Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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This book is a source of recently accumulated information. It covers a broad range of topics from chemistry, technology, and quality assessment, to bioavailability and function of important molecules, recovery of bioactive compounds, preparation of olive oil-based functional products, and identification of novel pharmacological targets for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-921-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4368-0",doi:"10.5772/1378",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"olive-oil-constituents-quality-health-properties-and-bioconversions",numberOfPages:524,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"b26e27a335ddfd64f9583593dbd8ceb5",bookSignature:"Boskou Dimitrios",publishedDate:"February 1st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/869.jpg",numberOfDownloads:142579,numberOfWosCitations:256,numberOfCrossrefCitations:65,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:272,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:17,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:593,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 22nd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 27th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 26th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"77212",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Boskou",slug:"dimitrios-boskou",fullName:"Dimitrios Boskou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/77212/images/3142_n.jpg",biography:"Dimitrios Boskou received his diploma in chemistry from the School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hellas; his Philosophy Doctor degree from the University of London, UK; and his degree of Doctor of Science from the School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hellas. He served as an assistant, lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor, professor and head of the Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (1970–2006). From 1986 to 1998, he was a member of the IUPAC Commission on Oils, Fats, and Derivatives. In the years 1995–2005, he served as a member of the Supreme Chemical Council, Athens. From 1995 to 2012, he was a member of the Scientific Committee for Food of the European Commission and a member and expert of the Food Additives Panel of the European Food Safety Authority. His achievements are: over 90 published papers and reviews; author and editor of 8 books; author of 22 chapters in books related to major and minor constituents of fats, natural antioxidants, olive oil and frying of food; and contributor to international scientific encyclopedias and the Lexicon of Lipid Nutrition, a joint IUPAC/IUNS work.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"327",title:"Food Safety",slug:"food-safety"}],chapters:[{id:"27024",title:"Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds of Single Cultivar Virgin Olive Oils Produced in Italy and Tunisia with Regard to Different Extraction Systems and Storage Conditions",doi:"10.5772/28699",slug:"volatile-and-non-volatile-compounds-of-single-cultivar-virgin-olive-oils-produced-in-italy-and-tunis",totalDownloads:3101,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cinzia Benincasa, Kaouther Ben Hassine,Naziha Grati Kammoun and Enzo Perri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27024",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27024",authors:[{id:"75035",title:"Dr.",name:"Enzo",surname:"Perri",slug:"enzo-perri",fullName:"Enzo Perri"},{id:"83499",title:"Dr.",name:"Cinzia",surname:"Benincasa",slug:"cinzia-benincasa",fullName:"Cinzia Benincasa"},{id:"124199",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaouther",surname:"Ben Hassine",slug:"kaouther-ben-hassine",fullName:"Kaouther Ben Hassine"},{id:"124200",title:"Dr.",name:"Naziha Grati",surname:"Kammoun",slug:"naziha-grati-kammoun",fullName:"Naziha Grati Kammoun"}],corrections:null},{id:"27025",title:"Olive Oil Composition: Volatile Compounds",doi:"10.5772/28512",slug:"oil-composition-volatiles",totalDownloads:6964,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marco D.R. 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1. Introduction
Flow instabilities are used to increase the heat and mass transfer rates as well as to fuse the fluids of dissimilar properties (viscosity, elasticity, density, etc.). In other technological applications, these instabilities are accountable to unstable the multilayer and free-surface flows. Multilayer flows are used in coating processes and lubricated pipeline transport. The presence of the instabilities in the system leads to nonuniform film thickness and defects, where good optical finishing and smooth edges are required by the industry, which further leads to poor product quality. Suppression of these instabilities has been a major task from a long time by the researchers to improve the product quality [1, 2]. Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability takes place when a lighter fluid supports a heavy fluid, then any perturbation of the interface grows and leads to spikes of the heavier fluid penetrating into the lighter one and the interface becomes unstable. The contact discontinuity between the two fluids is unstable to perturbations that grow by converting potential energy to kinetic energy, causing bubbles of the low-density fluid to rise, and spikes of the high-density fluid to sink. If the light fluid is above the heavy fluid, the interface is stable. In a magnetized plasma, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability can occur because the magnetic field acts as a light fluid supporting a heavy fluid (the plasma).
In curved magnetic fields, the centrifugal force on the plasma due to the charged particle motion along the curved field lines acts as an equivalent gravity force. When forces associated with the density gradient and gravity oppose each other, the RT instability sets in [3, 4]. The box of fluid shown in Figure 1 is now filled with two incompressible fluids of differing densities, separated by an interface with a perturbation imposed as shown in Figure 1. Here, RTI is seen to play a wider role in many branches of science from astrophysical systems to industries.
Figure 1.
Two fluids inside of a large box.
