Symptomatology.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-363-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-362-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-364-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"969d1c6315b04584c2f011e03dad69c2",bookSignature:"Dr. Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11929.jpg",keywords:"Drilling Performance, Drilling Tools, Well Design, Drilling Procedure, Rotary Drilling, Directional Drilling, Measuring-While-Drilling, Smart Well Technology, Environment Protection, Geothermal Drilling, Sustainable Drilling Fluids, Carbon Sequestration",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Zoveidavianpoor has over 18 years of multidisciplinary oil and gas experience, built upon his technical, operational, and management roles in the industry and academia. He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), the Energy Institute, UK and is registered as a chartered petroleum engineer. He has published more than 50 publications on International peer-reviewed Journals and conferences, has contributed to 5 textbooks, and served in many scientific committees.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92105/images/system/92105.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor has over 24 years of experience, built upon his technical, operational, and management roles in the industry and academia. Mansoor holds a BSc degree in Geology, MSc, and Ph.D. degrees both in Petroleum Engineering. He was involved in different disciplines such as project management, geology, flow assurance, piping construction, artificial intelligence, environmental engineering, drilling and production engineering, He has lectured several courses at the University Technology Malaysia (UTM), Petroleum University of Technology (PUT), and Islamic Azad University (IAU). He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and registered as a Chartered Petroleum Engineer at Energy Institute, and EIA subject specialist at DOE Malaysia. He has published more than 50 publications on International peer-reviewed Journals and conferences, has contributed to 5 textbooks, and served in many scientific committees. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor at UTM and involved in several consultancies in petroleum engineering and energy transition. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"52635",title:"Axillary Breast: Contouring the Axilla",doi:"10.5772/64683",slug:"axillary-breast-contouring-the-axilla",body:'\nAxilla can be the seat of many deforming swellings but the commonest malady that compromises appearance and causes concern is axillary breast. Other benign conditions such as lipoma, lymphadenopathy, hidradenitis suppurativa and vascular malformations must be kept in mind nevertheless.
\nPeri-pubertal and peri-partum increase in the size of axillary breast causes not only aesthetic concerns but discomfort due to poor arm posture, sweating, and stickiness; not to mention the limitation of choice in apparels that can be worn.
\nAxilla is a pyramidal structure—with a concave floor made up of skin and subcutaneous fat—facing laterally and inferiorly [1].
\nThe four borders are
\nA—anterior axillary fold comprising of free border of pectoralis major,
B—posterior axillary fold comprising of free border of latissimus dorsi muscle,
C and D—the anterior and posterior lines defining the upper, medial arm.
The medial and lateral faces of pyramid comprise of convex upper rib cage medially and inter-tubercular sulcus of humerus laterally. The anterior and posterior faces are free. The apex of the axilla harbors axillary pad of fat, lymph-nodes and lymphatics draining Upper limb as well as the neuro-vascular structures. The latter include intercosto-brachial nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and the cephalic vein. The apex has axillary artery and vein, invested in layer of fascia. Spencer’s foramen is an opening in the pectoral fascia which allows passage of axillary tail of the breast. \nFigure 1\n illustrates the anatomy in detail.
\nSurgical anatomy of axilla.
The anterior and posterior axillary folds and the concave floor are key features to consider in order to improve aesthetics of the axilla. The anterior and posterior axillary folds smoothly curving to medial arm can be termed anterior and posterior axillary aesthetic lines respectively, akin to dorsal aesthetic lines of the nose (\nFigure 2\n).
\nAnterior and posterior axillary aesthetic lines.
A fatty fold rolls over into axilla filling it and reducing the definition. A scar crossing the fold of axilla interrupting its smooth transition into medial line of arm violates the aesthetic landmarks, as illustrated in \nFigure 3\n which shows pre-operative and post-operative photographs of a patient.
\nA scar crossing the anterior axillary fold compromises outcome.
Full and convex floor makes it appear unattractive; as also when the floor is irregular, scarred and tethered.
\nThe axillary skin is hairy and rich in apocrine type of sweat glands that open into the piliary canal of the hair follicle. They are larger (800 μm) and secrete a substance that is thicker than that secreted by eccrine glands distributed over rest of the body. The substance is oily, odorless and rich in proteins, lipids and steroids. This nurtures the bacteria on the skin leading to peculiar odor. The apocrine sweat contains pheromone-like substances. The axillary apocrine glands are active during sexual excitement and under stress [2, 3].
\nIt is a common practice to shave axilla in women who wear sleeveless tops as well as in metrosexual men. In tropical countries like India, men often wear sleeveless apparel due to hot climate.
\nThe mammary ridge in fetal life extends from axilla to groin. Incomplete involution can lead to accessory breast anywhere along this milk line.
\nAccessory breast tissue is defined as the presence of extra breast tissue in
Diagrammatic representation of Kajava classification based on composition of accessory breast. Solid oval = breast tissue, hollow oval = areola, rod = nipple, arrows = hair.
The axillary breast is a type of accessory breast, located in the axilla. It can be of any Kajava type though we have seen only type 4 in axilla. If there is a connection through spencer’s foramen, it can be considered as axillary tail of the breast. In the absence of connection, it is simply an accessory breast tissue in the axilla. Though the management remains the same, ligation of the tail is an important maneuver in case of axillary tail—as it may contain a vessel.
