Treatment of H. pylori infection.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10313",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Reproductive Hormones",title:"Reproductive Hormones",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Reproductive Hormones examines the pathophysiology of reproductive hormones on the human body. The breadth of the book’s content is extensive, covering the effects of sex steroids on multiple organ systems. New information is presented in a clear, concise fashion and material is clinically relevant to practicing providers in endocrinology and other specialties.",isbn:"978-1-83962-230-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-229-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-287-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91499",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"reproductive-hormones",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b5c9effb4087b6f7d6276cc236f00a28",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10313.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3597,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 10th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 30th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255491/images/system/255491.jpg",biography:"After graduating from the University of Kansas School of Medicine (KUMC), Dr. Marsh went on to complete her obstetrics and gynecology residency at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. For fellowship, Dr. Marsh trained in reproductive endocrinology and infertility at the University of Michigan.\n\nAs a fellow, she researched hypothalamic feedback of estrogen as related to the pubertal onset and menstrual cyclicity. She also completed research using neuroimaging techniques to better understand polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). She has several publications in the scientific literature and is also a member of many medical associations.\n\n Dr. Marsh specializes in treating women with infertility and PCOS. She is proud to provide both medical and surgical options in treating infertility including assisted reproductive technology.",institutionString:"University of Kansas Medical Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Kansas Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1014",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility",slug:"medicine-endocrinology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility"}],chapters:[{id:"75047",title:"Role of Sex Hormones in Human Body",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95778",slug:"role-of-sex-hormones-in-human-body",totalDownloads:532,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Gonadal Steroids hormones play an important role in the reproductive and non-reproductive systems. Estrogen has important rule in cardiovascular system as it has vasodilator effect and reduces or prevents platelet activation. In addition, it improves the profile of circulating lipoproteins. All of which may explain why women at premenopausal age are less likely to have heart disease than menopause women or men. E2 play a grate effect on the skeletal system as it is one of the strongest regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast function, and it is responsible for the reduction of adipose tissue and regulation of the body weight, and also has dermatological effect,hence it stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes and prevents their apoptosis, in addition to the progesterone which increases collagen synthesis. Estrogen is necessary for the functioning and integrity of the tissues of the urinary system specially of the lower urinary tract. Sex steroid are crucial for nervous system, as progesterone is important for production of neurosteroid, and estrogen is currently used in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease because of its effects on mental health. The androgens also have a crucial biological effects on neural, muscle, bone, adipose tissue,prostate, cardiovascular, haemopoietic, and the reproductive systems. The gonadal steroid hormones play an important role in immune system and regulating the immune response against different viral or bacterial infections.",signatures:"Nassrin Malik Aubead",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75047",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75047",authors:[{id:"329956",title:"Dr.",name:"Nassrin",surname:"Malik Aubead",slug:"nassrin-malik-aubead",fullName:"Nassrin Malik Aubead"}],corrections:null},{id:"75025",title:"Nociceptive TRP Channels and Sex Steroids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95552",slug:"nociceptive-trp-channels-and-sex-steroids",totalDownloads:280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Proteins belonging to Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family are nonselective cation channels that play an essential role in mammalian physiology, functioning as transducers of several environmental signals including those of chemical, thermal and mechanical natures. A subgroup of these receptors is expressed in sensory neurons where they are activated by noxious stimuli and are key players of pain responses in the organism. Some TRP channels are molecular targets for the classical and non-classical effects of sex steroids. This chapter will describe the close relationship between nociceptive TRP channels and sex steroids as well as their impact on nociception and pain-related responses.",signatures:"Óscar Enciso-Pablo, Karina Angélica Méndez-Reséndiz, Tamara Rosenbaum and Sara Luz Morales-Lázaro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75025",authors:[{id:"334008",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sara Luz",surname:"Morales-Lázaro",slug:"sara-luz-morales-lazaro",fullName:"Sara Luz Morales-Lázaro"},{id:"344471",title:"BSc.",name:"Óscar",surname:"Enciso-Pablo",slug:"oscar-enciso-pablo",fullName:"Óscar Enciso-Pablo"},{id:"344472",title:"MSc.",name:"Karina Angélica",surname:"Méndez-Reséndiz",slug:"karina-angelica-mendez-resendiz",fullName:"Karina Angélica Méndez-Reséndiz"},{id:"344473",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Rosenbaum",slug:"tamara-rosenbaum",fullName:"Tamara Rosenbaum"}],corrections:null},{id:"75942",title:"Androgens’ Effects across the Lifespan in Men and Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96707",slug:"androgens-effects-across-the-lifespan-in-men-and-animal-models",totalDownloads:291,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The clinical literature and recent studies in our laboratory using rodent models demonstrate that there are individual differences in androgens’ pleiotropic effects across the lifespan that need to be better understood. The question to address that challenges the field is that levels of androgens (current and/or prior) may not drive differing responses to androgens. The clinical example of Post-finasteride Syndrome, in which side-effects persist long after treatment is discontinued, supports investigations of this novel question relating to long-term effects of androgen manipulations, independent of existing levels of androgens.",signatures:"Cheryl A. Frye, Jennifer K. Torgersen, Vincent F. Lembo and Kelly Drew",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75942",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75942",authors:[{id:"104839",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Drew",slug:"kelly-drew",fullName:"Kelly Drew"},{id:"324395",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheryl A.",surname:"Frye",slug:"cheryl-a.-frye",fullName:"Cheryl A. Frye"},{id:"324396",title:"Mr.",name:"Vincent F.",surname:"Lembo",slug:"vincent-f.-lembo",fullName:"Vincent F. Lembo"},{id:"345686",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer K.",surname:"Torgerson",slug:"jennifer-k.-torgerson",fullName:"Jennifer K. Torgerson"}],corrections:null},{id:"73546",title:"Androgen Signaling in the Placenta",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94007",slug:"androgen-signaling-in-the-placenta",totalDownloads:388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The placenta is a multifunctional, transitory organ that mediates transport of nutrients and waste, gas exchange, and endocrine signaling. In fact, placental secretion of hormones is critical for maintenance of pregnancy, as well as growth and development of healthy offspring. In this chapter, the role of androgens in placental development and function is highlighted. First, a brief summary will be provided on the different mammalian placental types followed by an overview of placental steroidogenesis. Next, the chapter will focus on genomic and non-genomic androgen signaling pathways. Finally, an overview will be provided on the current status of androgen signaling in the placenta during normal and abnormal pregnancies.",signatures:"Agata M. Parsons Aubone, River Evans and Gerrit J. Bouma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73546",authors:[{id:"276521",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gerrit J.",surname:"Bouma",slug:"gerrit-j.-bouma",fullName:"Gerrit J. Bouma"},{id:"325864",title:"Dr.",name:"Agata M.",surname:"Parsons",slug:"agata-m.-parsons",fullName:"Agata M. Parsons"},{id:"325865",title:"Ms.",name:"River",surname:"Evans",slug:"river-evans",fullName:"River Evans"}],corrections:null},{id:"73469",title:"Testosterone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94017",slug:"testosterone",totalDownloads:352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Testosterone is a hormone produced majorly by the testicles in adult human _ men. The hormone affects a man’s appearance and sexual development, stimulates sperm production and regulates a man’s sex drive. It also helps build muscles and bone mass. Testosterone production decreases with age. Its production is at its highest in a man’s early adulthood and drops slowly each year afterwards. The normal range of testosterone in the body is typically 300 to 1000 ng/dL for men and 15 to 70 ng/dL for women. A range of symptoms can occur if its production drastically drops below normal. Men with low T can experience a range of symptoms if its decrease becomes significant. Low testosterone, or low T, is diagnosed when levels fall below 300 ng/dL. A blood test, called ‘a serum testosterone test’, is used to determine the level of circulating testosterone. When the body does not produce the right amount of testosterone, the condition is called hypogonadism. This is sometimes called “low T”. Men diagnosed with hypogonadism can benefit from testosterone therapy. However, therapy is not usually recommended, unless testosterone level falls quite below the normal range for age. This is because there are some natural remedies which can help.",signatures:"Kizito Omona",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73469",authors:[{id:"329364",title:"Dr.",name:"Kizito",surname:"Omona",slug:"kizito-omona",fullName:"Kizito Omona"}],corrections:null},{id:"75080",title:"Androgens and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96005",slug:"androgens-and-cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-polycystic-ovary-syndrome",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women. Clinical or biochemical signs of androgen excess is a cardinal feature of the syndrome and are present in approximately 80% of women with PCOS. Increased blood pressure and insulin resistance, two major cardiovascular risk factors, are frequently present in women with PCOS. This chapter aims to highlight the fundamental role of androgens in mediating the increased blood pressure and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. This chapter is also a call for action to develop new pharmacological therapies that target the androgen synthesis and androgen receptor activation dysregulation present in women with PCOS. These novel therapies will allow to prevent or mitigate the excess androgen-mediated cardiovascular risk factors that affect women with PCOS.",signatures:"Licy L. Yanes Cardozo, Alexandra M. Huffman, Jacob E. Pruett and Damian G. Romero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75080",authors:[{id:"329590",title:"Dr.",name:"Licy",surname:"Yanes Cardozo",slug:"licy-yanes-cardozo",fullName:"Licy Yanes Cardozo"},{id:"341598",title:"Dr.",name:"Damian G.",surname:"Romero",slug:"damian-g.