\r\n\tAt the same time, many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, eating and reproductive disorders emerge in the first time or symptoms peak in this period. For this reason, it is very important to know adolescence and to follow the healthy progress of the physiological period. Early diagnosis and treatment of problems that may be problematic in this period or later life is important.
\r\n\tThis book focuses on the normal physiological development and diseases of the whole adolescence period. I hope this book will help understand adolescents and solve their problems.
It is a legal requirement that employers must provide a safe and healthy working environment their employees. In terms of public health, it is important to control occupational and environmental factors in all workplaces [1]. Health sector is one of the dangerous lines of work in which occupational health and safety (OHS) are becoming increasingly important. Healthcare professionals are faced with many occupational risks while performing their duties. There are also many risk factors for those who work in operating rooms. These include inconvenient physical environment, heavy physical work, working in shifts and working in non-ergonomic positions [2, 3, 4, 5]. Employee health is also threatened by stress, mobbing, violence, malnutrition etc. For example, being in close contact with the patient in the operating room increases the risk of infection. Nurses who are likely to come into contact with blood and bodily fluids of the patients during their daily activities at the hospital are in the high risk group for blood-borne diseases. Thus, researches indicate that nurses are mostly faced with biological and psychological risk factors [6]. Operating room employees may experience occupational accidents due to sharp object injuries, contamination with blood and bodily fluids, heavy lifting, falling, hitting, tripping, slipping, being injured etc. [7, 8]. Moreover, traffic accidents during commute and all kinds of accidents that happen at work such as musculoskeletal system wounds, violence, allergic reactions, burnt, poisoning, fire, explosion and electric shock can also be listed among these [9].
However, the duties of healthcare professionals are mostly considered as providing service to patients who need healthcare. Therefore, it is mostly neglected that healthcare professionals can have occupational problems. In this respect, institutions that provide healthcare service are generally organized to achieve patient care, treatment and satisfaction instead of prioritizing the health and safety needs of healthcare personnel. Work environment, occupational health and safety of the healthcare professionals, who provide service for patients, are mostly overlooked.
The risks of the operating rooms may cause a decrease in productivity, economic loss of the institution, increase in occupational accidents, and putting the people who receive care from healthcare professionals directly at risk. Therefore, hospitals need to be suitable for health and safety measures, environmental precautions should be taken, risk factors should be eliminated or controlled and personal protective equipment should be paid attention to by performing risk assessment and management.
Physical factors take an important place in healthcare institutions. Primary physical factors affecting work in operating rooms can be listed as temperature, noise, lighting, humidity, air-conditioning, air pollutants, ionizing radiation, non-ergonomic work conditions etc. [10].
Work environment should be adequately lighted in order for the healthcare personnel to do their jobs properly and comfortably. Especially in working areas critical for human health such as operating rooms, inadequate lighting negatively affects the personnel’s vision and excessive lighting can cause personnel to get exhausted. Researches show that light and electromagnetic fields affect the function of pineal gland. In the long term, this may lead to problems in reproductive functions, depression and especially breast cancer in women. Exposure to light at night or electromagnetic fields decreases the melatonin production of pineal gland which increases the production of estrogen from the ovaries and may cause malignant transformation in breast epithelial cells. Therefore, lighting in healthcare institutions is important especially for those who work in shifts, have night shifts and work at intensive care units.
Operating rooms are desired to be quiet environments. Sound level should not exceed 35–40 decibels in the units where patients are lying. However, it can be noisy during patient visit hours, crowded polyclinic hours and some operations. It is observed that sound level in the operating rooms reaches maximum especially during the preparation to the operation and using the surgical tools during the operation [11]. A study by Juang et al. states that physiological states of the nurses working at intensive care units for over five years are severely affected [12]. It is also stated that these nurses, especially the ones working in different shifts, are extremely sensitive to noise and cannot tolerate it. Varicose vein, the main risk factor of which is to stand still, is seen very often especially in nurses working in operating rooms.