\nAn anatomical sub-classification of axillary breast was proposed by Bhave, according to location [8].
\nCentral axillary
Para-mammary
Medial arm.
\n\nFigure 5\n shows clinical illustration of the same.
\nClassification of axillary breast—Bhave Medha.
The classification has diagnostic significance, as many type 2 and 3 breasts can be misdiagnosed as other pathology, which may lead to inferior choice of incision and poor cosmetic outcome.
\n\n\nTable 1\n summarizes the common symptoms in our series. Most of other reports in the literature are by radiologists. Hence the commonest presentation in their series is asymptomatic. There is lack of awareness of the available modes of treatment and fear of scar, which leads to under-reporting. Even if the condition is congenital, most women develop the swelling during hormonal surges such as menarche or pregnancy. The presentation may be at any age, since this is not a pressing complaint unless the patient is worried about cancer.
\nInability to wear proper clothes | \n23/24 | \n
Inability to maintain proper arm posture | \n20/24 | \n
Sweating, sticky skin and discomfort | \n20/24 | \n
Cosmetic concern | \n18/24 | \n
Pain in the lump | \n11/24 | \n
Fear of malignancy- voiced by older patients | \n2/24 | \n
Pain along the medial arm | \n1/24 | \n
Symptomatology.
The reason why treatment is sought is often said to be inability to wear sleeveless tops. In fact, Laurence Kirwan has included this in definition.
\nIn our series, most of the women felt sweaty, sticky and malodorous due to the presence of mass in the axilla. Fear of cancer, inability to maintain arms in proper posture, pain along the medial arm were the other symptoms. Inability to wear proper clothes was a secondary reason in most women.
\nA woman needs not only to be heard but also listened to. A surgeon should consider the functional aspects of body contouring surgery before aesthetic as most of the women, especially from India are not seeking to wear exposing attire, but simply want to be comfortable and efficient in daily life.
\nEvery structure in the axilla can cause swelling and be confused with axillary breast [8].
\nLymphadenopathy—tubercular is the commonest in India. \nFigure 6\n.
Hidradenitis suppurativa—very common in tropical countries.
Lipoma.
Malignancy.
Sebaceous cyst.
Vascular malformation.
In our series, we have encountered everything except vascular malformation.
\nIt must be noted that the axillary breast can be seat of every benign and malignant disease that can occur in mammary tissue.
\nTubercular lymphadenopathy. Patient presented 2 days prior to this cellulitis as axillary breast.
It follows from the above discussion that ultrasonography of the axilla is the primary modality to diagnose the nature of the swelling, define its contents and establish or rule out vascular connection.
\nColor Doppler should be done in case of vascular swellings as and when required. Mammography is routinely done to rule out any associated breast pathology.
\nMRI may be required in some cases where additional pathology like tubercular lymphadenopathy or malignancy is suspected.
\nThe various treatment modalities include [9, 10]
\nA—open excision,
\nB—liposuction,
\nC—non surgical methods like injection lipolysis, high intensity focalised ultrasound (HIFU), etc.
\nD—combination of excision and suction—axillaplasty.
\nA—Open Excision.—This can be undertaken in a small mass. But for a large mass this may result in long scars that may cross aesthetic landmarks of axilla.
\nB—liposuction alone—following hazards of closed procedures in axilla are encountered.
\nAxilla in abduction—as required for the operation—brings important neuro-vascular structures to the floor and thus makes them prone to injury by the cannula. In adduction, these structures remain at the apex but one cannot operate in such a position. Hence, liposuction alone is a hazardous choice as a primary modality.
\nUsually, the axillary breast tissue contains fair number of glandular structures, making it difficult to produce satisfactory result with liposuction alone. The use of sharp cannula—as used in male gynaecomastia by some surgeons—is not advisable, due to proximity of important structures. Leaving behind residue of the gland—and suctioning only to produce contouring—is against the principles of surgery. The residue can re-enlarge later. Thus, even if closed liposuction has advantages like minimal scar; the dead space and non-retraction of skin are major deterrents to wide use of this method. Though tumescent liposuction is strongly advocated by some authors [9, 10], it may be hazardous for aforementioned reasons.
\nC—non surgical procedures like injection lipolysis cannot be used as the agents can cause venous thrombosis and fibrosis in the axilla leading to peri-neural inflammation, fibrosis and pain.
\nD—axillaplasty—definition and concept.
\nThe term axillaplasty was introduced by Laurence Kirwan in 2009. He defines axillaplasty as follows—axillaplasty is a procedure to correct the overhang of fat and skin above the bra at the armpit, which limits tops that women can wear. The fat is suctioned and excess skin is removed creating a neat thin line scar hidden in the apex of the axilla. The wound is closed with a knotless absorbable barbed 2-0 and 3-0 barbed suture, which aids in the healing [11].
\nHe presented the procedure in 2009 at Las Vegas aesthetic meeting.
\nWe adopted the procedure for management of the axillary breast. Open excision of the breast tissue and skin is done first, reserving the liposuction only to contour the axilla suction the anterior and posterior axillary folds, minimize the dog ears and reduce the length of the axillary scar.
\nDocumentation—sonography report stating the percentage of breast stroma and fatty tissue.
\nPhotographs—frame—mid neck to nipple level
\nViews—“spread wing” view with arms at right angle—both sides, Rt axilla, Lt axilla.
