641 m).
Goat breeding in Macedonia is defined by spontaneous and continuous development, and with each day, there is major concern of farmers for goat’s growth as a market that provides secure subsistence and business. The breed structure of goats in the country is based on the domestic Balkan goat with a certain representation of the Alpine breed goats, Saanen, and crossbreds of these races. The basic product obtained from goats is goat’s milk (which is commonly processed into white-brined cheese, yogurt, and kashkaval), kids, and goat meat [1]. The official restriction of goat breeding in the territory of Macedonia in 1947 resulted in disastrous consequences, which lasted for more than 40 years. The goats in the entire territory of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia were slaughtered and rapidly reduced number from 516,800 in 1947 to 47,000 in 1949 or more than 90%. However, in 1989, goat production was again allowed, and since then, the interest of the farmers in goat production has increased [2].
Pacinovski et al. [3] reported that Goat livestock industry has a century-old tradition in Macedonia due to environmental factors and a type of vegetations suitable for goat breeding; wherefore, these animals have provided subsistence of the population in the past centuries. Historically, the number of goats bred in Macedonia was around 500,000 heads, with the law for prohibited goat breeding (Law for Prohibited Goat Breeding, 1948). This law had highly significant negative role in reducing the number of goats in the Republic of Macedonia. Petrovska et al. [4] emphasized that goat breeding in Macedonia is difficult due to a number of factors such as unfavorable racial composition and fragmentation of herds, unorganized and insecure sale of milk and dairy products, shortage of labor, weak and irregular application of selective measures in the herds, and more. However, compared with past years, it can be concluded that there is spontaneous and continuous development of the husbandry industry with growing interest of farmers for goat breeding. The total number of goats the Republic Macedonia is around 80,000 with a tendency to increase.
There are six genotypes (breeds) of goats present in Macedonia in the system for identification and marking of livestock within the Food and Veterinary Agency: domestic Balkan goat, Alpine, Saanen goat, crossbreeds with Alpine, crossbreeds with Saanen goat, and genotype registered under the name of other population. According the same agency, out of the total quantity in 2011, 48% of the total number of goats are domestic Balkan goats, 5.5% are Alpine goats, 7.9% are crossbreeds with Alpine goat, 7.8% are Saanen goats, 3.4% are crossbreeds with Saanen goat, and the rest are recorded as other breeds of goats [5].
According to Pacinovski et al. [6] and the data of the Food and Veterinary Agency, the department for identification and registering of domestic animals, there are six genotypes of goats in the Republic of Macedonia: domestic Balkan goat, Alpine, Saanen, Alpine crossbreed, crossbreeds with Saanen goat, and population registered under the term of other. The most represented goat breed in the country is domestic Balkan goat, with a number of around 38378 goats, goats registered as other with a number of 21772 goats, the number of crossbreeds with Alpine is 6330, Saanen with 6256 goats, Alpine is represented with 4193 and crossbreeds with Saanen are represented with 2735 goats. Balkan goat is well adopted to the existing climate conditions in the country as well as to the existing nutritional resources especially in the hilly mountainous areas of the Republic of Macedonia, which are not suitable for other domestic animals. It is the shrubbery vegetation which is especially attractive to goats. The excellent adaptability of the breed is due to the excellent health condition of goats manifested during the whole year. Compared to the other breeds (Alpine, Saanen, and crossbreeds between the same with other breeds), Balkan goat is extremely resistant to many diseases (chronic, bacterial, etc.). They are especially resistant to emergent climate changes that affect the goat health.
Traditional cheeses represent a cultural heritage and are the result of accumulated empirical knowledge passed from generation to generation [7]. Accurate and precise milk recording is one of the most significant moments for a successful selection of milking goats. In this context, breeders are constantly making efforts to find the most suitable and cheapest methods for conducting of tests for milk. According to Pacinovski et al. [8], in Macedonia predominate extensive goat dairy industry and machine milking are not widespread throughout the country. There is much to be done about the improvement of goat farms in respect to goat breeding and comprehensive mechanization of farm routines which both increase efficiency of the farms.
Milk and cheese samples were analyzed in duplicate for moisture, fat, salt, pH, titratable acidity (as percentage of lactic acid), and total nitrogen [9]. Total nitrogen (TN) content was estimated by the Kjeldahl method using a Kjeldahl device (model DS1; Simsek Laborteknik, Ankara, Turkey) [10]. The water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) and 12% TCA-soluble nitrogen (TCA-SN) as percentage of TN and total free amino acid (FAA) of the cheeses were determined [11].
The water-insoluble fractions of the cheeses were freeze-dried and then analyzed by urea-PAGE using a Protean II XI vertical slab gel unit (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Watford, UK), and the gels were stained directly with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 dye [12, 13].
After destaining using pure water, gel slabs were digitized using a scanner (HP Scanjet software, Scanjet G4010; Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA). Scans of the electrophoretograms were used to quantify bands using densitometric software (ImageMaster TotalLab Phoretix 1D Pro software; Keel House, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK).
The caseins and peptides were determined quantitatively by integration of peak volumes and areas using the densitometer. The WSN fractions of the cheeses were also freeze-dried for determination of peptide profiles. The analysis was realized by RP-HPLC using a Shimadzu LC 20 AD Prominence HPLC system (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) [14].
Solid-phase microextraction/GC-MS analysis of volatiles. Analysis of the volatiles was performed by a static solid-phase microextraction method, using aGC-MS system (Shimadzu Corp.). The identifications were based on comparing mass spectra of unknown compounds with those in the mass spectral library of John Wiley and Sons Inc. (2005) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology/Environmental Protection Agency/National Institutes of Health (NIST/EPA/NIH 02; http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm) mass spectral library. Identifications were also confirmed by comparing retention times with reference standards when available.