Sharp object injuries, which are generally preventable risk factors for nurses, are mainly caused by tools that disrupt skin integrity. Inadequate number of nurses in operating rooms, shifts, high work circulation, and long working hours also increase the risk of sharp object injuries. Because more risky surgical tools are used in these units besides the tools used by other healthcare personnel. Operating rooms have a risk of fire due to factors such as use of lasers and oxygen. Heating flammable preparation materials pose a serious risk for fire. These agents can easily catch fire with increased temperature. If a flammable preparation material is being used, additional precautions should be taken to avoid surgical fires and burns in patients. Operating room staff should have sufficient knowledge on laser and oxygen use, factors causing fire and how to use fire extinguishers.
Surgical site infections are one of the most difficult postoperative complications which threaten millions of lives every year. Current evidence presents a positive relationship between the infection rate and the concentration of the bacteria-carrying particles in air [13]. Ventilation of the operating room is important to decrease the concentration of bacterial pollutants in air and control the risk of infection. Advanced air conditioning systems are needed to minimize the risk of infection and keep the concentration of microorganisms at the minimum values specified by standards. To that end, ventilation systems of operating rooms should be designed and organized in a way to prevent occupational and healthcare institution originated infections by considering the biological and physical characteristics of the microorganisms.
Air conditioning installation should be performed in frequent intervals determined by laws and elaborately controlled in order to minimize the microorganisms, dust, narcotic gases and bad odors in the hospital, as well as providing comfort conditions in the operating rooms. Inadequate or improper ventilation may cause health problems and employees to breathe more air pollutants.
Various chemical substances are used in operating rooms to provide healthcare service. These substances are especially used to take hygienic precautions as well as diagnosis and treatment. Healthcare professionals can get exposed to the chemical substances in various ways such as respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, absorption (skin, eyes) and pinpricks. These chemical substances have acute or chronic effects on healthcare personnel [14, 15]. Effects of chemical substances on healthcare personnel may vary according to duration of contact, way of contact, physical and chemical characteristics of the substance. The effectiveness of the substance can especially vary by the presence of different chemical substances in the work environment, genetic and personal characteristics of the employee and addictions such as alcohol and smoking.
Disinfectants, anesthetic agents, cytotoxic agents, drugs, some heavy metals such as mercury and latex are primary chemicals used in operating rooms [16]. Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide are commonly used in operating rooms for chemical sterilization. Some of them, for example alcohol, have a relatively low toxicity. On the other hand, glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde are extremely irritant for skin, eyes and airways even at very low concentrations and their increased concentrations may result in increased heart rate and pulmonary edema. Formaldehyde belongs to “Group-1 Carcinogenic to humans”, which includes factors proven to cause cancer by International Agency for Research on Cancer [17]. Ethylene oxide, used for the sterilization of heat sensitive materials, shows mutagenic and carcinogenic characteristics as well as toxic and explosive effects. Ethylene oxide is a combustible gas which explodes when it reaches %3 concentration. Its acute effects are respiratory problems and neurological symptoms. High level of exposure causes cataract. Moreover, the need for a relatively long time for sterilization causes the risk factors to extend over time. Nurses can be exposed to risk while they break the ampoule containing the medicine, dilute the medicine in powder form, spilling the medicine by accident etc. Allergic reactions in nurses working in operating rooms mostly develop as latex energy due to frequent use of gloves. Latex gloves are flexible, easy to wear and used for every process in the operating room. Latex can cause allergic reactions ranging from mild contact dermatitis to urticaria, conjunctivitis, bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock.
Anesthetic gases take an important place in chemical risks that healthcare professionals are exposed to [18]. Operating room is constantly contaminated by the leakage from the valves of anesthetic devices and even by the anesthetic gases of the expiratory air of the patients. Healthcare professionals are chronically exposed to these gases in operating rooms. Anesthetic gases are highly volatile compounds and especially small indoor places such as operating rooms can get highly contaminated with these gases in a short amount of time. Anesthetic gases can affect employees in the operating room and recovery room [19]. Anesthetic gases spread in a way that harms the environment by leakage from the anesthetic devices, accidental spilling and spreading of the gas, using an unsuitable mask on the patient, poorly inflating the intubation tube and the gas spread by the expiration of the patient. Epidemiological studies show that chronic exposure to anesthetic gases is an occupational risk which has consequences like spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, premature birth, cancer, liver and kidney diseases, regression in mental functions, headache, fatigue and irritability [20]. Therefore, nurses working in operating rooms, surgical doctors and other personnel working in operating rooms are at high risk of anesthetic gases (nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane etc.)