\n—Arms abducted above the head—both sides—depicts relation with pectoralis major
\n—Arms by side—both sides.
\nGeneral anaesthesia is used after proper medical fitness is evaluated [8]. Marking is done with arm in abduction—the lax skin is pinched and marked as an ellipse in the direction of maximum laxity. This skin is to be excised (\nFigure 7\n).
\nMarking the incision in direction of maximum laxity. Dotted lines mark the margin of the palpable mass.
Palpable extent of the gland is marked with dotted lines. The axillary folds may be marked if too bulky [8].
\nInfiltration is done in a deep plane with 1 in 200,000 adrenaline with, 1% lignocaine in saline. Subdermal infiltration is used only for the incision. If simultaneous liposuction of the back is planned, it is marked pre-operatively and infiltrated after completion of axillaplasty. Skin incision is deepened till superficial fascia as depicted in \nFigure 8\n. Thick flaps are elevated on either sides to define the axillary breast [8].
\n(A) Flaps at level of superficial fascia. (B) Well demarcated mass.
Meticulous dissection to separate the breast, preserving every nerve going through the mass, is undertaken. Pectoral border medially, cephalic vein superiorly and the lateral edge of the mass laterally are the limits of dissection. Intercostobrachial nerve is invariably found to be passing through the mass and needs to be preserved as shown in \nFigure 9\n. The medial cutaneous nerve of arm if encountered, axillary pad of fat and lymph nodes is preserved. The mass usually separates well. If connection with the mammary tissue is identified through foramen of spence, it should be ligated and haemostasis achieved. Excision is essential because there is no other way to safely remove the tough breast tissue with suction. The sharp cannula used sometimes in gynaecomastia cannot be used for fear of damage to nerves.
\nMeticulous dissection of nerves and vessels involved in the swelling is needed to avoid post-operative neuralgia.
Arm is then abducted and temporary staplers are used to secure best position for suturing with minimum dog ears. The dog ears are then thoroughly suctioned. Chasing the dog ear lengthens the scar and if it crosses any anatomical land-mark, the aesthetic outcome suffers. If required, the thick flaps can now be suctioned to contour the floor. Flaps that are too thin will tether to the floor and give unnatural appearance. Moreover, this suction is well away from the important neurovascular structures. It must be noted that liposuction alone is not enough to produce the desired result due to invariable presence of firm breast tissue in the mass.
\nSuturing is done with 3-0 PDS in two layers. We never needed drains in any of our patients, but they should be used when in doubt.
\nAxillaplasty can be combined with breast reduction [12].
\nThe hair bearing skin does not retract well after liposuction [8]. Thus, skin excess cannot be taken care of as addressed in abdominal liposuctions. The overhang remains if liposuction is used alone and necessitates excision. Thus, it is wiser to combine the two at the outset. The axillary sweating and hair are matters of concern for most women, and they are happy to have this skin reduced. Despite presence of hair, the scars are imperceptible and often better accepted in exchange of reduction in hair bearing skin.
\nThe dressing is done with a thick gauze and cotton pad secured with stretchable many tailed tape as depicted in \nFigure 10\n. Hypo allergic tape can be used but one may not be able to obtain adequate pressure. Pressure garments are not reliable due to the peculiar shape of the axilla. They can also cause compression of the nerves and veins in the arms due to tight sleeves resulting in edema of the dorsi of the hands. The very first patient in our series had come for minimal access surgery. She found it extremely difficult to wear the garment during post-op period due to tingling numbness in the forearms and hands due to excessive pressure on the arms due to tight sleeves. Even after releasing that pressure, we realized that more pressure was at the junction of sleeves and body of the garment than on axilla. Figure of eight dressing—like a clavicular brace—was tried but was found to be inefficient. We have found the many-tailed elastic tape very useful as it goes around the contours of shoulder and chest wall to provide sufficient compression without nerve compression and distal edema. One patient in our series developed severe allergy and blisters due to the tape. Careful monitoring is required, and the tape has to be removed if patient complains of itching without waiting for blisters to develop.
\n(A) Many tailed dressing drapes well around axilla with concave floor. (B) Way to cut the tape.
Our study comprises 24 patients presenting with axillary masses.
\nThe result of surgery upon our initial patient, who insisted on liposuction alone, paved the way to our current method of choice-excisional sculpting with limited liposuction. After her liposuction of both axillary breasts, she had residual mass on right side with solid breast tissue. She had burning of medial arms possibly due to nerve injury. She could not wear garment in post-op period due to distal swelling and tingling numbness. She had to undergo revision surgery on right side to remove residual mass and excess hair bearing skin, which did not retract after surgery as shown in \nFigure 11C\n.
\n(A and B) Pre-op of 24 year old air-hostess. (C and D) After closed liposuction. Note residual gland in Rt axilla. Glabrous skin appears to be in excess but non retraction of hairy skin has resulted in excess.
Thereafter, only one patient underwent liposuction, but she had predominantly fatty tissue. She was lost to follow-up after 1 month.
\nThe rest of the patients was treated by axillaplasty as described above. All patients were photographed pre-operatively, 1 and 6 months post-operatively. They were evaluated for scar quality and aesthetic outcome. \nFigure 12\n shows a routine result of open axillaplasty.
\n(A–C) Pre-op views Rt side axillaplasty, Lt-liposuction alone. (D–F) 6 months post-op.