A total of 33 authentic standard compounds (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) were used to confirm the identities of volatile compounds in the cheese samples. The concentrations were calculated by the comparison of the peak areas of the internal standard containing mixture of 2-methyl-3-heptanone and 2-methyl-1-pentanoic acid in methanol (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) and unknown compounds. Each compound was expressed in micrograms per 100 g of cheese.
Goat breeding is an important livestock branch, and great attention is paid to its development and industrialization in all Mediterranean countries. The composition of milk is of great importance for determining the technological properties of goat milk and for its further processing in a suitable type of cheese. According to the historiographic data, the golden period of the Macedonian livestock breeding was in the middle of the nineteenth century, when there were about 7–9 million sheep and 2 million goats in Macedonia’s borders [8].
With the adoption of the Law on Goat Breeding in 1989, the goat again began to take its place in our livestock breeding. Today’s situation of goat is heterogeneous, given the fact that the individual producers preserve 1–2 goats, but there are also those who breeds 20–30 goats, while the organized goat farms have 100 or more heads. It is estimated that in our country, there are under 100,000 goats with a major participation in the domestic Balkan goat and in a smaller proportion the Saanen, Alpine, and their half-bred [6].
Accordingly, the milk used for the production of cheese should be of a normal chemical composition in accordance with the rulebook on requirements for the quality of raw milk, quality standards for consumer milk, dairy products and the use of their names, quality and activity of starter cultures, curdling and other specific substances, and the manner of their use, the manner of additional labeling of milk and dairy products, as well as the permitted deviation of weight in relation to the declared [15]. Goat milk is often mixed with the cow or sheep’s milk and as such is offered to the dairies so that its nutritional values are not properly valuated. A certain part is processed by farmers in white goat cheese, but due to its specific taste and smell, it consumes a certain number of the population, although it has higher nutritional and therapeutic values compared with other cheeses. Goat breeding has a good perspective, given the good natural conditions, but also because of the fact that goat milk is given greater importance nowadays, especially because of its dietary and nutritional properties.
The quantities of individual ingredients affect the technological characteristics of the curd, as well as the organoleptics and the quality of the finished product [16]. The physical-chemical characteristics of the used milk for the production of the white-brined goat cheese was 3.44 ± 0.10 g/100 g for protein, 3.00 ± 0.24 g/100 g for fat, 11.99 ± 0.17 g/100 g for total solid, and 4.79 ± 0.09 g/100 g for lactose; the total microbiological counts were 5.49 ± 2.119103 log cfu/mL, and the milk total somatic cell numbers were 85 ± 0.109103 cell/mL [10]. The pH of the milk was 6.60. From the obtained analysis, the raw goat milk fulfill the conditions according to the book of rules for hygienic criteria and milk quality [15, 17]. Given that the composition of milk is highly variable and depends on numerous genetic and paragenetic factors, its comparison shows great differences with the findings of other authors (Table 1).
Characteristics | Mean ± SD (n = 30) |
---|---|
Total solids | 12.64 ± 1.240 |
Fat | 3.84 ± 0.360 |
Protein | 3.21 ± 0.034 |
Casein | 2.49 ± 0.031 |
Lactose | 4.49 ± 0.077 |
Ash | 0.75 ± 0.027 |
pH | 6.65 ± 0.056 |
Kashkaval, white-brined, and beaten cheese are the three main types of cheeses produced presently in Macedonia. The origin of beaten cheese is from the territory of Mariovo, produced in the past years on the pasture land only from ewe’s milk. According to its salty taste and its hard consistency, it is an authentic product with characteristics that is preserved even in usual situations. The production of cheese has been carried out since the time of the Ottoman Empire. The “beaten” designation is originated from the one process step of the cheese production where the cheese curd is beaten to ensure proper draining (Figure 4) [18, 19].
Cilev et al. [5] investigated the chemical composition of goat milk on three farms during the month of April, and the highest percentage of milk fat is determined in milk from a farm in Kožle (3.85%), and the lowest percentage in milk is from a farm in Ajvatovci (3.50%). In terms of protein content, the highest percentage (3.70%) is determined to a farm in Taor, and the lowest is in the farm in Ajvatovci (3.05%). The content of lactose was highest in the farm in Ajvatovci (4.71%), while the lowest is from a farm in Taor (4.43%). The highest content of fat-free dry matter was found on the farm will be displayed (8.69%), while the lowest farm is Taor (8.26%). The total dry matter in milk was also highest in the farm will be displayed (12.42%) and the lowest farm is Taor (11.85%). In terms of the content of added water, the result charter in April in all three farms was zero, which indicated its full functionality in terms of physical water added.
Brined cheeses are with high salt content, which enables their preservation even in the warm periods of the year. They are produced from sheep, goat, and buffalo milk, as well as from their combinations. During the ripening, changes in the composition and properties of the cheeses are mutually dependent on changes in the brine [20, 21, 22].
In the last few years, the increased interest of the goat’s milk products on the marketplace and the scientific community is consistent with the general trend and efforts for the production of healthy food, since the goat’s milk has been well-known for its beneficial effects on human health [23]. According to statistics in 2011, white-brined cheeses are consumed in quantities of 7.4 kg per year, followed by 2.2 kg kashkaval cheese and urda (ricotta) with 2.1 kg by member of households [24].
Sulejmani [25] reported that white-brined cheeses have a high salt content that allows them to stay in the warm periods of the year. They are produced from sheep, goats, buffalo milk, and their combinations. In the ripening, changes in the composition and properties of the cheeses are mutually dependent on changes in the brine. Most varieties in this group are stored in closed containers, but some are stored in gas-permeable containers, which affect biochemical changes that occur in the process of ripening and storage.