On the other hand, healthcare personnel may be exposed to chemical substances in the hazardous medicine during the preparation, transfer, application, storage and disposal of the medicine. Cytotoxic drugs have the potential to cause serious health problems for people and personnel who come into contact with them. The risks include cancer, malformed, abnormal birth, recurring toxic effects, organ or tissue damage, chromosomal abnormalities. More women are employed in healthcare sector compared to other sectors and majority of the chemically risky actions are performed by nurses, the majority of whom are women. Therefore, another dimension of the danger of the chemical substances is that most of these substances have genotoxic effects (mutagenic, carcinogenic and/or teratogenic) and they may cause spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, babies with anomalies by affecting the reproductive health of the women working in operating rooms.
Healthcare employees are at risk of various infectious diseases at the daily work environment. Thousands of healthcare employees are caught in numerous serious infections such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and AIDS. Respiratory transmitted diseases, which are among the occupational risks for employees in healthcare sector, are huge reasons of loss of work and power. There are two main ways for respiratory transmission which are droplet contact and airborne transmission. Droplet contact refers to contact of the droplets carrying microorganisms from an infected person to conjunctiva, nasal or oral mucosa (by coughing, sneezing, speaking, bronchoscopy or aspiration). Airborne transmission refers to the spread of the droplets carrying microorganisms through air by suspending in air for a long time or contacting dust particles.
A newly identified coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a worldwide pandemic. Coronavirus was first identified in December 2019 in China. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named it COVID-19. Covid-19 with high transmission level, it has become a serious public health issue. COVID-19 easily is transmitted by respiratory system which causes numerous deaths and it is a serious threat for healthcare professionals. Nurses should act carefully to protect both themselves and the patients from contamination in operating rooms. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used in accordance with the rules. Surgical nurses should carry out this challenging process with a multidisciplinary approach in issues such as restructuring in operating rooms and reviewing in-hospital triage [21, 22, 23, 24]. Surgical smoke may be effective in the spread of coronavirus [25]. Surgical smoke is a potential risk factor for patients, personnel and environment. Mutagen gases, carcinogens, particles containing DNA components or HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) may spread in air via smoke when lasers or electrocauteries are used [26, 27].
Nosocomial infection occurs when pathogens are transmitted by nurses and healthcare personnel who came into contact with intubated patients in intensive care units and patients with intravascular catheters. Nosocomial infections emerge as direct or indirect microbial spread (cross infection) or spread from one’s own infected tissue to another tissue (self-infection). Studies show that nosocomial infections are mostly caused by microorganisms in the environment outside of patient and healthcare employees are the primary source of infections. Both the bacteria found in these individuals and the ones that are transmitted to other patients are important sources of nosocomial infections.
Studies on infection prevalence and risk analysis are increasing and new information is obtained day by day. Another of these infections is blood-borne infections [28, 29, 30]. Blood-borne infections are of particular importance because of their frequency and long term negative effects. Serious precautions should be taken to protect healthcare professionals from blood-borne infections. Personnel at risk should be included in vaccination program. Hygiene is very important. The labels of bags and containers used to transport waste with risk of contamination should be colored in red and clearly indicate danger. Sharp and penetrating tools should be carried in labeled, special containers in conformity with the standard. There should be no risk of contamination or leakage in these containers. Contaminated laundry should be carries in special, marked bags which should be labeled as dangerous. The use of gloves is very important. Biological risk factors can be controlled as well as employee safety if risk factors are known by all employees and necessary precautions are taken.