-romero",fullName:"Damian G. Romero"},{id:"345475",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexandra M.",surname:"Huffman",slug:"alexandra-m.-huffman",fullName:"Alexandra M. Huffman"},{id:"345476",title:"BSc.",name:"Jacob E.",surname:"Pruett",slug:"jacob-e.-pruett",fullName:"Jacob E. Pruett"}],corrections:null},{id:"74462",title:"Serum Sex Hormone Profiles in Potentially Resectable Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95030",slug:"serum-sex-hormone-profiles-in-potentially-resectable-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Esophageal cancer (EC) affects men far more commonly than women. Numerous epidemiological studies have suggested that the hormonal milieu may play a role in this gender bias. However, there is little known about circulating sex hormone levels in relation to the risk of EC development. In this chapter, the correlation between circulating sex hormone levels and mRNA expression of estrogen receptors (ER) in normal esophageal mucosal samples and EC biopsies from patients with potentially resectable EC is studied. Moreover, the association of serum sex hormones levels with and clinico-pathological features of EC is analysed.",signatures:"Waleed Al-Khyatt and Syed Yusuf Iftikhar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74462",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74462",authors:[{id:"324810",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleed",surname:"Al-Khyatt",slug:"waleed-al-khyatt",fullName:"Waleed Al-Khyatt"},{id:"325036",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Yusef",surname:"Iftikhar",slug:"syed-yusef-iftikhar",fullName:"Syed Yusef Iftikhar"}],corrections:null},{id:"73669",title:"Small Molecules Inhibit Extranuclear Signaling by Estrogen: A Promising Strategy to Halt Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94052",slug:"small-molecules-inhibit-extranuclear-signaling-by-estrogen-a-promising-strategy-to-halt-breast-cance",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The sex hormone estrogen plays critical roles in reproductive and sexual development. It regulates the expression and activity of key signaling molecules critical in various cellular signaling pathways. These signals are mediated by its binding to estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). ERα has been shown to greatly participate in extranuclear signaling, inducing tumorogenesis and breast cancer metastasis. Small molecules from plants are reported with better selectivity toward tumorigenic cells with negligible toxicity when compared to their synthetic counterpart. The molecules used in this study were first probed for their drug-likeness and their pharmacokinetic profile was elucidated before docking them to the ligand binding domain of the human ERα followed by a post docking prime analysis. All tested molecules had good drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties when compared to about 95% of orally available drugs as predicted by qikprop. The docking results revealed a strong binding interaction with ERα, influenced mostly by the vicinal diol groups of the studied molecules. These resulted in a conformational change, inducing receptor dimerization and altering the interactions of the sex hormone with other proteins. The studied ligands are promising in strongly inhibiting the binding of estrogen to ERα, thus limiting its extranuclear signaling.",signatures:"Imaobong Etti, Chukwuemeka Nwafor and Grace Essien",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73669",authors:[{id:"218775",title:"Dr.",name:"Imaobong",surname:"Etti",slug:"imaobong-etti",fullName:"Imaobong Etti"},{id:"329431",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwuemeka",surname:"Nwafor",slug:"chukwuemeka-nwafor",fullName:"Chukwuemeka Nwafor"},{id:"329432",title:"Dr.",name:"Grace",surname:"Essien",slug:"grace-essien",fullName:"Grace Essien"}],corrections:null},{id:"74544",title:"Non-Reproductive Effects of Estradiol: Hydromineral Homeostasis Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95348",slug:"non-reproductive-effects-of-estradiol-hydromineral-homeostasis-control",totalDownloads:273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The hydromineral homeostasis is fundamental to survival due to maintenance constant the osmotic properties of the plasma and proper tissue perfusion pressure, being maintained primarily through the regulation of the ingestion and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes, mainly sodium. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays an essential role in the maintenance of hydromineral homeostasis by eliciting sodium and water intake and by inducing sodium urinary retention through aldosterone release and hemodynamic effect via angiotensin II a key component of the RAS. The hypothalamus-pituitary system also plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis by secreting vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) in response to osmotic and non-osmotic, and volemic stimuli. Furthermore, some studies report that besides reproductive function and sexual behavior, ovarian gonadal hormones, mainly 17β-estradiol (E2), modulate other non-reproductive functions such as cardiovascular system, body fluid balance, mood, mental state, memory, and cognition. Estradiol is known to mediate hydromineral homeostasis and blood pressure mainly by attenuating RAS actions. On the other hand, estradiol modulates neurohypophysial hormones secretion in many different ways. In this chapter, we will discuss the main non-reproductive effects of E2 on the control of hydromineral homeostasis, focusing on ingestive behavior and neurohypophyseal hormonal release.",signatures:"Gislaine Almeida-Pereira, Lucila L.K. Elias and José Antunes-Rodrigues",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74544",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74544",authors:[{id:"150400",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucila L.K.",surname:"Elias",slug:"lucila-l.k.-elias",fullName:"Lucila L.K. Elias"},{id:"329530",title:"Dr.",name:"Gislaine",surname:"Almeida-Pereira",slug:"gislaine-almeida-pereira",fullName:"Gislaine Almeida-Pereira"},{id:"339189",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Antunes-Rodrigues",slug:"jose-antunes-rodrigues",fullName:"José Antunes-Rodrigues"}],corrections:null},{id:"74165",title:"Kisspeptin: Role in Female Infertility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94925",slug:"kisspeptin-role-in-female-infertility",totalDownloads:361,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide encoded by the kisspeptin gene (Kiss1) and located in different brain regions, primarily in the hypothalamus. Kisspeptin and its receptor G-protein-coupled receptor-54 (GPR54), are also found in behavioural brain regions such as the hippocampus and cortex. Kisspeptin, a very powerful neuropeptide that stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary, does this by increasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels. In recent studies, it has been noted that kisspeptin is effective on reproductive functions. Globally 8 to 12% of couples have infertility problems, and the majority are residents of developing countries. Approximately 70% of infertility cases are caused by fertility problems in women. The frequency of infertility in women continues to increase every year and the underlying factors require further research. Bearing this problem in mind, this review examines the possible role of kisspeptin in female infertility. In doing so, it aims to find out how future application of kisspeptin may potentially unravel the neural reproductive disorder.",signatures:"Abdulsamed Kükürt, Mushap Kuru, Ömer Faruk Başer and Mahmut Karapehlivan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74165",authors:[{id:"218960",title:"Dr.",name:"Mushap",surname:"Kuru",slug:"mushap-kuru",fullName:"Mushap Kuru"},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"},{id:"325646",title:"MSc.",name:"Ömer Faruk",surname:"Başer",slug:"omer-faruk-baser",fullName:"Ömer Faruk Başer"},{id:"458012",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Karapehlivan",slug:"mahmut-karapehlivan",fullName:"Mahmut Karapehlivan"}],corrections:null},{id:"74803",title:"Neuroendocrinology of Pregnancy: Participation of Sex Hormones",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95774",slug:"neuroendocrinology-of-pregnancy-participation-of-sex-hormones",totalDownloads:309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pregnancy is characterized by hormonal changes, critical for the mother’s physiological adaptation, exercising a role in the fetus’s development, maintenance, protection, and nutrition. Since born, the neuroendocrine system’s involvement is necessary to prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother’s immune system. These changes are regulated by fluctuations in hormones such as Progesterone, Testosterone, Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Estradiol, Prolactin, human Placental Lactogen, human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Thyroid hormones, which promote the mother’s development and the fetus (maternal-fetal development). 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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is defined as the mucosal break of the upper gastrointestinal tract due to acid peptic digestion resulting in ulcer formation which extends beyond the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa. Most commonly it occurs in the stomach and first part of the duodenum but can also occur in the distal esophagus, distal duodenum, and jejunum and in the Meckel’s diverticulum with heterotrophic gastric mucosa [1]. The size of the ulcer varies from 5 mm to several centimeters. On the other hand, erosions are superficial, less than 5 mm in size, and limited to the mucosa. PUD is still one of the commonest disorders we encounter in our clinical practice. The term “peptic” comes from the hormone pepsin which plays an important role in causing mucosal break. Peptic ulcer (PU) bleeding is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the western world [2] and results in significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs [3]. PUD is a benign condition, is easily treatable by medical therapy, and rarely requires surgery.