2. Review of status of research
This instability occurs in many interesting physical situations, such as implosion of inertial confinement fusion capsules, core collapse of supernovae, or electromagnetic implosions of metal liners. The Rayleigh-Taylor problem was first studied by Lord Rayleigh in 1883 and Sir G.I. Taylor in 1950 [3]. Taylor used the theory of linearization for the small oscillations at the interface and obtained an exponential growth rate. Chandrasekhar, in 1961, studied the magnetic field case analytically for the fluids that are incompressible, inviscid, and have zero resistivity. Qin et al. [5] reported the synthesis of chains of metal nanoparticles with well-controlled particle sizes and spacing induced by the Rayleigh instability. Bychkov et al. [6] derived the dispersion relation for the internal waves and the RT instability in a nonuniform unmagnetized quantum plasma with a constant gravitational field. They have shown that the quantum effects always play a stabilizing role for the RT wave instability. Cao et al. [7] studied the RT instability incorporating the quantum magnetohydrodynamic equations and solved the second-order differential equation under different boundary conditions with quantum effects. Khomenko et al. [8] modeled the growth rate of the instability and the evolution of velocity and magnetic field vector in the prominence plasma (closer to Sun’s surface) under the presence of neutral atoms. Diaz et al. [9] derived the criterion for the growth rate of the RT instability in partially ionized plasma using single fluid theory. Ibrahim and Marshall theoretically investigated the impact of velocity profile on RTI within the jet to examine the effects of its relaxation on intact length [10]. Carlyle and Hillier experimentally verified that stronger magnetic fields can suppress the growth of the rising bubbles of the RTI [11]. Litvak and Fisch derived the necessary instability conditions of azimuthally propagating perturbations in a Hall thruster plasma [12]. Recently, investigators derived the dispersion for the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in a Hall thruster using the two - fluid theory [13, 14]. Shorbagy and Shukla investigated the RT instability in a nonuniform multi-ion plasma in a Hall thruster to obtain the growth rate of the instability [15]. Ali et al. [16] derived the modified dispersion relation for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability under the quantum corrections incorporating the terms of Fermi pressure and the Bohm potential force.
3. Basic fluid equations and Bernoulli’s theorem
First, we consider the two simple fluids separated by a smooth interface to derive the dispersion relation. Let us assume that in each separate region, the density is constant. The coordinate x is in the horizontal, z in the vertical, and y is going into the page. We consider a flow in the x-direction, which in the lower half-space z<0 has density ρ1, whereas in the upper half-space z>0 has density ρ2. In addition there can be a homogeneous gravitational field g pointing into the negative z-direction. We write the basic fluid equations for the ion and electron fluids as Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid are
∂ρ∂t+∇→⋅ρυ→=0E1
dυ→dt=∂υ→∂t+υ→⋅∇→υ→=−∇→Pρ+g+η∇2υ→E2
Here, we have used total time derivative. Partial time derivative keeps an eye on a point and represents the rate of velocity change at that point. Total time derivative keeps an eye on fluid element and measures its velocities at t and t+Δt.
Let us consider the fluid is inviscid, so that we take viscosity η=0. We also assume that the fluid is irrotational, that is ∇→×υ→=0. Then the term υ→⋅∇→υ→ reduces to 12∇→υ2. The Stokes’ theorem permits us to express the velocity in terms of gradient of scalar function, that is υ→=−∇→ϕ. The variable ϕ is called the scalar velocity potential of fluid. We rewrite gravity acceleration into a gradient of gravity potential g=−∇→gz. Eq. (2) can be rewritten in terms of scalar function ϕ under the above assumptions:
∇→∂ϕ∂t+12∇→υ2=−∇→Pρ−∇→gzE3
If the density remains constant in one region, we can write Eq. (3) as
∇→∂ϕ∂t+12∇→ϕ2+gz=−∇→PρE4
Now integrating the above equation in horizontal and vertical directions, we get unsteady equation for the Bernoulli theorem.
∂ϕ∂t+12∇→ϕ2+gz+Pρ=ConstE5
That is, the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion remains constant.
Let υ→1 and υ→2 be the velocities of the fluid in the lower half-space (z<0) and upper half-space (z>0) respectively. Now, it is convenient to write velocities of fluid in terms of scalar velocity potential ϕ in both regions such that
υ→1=−∇→ϕ1E6
υ→2=−∇→ϕ2E7
For the incompressible fluid, Eq. (1) yields that ∇→⋅υ→=0. This also states that both fluids will satisfy the Laplace equation in both regions
∇→2ϕ=0E8
The Bernoulli theorem state that quintiles ρ∂ϕ∂t+12ρ∇→ϕ2+ρgz+P should be constant across the fluid, so that we have
To understand the interface, we must impose boundary conditions. First of all the vertical velocities of the fluids must match with the interface, so we impose the kinematic boundary condition. Now we need to introduce the location of the interface by assigning variable z=z0t. Then dz0dt will represent the velocity of the interface in the z-direction. In addition, at the interface, the velocity of both fluids must be continuous.
dz0dt=∂∂t+υ→⋅∇→z0=∂ϕ1∂zz=z0=∂ϕ2∂zz=z0E10
Let us say that the pressure is continuous along the interface, that is P1=P2. Then Eq. (9) leads to
We are looking for changes only on the interface at z=z0, therefore the velocity potentials and their derivatives must vanish at the boundaries, that is ϕ1→0 as z→−∞ and ϕ2→0 as z→∞.