Nurses have a very active role in every field of healthcare service present in operating rooms. Nurses are under more pressure and experience more psychological reactions due to the occupational differences in working conditions [31, 32, 33, 34]. Therefore, more satisfied, happier and more productive nurses are important to increase the quality of the service provided. However, job satisfaction of nurses can be negatively affected by hopeless thoughts on the future of occupation, the fact that nursing is considered as an auxiliary occupation and difficult work conditions, which is the foremost problem in nursing. Nurses need to work in shifts since healthcare institutions provide service for 24 hours. This may have negative effects on the biological, psychological and social lives of nurses. Working in shifts disrupts body’s normal biological rhythm and may cause chronic fatigue and disruption in person’s family and social lives. The fact that nurses have to work at nights and on the weekends besides the traditional working hours is a cause of stress on its own. Nurses may have problems in communication due to the way they work. Moreover, reversed biological clock may cause chronic fatigue, tiredness and depression. Overtime work causes a decrease in attention level in operating rooms where attention is very important and this causes an increase in the possibility of making mistakes and decrease in the quality of work. Therefore, operating room nurses experience stress and homeostatic deterioration comes with sleep disorders and have significant effects on the quantity of life and performance of people.
Surgical teams in the operating rooms generally differ by the type of operation. However, anesthetic team generally remains constant and works longer times in shifts. Thus, health problems are more common in this group.
Workplace violence is the most common situation that healthcare professionals encounter. Violence against doctors and healthcare personnel have been rapidly increasing in recent years. Healthcare employees are a specific group in terms of facing stress and exposure to violence is quite high in this group. There many different factors of violence such as patients, relatives, coworkers in healthcare institutions. Hospitals are becoming more dangerous for healthcare personnel day by day [35]. In that case doctors and healthcare personnel do not feel safe themselves in their workplaces. In a Turkish study by Ayranci et al., on healthcare professionals, it was identified that 50.8% of the healthcare professionals were subjected to one or more type of violence while they were working, practitioners were subjected to violence the most (67.6%) and 58.4% of the nurses were subjected to violence [36]. A research in Turkey by Gokce and Dundar on doctors and nurses stated that 71.4% of the doctors and 90% of the nurses were subjected to violence [37].
Healthcare professionals try to do their best in their jobs, just like the employees in other sectors. In order for healthcare personnel to efficiently perform what is expected from them, work environment should be designed in a way that allows moving comfortably. Ergonomics refers to designing and organizing the workplace and equipment in the most physically suitable way for the users. No matter how perfect they are technically, if the tools and equipment, tables, chairs and methods used by healthcare personnel are not suitable for themselves, a high performance should not be expected. In other words, if they are designed without considering the characteristics, abilities and disabilities of the people, employees cannot perform with high performance. Ergonomic stress factors are very common in operating rooms. Especially the nurses who provide service to the complete dependent patients help them with all activities such as getting dressed, eating, going to bathroom etc. This may cause musculoskeletal injuries, especially due to overload, in healthcare personnel. Researches on nurses identified that bad back problems are more common in nurses compared to the people working in fields requiring heavy physical work. Hospital employees are in the risk group for backache; occupational activities such as lifting patients in improper positions, leaning forward, turning around and standing still for a long time may cause biomechanical stress in vertebra and backache [38, 39, 40, 41].
Another important risk factor in hospitals is radiation. Regulations on this subject must be followed carefully [42, 43, 44, 45]. Radiation in operating rooms can be emitted from mobile rontgen devices, fluoroscopy devices and non-ionizing devices like lasers [46]. Radiation exposure is caused by working with fluoroscopy and radioactive substance application in operating rooms. Long term effects of low dose radiation use for a long time in operating rooms are not known. Biological effects of the ionizing radiation in the tissue differ by the total dose, dose rate, amount of body receiving radiation, radio sensitivity and the type of radiation and it may have stochastic and deterministic (non-stochastic) effects. Adverse effects of radiation exposure can occur within hours or years. Thyroids, eyes, hands and gonads are among the regions that are most affected by radiation. Radiation safety is important for employee safety as it is for patient safety. In studies conducted on operating room workers, it was determined that healthcare workers ignored protective measures regarding radiation safety [47, 48, 49]. The main reason for this was explained by the lack of knowledge of the employees on the physical characteristics and biological effects of radiation. Yet, setting and applying basic principles of radiation protection is important for employee and patient safety. Therefore, attention should be paid for in-service trainings for operating room personnel, inspection of the application and having informed and certified personnel to use fluoroscopy.