\nPUD affects about 4.5 million persons per year in the United States (US) and causes huge healthcare cost of about $3.3. billion/year [4]. The prevalence of PUD varies with the prevalence of
There are certain
Gastrinoma or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may present as multiple gastric and duodenal ulcers and accounts for 0.1% or more cases of PUD [20]. Other hormone (histamine)-mediated PUD include systemic mastocytosis, polycythemia vera, and basophilia in myeloproliferative diseases [21].
\nBesides NSAIDs and low-dose aspirin, few other medications can cause PUD. These include clopidogrel (in combination with NSAIDs), corticosteroids (in combination with NSAIDs), bisphosphonates, potassium chloride, spironolactone, sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, hepatic artery infusion of 5-fluorouracil, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [22].
\nPUD can be due to another helicobacter infection called
Certain infiltrative diseases like Crohn’s disease and sarcoidosis can present like PUD [24].
\nFamily history is an independent risk factor for the development of PUD [25]. Blood group O individuals have higher susceptibility of getting
When we think about the pathogenesis of PUD, we must consider two factors:
Mucosal protective factors: gastric mucus layer, prostaglandin, bicarbonate, and mucosal blood flow.
Mucosal damaging factors: gastric acidity, pepsin,
PU occurs when there is an imbalance between these factors.
\nPatients with PUD may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients generally present with dyspepsia, i.e., upper abdominal pain or discomfort. Most of the time, the pain is felt in the epigastric region, but sometimes it can be in the right upper quadrant or left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The pain is burning, gnawing, or dull aching in nature and generally non-radiating but rarely can radiate to the back in the case of posterior penetrating ulcer. Patients with gastric ulcer may feel pain shortly after taking food, but in the case of duodenal ulcer, pain is generally felt 2–3 h after taking meal, or sometimes patients wake up at night with epigastric pain. Duodenal ulcer pain is generally relieved after taking antacids or food which has minimal effect on relieving gastric ulcer pain [31]. Sometimes patients may feel gas and bloating sensation in the abdomen and sometimes may experience nausea and vomiting. About 30% of elderly patients with PUD may remain asymptomatic [32]. This is also common in patients taking NSAIDs. Silent PU generally presents with gastrointestinal bleeding [33].
\nPhysical examination can be entirely normal except epigastric tenderness.
\nA thorough history and physical examination is necessary to evaluate the patient. In each case, we should look for alarm features which include [34]:
Evidence of overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding: hematemesis, melena, anemia, heme-positive stool
Iron deficiency anemia
Dysphagia
Left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy (Virchow’s nodes)
Palpable abdominal mass
Symptom of impending perforation: severe persistent epigastric pain
Symptom of obstruction: persistent vomiting
Malignancy: anorexia, unintended weight loss
Age: >55 years
Diagnostic tests should include complete blood count, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), or upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series and tests for detection
Stool for
Empiric acid suppression therapy: In a population where the prevalence of
Physicians should make decision between test-and-treat strategy and empiric PPI therapy for 4–6 weeks in the absence of alarm features. EGD should be considered in the presence of alarm features. The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) suggest that patients ≥60 years of age presenting with dyspepsia should undergo upper endoscopy to exclude any organic cause [40].
Duodenal ulcer.
Gastric ulcers.
Risk factors for the development of PUD should be evaluated. Patients should be advised to avoid NSAID intake, stop smoking, and limit drinking of alcohol. If the patient is
Regimen | \nDrugs | \nDuration | \nEradication rate (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|
PAC therapy | \nPPI standard dose BID plus amoxicillin 1 g BID plus clarithromycin 500 mg BID | \n14 days | \n70–85 | \n
PAM therapy | \nPPI standard dose BID plus amoxicillin 1 g BID plus metronidazole 500 mg TID | \n14 days | \n70–85 | \n
Bismuth quadruple therapy | \nPPI standard dose BID plus bismuth subcitrate (120–300 mg) or subsalicylate (300 mg) QID plus tetracycline 500 mg QID plus metronidazole 250 MG QID | \n10–14 days | \n75–90 | \n
Concomitant therapy | \nPPI standard dose BID plus amoxicillin 1 g BID plus clarithromycin 500 mg BID plus metronidazole or tinidazole 500 mg BID | \n10–14 days | \n94.4 | \n
Sequential therapy | \nPPI standard dose plus amoxicillin 1 g BID for 5 days followed by PPI plus clarithromycin 500 mg plus either metronidazole or tinidazole 500 mg BID for additional 5 days | \nTotal 10 days | \n84.4 | \n
Hybrid therapy | \nPPI standard dose plus amoxicillin 1 g BID for 7 days followed by PPI standard dose plus amoxicillin 1 g plus clarithromycin 500 mg plus metronidazole 500 mg BID for additional 7 days | \nTotal 14 days | \n93.4 | \n
Levofloxacin triple therapy | \nPPI standard dose and amoxicillin 1 g BID plus levofloxacin 500 mg QD | \n10–14 days | \n83.1 | \n
Levofloxacin sequential therapy | \nPPI standard dose plus amoxicillin 1 g BID for 5–7 days followed by PPI standard dose plus amoxicillin 1 g plus metronidazole 500 mg BID and levofloxacin 500 mg QD for additional 5–7 days | \nTotal 10–14 days | \n92.2 | \n
LOAD therapy | \nPPI (double dose) plus levofloxacin 250 mg plus doxycycline 100 mg QD and nitazoxanide 500 mg BID | \n7–10 days | \n88.9 | \n
Novel concomitant therapy | \nPPI standard dose and amoxicillin 1 g TID (if allergic to penicillin, bismuth subcitrate 240 mg QID) plus rifabutin 150 mg and ciprofloxacin 500 mg BID | \n10 days | \nRegimen with amoxicillin 95.2 Regimen with bismuth subcitrate 94.2 | \n
Treatment of H. pylori infection.
BID, twice a day; QID, four times a day; QD, once a day.
Bismuth quadruple therapy or concomitant therapy can be considered as the first-line therapy against
Acid suppressant therapy and mucosal cytoprotective agents are the main modes of therapy for the healing of PU. Acid suppressant therapy includes H2RAs and PPIs which are listed in
H2RA | \nDose | \nSide effects | \n
---|---|---|
Cimetidine | \n800 mg qhs × 4–8 weeks | \nGynecomastia, impotence, polymyositis, interstitial nephritis, confusion, agitation, vitamin B12 deficiency | \n
Ranitidine | \n150 mg BID × 4–8 weeks | \nDiarrhea, constipation, xerostomia, xeroderma Vitamin B12 deficiency | \n
Famotidine | \n40 mg qhs × 4–8 weeks | \nAgranulocytosis, angioedema, anaphylaxis, seizure | \n
Nizatidine | \n300 mg qhs × 4–8 weeks | \nNausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, insomnia, somnolence, vitamin B12 deficiency | \n
H2RA with dose and side effects.
qhs, every night at bed time.