5. Linear analysis
Eq. (9) contains a nonlinear term ρ1∇→ϕ12 of the second order. If the amplitude is chosen to be much smaller than the wavelength of the instability, the equations of motion can be linearized. We assume that all the perturbed quantities and various derivatives such as ϕ and ∇→ϕ are very small. In other words ∂ϕ1∂zz=z0∼∂ϕ1∂zz=0. Hence, the difference in second order derivatives will be much smaller. Now we impose all boundary conditions at z=0, which yields the following set of equations,
∇→2ϕ1=0E12
∇→2ϕ2=0E13
dz0dt=∂ϕ1∂zz=0=∂ϕ2∂zz=0E14
ρ1∂ϕ1∂t+ρ1gz0z=0=ρ2∂ϕ2∂t+ρ2gz0z=0E15
6. Eigenvalue solution
Let us consider all the perturbed variables ϕ and z0 to have oscillating behavior such that ϕ=ϕ0expikx−ωt and should satisfy the Laplace Eq. (12). This implies
The above two solutions must satisfy the boundary conditions such that ϕ1→0 as z→−∞ and ϕ2→0 as z→∞. So, we need to discard the unsatisfactory part of the solutions of Eq. (16) taking into account the boundary conditions. Therefore, z dependence goes as ϕ1z∝Aexpkz and ϕ2z∝Bexp−kz. We note that the eigenfunction decreases exponentially on either side of the interface and the perturbation of wave number k penetrates to a depth of order 1k=λ2π.
This solution further leads to the following form in Fourier mode,
ϕ1xzt=ϕ01expkzexpikx−ωtE18
ϕ2xzt=ϕ20exp−kzexpikx−ωtE19
z0xt=z00expikx−ωtE20
Here ϕ01, ϕ02, and z00 are the amplitude of the modes. By substituting these solutions into Eq. (14), we obtain the boundary conditions at the interface.
Since the perturbed quantity ϕ01≠0, the possible nontrivial solution of Eq. (25) gives the dispersion relation for small perturbations of the wave as below,
ω2=gρ1−ρ2kρ1+ρ2=AtgkE25
Eq. (25) contains complete information about the linear stability of the two superposed fluid layers of different densities. The Atwood number At=ρ1−ρ2ρ1+ρ2 is a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics used to study the hydrodynamic instabilities in unequal density flows. Since the dispersion relation Eq. (25) is quadratic in ω, it has two real or complex conjugate roots depending on the values of the densities of the fluids. Here, we will discussion different cases.
6.1 First case: capillary-gravity waves (ρ2=0)
Henceω=gkandVph=gkE26
It is classical dispersion relation for gravity-capillary waves in deep water [17, 18]. These are also called short gravity waves. In this category the longer waves travel faster. Any initial disturbance may be regarded as the superposition of waves of a broad spectrum of lengths. The above relation then says that waves of different lengths will eventually separate, that is, disperse. This phenomenon is called dispersion, hence above relations are also known as the dispersion relation.
6.2 Second case: propagating modes (ρ1>ρ2)
If the lighter fluid is supported by heavier fluid, that is, ρ1>ρ2, then solutions of the equation leads to two waves with constant amplitude propagating in opposite directions with phase velocity ω±k with ω±=gρ1−ρ2kρ1+ρ2. Then the interface is stable and will only oscillate when perturbed. The phase velocity is given by
Vph=ω±k=gρ1ρ2−1kρ1ρ2+1E27
Figure 2 shows the variations of phase velocity of RT instability with (a) density ratio and (b) wave number respectively.
Figure 2.
Variation of phase velocity of RT instability with (a) density ratio and (b) wave number respectively.
6.3 Third case: Rayleigh-Taylor instability (ρ2>ρ1)
The frequency of oscillations will be negative imaginary and unstable if ρ2>ρ1, that is, when heavier fluid is supported by lighter fluid. Writing ω=iγ where γ is real and positive gives
γ=±gρ2−ρ1kρ1+ρ2E28
γ=±gρ2ρ1−1k1+ρ2ρ1E29
Substituting the value of ω=iγ into Eq. (18), the amplitude grows exponentially with the perturbation and is given by
ϕ1xzt=ϕ01expkzexpikxexp±γtE30
The term expγt increases the amplitude of the oscillation exponentially as time progress. Figure 3(a) and (b) shows the variations of growth rate of RT instability with (a) density ratio and (b) wave number. The inverse of the growth rate γ−1=tchar is called the linear characteristic timescale of the RTI. In other words, characteristic timescale has to be the order of the lifetime of the plasma oscillations to observe the RT instability. On the other hand, if the linear characteristic timescale is much larger than the oscillation lifetime, the plasma instability would not be observed.
Figure 3.
Variation of growth rate of RT instability with (a) density ratio and (b) wave number respectively.