OHS aims to minimize occupational accidents and diseases and to keep the health of employees at the best level in all the world. With OHS studies, dangers and risk factors should be determined and controlled at their source. Operating rooms are complex places where the most advanced technology and systems are used and qualified employees work at. The most threatening factors for employee safety in operating rooms are contaminated, sharp object injuries and material splashes. The most common ones are pinprick injuries. Allergies to latex gloves and hand washing solutions in the operating rooms may cause serious problems. Ergonomics is an important yet ignored topic. If the actions such as positioning and lifting patients, transferring patients from the bed to the stretcher and carrying patients are performed without being careful, they may cause serious musculoskeletal problems for employees. Factors such as excessive amount of time spent in work environment, shifts and insufficient number of nurses may cause an increase in work intensity and a decrease in motivation for nurses.
Critical decisions on the lives of patients are taken and applied in operating rooms which have high level of psychological and physical stress. Therefore, they require concordant team work and moderate work environment. Use of too many technological devices, necessity to make fast decisions and risks caused by the nature of the operating rooms also pose some risks for the employees. Nurses working in operating rooms may encounter various risky conditions as explained above. Unsuitable physical environment, heavy physical work, frequent criminal activities, working late at night with fewer people, working in non-physiological positions, non-ergonomic conditions, stress, discomfort, workplace conditions which makes healthy diet difficult, commute problems are factors threatening employee safety. Since numerous factors might have negative effects on the safety and health in operating rooms, risk assessment should be performed and reformative-preventive actions should be taken in order to identify characteristics such as what these factors are, at what level they are present and who they affect. Occupational health problems caused by the risks in the workplace can be reduced and the rates of serious injuries and damages can be decreased with proper and efficient risk management.
Operating room nurses should be trained on subjects such as general environmental pathogens, ergonomics, blood-borne pathogens, protective equipment, radiation safety, fire safety, general safety, use of hazardous material (substances), emergency situation management, protection against airborne diseases, mobile liquefied oxygen, communication and enlightenment on dangers, medical equipment care and safety of tap water.
Primary precautions to reduce exposure to chemical substances include using materials with low danger potential, paying attention to the allowed concentrations, frequently ventilating the environment, hand washing, using personal protective equipment such as aprons and masks, updating old methods and equipment, measuring and monitoring samples taken regularly, biological monitoring. In addition to these, there are many precautions that are customized according to the characteristics and risks of the chemical substances.
Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management of the patients with suspected or diagnosed new coronavirus pneumonia should be known and defined in detail. All healthcare professionals, particularly surgeons and nurses, should be provided with advantages in protection from the disease. All patients should be managed as Covid-19 patients until the results are confirmed. Risk of Covid-19 should be considered for general surgery emergencies and personal protective equipment should be used accordingly. Patients should be transferred to the operating rooms by service nurses and nurses should wear N95 masks, goggles/face shields, waterproof aprons and overshoes. Patients should also wear a surgical mask and transferred to the operating room via the shortest way with least contact with others.
Hospital management should take precautions against the risk of infection, nurses should gain more awareness and pay attention to using protective equipment such as gloves and masks. Ventilation of the healthcare institutions is important to protect patients and healthcare personnel and to prevent the infections caused by the institution. For this purpose, various air conditioning systems are developed, each of which has its pros and cons. It is thought that improving environmental conditions of the operating rooms would increase the chance of preventing surgical infections, decrease complications, increase the quality of the operation, increase the quality of healthcare service by decreasing cost and reduce the stress of the operating room personnel.