PPI | \nDose | \nSide effects | \n
---|---|---|
Omeprazole | \n20–40 mg qd × 4–8 weeks | \nAcute: headache, diarrhea | \n
Esomeprazole | \n20–40 mg qd × 4–8 weeks | \nChronic: hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, | \n
Lansoprazole | \n15–30 mg qd × 4–8 weeks | \n\n |
Dexlansoprazole | \n30–60 mg qd × 4–8 weeks | \n\n |
Pantoprazole | \n20–40 mg qd × 4–8 weeks | \n\n |
Rabeprazole | \n20 mg qd × 4–8 weeks | \n\n |
PPI with dose and side effects.
qd, daily.
In the case of NSAID-induced PUD, NSAIDs should be withdrawn if possible, but PPIs are the drugs of choice. PPIs should be continued for at least 8 weeks for the healing of PU. But maintenance dose of PPI should be continued to prevent ulcer complications if the patient needs to be on NSAID or aspirin for other medical conditions.
\nMisoprostol and sucralfate are mucosal cytoprotective agents.
\nMisoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E which is trophic to gastroduodenal mucosa, stimulates mucus and bicarbonate secretion from the gastroduodenal mucosa, and can form hydrophobic surfactant-like phospholipids in the gastric epithelial cells [50]. Misoprostol can also inhibit gastric acid secretion by suppressing histamine-stimulated cyclic AMP production but does not induce hypergastrinemia [51]. Misoprostol can heal both gastric and duodenal ulcers. Misoprostol 200 microgram four times a day should be given for 12 weeks. It can prevent mucosal damage and formation of ulcers from the deleterious effects of low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs, smoking, and alcohol [52]. Misoprostol is approved in the United States for the prevention of NSAID-induced PUD. As misoprostol can accelerate intestinal transit time and increase intestinal water and electrolyte secretion, abdominal cramps and mild to moderate diarrhea can happen in up to 30% of cases. Diarrhea can be reduced by taking food with misoprostol. Misoprostol can also cause nausea, vomiting, menstrual cramps, and vaginal bleeding (due to uterine contraction). Misoprostol is contraindicated in pregnant patients.
\nSucralfate is the aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose. It coats the gastroduodenal mucosa (both ulcerated and non-ulcerated areas); binds acid and pepsin; stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate, prostaglandin, and epidermal growth factor; and thus helps in healing of PU. Sucralfate is as good as H2RA in healing PU (duodenal ulcer 60–90% at 4–6 weeks and gastric ulcer 90% at 12 weeks) and has a lower rate of recurrence of duodenal ulcer after healing as compared to H2RA [53, 54]. In the United States, sucralfate is approved for the treatment of active duodenal ulcer not related to NSAID. Side effects of sucralfate include nausea, vomiting, gastric upset, itching, and skin rash. Less than 5% of sucralfate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation and eliminated primarily in the urine. Sucralfate should be avoided in patients with chronic kidney disease as it contains aluminum.
\nIn the case of gastric ulcer, follow-up endoscopy is recommended 12 weeks after medical therapy to evaluate for underlying malignancy. Surveillance endoscopy should be individualized:
Surveillance endoscopy is necessary in patients with giant ulcer (>2 cm) and malignant-looking ulcer (thick mucosal folds, irregular ulcer edges, mass lesion) on index endoscopy; ulcer biopsy was not done on initial endoscopy; initial endoscopy was done for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and unknown etiology of the ulcer; patient remains symptomatic even after taking medical therapy; index endoscopy showed gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, or adenoma; and patient has risk factors for gastric cancer which include
Surveillance endoscopy may not be necessary if the patient does not have any risk factor for malignancy and the gastric ulcer is small, benign appearing, and antral in location due to NSAID and the initial biopsy does not show any dysplasia or malignancy [56].
In case of duodenal ulcer, surveillance endoscopy is generally not required because of low risk of malignancy. But if the patient remains symptomatic or symptoms recur despite medical therapy, surveillance endoscopy should be considered to evaluate for refractory ulcer or non-peptic nature of the ulcer which includes Crohn’s disease, lymphoma, or tuberculosis.
\nWhen the ulcer does not heal up after a 12-week course of PPI therapy, it is called refractory ulcer. 5–10% ulcers are refractory ulcers. When the ulcer recurs after complete healing of the ulcer, it is called recurrent ulcer. 5–30% ulcers are recurrent ulcers. The two most important causes of refractory and recurrent ulcers are continued NSAID use and persistent
Patients with refractory or recurrent ulcers should be thoroughly investigated to find out the causative factors which should be addressed. Twice daily PPI therapy should be given for another 12 weeks. Then upper endoscopy should be done to document complete healing of the ulcer. Patients with gastric ulcer should be referred for surgery if ulcer does not heal by 24 weeks.
\nCommon complications of PUD include bleeding, perforation, penetration, and gastric outlet obstruction.
\nAbout 50% of all cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are caused by PUD [58]. Patients may present with hematemesis, melena, anemia, or heme-positive stool. At presentation, the patient’s hemodynamic status (pulse, blood pressure) should be checked and resuscitative measures should be started. Patients should be given intravenous crystalloid fluid to maintain blood pressure, and parenteral PPI (esomeprazole or pantoprazole) should be started (continuous infusion or twice daily intravenously). PPI therapy increases intragastric pH with stabilization of blood clot and reduces the risk of rebleeding and the need for surgery but does not decrease overall mortality [59]. Blood transfusion should be given to keep the hemoglobin ≥7 gm/dl, but in patients with hypovolemia or comorbidities like coronary artery disease, hemoglobin target should be higher. Risk assessment should be done to categorize high-risk or low-risk patients, level of care, need for blood transfusion, timing of endoscopy, and timing of discharge. The Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score (GBS) is a useful screening tool (Table 4) to determine the need for intervention [60]. Patients with a score of 0 are considered as low risk with minimum risk of needing interventions like blood transfusion, endoscopy, and surgery, and they should be considered for early discharge from the hospital. But all other values (>0) fall into the category of high risk in terms of need for blood transfusion, endoscopy, and surgery. A score of 6 or more has >50% risk of needing intervention.
\nAdmission risk marker | \nScore component value | \n
---|---|
Blood urea (mmol/L) | \n|
6.5–8.0 | \n2 | \n
8.0–10.0 | \n3 | \n
10.0–25 | \n4 | \n
>25 | \n6 | \n
Hemoglobin (g/dL) for men | \n|
12.0–12.9 | \n1 | \n
10.0–11.9 | \n3 | \n
<10.0 | \n6 | \n
Hemoglobin (g/dL) for women | \n|
10.0–11.9 | \n1 | \n
<10.0 | \n6 | \n
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | \n|
100–109 | \n1 | \n
90–99 | \n2 | \n
<90 | \n3 | \n
Other markers | \n|
Pulse ≥100 (per min) | \n1 | \n
Presentation with melena | \n1 | \n
Presentation with syncope | \n2 | \n
Hepatic disease | \n2 | \n
Cardiac failure | \n2 | \n
GBS.
After resuscitation and stabilization, EGD should be done for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. During endoscopy, Forrest classification should be used to assess the need for endoscopic intervention [61]. The different Forrest classes with their prevalence and risk of rebleeding are mentioned in Table 5 [62]. Patients with Forrest classes Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb are considered to be high-risk candidates, and endoscopic treatment should be provided to reduce the risk of rebleeding. Patients with Forrest classes IIc and III do not require any endoscopic intervention. In fact, patients with Forrest class III can resume a regular diet and can be discharged home as long as they are hemodynamically stable, with stable hemoglobin and without other comorbidities, and they have somebody at home to watch them [63].