7. Rayleigh-Taylor instability in plasma thruster
In the previous section, the general idea of RT instability has been explored. Here we have derived the RT equation for a plasma fluid using two fluid theory. In a Hall thruster, the propellant (plasma) is ionized and then accelerated by electrostatic forces. It has high thrust resolution, so it is best suited for the adjustment of the location of the satellite onboard [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Let us consider a plasma with nonuniform density confined under the crossed electric and magnetic fields.
Figure 4 shows the typical diagram of a Hall plasma thruster [26]. RT instability is common in Hall thrusters. Studies show that Rayleigh instability is driven by the presence of gradients in axial density, magnetic field, and velocity of the plasma species. Here we deduce a Rayleigh equation under the presence of ion temperature and check the variations of perturbed potential with plasma parameters.
Figure 4.
Typical diagram of a Hall plasma thruster.
7.1 Theoretical model for RTI in plasma
We consider plasma comprising of ions and electrons immersed in a magnetic field B→=Bẑ. The magnetic field is strong enough so that only electrons get magnetized, but the ions remain unaffected due to their Larmor radius being much larger than the dimension of the thruster. These trapped electrons (due to crossed fields) drift in azimuthal direction along the annular channel [24]. The applied electric field E→ is along the x-axis (axis of the thruster) and the magnetic field B→ is taken along the z-axis (along the radius of the thruster). Hence, the azimuthal dimension is along the y-axis. We use Ωz=eBm as the electron gyro frequency and u0=−E0Bŷ as the initial drift of the electrons [14, 15, 16, 17] and write the continuity equation and equation of motion for plasma species as
∂ni∂t+∇→⋅υ→ini=0E31
∂∂t+υ→i⋅∇→υ→i=eE→M−∇→piMniE32
∂ne∂t+∇→⋅υ→ene=0E33
∂∂t+υ→e⋅∇→υ→e=∇→ϕm−υ→e×Ω→zE34
We use the linearized form of the above equations for small perturbations of the ion and electron densities, their velocities, and electric field. We write perturbed densities of ions (electrons) by ni1 (ne1) velocities by υ→i1 (υ→e1). The unperturbed electrons’ drift is u0 in the y-direction. The unperturbed density (electric field) is taken as n0E0 and the perturbed value of the electric field is taken as E→ (corresponding potential ϕ). Hence, the linearized form of Eqs. (31)–(34) reads
∂ni1∂t+υix1∂n0∂x+n0∇→⋅υ→i1=0E35
∂υ→i1∂t=eME→−∇→pi1n0ME36
∂ne1∂t+u0∂ne1∂y+n0∇→⋅υ→e1+υex1∂n0∂x=0E37
∂υ→e1∂t+u0∂υ→e1∂y=∇→ϕ−υ→e1×Ω→zE38
The unperturbed ions’ velocity υ0 is taken zero here for the case of simplification. We are looking for oscillating solution of the above equations that should vary as f=f0expiωt−ikyy. The ion thermal velocity can be written as V2thi=YiTiM. With the help of Eqs. (35) and (36) we obtain the following expression for the perturbed ion density in terms of the perturbed electric potential ϕ:
ni1=en0Mω2−V2thiky2ky2ϕ−∂2ϕ∂x2−YiTien0∂2n0∂x2E39
Eq. (38) provides the velocity components of electron
iω−kyu0υex1=em∂ϕ∂x−Ωzυey1E40
iω−kyu0υey1+υex1∂u0∂x=−ikyemϕ+Ωzυex1E41
In the above equations, the coordinate x lies in the interval 0<x<d, where d is the channel length. Let us define ω−kyu0 by ω̂ in the above set of expressions. Further we readily obtain from the above equations
The electron cyclotron frequency is almost Ωz ∼ 108/s (corresponding to 200 Gauss magnetic field). Generally, Ωz is much larger than the frequency of the oscillations. Therefore, under the condition Ωz>>ω,kyu0,∂u0∂x, the velocity components of electrons are reduced into the form
υx1=iemΩz2ω̂∂ϕ∂x+Ωzkyϕ+∂u0∂xkyϕE44
υy1=emΩz∂ϕ∂x+kyω̂ϕΩz+kyω̂ϕΩz2∂u0∂xE45
The electron continuity equation gives the perturbed electron density ne with the help of Eqs. (44) and (45)
In the case of high frequency of oscillations and in the absence of ion thermal pressure, Eq. (49) turns into Rayleigh’s equation of fluid dynamics as below
∂2ϕ∂x2−ky2ϕ+ϕkyω−kyVy∂2Vy∂x2=0E50
Here Vy is the flow velocity in the y-direction and ϕ is called the flow function related to Vy=∇→ϕ. The analytical eigenvalue solution of Eq. (49) is given in Ref. [12].
Resonance condition for the RT instability
From Eq. (49), it is clear that propagating mode may lead to instability if parameter Ωz∂∂xlnBn0−∂2u0∂x2=0 at some point inside the Hall thruster.
7.2 Variations of perturbed potential
The RT Eq. (49) is solved numerically for the perturbed potential ϕ along with the boundary conditions such that ϕ0=ϕd=0. We plot perturbed potential of the instability with magnetic field B, initial drift of the electrons u0, channel length d, and ion temperature Ti. These parameters can have values as B=100−250 G, n0=5×1017–1018/m3, Ti=0⋅1−5 eV, and u0∼106 m/s [13, 15].