The milk for beaten cheese manufacture is drained through cheesecloth (not obligatory) and poured into a curdling vessel. The curdling is most often done using enzymatic rennet with the strength of 1:5000 or the rennet chymosin CHY-MAX (2080 imcv/g) at the temperature of the milk of 25–35°C. In the past, for curdling homemade rennet was used obtained from the lamb’s stomach. The curdling process lasts 30–50 min. After that the curd is submitted to processing (churning or beating) using a wooden tool. The process of churning (beating) is done in 3 series of 50 strokes (150 strokes in total), and after each series, the curd is left to “rest” for 5–10 min. In this process it may come to separation of a part of the milk fat, in which case the fat is skimmed and removed from the vessel. When the beating process ends, the curdled mass is warmed up by adding warm water to the temperature of 53–90°C, depending on the particular manner of production [27] (Figure 1).
Typical beaten cheese production with a mixture of goat milk. After Sulejmani [
Recently consumers are more aware about the relationship between their eating habits and nutritional status. Consequently, they look for foods that are added with natural products rather than synthetic chemical compounds. Currently, they have interest in maintaining good health and an excellent body figure; therefore, they have become more careful in the food they choose to consume, looking for food with a high nutritional value, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity, such as herbs, fruits, and vegetables. This is an opportunity for some local producers to manufacture cheese products with the partial or total replacement of those chemical additives by natural herbal not only because of their antioxidant but also antimicrobial properties (Figure 2).
Beaten goat milk cheese with
Antioxidant capacities of beaten goat cheeses, of 7 and 20 days ripened cheese (matured cheese), were higher than beaten cheese without plants (Sulejmani and Hayaloglu, unpublished data). Therefore, it could be hypothesized that consumption of matured white cow cheese could notably contribute to the body’s antioxidant defense and prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress. However, further research is needed to elucidate the role of herbs in the antimicrobial and anticancer protective functions in human.
Red oregano has reddish flowers and a pleasant smell. The flowers are full of nectar and are always frequented by bees. It is aromatic and spicy medicinal plants. The excellent ethereal oil is extracted from this. From 100 kg of dry matter, 2–2.25 kg of ethereal oil is extracted. Oregano on leaves and flowers contains etheric oils in various quantities consisting of a series of special value components. Essential oil (maximum 4%) may contain variable amounts of phenol, carvacrol, and timol. In addition, there are variants of monoterpenes, hydrocarbons (limonene, terpene, ocimene, caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, and ρ-cymene) as well as alcoholic monoterpene (linalool 4-terpineol). It has important properties, as antioxidants, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory and, recently, as anticancer. Oregano possesses powerful properties like antioxidants comparable to those of ascorbic acid and vitamin E. Carvacrols, thymol, and rosemary acids are the main components of essential oil. Known as a food supplements, carvacrol is a potent and bacteriostatic useful against mold and bacteria.
The influence of different heat treatments on goat milk was studied in detail [16]. Multiple analyses confirmed that the heat treatment of goat milk delays the initial coagulation and syneresis, and it improves the retention of dry matter, fat, and proteins. Therefore, on the basis of this finding, technological approaches of white-brined cheese were developed (Figure 3). The characteristic ability of goat milk proteins to retain water; the specific structure and the rheological properties of the cheese curd enable optimal regulation of the fermentation process of cheese and its salting. Traditionally, this type of cheese has been produced by local farmers on a small scale for decades using raw milk, and traditional techniques handed down from generation to generation using only elementary equipment. Instead of using a commercial starter culture, artisan cheese makers relies on the indigenous natural present microorganisms in the raw non-pasteurized milk and adventitious contaminants from the soil, equipment, surfaces, and the environment in general.
Schematic illustration of white-brined cheese making [
Schematic illustration of industrial (1) and traditional (2) beaten cheese production using goat/ewes milk combination [
Sulejmani and Hayaloglu [18] investigated the use of raw and pasteurized goat milk in the production of Macedonian white cheese. Milk was collected from a certified organic farm from a Saanen goat’s herd of a Novacani village (Veles, Macedonia). Two batches of cheeses from pasteurized (80°C for 2 min) (GP) and raw (GR) goat milk were produced traditionally using artisanal protocols. Goat milk coagulation was attained with commercial enzyme (1 g/100 per L milk) with a stated power of coagulating from 2235 IMCU/g (Chr. Hansen, Powder Extract CHY-MAX, Hørsholm, Denmark). The milk was coagulated at 32°C for 45 and 120 min for GR and GP cheeses, respectively. The coagulum was cut to medium-size (1–2 cm) grains. After whey removal by pressing, cheeses with block form weighing 0.5–1.0 kg were pressed for 4 and 8 h for GR or GP cheeses, respectively. At last, both cheeses were ripened in brine (15% w/v at 4°C) for 120 days.
The chemical composition of white-brined goat cheese made from pasteurized (GP) or raw (GR) milk at the first day was as follows: pH, 5.25 and 6.27; fat-in-dry matter, 37.86% (w/w) and 43.36% (w/w); dry matter, 32.60% (w/ w) and 33.00% (w/w); fat, 12.38% (w/w) and 14.25% (w/ w); and salt, 2.02% (w/w) and 2.73% (w/w), respectively. The use of pasteurization significantly affected the total solid, fat, moisture, and fat-in-dry matter contents of the cheeses (P < 0.05). The white cheese chemical composition was in compliance with the official bulletin [15]. Higher cheese pH levels were found in the cheeses made from raw milk (GR) compared with pasteurized milk (GP) (
The values of WSN and 12% TCA-SN (expressed as percentage of TN) of both white goat cheeses are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The quantity of WSN and TCA-SN in the cheeses increased during ripening (until 60 days); however, after that, the increase was not intense during the end of ripening. After 60 days of ripening, GR cheeses had higher quantity of WSN than GP cheeses; also the highest TCA values were recorded at day 60 of ripening and then declined again. However, the quantities of WSN were higher in GR cheeses than in GP cheeses (
Parameters | Cheeses | Ripening time (days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 60 | 120 | ||
Total | GR | 10.19 ± 0.95bA | 8.43 ± 0.04aA | 9.59 ± 0.79abA |
Protein | GP | 10.13 ± 0.94aA | 9.90 ± 0.42aB | 10.88 ± 0.20aB |
WSN-SN | GR | 7.74 ± 1.01aA | 8.64 ± 0.37aB | 7.31 ± 1.02aB |
(% of TN) | GP | 5.82 ± 0.37bA | 6.22 ± 1.58bA | 2.93 ± 0.37aB |
TCA-SN | GR | 2.44 ± 0.65aA | 3.05 ± 0.02aB | 2.92 ± 0.46aB |
(% of TN) | GP | 1.71 ± 0.24abA | 2.39 ± 0.52bA | 1.44 ± 0.21aA |
TFAA | GR | 0.41 ± 0.00eB | 0.30 ± 0.01aA | 0.44 ± 0.02dB |
mg Leu/g | GP | 0.35 ± 0.00cA | 0.30 ± 0.00bA | 0.39 ± 0.01dA |
Chemical parameters during ripening in raw (GR) and pasteurized (GP) white-brined goat cheeses.