\nForrest class | \nEndoscopic finding | \nPrevalence (%) | \nRisk of recurrent bleeding on medical management (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Ia | \nSpurting arterial bleed | \n10 | \n90 | \n
Ib | \nOozing of blood without visible vessel | \n10 | \n10–20 | \n
IIa | \nNon-bleeding visible vessel | \n25 | \n50 | \n
IIb | \nAdherent blood clot | \n10 | \n25–30 | \n
IIc | \nFlat pigmented spot | \n10 | \n7–10 | \n
III | \nClean-based ulcer | \n35 | \n3–5 | \n
Forrest classes with prevalence and risk of recurrent bleeding.
Endoscopic treatment options can categorized into three main types:
Another clip called Ovesco clip is an over-the-scope clip used to stop peptic ulcer bleeding. The bleeding area is suctioned into a cup attached to the scope, and then the clip is deployed like band ligation.
\nA combination of at least two modalities of endoscopic treatment (injection, thermal, or mechanical) is now the standard of care in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding.
\nAn ultrasound probe is passed through the endoscope channel and placed directly onto the area of bleeding. An audible sound is heard if there is blood flow. Arterial or venous blood flow can be detected. It is useful after endoscopic treatment to evaluate the presence of any residual blood flow which can increase the potential for rebleeding. It is also useful in Forrest IIc and III ulcers to find out any vascular signal. Doppler ultrasound-guided endoscopic hemostasis reduces 30-day rebleeding rate significantly and is also cost-effective [69].
\nEndoscopic therapy can control acute peptic ulcer bleeding with high success. Primary hemostasis can be obtained in more than 90% of cases, but rebleeding can occur in up to 15% of cases after therapeutic endoscopic procedure [71].
\nSecond-look endoscopy is not routinely recommended after initial endoscopy for the management of PU bleeding unless the endoscopist is concerned that suboptimal treatment was given in the first endoscopy or there was poor visualization due to blood or food debris during the first endoscopy [72].
\nComplications could be due to sedation, patients’ comorbidities, and endoscopy itself. Sedation-related complications include hypoventilation, hypoxia, aspiration pneumonia, airway obstruction, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, phlebitis, and vasovagal attack [73]. The complications of endoscopic hemostasis include exacerbation of bleeding and perforation, but the overall incidence is <0.5%. The rate of perforation after contact thermal therapy could be as high as 2%. Following thermal therapy, induction or exacerbation of bleeding can occur in up to 5% of cases [74].
\nIf the endoscopic therapy fails to achieve hemostasis, the next step will be angiography with transarterial embolization (TAE). Different agents are used for embolization, and these include Gelfoam, endocoils, cyanoacrylic glues, and polyvinyl alcohol. The success rate of TAE in obtaining hemostasis is 52–98%, but recurrent bleeding can occur in 10–20%, requiring repeat TAE [75].
\nSurgery is indicated if TAE fails to stop PU bleeding. Emergency surgery involves plication or oversewing of the ulcer with ligation of the bleeding artery and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Wong et al. compared surgery vs. TAE in bleeding PU patients who had failed endoscopic therapy. Surgery was associated with less recurrent bleeding but more complications when compared with TAE. There was no significant difference in the mean length of hospital stay, need for blood transfusion, and 30-day mortality between the two groups [76]. In practice, the surgical intervention continues to diminish, but the radiological intervention continues to increase in acute PU bleeding patients who have unsuccessful endoscopic therapy. Surgery is also recommended for (a) patients with perforation, (b) shock due to recurrent bleeding, (c) patients with hemodynamic instability despite adequate resuscitative measures needing more than three units of blood transfusion, and (d) unavailability of interventional radiology.
\nThe outcome depends on successful endoscopic hemostasis without recurrent bleeding. The risk factors for recurrent bleeding include patients with renal failure on dialysis; elderly patients on NSAID, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulants; patients with ulcer located on the posterior duodenal wall and lesser curve of the stomach; and patients with active bleeding ulcer during endoscopy. Despite the tremendous advances in technology, the mortality of acute PU bleeding remains about 10% [77].
\nIn patients with PUD, the lifetime prevalence of perforation is 5%. Patients generally present with acute abdomen. The triad of sudden onset of abdominal pain, tachycardia, and abdominal rigidity is highly suggestive of PU perforation. Smoking, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, old age,
When the ulcer crater erodes through the gastric wall or intestinal wall into the surrounding structure but there is no free perforation or leakage of luminal contents into the peritoneal cavity, it is called penetration [80]. The pancreas is the commonest site of penetration. Other sites of penetration include the omentum, biliary tract, liver, colon, mesocolon, and blood vessels. Patients may notice change in pattern of abdominal pain, i.e., pain not being relieved by taking food or medication. Diagnosis is confirmed by CT with contrast which may show loss of fascial plane between the gastric wall or intestinal wall and the surrounding structure, band of soft tissue density between them, ulcer crater, sinus tract, and enlargement of head of the pancreas in case of penetration into the pancreas [81]. Treatment is surgical intervention.
\nIt occurs in less than 5% cases of PUD. Duodenal ulcer and pyloric channel ulcer are generally associated with GOO. Pathophysiologically, reversible causes like inflammation, edema, spasm, and pyloric dysmotility and irreversible cause like fibrosis may lead to GOO. Patients present with nausea, vomiting, early satiety, epigastric pain, and weight loss. Patients may develop severe dehydration, azotemia, hyponatremia, and hypochloremic and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with paradoxical aciduria due to prolonged vomiting. First, the fluid and electrolyte deficit should be corrected. Gastric contents should be removed by large-bore Ewald tube, and then intermittent nasogastric tube suction should be continued for a few days. Many cases of GOO due to PUD have reversible components which may respond to this conservative treatment. Patients not responding to the conservative treatment need endoscopic dilation or surgery [82, 83].
\nPUD is a common clinical problem. The two most important risk factors are
Metallic materials such as Fe, Cu, Ti, Al, Mg and their alloys have excellent mechanical and physical properties showing tremendous application in architecture, marine, aerospace and biomedicine fields, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. To a certain extents, the surface properties of the metallic materials are playing irreplaceable roles in operating environments. Surface functionalization can improve corrosion resistance, anti-fouling, self-cleaning, wear resistance, oil/water separation and biocompatibility of metallic materials [7, 8, 9]. In this context, surface coating is an efficient and resource saving method to realize the surface functionalization of metallic materials. In addition, ceramic coating is environmentally friendly, and has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation, corrosion and wear resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical durability [10]. As such, constructing a ceramic coating on metallic material surface is a rational strategy to realize the surface multi-function [11, 12].
In this chapter, we briefly introduce the types and the properties of ceramic coatings. Then, we summarize the strategies for preparing ceramic coatings on metallic materials and applications of ceramics coated metallic materials.
Ceramics materials can be divided into oxide ceramics and non-oxide ceramics according to their compositions. Many oxide ceramics are metal oxides forming oxide films on their surfaces, which are used as coating materials for the protection and functional layer of metallic materials (for example, aluminum, stainless steel or titanium alloys). Also, diverse non-oxide ceramic materials are used to functionalize the surfaces of metal materials.
Ti and its alloy have excellent corrosion resistant to alkali, chloride and some strong acids because of the compact oxide film (Titania, TiO2) formed spontaneously on surfaces. Therefore, TiO2 coating is considered to be an ideal corrosion resistant layer to protect the metal substrate from corrosion. Shen
Alumina (Al2O3) exhibits exceptional mechanical property and thermostability possessing a broad range of applications in optics, electronic, and biomedical fields. In addition, the corrosion resistance of Al and its alloys is attributed to inherent Al2O3 coating, which can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of metallic substrate. Gao
Similarly, silica (SiO2) is also highly desirable coating materials on metallic materials as wear and corrosion resistant coating. The corrosion-resistant SiO2 ceramic coating on alloys was prepared by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [17]. In addition, Sadreddini
As the most stable oxide of manganese, manganese dioxide (MnO2) has abundant reserves in the earth, and has the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness and simple preparation, which is widely used in energy, catalysis and sewage treatment. MnO2 coating with different crystal structure and surface morphology can be prepared by different methods meeting wanted requirements [20, 21]. Inspired by lotus flower, we used an in situ immersion method to fabricate MnO2 coating on AZ31B Mg alloy, and post-modification with stearic acid to obtain the superhydrophobic MnO2 coating. The prepared superhydrophobic Mg alloy surface showed excellent self-cleaning property both in air and under oil (shown in Figure 1), as well as mechanical durability and chemical stability [22].