The rest of the results are tabulated in \nTable 2\n.
\nMethod | \nNo. of patients treated | \nComplications | \nComment | \n
---|---|---|---|
Liposuction alone | \nThree patients, five axillae (One patient underwent excision on the other side) | \nOne axilla, residual mass, nerve pain | \nOpen surgery required | \n
Axillaplasty with limited liposuction | \n21 Patients, 44 axillae | \nAs in \nTable 3\n\n | \nAs assessed at 6 months post-op | \n
Results.
Most of the patients who appeared to have dog ears and mildly hypertrophic scar were found to have total diminution of the scar and resolution of dog ears at the end of 6 months (\nFigure 13\n).
\nInterim status of patient in
One patient who had a lipoma in the axilla had previously undergone injection lipolysis outside. She was found to have thrombosis of all the veins in the field as illustrated in \nFigure 14\n. This patient had severe medial arm burning pain, both locally and in the medial arm, for about 9 months and needed pregabalin therapy for the same.
\n(A) Axillary lipoma with history of injection lipolysis done elsewhere. (B) 6 months after axillaplasty, scar is imperceptible. (C) Intra-op view showing thrombosed veins.
The results clearly show that excisional sculpting of axilla is far safer and also an effective method to manage fatty axillary swellings [8, 9, 12]. \nFigure 15\n shows results of axillaplasty on medial arm type of axillary breast.
\n(A and B) Show pre-op views of medial arm type of axillary breast. All skin could be recruited to axilla to avoid a scar on inner arm. (D) Shows communication through foramen of Spencer. (C and E) Show post-op results with mild scar hypertrophy.
The well-maintained axillary aesthetic lines are demonstrated in another patient with central type of axillary breast are shown in \nFigure 16\n.
\nWell maintained axillary aesthetic lines after axilla plasty. 6 months post-op. A—pre-op, B—post-op.
The complications in our series are listed in \nTables 2\n and \n3\n [8].
\nComplications | \nNo. of patients | \nComments | \n
---|---|---|
Mild scar hypertrophy | \n3 | \nIn one patient, scar crossed the anterior axillary fold but was not hypertrophic | \n
Medial arm pain | \n2 | \nPain despite preservation of nerves Resolved with long-term pregabalin therapy | \n
Allergy to sticking plaster | \n2 | \nOne required deroofing of blisters and collagen cover | \n
Infection, seroma | \nNil | \n\n | \n
Haematoma | \n1 | \nDeveloped due to forced passive exercise by a relative on 10th post-op. day. Responded to evacuation and pressure dressing | \n
Dog ear Residual mass Axillary contracture | \nNil Nil Nil | \n\n | \n
Complications of open axillaplasty with axillary sculpting in our series.
Bleeding due to vascular injury was not seen in our series. Excessive mobilization in post-op period can sometimes result in late hematoma. This occurred in one axilla of one of our patients on 8th post-op day. It responded to evacuation and pressure with many tailed elastic tape dressing.
\nPain—post-operative shoulder stiffness and pain occurs in all patients. Injury to medial cutaneous nerve of arm and Intercostobrachial nerve can cause burning pain in the respective territory. This resolves in 1–6 months but may need neuro-regulators temporarily.
Infection—never occurred in our series. A pre-op cleansing schedule with surgical scrub solution is a part of our protocol.
Nerve injury—every small cutaneous twig in the field that does not lead to the skin being excised needs to be preserved. Else the area of supply would be seat of burning pain.
Seroma—never occurred in our series. Inadequate pressure can cause hematoma and seroma.
Dog ear—minor dog ears always settle with time.
Scars—hypertrophy.
Contracture.
Proper direction of incision in alignment with maximum laxity helps prevent contractures. Limited skin excision and closure without tension prevents hypertrophy. Some patients having tendency to hypertrophy can have problem, which can be managed with standard intra-lesional kenacort injections and silicon-based scar products.
\nTheoretically, lymphedema is possible complication, but preservation of axillary pad of fat and lymph nodes if any, limiting dissection below cephalic vein, helps to prevent it as shown in \nFigure 17\n. We have not encountered a single case so far.
\nLymphedema can be avoided by careful preservation of fat pad and nodes. Large nodes if any should be sent for histopathology.
Commonest disfiguring mass in axilla is axillary breast. Traditional liposuction for management incurs risk of nerve and vascular injury. Liposuction as sole modality of treatment is neither efficient nor sufficient for complete removal of axillary mass. Only excision results in ugly scars that violate the aesthetic landmarks of axilla. Excisional axillaplasty inclusive of excisional sculpting with limited liposuction for dog ears and axillary folds is safer choice. Scars in axilla heal exceptionally well despite being in the hair-bearing skin, if limited excision is planned, in the direction of maximum laxity. Other variants of axillary breast like para-mammary and medial arm must be diagnosed correctly so that incision for removal can be placed in the axilla for better aesthetic outcome.
\nDr. Anand Bhave, M. D., Staff at Param hospital and ICU, Thane.
\nMany rhyolite lavas are usually associated with pyroclastic deposits [1, 2, 3]. In fact each lava eruption is almost invariably associated with preceding phases of explosive pyroclastic activity [4, 5, 6]. This suggests that lavas could be a terminal event of many explosive eruptions during which most of the volatiles of the magma have been removed. Even while the rhyolite lavas being growing explosive activity may continue, as evidenced by the presence of unusually large amounts of obsidian ejecta among the pyroclastic deposits [4].