Figure 5 shows the variation of the perturbed potential with the magnetic field and it has been observed that the potential increases with the increasing magnetic field. These results are consistent with Keidar and Boyd model [28] and that other investigators [13, 14] for the potential of plasma plume. This situation is correspond to the plasma jet enters a transverse magnetic field with a high velocity under the condition that the magnetic field is relatively weak so that only the electrons are magnetized whereas the ions move out of the effect of magnetic field. However, ambipolar (both electrons and ions moving in opposite directions) plasma flow across the magnetic field may require an electric field to appear under the above conditions. Therefore, we can expect the potential to increase across the magnetic field.
Figure 5.
Effect of magnetic field on the perturbed potential ϕ.
The perturbed potential gets increased with the higher value of electron’s initial drift velocity (shown in Figure 6). Similar behavior of the potential was reported experimentally by King et al. [29] for the potential of plasma plume. Similar results are also reported in Refs. [13, 14]. The enhanced perturbed potential ϕ with the ion temperature is shown in Figure 7 which is consistent with an experiment [30].
Figure 6.
Dependence of perturbed potential ϕ on the drift velocity of the electrons.
Figure 7.
Variation of perturbed potential ϕ with the ion temperature.
8. Discussions and summary
In conclusion, we can say that short-wavelength perturbations blow up exponentially much more quickly in RTI. The primary source by which this instability is triggered is the gravitational force acting on an inverted density gradient (e.g., a heavy fluid supported by a light fluid). Stable and steady flows may become unstable depending on the ranges of the flow parameters. The instability takes free energy from the mean flow or externally supplied heat and the amplitude of waves grows exponentially. The instabilities exist in all natural and artificial phenomena (in smoke from chimneys, in rivers, in flickering flames) and their effects result in turbulence or random waves. The presence of plasma density and magnetic field gradients is one of the main sources for plasma instabilities in Hall thrusters. It is found that perturbed potential increases with the higher value of electrons’ drift velocity, magnetic field, and ion temperature.
Acknowledgments
The University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India is acknowledged for providing the startup Grant (No. F. 30-356/2017/BSR).
\n',keywords:"instabilities, plasma, Navier-Stokes, growth rate, Hall thruster",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71784.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71784.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71784",totalDownloads:645,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:3,dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 15th 2020",datePublished:"July 28th 2021",dateFinished:"April 15th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The chapter discusses the evolution of Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) in ordinary fluids and in a plasma fluid. RT instability exits in many situations from overturn of the outer portion of the collapsed core of a massive star to laser implosion of deuterium-tritium fusion targets. In the mixture of fluids, the instability is triggered by the gravitational force acting on an inverted density gradient. The motivation behind the study of the instability has been explored by discussing the applications of RT instability. The basic magnetohydrodynamics equations are used to derive the dispersion relation (for an ordinary fluid and plasmas) for two fluids of unequal densities. The conditions of the growth rate of the instability and the propagating modes are obtained by linearizing the fluid equations. The perturbed potential is found to increase with the plasma parameters in a Hall thruster.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71784",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71784",signatures:"Sukhmander Singh",book:{id:"10573",type:"book",title:"Computational Overview of Fluid Structure Interaction",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Computational Overview of Fluid Structure Interaction",slug:"computational-overview-of-fluid-structure-interaction",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",bookSignature:"Khaled Ghaedi, Ahmed Alhusseny, Adel Nasser and Nabeel Al-Zurf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10573.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-176-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-175-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-177-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",email:"sukhmandersingh@curaj.ac.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282807/images/system/282807.jpg",institution:{name:"Central University of Rajasthan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Review of status of research",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Basic fluid equations and Bernoulli’s theorem",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Asymptotic boundary conditions at far field",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Linear analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Eigenvalue solution",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"6.1 First case: capillary-gravity waves (ρ2=0)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"6.2 Second case: propagating modes (ρ1>ρ2)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.3 Third case: Rayleigh-Taylor instability (ρ2>ρ1)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Rayleigh-Taylor instability in plasma thruster",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.1 Theoretical model for RTI in plasma",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"7.2 Variations of perturbed potential",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"8. Discussions and summary",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Drazin PG. Introduction to Hydrodynamic Stability (Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2002. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511809064'},{id:"B2",body:'Taylor GI. The instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their planes. I. Proceedings of the Royal Society. London. 1950;A201:192-196. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1950.0052'},{id:"B3",body:'Rayleigh L. On the instability of jets. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 1878;10:4-13. DOI: 10.1112/plms/s1-10.1.4'},{id:"B4",body:'Francois C. Hydrodynamic Instabilities. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2011. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511975172'},{id:"B5",body:'Qin Y, Lee SM, Pan A, Gösele U, Knez M. Rayleigh-instability-induced metal nanoparticle chains encapsulated in nanotubes produced by atomic layer deposition. Nano Letters. 