SD, standard deviation; TFAA, total free amino acid; DM, dry matter; WSN, water-soluble nitrogen. TN, total nitrogen; TCA, 12% trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen. a, dMeans ± SD within a row and A–BMeans ± SD within a column with no common superscript capital letters differ (
Kumanovo | Radovish | |
---|---|---|
pH | 5.01 ± 0.01 | 5.43 ± 0.05 |
% Lactic acid | 1.73 ± 0.10 | 4.45 ± 0.13 |
Dry matter, % | 68.43 ± 0.11 | 57.34 ± 0.21 |
Moisture, % | 31.57 ± 0.11 | 42.67 ± 0.21 |
Fat, % | 29.63 ± 0.25 | 26.00 ± 0.41 |
Fat(dm), % | 43.29 ± 0.35 | 45.35 ± 0.84 |
Salt, % | 4.11 ± 0.07 | 8.18 ± 0.38 |
Proteins, % | 32.81 ± 1.09 | 21.32 ± 0.69 |
TN(g100 g−1 cheese) | 5.15 ± 0.17 | 3.34 ± 0.11 |
WSN (% TN) | 10.34 ± 1.06 | 32.76 ± 0.95 |
TCA-N (% TN) | 6.37 ± 0.70 | 4.60 ± 0.04 |
TFAA(mgLeu/g) | 3.18 ± 0.56 | 3.72 ± 0.13 |
Physical-chemical parameters of mixed goat/ewes milk cheese from different geographical locations.
Adapted from Sulejmani et al. [31]
Most brine cheeses are dry-salted and are ripened and stored in brine, and the salting method is the basic difference in terms of varieties of cheeses. Traditionally, they are produced from sheep, cow, goat, or mixed raw milk [29, 30].
At the beginning the ripening of white-brined goat cheese, as1-CN (f24–199) and c2-casein were produced, indicating high activity of chymosin and plasmin. However, it can be seen that b-casein reduction rate was smaller than as1-casein that of during ripening (Figure 5). After 60 days of ripening in the GR cheeses, the band corresponding to as1-I-casein (as1-CN f102–191) was present in all electrophoretograms of the samples, as a result of hydrolysis of as1- casein. A reduction of as1- and b-casein was obviously faster in the GR cheeses than in the GP cheeses, probably due to the native microorganisms and indigenous milk enzymes. Significantly inactivated indigenous and milk proteinases indicates on great impact that had pasteurization [30].
(Left) Urea-PAGE of the water-insoluble fractions of white goat milk cheeses made using raw (GR) or pasteurized (GP) method during 120 days of ripening (right) (with permission from John Wiley and Sons) [
As it is obviously shown in Figure 5, the hydrolysis of as1-casein was faster in the GR cheeses during ripening obviously as a result of the higher activity of indigenous proteinases in the curd, which is exactly associated with the heat degree of the milk heat.
Some differences were observed during ripening for the fractions of peptides, which were eluted in the GR cheeses at higher quantity at the end of ripening than the beginning of ripening. Common peaks were evident in the 30 and 60 days of ripening in all of the chromatograms, with an increase in concentration of peptides during ripening, which were mainly eluted between the 56th and 76th min. In the chromatogram, between 64 and 74 min, the peak heights in the cheeses were generally much higher than in other cheese samples until the 120th day of ripening (Figure 6).
Reverse-phase HPLC profiles of the water-soluble fraction of white goat milk cheeses made using raw milk during 120 days of ripening [
The analysis of free amino acids in white-brined goat cheese confirmed the presence of all amino acids except tyrosine (Table 4). The quantity of free amino acids is low because of particular process of fermentation. Due to the high concentration of salt and low ripening temperature of white brine, the participation of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in ripening is minimal, and this cheese is defined by a weaker breakdown of paracasein.