The principal requirement for the effusive (not explosive) eruption of magma as coherent lava is that the exsolved volatile content of the magma immediately before eruption should be sufficiently low to prevent the build-up of a gas pressure which could cause explosive fragmentation of magma and country rock [7]. Nevertheless, sufficient water is initially available in the magma source regions [3]. Therefore, for coherent magmas to be erupted from magma sources with high volatile contents the magma has to degas [7].
Volcanologic and petrologic studies on the silicic centres which lie within the Afar axial range or off the axis are very scarce. This is partly because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the area that practically inhibits field investigation. The very few previous studies mainly focused on the extensive basaltic flow fields [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13], which have been interpreted as incipient oceanic ridges. However, there are also comparable volumes of silicic magmas to that of the basaltic counterparts in the region [14, 15, 16]. Very little is known about these silicic centers which form a conspicuous central edifice in the axial range of the Afar magmatic segments [15, 17, 18, 19, 20].
This study presents field observation; textural description (thin section and scanning electron microscope); and mineral chemistry (backscattered electron imaging and dispersive X-ray analysis) for previously undescribed Badi volcanic edifice from central Afar, Ethiopia (Figure 1). Contrary to many localities, whereby rhyolitic lava domes and flows are usually associated with pyroclastic deposits, the Badi volcanic edifice contains several clusters of coalescing silicic domes and lava flows, and sparse evidence for pyroclastic rocks. Thus, this volcano offers a relatively rare opportunity to study effusive silicic volcanic phenomena. The motivation of this work is to understand the mechanism of emplacement of Badi silicic domes and flows with hope to draw inferences on the formation of the flow bands. In order to address these questions we employ textural analysis of the lavas using petrographic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), accompanied by mineral chemistry. To the knowledge of the authors, there are no earlier studies of this kind documented in the literature from the region so far. Petrologic and geochemical studies of some silicic volcanic rocks from Afar including those from Badi have been considered elsewhere [17, 18, 19, 20, 22] and are omitted from the forthcoming discussion.
Topographic relief map of central Afar, showing the location of the off-rift axis Badi volcano. Dashed line represents the 2005 dyke injection (after [
Afar depression (the Afar triple junction), roughly 300 km wide, marks the intersection of three rifts: the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and east African rifts. This extensional province formed within a Palaeogene Ethiopian flood basalt province associated with the Afar mantle plume [23, 24]. Rifting within the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden arms of the triple junction has progressed to oceanic spreading [25], whereas the less-evolved Ethiopian rift is transitional from continental rifting to oceanic seafloor spreading [26]. The crust of the Afar depression is highly extended and intruded with mafic dykes [27]. Crustal thickness ranges from 16 km in the north beneath Erta’Ale range to 24 km in the south [28].
Within the southern Red Sea rift and Afar, the initial development of border faults was roughly coincident with the 31–29 Ma flood basalt sequences in the same area [29]. Strain migrated riftward from 19 to 12 Ma [29], and by ~5 Ma, an oceanic spreading ridge had developed within the south central Red Sea rift [30]. Southward propagation (south of 16°N) of the ridge runs inland through Ethiopia, whereby extension (faulting and dyking), seismicity and volcanism are localized in discrete narrow (<10 km wide) ~60 km long rows/zones within the Afar depression [31]. These rows are referred to as magmatic segments and are characterized by aligned chains of basaltic cones with associated flow fields, shield volcanoes, shallow seismicity and positive gravity anomalies [26]. The available K-Ar data for basaltic and silicic rocks along the terrestrial portion of the Red Sea rift system indicate an age range of 1.46–0.52 Ma [32]. Within these magmatic segments, volcanism tends to be bimodal, with extensive basaltic flow fields and axial silicic centers [15, 18, 19, 20, 22]. Profuse fissure basalt volcanism, referred to as “Stratoid Series” [33] covering most of the central and southern part of the Afar depression, occurred about 5 Ma ago where it was most active between 4.5 and 1.5 Ma [34].
Fresh, unaltered obsidians (twelve samples) were collected from Badi volcano, and were examined under petrographic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK. SEM images and chemical analysis (backscattered electron imaging and dispersive X-ray analysis) of samples were acquired.
Badi volcano (located at 12.387°N and 40.366°E) lies off the axis of the main rift and is associated with a deviation in the strike of the faults (Figure 1). It is a well-defined rounded volcanic center with diameter of emerging from fissural basaltic lava fields. The summit of the center is about 1280 m high above mean sea level (msl) and the base is around 640 m high above msl. The total volume of the volcano is estimated to be about 31.5 km3. The silicic lava consists of a cluster of several rhyolite domes and flows. There is no central vent; rather each dome/flow has its own vent. The only age constraint available for the silicic part of the Badi edifice is a K-Ar age of 290 Ka for one of the basal silicic domes [32].
The sub-aerial Badi volcanic edifice has essentially two parts (Figure 2): the base of silicic domes and flows and then, the upper basaltic flows which have been erupted on to the silicic material. There are no exposed explosive products associated with the effusive activity in Badi volcano, unlike many rhyolitic obsidian flows and domes in the Ethiopian rift valley which are commonly associated with pyroclastic deposits [4, 6, 35, 36, 37]. It has been noted that in most volcanic centers of Afar, pryroclastic products are scanty [15]. However, there are large silicic caldera complexes in Afar away from the rift axis [16]. The absence of fragmental magmatic materials at Badi volcano clearly reflects that the effusion of lava domes and flows resulted from the different rheology of the magma.