Self-cleaning tests on AZ31B Mg alloy. (a, b) time-sequence images showing pristine AZ31B Mg alloy and MnO2 coated AZ31B Mg alloy surface without self-cleaning properties, time-sequence images showing self-cleaning properties on superhydrophobic surface (c) in air and (d) in oil (isooctane). Scale bar, 1 cm. Reproduced with permission [
As to non-oxide ceramics, Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main inorganic component of human and animal bones. It is a kind of bioactive ceramic material, which is widely used in bone tissue engineering. The HA ceramic coating was widely used in surface functionalization of metallic biomaterials. Hiromoto
Additionally, non-oxide ceramics materials such as silicon carbide (SiC), monolithic silicon nitride (Si3N4), and aluminum nitride (AlN) exhibit superior high-temperature strength and durability indicating their potential in industrial application [26, 27]. Furthermore, Liu
In this context, oxide ceramic coatings and non-oxide ceramic coatings are playing important roles in the field of surface functionalization of metallic materials.
Different metallic materials, in a sense, have different mechanical properties. Hardness and wear resistance are required to expand application prospect when metallic materials are used for industrial engineering. Numerous studies have shown that rare earth silicate barrier coatings can be potentially used for the application in high temperature aero-engines [29]. Bio-inspired by lotus leaf, Wu
Metal corrosion is commonly found, hard to prevent, does harm to our environment, and costs several percent of the gross domestic production (GDP) of an industrialized country. As such, establishing corrosion control systems for metallic materials is very important for the sake of environment and economy harmony. The ceramic coating is widely used to protect metallic materials because of its good corrosion resistance. Like other corrosion-resistant coatings, the ceramic coating provides a barrier on the surface of metallic materials effectively isolating the corrosion solution from the substrate [34]. Moreover, the ceramic coating with micro-nano hierarchical structure can be prepared to obtain a superhydrophobic surface after hydrophobic treatment. In this regard, superhydrophobic ceramic coating has favorable corrosion resistance due to its excellent water-repellent property showing great potential application in corrosion protection of metallic materials [35].
To improve the corrosion resistance of mild steel, Tiwari
Owing to their good thermal barrier properties, ceramic coatings are widely used to provide thermal barrier for heat transfer on the surface of metallic material and to improve the thermal stability of the substrate. Ghosh
Ceramic materials can be divided into bioinert materials and bioactive materials according to their biological properties. Bioinert materials do not induce any visible tissue reactions; the majority of ceramics belong to this group. Al2O3 and ZrO2 as bioinert materials have inherently low levels of reactivity, which have great potential for medical application owing to nontoxic, non-allergenic, and non-carcinogenic [39].
Some ceramics regarded as bioactive materials favor organ/tissue repairs and the integration of associated devices, which are essentially used in orthopedics, like favor bone repair and the integration of implants in bone tissues. As the most representative bioactive ceramic material, HA is widely used in bone tissue engineering for it is the main component of bones and teeth of human and animal. To improve the biodegradation performance of AZ91D Mg alloy, Song
The preparation and application of ceramic coatings have been studied for a long time. In order to adapt to different substrates, various technologies have been developed. These technologies of ceramics coated metallic materials enable to expand the application range in many fields.
Sol-gel method can easily prepare the ceramic coatings on metallic materials. Villatte
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) has been used as a critical method for many years to prepare much thicker and harder ceramic coatings on metallic materials. Shen
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a surface modification method through depositing inorganic species on the surface of different substrates, and the materials with arbitrary shape could be modified through vapor phase ALD. After multiple cycles of deposition, a conformal and uniform ceramic coating with good heat resistance and stiffness would be formed [44]. Huang
Electrochemical method is usually used to fabricate oxide ceramics coated metallic materials. Notably, the electrochemical method is independent on the shape and the size of substrate. As such, Song
As a surface-deposited technology, plasma treatment is a simple and effective way to obtain ceramics coated metallic materials showing fine adhesion strength of coating-substrate. To improve corrosion resistance and bioactivity, the HA coating was prepared on AZ91HP Mg alloy by using plasma spraying method [49]. In addition, Sun
Magnetron sputtering is also an efficient method to prepare ceramic coatings on the surface of metallic materials. Krishna
Solution immersion is a conventional method for fabrication of ceramic coatings on the surface of metallic materials. In this context, it is inexpensive and easy to carry out [52, 53]. In order to obtain a HA coating on Mg and its alloy, Hiromoto
Laser-cladding is considered to be one of the most effective methods to fabricate a ceramic coating on metallic materials because of the powerful energy of laser to accelerate metal oxidation [55]. Boinovich
Chemical vapor deposition can produce the ceramic coatings with controlled surface topography. Hofman
Dip-coating is a time-saving and low-cost method for preparation of ceramic coatings [58, 59]. In 2017, Yu
The fabrication methods of ceramic coated metallic materials are summarized in Table 1.
Method | Ceramic coating | Substrate | Property | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sol-gel | TiO2 | Stainless steel | Antibacterial and sufficient Mechanical strength | [15] |
SiO2 | Titanium alloy | Oxidation resistance | [42] | |
Al2O3 | Mild steel | Corrosion resistance | [36] | |
Micro-arc oxidation | TiO2/Al2O3 | Ti-6Al-4 V alloy | Wear resistance | [33] |
TiO2 | Titanium | Corrosion resistance | [43] | |
Atomic layer deposition | TiO2 | Co-Cr | Antifungal | [45] |
Al2O3/TiO2 | Copper | Corrosion resistance | [46] | |
Electrochemical | HA | Mg alloy | Biodegradation performance | [40] |
SiO2 | Platinum | [47] | ||
Al2O3 | Aluminum | Corrosion resistance | [48] | |
Plasma treatment | HA | Mg alloy | Corrosion resistance and bioactivity | [49] |
TiO2 | Titanium | Corrosion resistance | [50] | |
Magnetron sputtering | HA | Titanium | Corrosion resistance | [25] |
TiO2 | Stainless steel | Tribological properties and corrosion resistance | [51] | |
Solution immersion | HA | Mg alloy | Corrosion resistance | [23] |
MnO2 | Mg alloy | Self-cleaning | [54] | |
Laser-cladding | Al2O3 | Aluminum | Corrosion resistance | [56] |
Al2O3/TiB2/TiC | Carbon steel | Microhardness and wear resistance | [57] | |
Metal organic chemical vapor deposition | SiO2 | Alloys | / | [17] |
Dip-coating | Na2SiO3/Al2O3 | Stainless steel | High temperature oxidation inhibition and corrosion resistance | [60] |
Summary of fabrication methods of ceramic coated metallic materials.
Up to now, the ceramics coated metallic materials have great potential in a wide variety of applications due to its unusual properties, such as good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and biological properties. It is worth noted that hydrophobic treatment of ceramic coatings on metallic materials ensuring superhydrophobic surfaces with special surface physicochemistry has recently received much attention in many fields.