Free amino acids mg % | Ripening | |
---|---|---|
Day 15 | Day 60 | |
Lysine | 16.2 ± 0.31 | 33.11 ± 0.41 |
Histidine | 2.2 ± 0.13 | 16.12 ± 0.71 |
Arginin | 2.7 ± 0.71 | 4.85 ± 0.27 |
Threonine | 2.60 ± 0.78 | 3.71 ± 0.62 |
Valin | 11.78 ± 0.61 | 14.80 ± 0.16 |
Metionin | 6.11 ± 0.43 | 8.71 ± 0.62 |
Isoleucin | 3.21 ± 0.62 | 4.52 ± 0.27 |
Leucine | 11.72 ± 0.31 | 21.57 ± 0.36 |
Phenylalanine | 4.11 ± 0.62 | 15.61 ± 0.31 |
Asparagin acid | 3.8 ± 0.11 | 9.11 ± 0.37 |
Serin | 6.10 ± 0.18 | 12.11 ± 0.38 |
Glutamic acid | 6.70 ± 0.79 | 9.28 ± 0.65 |
Proline | 1.50 ± 0.28 | 3.61 ± 0.33 |
Glycine | — | 6.63 ± 0.58 |
Alanin | 3.31 ± 0.41 | 4.11 ± 0.43 |
Cistin | 4.81 ± 0.11 | 7.51 ± 0.38 |
Tirozin | — | — |
The volatile components of white-brined goat cheeses have not previously been studied. They consisted of 12 acids, 14 esters, 6 ketones, 3 alcohols, 4 terpenes, and 6 miscellaneous compounds (Table 2). Acids, alcohols, and ketones constituted the principal chemical groups during ripening (mean volatile concentration of 51, 16, and 12% w/w of total compounds, respectively). The raw goat milk (GR) cheeses were by a higher quantity (78%) of total volatile compounds than the pasteurized goat milk (GP) cheeses, during ripening. Compared with day 1, a significant decrease in the total quantity of volatile compounds (except ketones and alcohols) was found after 120 days of ripening. Carboxylic acids are the principal volatile class in Macedonian white goat cheese (with 51% of total volatile compounds). The raw goat milk (GR) cheeses were characterized by higher quantity (86%) of total acids than the pasteurized goat milk (GP) cheeses during ripening. Milk heat treatment significantly (
Caproic acid is a product of lipolysis, which significantly contributes to the smell of goat cheese [33]. Karagul et al. [34] explored the level of proteolysis in “Ezine” cheese, produced from a mixture of goat milk(40%), sheep’s milk (45–55%), and cow’s milk (up to 15%) without starter culture, during 8 months ripening. Urea-PAGE assay confirmed that αs-casein decomposes very quickly, while the β-casein degradations are almost constant. Differences in the rate of degradation are associated with pH and salt content [35].
Flavor is the main properties that influence the selection and consumption of cheeses. The effect of fatty acids on the sensory properties of different types of goat milk cheese is essential. The concentration of butyric acid is increased during the ripening of cheeses mainly higher of 50% from the total concentration in the beginning of its production (mozarella 66.35%, white-brined 74.58%, and pecorino 51.28%) [9]. The reason for the lower degree of formation of butyric acid during ripening and especially at the end of ripening of the cheeses is assumed to be the lack of a free substrate for conversion into fatty acids by way of lipolysis or reduction of enzyme activity due to the change in the microstructure of the cheeses.
At the first day of ripening in the raw goat milk cheeses (GR), acetic acid was identified at a higher concentration. Alcohols are the second most significant volatiles (16%) isolated in Macedonian goat cheese. At the end of ripening, the concentration of alcohols decreased to 40%, while after 60 days of ripening their quantity was 50%. The total esters were at higher quantity (98%) in raw goat milk (GR) cheeses than pasteurized goat milk (GP) cheeses during ripening. At the 60th day of ripening, a very high quantity of 3-methyl-1-butanol was found in the GR cheeses (Table 5). Heat treatment of the curd did not affect branched alcohols (except 2-ethyl-1-hexanol). 2-Propanone and 2-heptanone were the most abundant ketones among total of six ketones representing 54% and 13% of the total quantity of ketones, respectively. Higher quantity (77%) of total esters was characterized in the raw goat milk (GR) cheeses rather than the pasteurized goat milk (GP) cheeses during ripening. Because of particular odors and low perception thresholds, ester is very significant compounds in dairy products [36]. 2-Propanone and 2-heptanone were predominant ketones among six ketones that were identified in the Macedonian white goat cheeses.
Compounds | RI | Day 1 | Day 60 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GP | GR | GP | GR | |||
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid | 8186 | 0.28 ± 0.40 | 101.04 ± 12.89 | ND | ND | NS |
2-Ethylbutanoic acid | 20,383 | 59.36 ± 8.95 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Isobutyric acid | 26,446 | ND | 13.75 ± 9.44 | ND | ND | NS |
Butanoic acid | 28,317 | ND | 79.65 ± 12.64 | 47.89 ± 6.72 | 18.27 ± 9.73 | NS |
Pentanoic acid | 28,405 | ND | 8.18 ± 1.57 | ND | ND | NS |
3-Methyl, butanoic acid | 29,400 | ND | 1.35 ± 1.1 | 32.01 ± 3.64 | 16.19 ± 9.84 | NS |
Hexanoic acid | 33,722 | ND | 182.58 ± 19.81 | 46.86 ± 6.91 | 260.64 ± 127.86 | * |
Acetic acid | 37,692 | ND | 5.28 ± 7.47 | ND | ND | NS |
Octanoic acid | 38,524 | ND | 112.40 ± 18.96 | ND | 180.47 ± 174.55 | * |
Isobutyric acid | 41,235 | ND | 11.13 ± 1.74 | ND | ND | NS |
Decanoic acid | 42,882 | ND | 45.36 ± 6.14 | ND | ND | NS |
2-Ethyl, caproic acid | 45,717 | ND | 17.62 ± 13.39 | ND | 10.68 ± 5.10 | NS |
2-Propanone | 6352 | 18.19 ± 3.11 | 64.82 ± 37.66 | 12.82 ± 5.71 | 51.55 ± 33.87 | * |
2-Butanone | 7706 | 1.68 ± 0.49 | 4.23 ± 1.21 | 3.89 ± 0.26 | 3.76 ± 1.24 | NS |
2-Pentanone | 9446 | 3.40 ± 2.46 | 7.22 ± 4.97 | 6.65 ± 1.36 | 8.65 ± 3.60 | * |
2-Heptanone | 15,472 | 1.93 ± 2.16 | 3.48 ± 3.12 | ND | 19.87 ± 7.07 | NS |
2-Octanone | 15,501 | ND | ND | 0.98 ± 0.39 | ND | NS |
2-Nonanone | 21,938 | ND | ND | ND | 8.38 ± 7.24 | NS |
Methyl acetate | 6521 | 3.35 ± 1.90 | 9.12 ± 1.90 | 3.17 ± 1.58 | 6.51 ± 1.12 | * |
Ethyl acetate | 7447 | 19.43 ± 14.40 | 2.14 ± 3.03 | 2.24 ± 1.88 | 6.18 ± 6.79 | NS |
Methyl propanoate | 7823 | 1.86 ± 0.86 | 4.56 ± 0.58 | 2.30 ± 1.69 | 3.71 ± 0.21 | NS |
Methyl butyrate | 9645 | 2.28 ± 0.69 | 12.98 ± 5.42 | 3.69 ± 4.12 | 14.19 ± 6.39 | * |
Methyl carbonate | 9785 | 0.15 ± 0.21 | 2.70 ± 0.18 | ND | ND | NS |
Ethyl butyrate | 11,035 | 1.65 ± 2.34 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