Outcrop photos illustrating the eruptive sequence of Badi volcano; Basal silicic domes and flows, and upper basaltic flow.
During our preliminary field investigation, we found evidence for a single, coarse-grained pumice cone deposit, on the side of the volcano. The pumice fall deposits are quite high up elevation wise and lay directly on top of some basaltic scoria cones (Figure 2), so they post-date at least some of the later basaltic volcanism and have been erupted after almost all of the silicic domes/flows that make up the main body of the Badi Mountain. Accordingly, the volcanic stratigraphy of Badi volcano from old to young is silicic dome, then basaltic scoria and finally pumice fall deposit. There are certainly no silicic flows interbedded with the pyroclastic material (Figure 2). The very large pumices (0.5 m in size or more) suggest reasonably close to the vent. All of the dates for the late stage basaltic activity are around 50 Ka and younger (Ar-Ar and cosmogenic 3He datings, [13]). This indicates that the pyroclastic deposits are much younger than 50 Ka. An interpretation might be that the pumice deposit is the product of a small explosive eruption, sourced from a body of silicic melt that was rejuvenated by the later injection of basaltic magma.
Field inspection reveals that the rhyolite lavas show a vertical zonation of lava textures related to the mechanism of emplacement (Figure 3a). The upper surface of obsidian usually fractures into blocks, probably related to the movement and cooling of the interior of the flow. Beneath these layers is the core (interior) of the dome which is unlaminated and shows columnar joints. The upper outer surface of the dome is made up of obsidian layer which displays a very pronounced layers, or flow bands (Figure 3b) defined by a color variation (i.e., alternating domains of light and brown glasses). The flow bands are frequently folded (Figure 3c) and exhibit intricate fluidal textures as indicated by highly contorted and intensively crenulated layers (Figure 3d). Folds arise as flow layering deforms during flow advance [38].
Outcrop photos illustrating the lithological variability (a) Textutal differences through a rhyolite lava, with a chilled glassy carapace top and a columnar jointed bottom. (b) Black, vitreous obsidian occurring as interbanded layers. (c) Flow-folded obsidian. (d) Fluidal characteristic as evidenced by contorted and crenulated layers.
Petrographic observation of the flow bands (Figure 4) shows that the boundaries between the light and brown glass bands are abrupt, reflecting laminar flow state. The brown lamella is relatively thickener than the light one. The flow banding is locally deflected around phenocrysts (Figure 4), suggesting that crystallization took place before the cessation of flowage of the lava.
Photomicrographs illustrating flow banding defined by alternating domains of brown and light glasses (×30, ordinary light). Note flow bands deflected around phenocrysts.
As seen both in the hand specimen and thin section, SEM observation (Figure 5) illustrates that the Badi lavas have flow banding/layering defined by alternating lamellae of light and black glasses. Black bands are represented by non-vesicular obsidian, while light layers are vesicular glass. The obsidian domain shows abundant, very small microlites of mainly alkali feldspar, quartz and pyroxene set in a glassy matrix. Microlites are generally randomly oriented. It is important to note that there is no notable difference in the abundance of microlites between the two glass domains. Furthermore, the Badi lavas contain neither xenocrystic nor xenolithic materials.
SEM image illustrating the differences in abundance of vesicles between the flow bands. Note microlites are randomly oriented. Field of view is 9 μm.
The rhyolite lavas, which form the main part of the Badi edifice, display a wide variety of textures ranging from sparsely porphyritic through aphyric to almost completely glassy obsidians (Figure 6). The phenocrysts are unbroken which provides textural evidence that distinguish the flows and domes as lava rather than rheomorphic ignimbrite. They appear to have been in equilibrium without embayment or resorption. The porphyritic lavas (e.g., samples 01–04, 02–06, 25–02) contain very few phenocrysts or microphenocrysts (< 5 vol.%) of alkali feldspar, quartz, green clinopyroxene and aenigmatite enclosed in a microcrystalline or glassy groundmass which is mainly alkali feldspar, quartz and pyroxene. The aphyric lavas (e.g., samples 01–07, 02–04, 29–03) exhibit very scarce microphenocrysts of alkali feldspar, quartz and green pyroxene embedded in a microcrystalline groundmass which mainly contains alkali feldspar and quartz. They are slightly altered as indicated by a dirty appearance of feldspar. The rhyolitic obsidians (e.g., samples 01–09, 02–04, 03–01, 30–04(1), 30–12, 31–01) contain microlites of alkali feldspar, quartz and pyroxene set in a glassy matrix. The groundmass/matrix is relatively fresh and unaltered devoid of post eruption divetrification and hydration products such as spherulites.
Photomicrographs illustrating the petrographic characteristics of pertalkaline rhyolites from Badi volcano with phenocrysts of alkali feldspar (euhedral), quartz (rounded), aegirine (green) aenigmatite (dark brown) set in a microcrystalline or glassy matrix (×30, ordinary light).