Multidimensionality of the concept of health and the need for interdisciplinary cooperation and several approaches are some of the most important elements that form the basis of nursing education. Nurses who are educated on occupational risks and employee safety can have the ability to define and control the possible risk factors. Nurses undertake many duties besides patient care in operating rooms, which are not their essential duties. Excessive workload and transfer of the duties of other disciplines to nurses leads to the emergence of an unhappy occupational group which works hard yet does not have time to practice their own profession. This situation should be prevented and it should be ensured that nurses do the duties they have been trained for.
Concordance and productivity of the team depend on the position and role of each member of the team being defined and recognized. It also depends on each member having the capability and possibility to perform their own roles at their best. Therefore, nurses’ roles should be defined and nurses should be capable of performing those, and roles of nurses should be known, recognized, accepted and respected by the other members of the team. In order to establish such an environment, besides following the law and legislation, employees and employers should accept their roles that prioritize health and safety, believe that safety would be maintained in the institution, adopt an appropriate attitude and display social responsibilities.
As described above safe working environment is important for all hospital workers, especially for those who work in operating rooms. Necessary precautions should be taken and controlled regularly in order for surgical nurses to perform their duties successfully. Employees should be informed about work safety precautions and most importantly push for these precautions. In addition to patient and employee safety in operating rooms, environmental safety also has an important place. Environmental risk analysis should be performed by experts in the operating rooms at regular intervals and risk management should be implemented by the occupational health and safety committees in the hospital.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
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Evaluation of many indigenous technologies reveal that many of these technologies can be classified as ‘appropriate’, focused on basic needs of water, sanitation and agriculture, and many have origins in IKS that survived. Thus, IKS must be validated, exploited and integrated into AT innovation and development.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"John Tharakan",authors:[{id:"198534",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tharakan",slug:"john-tharakan",fullName:"John Tharakan"}]},{id:"56510",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69890",title:"Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions in Sustainable Land Management in Western Highlands of Kenya",slug:"role-of-traditional-ethnobotanical-knowledge-and-indigenous-institutions-in-sustainable-land-managem",totalDownloads:2572,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the relevance of indigenous knowledge and institutions in natural resource management using western highlands of Kenya as a case study. The research design was a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 350 individuals (comprising farmers, herbalists and charcoal burners) from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 50 in-depth interviews and 35 focus group discussions. The results show that indigenous knowledge and institutions play a significant role in conserving natural resources in the study area. There was gender differentiation in knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of indigenous knowledge as applied to sustainable land management. It is recommended that deliberate efforts should be put in place by the County Governments to scale up the roles of indigenous institutions in managing natural resources in the study area.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Chris A. 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This recent transition presents a growing opportunity for indigenous people who live in nature-rich areas (national parks, etc.) to collaborate with ‘outside stakeholders’ such as governmental agencies, scholars and environmental NGOs in natural resource management. In such situations, it is necessary to deeply understand the value of indigenous resource management (IRM) practices to promote self-directed and effective resource management. This chapter focuses on local forest resource management and its suitability in the local social-cultural context in central Seram, east Indonesia. First, I describe how the well-structured forest resource use is constructed and maintained through the indigenous resource management practices based on ‘supernatural enforce mechanism’. After that, I investigate what social-ecological roles the IRM in Amanioho has, and how IRM practices relate to the social-cultural context of an upland community in central Seram. 