n-Butyl acetate | 12,024 | 1.04 ± 1.47 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Isoamyl acetate | 13,535 | 1.59 ± 2.24 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Methyl caproate | 15,544 | 0.34 ± 0.49 | 2.56 ± 3.63 | ND | ND | NS |
Ethyl heptanoate | 15,973 | ND | 23.29 ± 32.93 | ND | ND | NS |
Isoamyl acetoacetate | 16,141 | 0.72 ± 1.02 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Ethyl n-caproate | 17,021 | 0.17 ± 0.25 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Dimethyl phthalate | 24,779 | 1.74 ± 2.46 | 3.16 ± 4.47 | ND | ND | NS |
Diethyl phthalate | 45,468 | 1.77 ± 1.18 | 25.06 ± 26.41 | 1.25 ± 1.77 | 1.11 ± 1.56 | NS |
dl-Limonene | 15,942 | 54.96 ± 7.07 | ND | 109.79 ± 31.99 | ND | * |
Cymene <para-> | 18,287 | 1.80 ± 2.54 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Alph.-thujene | 14,771 | 0.10 ± 0.14 | ND | ND | ND | NS |
Alpha-pinene | 10,644 | 15.61 ± 10.93 | 14.80 ± 6.62 | 49.14 ± 30.44 | 6.66 ± 0.37 | NS |
Ethanol | 8302 | 1.79 ± 0.05 | 3.85 ± 5.44 | ND | 1.70 ± 1.10 | NS |
3-methyl, 1-butanol | 16,117 | 1.06 ± 1.50 | 49.01 ± 5.25 | ND | 233.12 ± 155.11 | * |
1-Pentanol | 17,429 | ND | 2.66 ± 0.24 | ND | ND | NS |
Pentane | 4767 | 0.24 ± 0.34 | 6.08 ± 8.60 | 5.49 ± 4.21 | ND | NS |
Hexane | 4905 | 7.67 ± 3.73 | 2.33 ± 0.31 | 4.56 ± 1.43 | 3.34 ± 2.89 | NS |
Dimethyl sulfide | 5742 | ND | 6.56 ± 9.28 | 3.44 ± 3.20 | ND | NS |
Methylamine-D2 | 7583 | 1.22 ± 1.72 | 6.76 ± 0.88 | 9.96 ± 4.63 | 8.05 ± 4.23 | NS |
2-Methylbutanal | 7976 | 0.48 ± 0.43 | 4.90 ± 4.14 | ND | 2.96 ± 3.21 | * |
3-Methylbutanal | 8064 | 4.10 ± 3.57 | 35.28 ± 12.13 | 3.94 ± 1.56 | 29.09 ± 30.27 | ** |
NS |
Mean values ± SD of volatile compounds identified in pasteurized (GP) and raw (GR) white goat’s milk cheeses after 1 and 60 days of ripening (μg/100 g).
Mean data for three batches of pasteurized (GP) and raw (GR) goat cheese analyzed in triplicate. RI, retention index; ND, not identified; NS, not significant; P, probability. P age is probability for ripening period (i.e., 1, 60, or 120 days), P type is probability for cheese type (i.e., GP or GR) [10].
Adapted from Sulejmani and Hayaloglu, 2017
Five different acids that were identified in the Goat beaten cheese from Kumanovo region with concentration of 13347.2 μg 100 g−1 were reported. Six different acids were identified in the goat beaten cheese from the Radoviš region, and their concentration were 13773.8 μg 100 g−1, respectively [31]. Hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids were responsible for the characteristic aroma of goat cheeses, and their contribution to the volatile profile of beaten cheeses has been shown in this study as well, giving rise to the trivial terms caproic, caprylic, and capric acids, respectively. In addition 2-heptanone was identified at highest concentration in Kumanovo beaten cheese than other regions (Figure 7). Also 2-octanone, 8-nonen-2-one, and 2-nonanone were rarely found in cheeses from other regions.
GC-MS chromatogram of volatiles compounds identified form goat beaten cheese [
Heptanol is determined in highest amount in the beaten cheese with goat milk from the northeast region and has been identified as a key aromatic flavor- component in gorgonzola and grana padano cheese [37]. Curioni and Bosset [38] reported a high concetration of heptanols as well as in semihard varieties of Spanish cheese from goat’s milk.
The breeding of the goats in the Republic of Macedonia has a mark of tradition, namely, because of appropriate grazing conditions. This is very economical, because the entire diet is reduced to a grazing with less extra feed in the form of concentrate and minerals. Also Macedonia has real possibilities for transformation of many extensive goat farms into an organic farm. In addition, it creates additional opportunities for the outlay on the markets in the EU, for which the organic production year-by-year increases. Macedonian goat cheeses are being differentiated by their strong bounds with the territory of their origin, and so they represent a historical and cultural designation of the community which they are produced by. Production of these cheeses is in limited geographical areas with use of know-how techniques transferred from generation to generation and use of milk that has undergone no treatment after milking. Goat milk can be successfully used to produce various cheeses because cheese is characterized by a specific lactic acidic taste and aroma, a good degree of protein breakdown. Lactic acid processes and changes in moisture content take place more evenly during ripening than cow cheeses. From milking to the end of ripening process, this type of cheeses is passing through different surroundings where a variety of microorganisms have an opportunity to grow and develop. The research that has been conducted has shown that traditional made cheeses have unique benefits in terms of palatable pleasure, richness, and diversity as well as protection against pathogens. Undoubtedly their properties have been achieved due to the presence of unique indigenous microbiota especially because of the use of raw milk, combined with specific skills that give their general characteristic properties and quality. In order to understand the situation of traditional milk processing and utilization in this part of the state, one should recall that milk production has an obvious seasonality related to climatic conditions and most of these products are homemade following neither standardized conditions nor proper hygiene standards. Careful attention must be paid to hygiene in order to produce milk of high bacteriological quality. However, despite all precautions, it is impossible to completely exclude bacteria from milk. Therefore, good hygiene is particularly important in producing especially fresh ripened cheeses. So prevention of contamination of the milk and meticulous attention to good hygiene during cheese production and ripening will reduce the incidence of pathogens; therefore, good acid-produced cheese during proper ripening is also helpful.