It is well known that metallic material is irreplaceable in industrial application. The ceramic coatings bestow numerous unusual properties to metallic materials. Early in 1987, Ceramic coating as thermal barrier coating was tested on turbine blades in a research engine. Today, thermal barrier ceramic coatings are used in a low risk location within the turbine section of certain gas turbine engines [11]. In addition, Qin
Recently, superhydrophobic surface has been extensively developed due to its unique property including corrosion protection, self-cleaning, oil water separation, anti-fouling, anti-icing, and drag reduction [63]. Superhydrophobic ceramic coating was obtained by hydrophobic treatment of ceramic coating with hierarchical rough structure, which greatly expanded the application range of metal materials [64, 65]. In 2020, Emarati
Separation apparatus with an 18:25 v:v isooctane/water mixture above PCCF. Inset, PCCF was fixed in Cu flange and then sandwiched between two glass tubes (a). Isooctane passed through PCCF whereas water was retained (b). Water is dyed blue. Scale bar, 3 cm. Reproduced with permission [
In addition, ceramic coatings have numerous applications in the field of biomedical engineering, mainly because of their biological properties. The bioinert properties of ceramic coatings help them with biocompatibility, and good hardness and wear-resistance properties make them suitable for substitution of hard tissues (bones and teeth). On the contrary, bioactive ceramic coatings such as HA coating have been clinically used onto the metallic implant surfaces combining the mechanical strength of metals and their alloys with the excellent biological properties of ceramics for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis [70, 71].
Importantly, researching work shows that superhydrophobic surfaces can dramatically reduce the contact between fouling organisms and substrate surfaces exhibiting excellent anti-fouling and hemocompatibility properties [72, 73]. Hu
The comparison of properties of unmodified ceramic coating and superhydrophobic ceramic coating on metallic materials.
In this chapter, we introduce and discuss various techniques utilized to fabricate a range of different ceramic coatings on metal materials with desirable properties such as good mechanical property, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and biological property. It is not surprising that superhydrophobic ceramic coatings on metallic materials can make the materials be attractive for applications in anti-fouling, self-cleaning, corrosion protection, wear resistance, oil/water separation and biotechnology.
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20192BAB203008).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
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Cells encode “receptors” containing Ub-/Ubl-binding domains that interpret and translate each modification into appropriate cellular responses. Among the different Ubls, NEDD8, which is the ubiquitin’s closest relative, retains many of the structural determinants that enable ubiquitin the ability to target proteins to degradation. Nevertheless, the direct involvement of NEDD8 conjugation to proteasome recruitment has been proved only in a few cases. To date, well-defined major NEDD8 substrates are primarily members of the cullin family, and cullin neddylation does not appear to mark these proteins for degradation. Various studies have demonstrated that selectivity between ubiquitin and NEDD8 is guaranteed by small but substantial differences. Nevertheless, several issues still need to be addressed, mainly concerning which interaction surfaces mediate NEDD8 function and what domains recognize them. Recently, two novel domains identified in KHNYN and N4BP1 proteins have shed new light on this research area. Here, I discuss some recent reports that contributed to shed light on the mechanisms underlining the discrimination between ubiquitin and NEDD8. Understanding the details of these molecular mechanisms represents a prominent facet for the identification of new therapeutic targets.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Elena Santonico",authors:[{id:"271923",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Santonico",slug:"elena-santonico",fullName:"Elena Santonico"}]},{id:"65025",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82883",title:"E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer and Their Pharmacological Targeting",slug:"e3-ubiquitin-ligases-in-cancer-and-their-pharmacological-targeting",totalDownloads:1663,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ubiquitination plays many critical roles in protein function and regulation. Consequently, mutation and aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases can drive cancer progression. Identifying key ligase-substrate relationships is crucial to understanding the molecular basis and pathways behind cancer and toward identifying novel targets for cancer therapeutics. Here, we review the importance of E3 ligases in the regulating the hallmarks of cancer, discuss some of the key and novel E3 ubiquitin ligases that drive tumor formation and angiogenesis, and review the clinical development of inhibitors that antagonize their function. We conclude with perspectives on the field and future directions toward understanding ubiquitination and cancer progression.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Joseph Y. Ong and Jorge Z. Torres",authors:[{id:"186645",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"jorge-torres",fullName:"Jorge Torres"},{id:"264944",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"joseph-ong",fullName:"Joseph Ong"}]},{id:"28199",doi:"10.5772/31082",title:"F0F1 ATP Synthase: A Fascinating Challenge for Proteomics",slug:"f0f1-atp-synthase-a-fascinating-challenge-for-proteomics",totalDownloads:5529,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"780",slug:"proteomics-human-diseases-and-protein-functions",title:"Proteomics",fullTitle:"Proteomics - Human Diseases and Protein Functions"},signatures:"Federica Dabbeni-Sala, Amit Kumar Rai and Giovanna Lippe",authors:[{id:"85523",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Lippe",slug:"giovanna-lippe",fullName:"Giovanna Lippe"},{id:"149272",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Dabbeni-Sala",slug:"federica-dabbeni-sala",fullName:"Federica Dabbeni-Sala"},{id:"149273",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Rai",slug:"amit-kumar-rai",fullName:"Amit Kumar Rai"}]},{id:"28201",doi:"10.5772/31113",title:"Identification of the Novel Plasminogen Receptor, Plg-RKT",slug:"identification-of-the-novel-plasminogen-receptor-plg-rkt",totalDownloads:2414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"780",slug:"proteomics-human-diseases-and-protein-functions",title:"Proteomics",fullTitle:"Proteomics - Human Diseases and Protein Functions"},signatures:"Lindsey A. Miles, Nicholas M. Andronicos, Emily I. Chen, Nagyung Baik, Hongdong Bai, Caitlin M. Parmer, Shahrzad Lighvani, Samir Nangia, William B. Kiosses, Mark P. Kamps, John R. Yates III and Robert J. Parmer",authors:[{id:"85634",title:"Dr.",name:"Lindsey A.",middleName:null,surname:"Miles",slug:"lindsey-a.-miles",fullName:"Lindsey A. Miles"},{id:"85772",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas M.",middleName:null,surname:"Andronicos",slug:"nicholas-m.-andronicos",fullName:"Nicholas M. Andronicos"},{id:"85773",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily I.",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"emily-i.-chen",fullName:"Emily I. Chen"},{id:"85775",title:"MSc.",name:"Nagyung",middleName:null,surname:"Baik",slug:"nagyung-baik",fullName:"Nagyung Baik"},{id:"85776",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongdong",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",slug:"hongdong-bai",fullName:"Hongdong Bai"},{id:"85777",title:"Ms.",name:"Caitlin M.",middleName:null,surname:"Parmer",slug:"caitlin-m.-parmer",fullName:"Caitlin M. Parmer"},{id:"85778",title:"Dr.",name:"William B.",middleName:null,surname:"Kiosses",slug:"william-b.-kiosses",fullName:"William B. Kiosses"},{id:"85780",title:"Dr.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Yates, III",slug:"john-r.-yates-iii",fullName:"John R. Yates, III"},{id:"85781",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert J.",middleName:null,surname:"Parmer",slug:"robert-j.-parmer",fullName:"Robert J. Parmer"},{id:"123594",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Nangia",slug:"samir-nangia",fullName:"Samir Nangia"},{id:"123595",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahrzad",middleName:null,surname:"Lighvani",slug:"shahrzad-lighvani",fullName:"Shahrzad Lighvani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70577",title:"Proteoforms: General Concepts and Methodological Process for Identification",slug:"proteoforms-general-concepts-and-methodological-process-for-identification",totalDownloads:899,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The term proteoform is used to denote all the molecular forms in which the protein product of a single gene can be found. The most frequent processes that lead to transcript modification and the biological implications of these changes observed in the final protein product will be discussed. Proteoforms arising from genetic variations, alternatively spliced RNA transcripts and post-translational modifications will be commented. This chapter will present an evolution of the techniques used to identify the proteoforms and the importance of this identification for understanding of biological processes. This chapter highlights the fundamental concepts in the field of top-down mass spectrometry (TDMS), and provides numerous examples for the use of knowledge obtained from the identification of proteoforms. The identification of mutant proteins is one of the emerging areas of proteogenomics and has the potential to recognize novel disease biomarkers and may point to useful targets for identification of therapeutic approaches.",book:{id:"9352",slug:"proteoforms-concept-and-applications-in-medical-sciences",title:"Proteoforms",fullTitle:"Proteoforms - Concept and Applications in Medical Sciences"},signatures:"Jucélia da Silva Araújo and Olga Lima Tavares Machado",authors:[{id:"30130",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga Lima Tavares",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",slug:"olga-lima-tavares-machado",fullName:"Olga Lima Tavares Machado"},{id:"310148",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucelia",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Araujo",slug:"jucelia-da-silva-araujo",fullName:"Jucelia Da Silva Araujo"}]},{id:"65025",title:"E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer and Their Pharmacological Targeting",slug:"e3-ubiquitin-ligases-in-cancer-and-their-pharmacological-targeting",totalDownloads:1658,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ubiquitination plays many critical roles in protein function and regulation. Consequently, mutation and aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases can drive cancer progression. Identifying key ligase-substrate relationships is crucial to understanding the molecular basis and pathways behind cancer and toward identifying novel targets for cancer therapeutics. Here, we review the importance of E3 ligases in the regulating the hallmarks of cancer, discuss some of the key and novel E3 ubiquitin ligases that drive tumor formation and angiogenesis, and review the clinical development of inhibitors that antagonize their function. We conclude with perspectives on the field and future directions toward understanding ubiquitination and cancer progression.