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Survey questionnaire, observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interview were employed to obtain data. Field data were analyzed and interpreted using appropriate analytical tools and procedures. The result revealed that the Borana herders have time-tested weather forecasting experience of using astrological, intestinal, plant, and animal body language indicators. Astrological and intestinal readings that need special training and local expertise are known as Urgii Elaltus and Uchuu, respectively. Forecast information is disseminated using the Borana sociocultural institutions. Based on the disseminated forecast information, the Borana herders take measures such as strengthening enclosure, storing hay, migrating with animals, destocking, and changing schedules of social and cultural festivities such as wedding. The precision and credibility of traditional weather forecast steadily declined and led to repeated faulty predictions. Poor documentation and knowledge transfer system, influence of religion and modern education, premature death of forecast experts, and expansion of alcoholism were identified as causes undermining the vitality of Borana indigenous weather forecast. It is high time that the tenets of indigenous weather forecasting be assessed scientifically and be integrated into the modern science of weather forecasting before they vanish.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Desalegn Yayeh Ayal",authors:[{id:"198164",title:"Dr.",name:"Desalegn",middleName:"Yayeh",surname:"Ayal",slug:"desalegn-ayal",fullName:"Desalegn Ayal"}]},{id:"67479",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86677",title:"Exploring Aboriginal Identity in Australia and Building Resilience",slug:"exploring-aboriginal-identity-in-australia-and-building-resilience",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter will discuss the challenges faced by Aboriginal people seeking recognition of their identity as Indigenous Australians. It will explore government policies, their impact on identity formation and the ongoing impact of colonisation on education and health outcomes for Indigenous people in Australia. The issues raised will include historical and contemporary experiences as well personal values and attitudes. The strategies and programs introduced within educational settings as part of an inclusive practice regime will be highlighted. Aboriginal people have faced many challenges, and continue to do so in postcolonial times, including challenges to their identity.",book:{id:"8522",slug:"indigenous-aboriginal-fugitive-and-ethnic-groups-around-the-globe",title:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe",fullTitle:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe"},signatures:"Clair Andersen",authors:[{id:"296447",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Clair",middleName:null,surname:"Andersen",slug:"clair-andersen",fullName:"Clair Andersen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56426",title:"Indigenous Resource Management Practices and the Local Social-Cultural Context: An Insight towards Self-Directed Resource Management by People who ‘Coexist’ with Supernatural Agents",slug:"indigenous-resource-management-practices-and-the-local-social-cultural-context-an-insight-towards-se",totalDownloads:1737,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent arguments in the governance of natural resource management, effectiveness and desirability of collaborative management among various stakeholder including indigenous people has been recognized. In the context of Indonesia, the reformation movement has stimulated the growth of a new perception of indigenous people’s rights to their land in the country. This recent transition presents a growing opportunity for indigenous people who live in nature-rich areas (national parks, etc.) to collaborate with ‘outside stakeholders’ such as governmental agencies, scholars and environmental NGOs in natural resource management. In such situations, it is necessary to deeply understand the value of indigenous resource management (IRM) practices to promote self-directed and effective resource management. This chapter focuses on local forest resource management and its suitability in the local social-cultural context in central Seram, east Indonesia. First, I describe how the well-structured forest resource use is constructed and maintained through the indigenous resource management practices based on ‘supernatural enforce mechanism’. After that, I investigate what social-ecological roles the IRM in Amanioho has, and how IRM practices relate to the social-cultural context of an upland community in central Seram. 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IK covers diverse areas of importance for society, spanning issues concerned with the quality of life - from agriculture and water to health. The IK resident in India and China have high relevance to rural life, especially given the level of engagement with agricultural and health technologies. The goal is to establish a heuristic whereby IK can be reviewed and evaluated within particular contexts to determine if the IKS can lead to the development of appropriate technology (AT) addressing that need sustainably. Although much work on cataloguing and documenting IKS has been completed in these two countries, a paucity of attention has been paid to the scientific rationale and technological content of these IKS. Evaluation of many indigenous technologies reveal that many of these technologies can be classified as ‘appropriate’, focused on basic needs of water, sanitation and agriculture, and many have origins in IKS that survived. Thus, IKS must be validated, exploited and integrated into AT innovation and development.