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Its first known use in rehabilitation published by Max North named as “Virtual Environments and Psychological Disorders” (1994). Virtual reality uses special programmed computers, visual devices and artificial environments for the clients’ rehabilitation. Throughout technological improvements, virtual reality devices changed from therapeutic gloves to augmented reality environments. Virtual reality was being used in different rehabilitation professions such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, psychology and so on. In spite of common virtual reality approach of different professions, each profession aims different outcomes in rehabilitation. Virtual reality in occupational therapy generally focuses on hand and upper extremity functioning, cognitive rehabilitation, mental disorders, etc. Positive effects of virtual reality were mentioned in different studies, which are higher motivation than non‐simulated environments, active participation of the participants, supporting motor learning, fun environment and risk‐free environment. Additionally, virtual reality was told to be used as assessment. 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Focusing on school periods, this section outlines the development of the basic components of EF—inhibition, working memory, and attention. Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluations show that despite the emergence of EF in the first few years of life, it continues to grow significantly in childhood and adolescence. The components vary slightly according to their developmental sequence. The chapter links findings to long-standing developmental issues (i.e. developmental sequences and processes) and suggests the necessary research to establish a developmental framework covering early childhood throughout adolescence.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek",authors:[{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"55024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68463",title:"Occupational Therapy in Oncology and Palliative Care",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-oncology-and-palliative-care",totalDownloads:2621,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cancer is a chronic disease that may occur in both children and adults. Occupational therapy focuses on the activity limitations and participation problems in their life. Oncology rehabilitation involves in helping an individual with cancer to regain maximum physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and vocational functioning with the limits up to disease and its treatments in an interdisciplinary team concept. These treatment options are associated with the risk of some side effects, including fatigue, pain, cognitive problems, decrease in bone density and muscle endurance, weight loss, and stress- or anxiety-related psychosocial problems. Occupational therapy approaches are a holistic view in a client center and use training in activities of daily living, assistive technology, education of energy conservation techniques, and management of treatment-related problems, such as pain, fatigue, and nausea. In palliative and hospice care, occupational therapists support clients with cancer by minimizing the secondary symptoms related to cancer and its treatments. At the end of life, occupational therapy offers to identify the roles and activities that are meaningful and purposeful to the client with cancer and try to determine the barriers that limit their performance. Clients with cancer who have childhood cancer or adult cancer can face problems about body structure and functions, activity, and participation, which may limit their participation to their daily life.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Sedef Şahin, Semin Akel and Meral Zarif",authors:[{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"183078",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu Semin",middleName:null,surname:"Akel",slug:"burcu-semin-akel",fullName:"Burcu Semin Akel"},{id:"198859",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Zarif",slug:"meral-zarif",fullName:"Meral Zarif"}]},{id:"56049",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69101",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2770,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Participation in society is an area of interest to both clinicians and population researchers. Measurement of participation is therefore important, yet differences in definition, in terms of both content and scope, have made general agreement on one instrument tool elusive. What is recognized is the need for a theoretically based tool that captures both the insider and the outsider perspective. The outsider perspective, inclusive of the generally held views of a society, supports the utility for aggregating population data, whereas the insider perspective provides the internally held views of an individual needed for client-centered treatment planning. The Role Checklist Version 3 modifies one of the most commonly used assessment tools in occupational therapy practice, has good preliminary psychometric properties, and is theoretically consistent with both the ICF and the Model of Human Occupation. The Model of Human Occupation is the most widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical development, empirical testing, and implications for use of this participation measure by occupational therapists along with implications for population researchers.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Perron"},{id:"208803",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruff",slug:"emily-g.-ruff",fullName:"Emily G. Ruff"},{id:"208804",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Smiley",slug:"jessica-l.-smiley",fullName:"Jessica L. Smiley"}]},{id:"69611",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89596",title:"What to Expect: Medical Quality Outcomes and Achievements of a Multidisciplinary Inpatient Musculoskeletal System Rehabilitation",slug:"what-to-expect-medical-quality-outcomes-and-achievements-of-a-multidisciplinary-inpatient-musculoske",totalDownloads:714,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The incidence of chronic diseases is rising. Rehabilitation plays a vital role in preventing and minimizing the functional limitations associated with chronic conditions and aging. Routine outcome measures include disease-specific and unspecific general health parameters. This study evaluates indicators for medical quality outcomes from 10,373 patients (61.00 ± 13.65 years, 51.7% women) who have undergone orthopedic rehabilitation for three weeks. Inpatient rehabilitation reduces lifestyle-related risk factors, optimizes organ functioning and improves the well-being in the majority of patients (81.3%; SMD = 0.52 ± 0.38). Improvements of unspecific and indication specific outcome parameters can be observed in a comparable magnitude. However, disease specific and unspecific health factors are not directly related to each other (r = 0.19). Age, gender, ICD-classification and time of rehabilitation have an influence on initial values and on indication-specific medical outcomes but are insignificant with regards to improvements in unspecific medical outcome parameters. Inpatient rehabilitation includes two main pathways of medical practice, which can be clearly distinguished in terms of their therapeutic outcome. There are general health interventions, such as lifestyle modifications, diet and physical exercise, and symptom-specific treatments. So multidisciplinary medical rehabilitation improves general well-being and physical functioning as well as reduces risk factors in the majority of patients.",book:{id:"7543",slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Vincent Grote, Alexandra Unger, Henry Puff and Elke Böttcher",authors:[{id:"308501",title:"M.D.