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Joseph Y. Ong and Jorge Z. Torres",authors:[{id:"186645",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"jorge-torres",fullName:"Jorge Torres"},{id:"264944",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"joseph-ong",fullName:"Joseph Ong"}]},{id:"65109",title:"Ubiquitin Signaling in Regulation of the Start of the Cell Cycle",slug:"ubiquitin-signaling-in-regulation-of-the-start-of-the-cell-cycle",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. Among the diverse signaling outcomes associated with ubiquitination, the most well-established is the targeted degradation of substrates via the proteasome. During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation.",book:{id:"8301",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-system-current-insights-into-mechanism-cellular-regulation-and-disease",title:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System",fullTitle:"Ubiquitin Proteasome System - Current Insights into Mechanism Cellular Regulation and Disease"},signatures:"Michael James Emanuele and Taylor Paige Enrico",authors:[{id:"264977",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Emanuele",slug:"michael-emanuele",fullName:"Michael Emanuele"},{id:"282200",title:"Ms.",name:"Taylor",middleName:null,surname:"Enrico",slug:"taylor-enrico",fullName:"Taylor Enrico"}]},{id:"60432",title:"Protein-Based Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Crops",slug:"protein-based-detection-methods-for-genetically-modified-crops",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The generation of genetically modified (GM) crops is rapidly expanding each and every year around the world. The well-being and quality assessment of these harvests are vital issues with respect to buyers’ interests. This drove the administrative specialists to execute an arrangement of extremely strict strategies for the endorsement to develop and use GMOs and to produce an interest in scientific techniques equipped for identifying GM crops. The GM crops have been added to the effective fuse of various attributes by presenting transgenes, for example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal qualities, in various crop species. GM crops give critical financial, natural, well-being and social advantages to both small and large agriculturists. The detection strategies incorporate either DNA-based or protein-based measures. Different immunoassays or catalyst connected immunosorbent tests are delicate and more affordable; however, they need experienced technicians. A very simple method, that is, immunochromatographic (ICS) test, is set up in the world, which is modest, compact and simple to utilize. The ICS is a semiquantitative method for indicative screening and semi-measurement of new remote proteins presented through hereditary change of plants. The strip is the easiest method for the assessment of several Bt crop plants for insecticidal quality.",book:{id:"6635",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-assays",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays",fullTitle:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays"},signatures:"Kausar Malik, Haleema Sadia and Muhammad Hamza Basit",authors:[{id:"238750",title:"Prof.",name:"Kausar",middleName:null,surname:"Malik",slug:"kausar-malik",fullName:"Kausar Malik"},{id:"243713",title:"Dr.",name:"Haleema",middleName:null,surname:"Sadia",slug:"haleema-sadia",fullName:"Haleema Sadia"},{id:"243714",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Hamza",middleName:null,surname:"Basit",slug:"muhammad-hamza-basit",fullName:"Muhammad Hamza Basit"}]},{id:"60064",title:"Rapid Endosomal Recycling",slug:"rapid-endosomal-recycling",totalDownloads:1304,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Peripheral membrane proteins are endocytosed by constitutive processes of membrane invaginations, followed by internalization driven by diverse endocytic machinery available at the cell surface. It is believed that after endocytic uptake, cargo proteins proceed either through the endosomal recycling circuit of the cell or travel toward late endosomes for degradation. In this chapter, we analyzed trafficking of seven cargo molecules (transferrin receptor, fully conformed MHC-I, non-conformed MHC-I, cholera-toxin B subunit, CD44, ICAM1, and G-protein-coupled receptor Rae-1) known to use the distinct endocytic route. For that purpose, we developed the software for multicompartment analysis of intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate that all endocytosed molecules are rapidly recycled and propose that the rapid recycling is a constitutive process that should be considered in the analysis of intracellular trafficking of peripheral membrane proteins.",book:{id:"6649",slug:"peripheral-membrane-proteins",title:"Peripheral Membrane Proteins",fullTitle:"Peripheral Membrane Proteins"},signatures:"Hana Mahmutefendić, Gordana Blagojević Zagorac, Senka Maćešić\nand Pero Lučin",authors:[{id:"152008",title:"Prof.",name:"Pero",middleName:null,surname:"Lučin",slug:"pero-lucin",fullName:"Pero Lučin"},{id:"245873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmutefendić",slug:"hana-mahmutefendic",fullName:"Hana Mahmutefendić"},{id:"245875",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Blagojević Zagorac",slug:"gordana-blagojevic-zagorac",fullName:"Gordana Blagojević Zagorac"},{id:"245876",title:"Prof.",name:"Senka",middleName:null,surname:"Maćešić",slug:"senka-macesic",fullName:"Senka Maćešić"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"913",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81188",title:"Structure- and Design-Based Difficulties in Recombinant Protein Purification in Bacterial Expression",slug:"structure-and-design-based-difficulties-in-recombinant-protein-purification-in-bacterial-expression",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103958",abstract:"Protein purification is not a simple task. Yet, overexpression at bacterial systems with recombinant modifications brings further difficulties. Adding a tag, an affinity label, and expressing particular domains of the whole protein, especially hydrophobic sections, make purification a challenging process. Protein folding pattern may perturb N- or C-terminal tag and this terminal preference may lead to poor purification yield. Codon optimization, solvent content and type, ionic conditions, resin types, and self-cleavage of recombinant proteins bring further difficulties to protein expression and purification steps. The chapter overviews problems of protein purification through a small peptide overexpression in bacteria (Recombinant anti-SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) Spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) antibody (Clone Sb#14). The chapter also covers troubleshooting at distinct steps and highlights essential points to solve crucial issues of protein purification.",book:{id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg"},signatures:"Kubra Acikalin Coskun, Nazlıcan Yurekli, Elif Cansu Abay, Merve Tutar, Mervenur Al and Yusuf Tutar"},{id:"79353",title:"Protein Detection in Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Prevalent Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metabolic Disorders",slug:"protein-detection-in-clinical-diagnosis-and-management-of-prevalent-neurodegenerative-diseases-and-m",totalDownloads:88,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101051",abstract:"An accurate diagnosis gives leeway to cost-effective treatments. However, many diseases continue to evolve; hence, their etiology is sometimes missed due to the procedures used during diagnosis. Protein-related diseases include proteopathies (proteinopathies) such as neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders like protein-energy malnutrition and some hormonopathies. Hormonopathies are associated with the change in the production of hormones. Diabetes mellitus, a type of hormonopathy, is reviewed in this work alongside neurodegenerative diseases and protein-energy malnutrition. This chapter aims to elucidate more on the diagnosis of these diseases considering the structure and function of their proteins viz-a-viz their deficiencies and hyper-production in man. Their pathogenesis and the principles underlying their diagnosis are further discussed to optimize the management of these diseases among patients.",book:{id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg"},signatures:"Ohanube A.K. Goodluck, Obeta M. Uchejeso and Ikeagwulonu R. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/355872",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"355872"},fullPath:"/profiles/355872",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()