2008;8(1):114-118'},{id:"B6",body:'Bychkov V, Marklund M, Modestov M. The Rayleigh–Taylor instability and internal waves in quantum plasmas. Physics Letters A. 2008;372(17):3042-3045'},{id:"B7",body:'Cao J, Ren H, Wu Z, Chu PK. Quantum effects on Rayleigh–Taylor instability in magnetized plasma. Physics of Plasmas. 2008;15(1):012110'},{id:"B8",body:'Khomenko E, Diaz A, De Vicente A, Collados M, Luna M. Rayleigh-Taylor instability in prominences from numerical simulations including partial ionization effects. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014;565:A45'},{id:"B9",body:'Diaz AJ, Soler R, Ballester JL. Rayleigh-Taylor instability in partially ionized compressible plasmas. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012;754(1):41'},{id:"B10",body:'Ibrahim EA, Marshall SO. Instability of a liquid jet of parabolic velocity profile. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2000;76(1):17-21'},{id:"B11",body:'Carlyle J, Hillier A. The non-linear growth of the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2017;605:A101'},{id:"B12",body:'Litvak AA, Fisch NJ. Rayleigh instability in hall thrusters. Physics of Plasmas. 2004;11:1379-1382'},{id:"B13",body:'Singh S, Malik HK. Role of ionization and electron drift velocity profile to Rayleigh instability in a Hall thruster plasma: Cutoff frequency of oscillations. Journal of Applied Physics. 2012;112:013307(1-7)'},{id:"B14",body:'Malik HK, Singh S. Conditions and growth rate of Rayleigh instability in a Hall thruster under the effect of ion temperature. Physical Review E. 2011;83:036406 (1–8)'},{id:"B15",body:'El Shorbagy KH, Shukla PK. Rayleigh instability in non-uniform multi-ion species magneto-plasmas. Journal of Plasma Physics. 2005;71(part 6):747-751'},{id:"B16",body:'Ali S, Ahmed Z, Mirza AM, Ahmad I. Rayleigh-Taylor/gravitational instability in dense magnetoplasmas. Physics Letters A. 2009;373(33):2940-2943'},{id:"B17",body:'Lighthill J. Waves in Fluids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. ISBN 10: 0521010454; ISBN: 13: 9780521010450'},{id:"B18",body:'Billingham J, King AC. Wave Motion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000'},{id:"B19",body:'Kaufman HR. Technology of closed drift thrusters. AIAA Journal. 2012;23(1):78-86. DOI: 10.2514/3.8874'},{id:"B20",body:'Ahedo E. Plasmas for space propulsion. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 2011;53(12):124037. DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/53/12/124037'},{id:"B21",body:'Jahn RG. Physics of Electric Propulsion. Dover Publications; 2006'},{id:"B22",body:'Martinez-Sanchez M, Pollard JE. Spacecraft electric propulsion: An overview. Journal Propulsion Power. 1998;14(5):688-699'},{id:"B23",body:'Choueiri EY. Plasma oscillations in hall thrusters. Physics of Plasmas. 2001;8(4):1411-1426. DOI: 10.1063/1.1354644'},{id:"B24",body:'Singh S, Malik HK, Nishida Y. High frequency electromagnetic resistive instability in a Hall thruster under the effect of ionization. Physics of Plasmas. 2013;20:102109'},{id:"B25",body:'Singh S, Malik HK. Growth of low frequency electrostatic and electromagnetic instabilities in a Hall thruster. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2011;39:1910-1918'},{id:"B26",body:'Singh S, Malik HK. Resistive instabilities in a Hall thruster under the presence of collisions and thermal motion of electrons. The Open Plasma Physics Journal. 2011;4:16-23. DOI: 10.2174/1876534301104010016'},{id:"B27",body:'Malik HK, Singh S. Resistive instability in a Hall plasma discharge under ionization effect. Physics of Plasmas. 2013;20:052115'},{id:"B28",body:'Keidar M, Boyd ID. Effect of a magnetic field on the plasma plume from Hall thrusters. Journal of Applied Physics. 1999, 1999;86:4786-4791'},{id:"B29",body:'King LB, Gallimore AD, Marrese CM. Transport-property measurements in the plume of an SPT-100 Hall thruster. Journal of Propulsion and Power. 1998;14:327-335'},{id:"B30",body:'Kusamoto D, Mikami K, Komurasaki K, Gallimore AD. Exhaust beam profiles of Hall thruster. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space. 1998;40:238-247'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sukhmander Singh",address:"sukhmandersingh@curaj.ac.in",affiliation:'
Plasma Waves and Electric Propulsion Laboratory, Department of Physics, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, India
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He developed smaller diameter blunt cannulas. To add safety he also developed the wet technique to reduce blood loss. Tumescent anaesthesia described by Klein in 1987 made large volume liposuction safer allowing for more refined body contouring through significantly minimising blood loss. Liposuction journey started as mechanical debulking that evolved over the last 4 decades into a refined high definition body contouring and proportioning surgery, thus making sculpturing a shape of figurine possible. To achieve such high definition body sculpting technology including Laser, and Vaser not only added safety, however, they also achieved outcomes that cannot be matched with the older methods of liposuction, under local anaesthesia. 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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
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We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
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2004
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Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
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Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
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2005
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IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
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2006
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IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
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2008
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Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
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\\n\\n
2009
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Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
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2010
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Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
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2011
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Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
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2012
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Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
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IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
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2013
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IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