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Puff",slug:"henry-puff",fullName:"Henry Puff"},{id:"308502",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Grote",slug:"vincent-grote",fullName:"Vincent Grote"},{id:"309934",title:"Dr.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Böttcher",slug:"elke-bottcher",fullName:"Elke Böttcher"},{id:"310535",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Unger",slug:"alexandra-unger",fullName:"Alexandra Unger"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55080",title:"Life Skills in Occupational Therapy",slug:"life-skills-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:5961,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Occupational therapy is a health profession that uses the purposeful activities to achieve multiple and complex rehabilitation aims. The main goals of the occupational therapy are to support the reintegration of individuals in daily living skills as well as to increase their independence and autonomy. Interventions of occupational therapists have primarily focused on self-care, productivity, and leisure time activities. Since the life skills includes a wide range of abilities that enable a person to perform personal care and more complicated tasks such as traveling, shopping, community participation etc., occupational therapists provide life skills training programs to meet the needs of the clients. This chapter aims to contribute to the current understanding and practices of life skills from an occupational therapy perspective. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of the importance of life skills in occupational therapy. After this introduction, the first part takes a look at the definition of life skills and identifies core components of life skills. The second part describes assessment and interventions of life skills. The third one gives an overview about school life skills programs for children and adolescents. Finally, the last part explains some life skills programs in people with disadvantages.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Hatice Abaoğlu, Özge Buket Cesim, Sinem Kars and Zeynep Çelik",authors:[{id:"197551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",middleName:null,surname:"Abaoğlu",slug:"hatice-abaoglu",fullName:"Hatice Abaoğlu"},{id:"205199",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Kars",slug:"sinem-kars",fullName:"Sinem Kars"},{id:"205200",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",slug:"zeynep-celik",fullName:"Zeynep Celik"},{id:"205203",title:"Ms.",name:"Özge Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Cesim",slug:"ozge-buket-cesim",fullName:"Özge Buket Cesim"}]},{id:"62493",title:"Occupational Therapy in Forensic Settings",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-forensic-settings",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"It is necessary for a person to comply with the expectations of society and the rules of law to which these expectations are secured. Offenders turn back to the community after the penalty was executed by isolating from society and some occupations. An occupational imbalance is seen in the individuals, during this penalty period and afterward, because of limited occupational participation. As an occupational being, this affects their physical, mental and psychological well-being. Imprisonment is an important practice in criminal law to punish criminals. This may be necessary for the protection of society from criminals, but successful integration into a community after exiting the prison is the most important factor in preventing recidivism. Occupational therapy focuses on health and well-being by using meaningful and purposeful occupations. Occupation involves any activity that people perform or participate in, such as giving care to themselves or others, working, learning, playing games, and interacting with others. From this perspective, the role of occupational therapists in forensic settings is to determine the abilities of these individuals to congregate their deprived freedoms and use them to train them for an independent and autonomous life; to provide a professional orientation, career counseling, and self-esteem; to gain some habits for physical, spiritual and moral life and to reinforce.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Esma Ozkan, Sümeyye Belhan, Mahmut Yaran and Meral Zarif",authors:null},{id:"70122",title:"Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation: Effectiveness Approaches and New Perspectives",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-rehabilitation-effectiveness-approaches-and-new-perspectives",totalDownloads:1969,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Parkinson’s disease has been considered one of the most important and common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. Its motor and nonmotor signs determine a huge functional loss, leading the individuals to lose their independence. Although the treatment requires a pharmacological approach, physical therapy has confirmed its importance in this process. Today, neurorehabilitation is indispensable to increase many of the cardinal signs of the disease. Using traditional or technological approaches, physical therapy has reached good results in improving motor and nonmotor functions, as well as the quality of life of Parkinsonians. However, it is important to develop and to fortify the physical therapy approach so that we can provide stronger evidence about our practice.",book:{id:"7543",slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Luciana Auxiliadora de Paula Vasconcelos",authors:[{id:"98546",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Auxiliadora",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula Vasconcelos",slug:"luciana-auxiliadora-de-paula-vasconcelos",fullName:"Luciana Auxiliadora De Paula Vasconcelos"}]},{id:"62210",title:"Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"occupational-therapy-s-role-in-the-treatment-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Occupational therapists (OT) offer a wide range of therapies for individuals with ASD on the basis of specific deficits and difficulties. This chapter explores the role that OT plays, and the expertise, in relation to the interdisciplinary team. In addition, it discusses and presents empirical support for several therapeutic approaches commonly used by OTs working with individuals with ASD.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Bryan M. Gee, Amy Nwora and Theodore W. Peterson",authors:null},{id:"55049",title:"Community Participation in People with Disabilities",slug:"community-participation-in-people-with-disabilities",totalDownloads:2379,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Despite the fact that participation is an important building and a valuable target, the conceptualization, identification and measurement methods vary widely. This chapter tried to gain an insider’s perspective from the obstacles that summarize what meaning participation means, how to characterize it, and what prevents and supports participation. Participation is seen as a right and a responsibility attributed to and attributed to both the person and the community. Participation does not take place in a vacuum; the environment dynamically influences participation. The effects of this conceptual framework are discussed for change at the level of evaluation, research and systems to support the participation of the people with disability.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek and Gonca Bumin",authors:[{id:"32431",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonca",middleName:null,surname:"Bumin",slug:"gonca-bumin",fullName:"Gonca Bumin"},{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"198",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. 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Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. 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