The mineral assemblage in Badi lavas, in order of decreasing abundance, includes alkali feldspar, quartz, green clinopyroxene and aenigmatite, although not all phases are found in every sample. Table 1 reports the main petrographic characteristics of phenocrysts and matrix of the Badi rhyolite lavas. Accessory Fe-Ti oxides and apatite are present in trace amount and occur as inclusions. Fe-sulfide, possibly pyrrhotite occurs as tiny bleb inclusions within oxides. Alkali feldspar, quartz, green clinopyroxene, and aenigmatite are ubiquitous in the phenocrysts and microphenocrysts. Alkali feldspar is volumetrically the most abundant crystal in the Badi lavas. Phenocryst and matrix compositions of the Badi rhyolite lavas are presented in Table 2. Composition of alkali feldspar is anorthoclase or sanidine. Alkali-pyroxene is the most abundant mafic mineral and is mostly aegirine and subordinate aegirine-augite. Aenigmatite is commonly the second most abundant mafic mineral.
Phase | Mode (vol.%) | Petrographic description |
---|---|---|
Phenocrysts | (1–5%) | |
Alkali feldspar | up to 3% | Typically tabular and prismatic euhedral phenocrysts (1–4 mm in length); unbroken showing simple twinning; rarely cloudy appearance. Equant microphenocrysts (< 1 mm in size). |
Quartz | <2% | Subhedral to rounded crystals. |
Alkali pyroxene | <2% | Aegirine forms elongated (skeletal) and prismatic crystals (up to 3 mm in length); showing green to brownish-yellow color and pleochroism, and only one perfect cleavage. Aegirine-augite occurs as small euhedral; Equant microphenocrysts (0.6 mm in size); shows both cleavages. |
Aenigmatite | <1% | Euhedral crystal with typical dark brown color. |
Groundmass/matrix | Generally fresh and unaltered; ranges from entirely glassy to microcrystalline groundmass; alkali feldspar, quartz and pyroxene are the principal microlite minerals; display flow banding defined by variation of vesicle abundances. |
Main petrographic characteristics of phenocrysts and matrix of the Badi rhyolites.
Anorthoclase | Sanidine | Aegirine | Aenigmatite | Glass | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 01−/04 | 25−/02 | 01/−04 | 01/−04 | |
SiO2 | 66.52 | 66.55 | 53.84 | 40.15 | 67.60 |
TiO2 | 1.22 | 9.39 | |||
Al2O3 | 17.19 | 18.22 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 12.87 |
FeO | 1.41 | 0.78 | 29.67 | 41.66 | 5.49 |
MnO | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 1.40 | |
MgO | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.27 | |
CaO | 0.04 | 0.16 | 1.22 | 0.38 | 0.05 |
Na2O | 7.12 | 6.77 | 12.00 | 6.41 | 5.82 |
K2O | 6.68 | 7.49 | 0.09 | 6.93 | |
Total | 99.29 | 100.04 | 99.32 | 100.11 | 99.03 |
Representative energy dispersive (EDS-SEM) x-ray analyses of minerals and glass of rhyolites from Badi volcano.
The modal presence of alkali pyroxene and aenigmatite, which are considered to be index minerals in the peralkaline salic rocks [39], in Badi rhyolites surely confers a peralkaline affinity. Nicholls and Carmichael [40] indicated that aegirine is the dominant phase in strongly peralkaline composition (pantellerite), whereas hedenbergite seems to be dominating in less peralkaline composition (comendite). The presence of modal aegirine in Badi lavas implies a pantelleritic composition. This affinity is also supported by chemical composition (Hutchinson et al., 2018) in which the silicic lavas from Badi volcano are predominantly pantellerite with minor comendite. The absence of Fe-Ti oxides in the mineral assemblage suggests that the magma was crystallized at low oxygen fugacity which lies at or below the FMQ buffer curve in the T-
It becomes increasingly apparent that some workers (e.g., [37]) have shown the presence of fayalite, hedenbergite and plagioclase in the mineral assemblage of peralkaline rhyolites from Ethiopian rift valley. These minerals are not found in Badi rhyolites. We only observed plagioclase and hedenbergite as xenocrysts in xenolithic material in a single specimen (30-01(4)). These less-evolved inclusions show angular contacts, suggesting that they were solid while the host rhyoltic lava was liquid. We emphasize the importance of indentifying the mineral assemblage found in rhyolites as phenocrysts and xenocrysts.
Thin flow banding, defined by discrete lamellae/layers with contrasting color, is a common feature of many effusive volcanic rocks. It is a ubiquitous texture in very viscous, highly siliceous lavas, such as rhyolites (e.g., [3, 43, 44]). Flow band in rhyolite lavas has been described from varying crystallinity and vesicularity [45]. Differences in abundance of microlites and/or vesicles appear to develop either during flow of the melt in the conduit or during late stage cooling and degassing during flow emplacement [45, 46]. Flow banding is thought to be a reflection of laminar flow.
Flow banding in rhyolite lavas may have a variety of origins, including mixing of compositionally distinct magmas [47, 48], or incorporation of xenolithic material in a shear flow [49], or fracture-healing processes of texturally distinct magma [46, 50]. Another type of flow banding origin seems to arise from deformation of domains in the melt that had contrasting water concentration in the melt prior to flow [43]. There is yet little consensus on any of these alternatives.