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\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
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IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
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\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
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Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
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\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
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\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
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In today’s world, it becomes increasingly important to know how information can be accessed, how it is adopted, and how it can be assimilated. In this respect, each country allocates budget for training, education, and extension according to its own conditions. This budget may be intended for rural community-based social assistance, but the economic and welfare effect is essential. In this way, it is aimed to increase the living standards of the families living in the rural areas. This will naturally contribute to national income and to the prosperity of society. The subject has been discussed generally in the world, especially in the case of Turkey. According to this, all over the world, particularly in developing countries, research and extension (R&E) is very important and should be considered at least as much as research and development (R&D). However, it will be ensured that societies meet with the technology produced. For this, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for this widespread prosperity.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş"}]},{id:"68007",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85036",title:"Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass",slug:"overview-of-the-process-of-enzymatic-transformation-of-biomass",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cellulase is an enzyme which depolymerizes the cellulose into glucose. Cellulases are produced by a diverse array of microbes including fungi, bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes. Considerable research for understanding the mechanism of cellulases began in early 1950s because of the significant use of these enzymes in various industries. This review provides a general account structure and availability of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment strategies for effective digestion, cellulase producing organisms, cellulase activity assay, and enzymology of cellulose degradation. Cellulase production, optimization, purification and characterization studies in addition to the industrial application of cellulase have also been discussed. 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These bioadsorbents exhibited high selectivity only to gold over other metals and extraordinary high loading capacity for gold(III), which were elucidated to be attributable to the selective reduction of gold(III) ion to elemental gold due to its highest oxidation-reduction potential of gold(III) of metal ions, catalyzed by the surface of bioadsorbents prepared in boiling sulfuric acid. By using these biosorbents, recovery of gold from actual samples of printed circuit boards of spent mobile phones and Mongolian gold ore was investigated. Recovery of trace concentration of gold(I) from simulated spent alkaline cyanide solution was also investigated using the bioadsorbent. Application of bioadsorbents to some recovery processes of gold from cyanide solutions was proposed.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"66428",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84833",title:"Review of Biofuel Technologies in WtL and WtE",slug:"review-of-biofuel-technologies-in-wtl-and-wte",totalDownloads:1177,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Processing of biomass feedstocks to produce energy, fuels, and chemicals via a combination of different applied technologies is considered a promising pathway to achieve sustainable waste management, with many environmental and economic benefits. In this chapter, we review the current state of the main processes associated with energy recovery and biofuel production under the concept of waste biorefineries. The reviewed technologies are classified into thermochemical, biological, and chemical, including combustion, gasification, steam explosion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and torrefaction; anaerobic digestion, fermentation, enzymatic treatment, and microbial electrolysis; and hydrolysis, solvent extraction, transesterification, and supercritical conversion. Their brief history, current status, and future developments are discussed within a perspective of valorization and managing of current waste streams with no solution.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Bruno B. 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This chapter shows how these issues can be addressed starting with measuring and modeling energy consumption patterns by collecting an energy consumption dataset at device level. The open dataset allows to extract typical usage patterns and subsequently to model test scenarios for energy management algorithms. Section 3 discusses means for analyzing measured data and for providing detailed feedback about energy consumption to increase customers’ energy awareness. Section 4 shows how renewable energy sources can be integrated in a smart microgrid and how energy production can be accurately predicted. Section 5 introduces a self-organizing local energy system that autonomously coordinates production and consumption via an agent-based energy auction system. The final section discusses how the proposed methods contribute to sustainable growth and gives an outlook to future research.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Wilfried Elmenreich, Tamer Khatib and Andrea Monacchi",authors:[{id:"163771",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Elmenreich",slug:"wilfried-elmenreich",fullName:"Wilfried Elmenreich"},{id:"197214",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Monacchi",slug:"andrea-monacchi",fullName:"Andrea Monacchi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66110",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:1989,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Bioadsorbents were prepared in a simple manner only by treating in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid from various biomass materials such as various polysaccharides, persimmon tannin, cotton, paper and biomass wastes such as orange juice residue and microalgae residue after extracting biofuel. These bioadsorbents exhibited high selectivity only to gold over other metals and extraordinary high loading capacity for gold(III), which were elucidated to be attributable to the selective reduction of gold(III) ion to elemental gold due to its highest oxidation-reduction potential of gold(III) of metal ions, catalyzed by the surface of bioadsorbents prepared in boiling sulfuric acid. By using these biosorbents, recovery of gold from actual samples of printed circuit boards of spent mobile phones and Mongolian gold ore was investigated. Recovery of trace concentration of gold(I) from simulated spent alkaline cyanide solution was also investigated using the bioadsorbent. Application of bioadsorbents to some recovery processes of gold from cyanide solutions was proposed.