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"John Tharakan",authors:[{id:"198534",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tharakan",slug:"john-tharakan",fullName:"John Tharakan"}]},{id:"56510",title:"Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions in Sustainable Land Management in Western Highlands of Kenya",slug:"role-of-traditional-ethnobotanical-knowledge-and-indigenous-institutions-in-sustainable-land-managem",totalDownloads:2574,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the relevance of indigenous knowledge and institutions in natural resource management using western highlands of Kenya as a case study. The research design was a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 350 individuals (comprising farmers, herbalists and charcoal burners) from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 50 in-depth interviews and 35 focus group discussions. The results show that indigenous knowledge and institutions play a significant role in conserving natural resources in the study area. There was gender differentiation in knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of indigenous knowledge as applied to sustainable land management. It is recommended that deliberate efforts should be put in place by the County Governments to scale up the roles of indigenous institutions in managing natural resources in the study area.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Chris A. Shisanya",authors:[{id:"200734",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Shisanya",slug:"chris-shisanya",fullName:"Chris Shisanya"}]},{id:"56296",title:"Empowering Namibian Indigenous People through Entrepreneurship: The Case from the Nama People",slug:"empowering-namibian-indigenous-people-through-entrepreneurship-the-case-from-the-nama-people",totalDownloads:1595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The challenge emanating from the colonial and apartheid regimes on the Nama people of Namibia have not only resulted in them losing nearly half of its population, but they also appeared to have lost their social identity. To that end we continually find convergences and divergences in clothing and accessories, food, traditional dances, homes, and traditional beauty cosmetics, between the past and present. This chapter seeks to explore whether the Nama people have always used money to acquire the aforementioned past? If not, what have they done right in the past to acquire all these items? These are one of the few questions this chapter seeks to explore and understand, and the role Nama entrepreneurial activities play for their own socio-economic advancement. Critical discourse can lead to a better understanding and appreciation of entrepreneurship among indigenous people in Namibia. This will in turn result in an enhanced understanding of the role entrepreneurship and culture can play in both a local and international context. After a brief introduction to Namibia and the Nama people, the cultural values and entrepreneurial initiatives of the Nama people are discussed, followed by discussions, recommendations and conclusions. Research methods employed were in-depth interviews and participant observation.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Wilfred Isak April, Daniel Ileni Itenge, Josef Petrus Van der\nWesthuizen and Lazarus Shimwaningi Emvula",authors:[{id:"110034",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",middleName:"Isak",surname:"April",slug:"wilfred-april",fullName:"Wilfred April"},{id:"204208",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Ileni",surname:"Itenge",slug:"daniel-itenge",fullName:"Daniel Itenge"},{id:"204209",title:"Mr.",name:"Lazarus",middleName:null,surname:"Emvula",slug:"lazarus-emvula",fullName:"Lazarus Emvula"},{id:"204916",title:"Mr.",name:"Josef",middleName:"P.",surname:"Van Der Westhuizen",slug:"josef-van-der-westhuizen",fullName:"Josef Van Der Westhuizen"}]},{id:"55689",title:"Usages and Customs of the Indigenous Communities in Favour of the Reduction of the Digital Divide: A Case Study of the Ñuu Savi People",slug:"usages-and-customs-of-the-indigenous-communities-in-favour-of-the-reduction-of-the-digital-divide-a-",totalDownloads:1247,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This research is of ethnographic nature, focusing on the study of the Ñuu Savi people (people of the rain), also called the Mixtec people, of pre-Columbian origin belonging to the Mixteca Region of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. On the basis of sociocultural theory and the theory of the diffusion and adoption of technological innovations, the study on the cultural identity of the ethnolinguistic group, whose social platform is the “uses and customs,” is carried out. As a result of this research, the descriptive analysis is presented, detailing the effect of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the situation of the vulnerable and disadvantaged group. Likewise, cultural elements have been identified that allow the formulation of a model for the development and inclusion of the ethnic minority. An educational strategy is designed and implemented through the model. However, in the process of implementing the educational strategy, it was observed that the Ñuu Savi people experience a conjunctural stage where technological adoption coexists with some beliefs, aptitudes, and attitudes, characteristic of its form of government of “uses and customs,” which create sociocultural barriers that make social and digital inclusion difficult.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Olivia Allende-Hernández and Jesús Salinas",authors:[{id:"198235",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivia",middleName:null,surname:"Allende-Hernández",slug:"olivia-allende-hernandez",fullName:"Olivia Allende-Hernández"},{id:"201435",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Salinas",slug:"jesus-salinas",fullName:"Jesús Salinas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1330",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. 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It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/353339",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"353339"},fullPath:"/profiles/353339",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()