One of the most important questions to answer is whether or not the banding displayed by the Badi rhyolite lavas is due to textural (i.e., differences in abundance of vesicles) or compositional (i.e., differences in abundance or preferred orientation of microlites) heterogeneities. Flow banding in Badi lavas is defined by alternating domains/layers of contrasting glass colors (light and brown glasses). Brown bands are represented by non-vesicular obsidian, while light layers are vesicular glass (Figure 5). Our data set shows that there are no extreme differences in mineral composition or proportion between the light and brown glasses. This appears to indicate that the banding observed in the studied lavas is not due to compositional heterogeneities at least on the basis of mineralogical grounds. Instead it is due to textural differences, caused by variations in vesicle concentration of the glass bands (Figure 5).
Such textural heterogeneities due to differences in the abundance of vesicles of the glass may develop either during magma flow in the conduit [46], or during flow emplacement [49]. All of the samples from Badi volcano surveyed both in thin section and SEM do not contain xenocystic and/or xenolithic material. This further provides evidence against incorporation of xenolithic material during the course of the flow of Badi lavas at the Earth’s surface. Hence, this textural (vesicularity) heterogeneity could not have developed during late stage cooling and degassing during flow emplacement. Rather such textural variations (heterogeneities) imply distinct cooling and/or degassing histories, and must have formed during flow in the conduit prior to magma extrusion.
Many rhyolitic obsidian flows and domes are commonly preceded or accompanied by explosive episodes [2, 3, 36, 37]. Two contrasting models have been proposed to explain the common sequence of initial, explosive plinian eruptions followed by quite effusions of lava: (1) the volatile stratification model; and (2) permeable foam model. In the former case, a stratification of volatiles in the source magma body is invoked to explain the initially explosive phase [1]. In the later case, one envisions a fairly uniform batch of magma that can release gas as it ascends through the fracture and porous conduit rock [7].
The Badi volcanic edifice is entirely constituted by several clusters of coalescing silicic domes and lava flows; there are no any explosive products associated with the effusive activity. This is in contrary to many rhyolitic obsidian flows and domes (e.g., Fentale and Gedemsa, Ethiopia; Inyo Dome, USA; Pantelleria, Italy) which are commonly associated with pyroclastic deposits [1, 2, 3]. These features are also common in most silicic volcanic centers of Afar in which pyroclastic rocks are usually scarce [15].
The fundamental question is whether extrusive rhyolite lavas of Badi volcano represent quenched dry rhyolite magma or have somehow degassed during ascent and eruption to prevent build-up of a magmatic gas pressure. The lack of hydrothermal manifestation, represented by direct escape of exsolving volatiles through the vent immediately before eruption, strongly suggests that the coherent lavas from Badi did not erupt from degassed magma source. Furthermore, amphibole phases are not observed in Badi rhyolites. The absence of amphibole phase in Badi rhyolites demonstrates that the water content of the pre-eruption magma was not enough to stabilize amphibole which requires about 3 wt.% H2O in a silicic magma to crystallize [3]. The absence of amphibole phase suggests that the Badi rhyolite domes and flows resulted from initially volatile-poor silicic magmas. Hence, the lack of progression from tephra ejection to lava extrusion, contrary to many rhyolite eruptive sequences, at Badi volcano reflects the lava must be nearly as dry as obsidian to escape fragmentation up on extrusion.
Effusions of silicic lavas often pile up over the vent area rather than traveling long distances (e.g., [1, 2, 3]), due to their high viscosity that prevents them from flowing far from the vent from which they extrude. It seems that the Badi rhyolites advanced outward. This might be related to their composition (Table 1 and Figure 6) in that the Badi rhyolites are predominantly pantellerite with relatively high Na+ and K+ ion concentrations which act as network modifier (i.e., lowering the degree of melt polymerization) thereby relatively lowering the viscosity of the silicic magma [51]. Once extruded, the Badi lava flows outward (the average Badi flow is about 1.5 km) due to their relatively low viscosity.
In addition, the Badi rhyolite lavas are aphyric (with total phenocryst contents of <5%, Table 1), suggesting an extremely high magma temperature at the time of eruption. The high emplacement temperature implies that the rhyolite lavas reached the surface through a circular conduit, which presents a much smaller cooling surface to the country rocks [52]. The aphyric condition of rhyolite lavas has been ascribed to unusually low viscosity [53]. The Badi lavas have flowed outward up to 1.5 km. Hence, these lavas may have had reduced viscosity due to their high magma temperature and peralkaline affinity, as the cause of the increased fluidity.
The rhyolite lavas from effusive Badi volcano, central Afar, show peralkaline affinity (predominantly pantellerite), as evidenced by the presence of modal aegerine and aenigmatite in the mineral assemblage. These lavas display flow banding defined by alternating lamellae of brown, non-vesicular (obsidian) and light, vesicular glasses. Flow banding is thought to arise from differences in vesicle abundances between the brown and light glasses. Such textural heterogeneity might have developed during magma flow in the conduit prior to magma extrusion. The scarcity of explosive products is explained by the fact that the Badi rhyolite domes and flows resulted from initially volatile-poor silicic magma that prevents build-up of a magmatic gas pressure which could cause explosive fragmentation. The Badi lavas flowed outward due to their high magma temperature and peralkaline affinity as the cause of the increased fluidity.
This work was carried out as a part of the NERC-funded Afar Consortium. We thank the Ethiopian Air Force for helicopter support.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/350260",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"350260"},fullPath:"/profiles/350260",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()