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"56708",title:"Human Development and Research-Development-Extension Relationships",slug:"human-development-and-research-development-extension-relationships",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Human capital is the most important strategic factor for development; as new technologies emerge, the market demand for better and healthier products and consumer demand in terms of quality and delivery time are changing. In today’s world, it becomes increasingly important to know how information can be accessed, how it is adopted, and how it can be assimilated. In this respect, each country allocates budget for training, education, and extension according to its own conditions. This budget may be intended for rural community-based social assistance, but the economic and welfare effect is essential. In this way, it is aimed to increase the living standards of the families living in the rural areas. This will naturally contribute to national income and to the prosperity of society. The subject has been discussed generally in the world, especially in the case of Turkey. According to this, all over the world, particularly in developing countries, research and extension (R&E) is very important and should be considered at least as much as research and development (R&D). However, it will be ensured that societies meet with the technology produced. For this, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for this widespread prosperity.",book:{id:"5819",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş"}]},{id:"68851",title:"Introductory Chapter: Objectives and Scope of Bioeconomy",slug:"introductory-chapter-objectives-and-scope-of-bioeconomy",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Krzysztof Biernat",authors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}]},{id:"68007",title:"Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass",slug:"overview-of-the-process-of-enzymatic-transformation-of-biomass",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cellulase is an enzyme which depolymerizes the cellulose into glucose. Cellulases are produced by a diverse array of microbes including fungi, bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes. Considerable research for understanding the mechanism of cellulases began in early 1950s because of the significant use of these enzymes in various industries. This review provides a general account structure and availability of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment strategies for effective digestion, cellulase producing organisms, cellulase activity assay, and enzymology of cellulose degradation. Cellulase production, optimization, purification and characterization studies in addition to the industrial application of cellulase have also been discussed. At last a brief account of present market scenario of cellulases and future prospects of the study are also taken into account.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Namita Singh, Anita Devi, Manju Bala Bishnoi, Rajneesh Jaryal, Avni Dahiya, Oleksandr Tashyrev and Vira Hovorukha",authors:[{id:"278205",title:"Prof.",name:"Namita",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"namita-singh",fullName:"Namita Singh"},{id:"282352",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"anita-devi",fullName:"Anita Devi"},{id:"282353",title:"MSc.",name:"Avni",middleName:null,surname:"Dahiya",slug:"avni-dahiya",fullName:"Avni Dahiya"},{id:"282354",title:"MSc.",name:"Manju Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Bishnoi",slug:"manju-bala-bishnoi",fullName:"Manju Bala Bishnoi"},{id:"282355",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Tashyrev",slug:"oleksandr-tashyrev",fullName:"Oleksandr Tashyrev"},{id:"282356",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Jaryal",slug:"rajneesh-jaryal",fullName:"Rajneesh Jaryal"},{id:"282939",title:"Dr.",name:"Vira",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorukha",slug:"vira-hovorukha",fullName:"Vira Hovorukha"}]},{id:"67691",title:"The Use of Waste Management Techniques to Enhance Household Income and Reduce Urban Water Pollution",slug:"the-use-of-waste-management-techniques-to-enhance-household-income-and-reduce-urban-water-pollution",totalDownloads:1011,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Appropriate waste management options are major concerns in the developing world. Current methods include incineration in the open and accumulation of wastes in designated places where they constitute nuisance to the environment. Apart from air pollution from the incinerators, leachates from decomposed wastes are either washed off where they serve as source of pollutants to the adjourning streams and rivers or contaminate groundwater through deep percolation. We present viable options for managing agricultural wastes in this chapter. The options presented are so simple and sustainable such that it can be managed by individuals. Hence, they are independent of the government bureaucratic bottlenecks that have been the bane of the previous government interventions. If embraced, it will also serve as sources of income for the concerned household, hence enhance their livelihood.",book:{id:"8150",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Olayiwola A. Akintola, Olufunmilayo O. Idowu, Suraju A. Lateef, Gbenga A. Adebayo, Adekemi O. Shokalu and Omolara I. Akinyoola",authors:[{id:"293178",title:"Dr.",name:"Olayiwola A.",middleName:null,surname:"Akintola",slug:"olayiwola-a.-akintola",fullName:"Olayiwola A. Akintola"},{id:"297217",title:"Dr.",name:"Olufunmilayo O.",middleName:null,surname:"Idowu",slug:"olufunmilayo-o.-idowu",fullName:"Olufunmilayo O. Idowu"},{id:"297218",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraju A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lateef",slug:"suraju-a.-lateef",fullName:"Suraju A. Lateef"},{id:"297219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbenga A.",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo",slug:"gbenga-a.-adebayo",fullName:"Gbenga A. Adebayo"},{id:"297221",title:"Dr.",name:"Adekemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Shokalu",slug:"adekemi-o.-shokalu",fullName:"Adekemi O. Shokalu"},{id:"297222",title:"Mrs.",name:"Omolara I.",middleName:null,surname:"Akinyoola",slug:"omolara-i.-akinyoola",fullName:"Omolara I. 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\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
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Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. 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