POPs recognized in Stockholm convention [4].
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2971",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sensor Fusion and its Applications",title:"Sensor Fusion and its Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book aims to explore the latest practices and research works in the area of sensor fusion. The book intends to provide a collection of novel ideas, theories, and solutions related to the research areas in the field of sensor fusion. This book is a unique, comprehensive, and up-to-date resource for sensor fusion systems designers. This book is appropriate for use as an upper division undergraduate or graduate level text book. It should also be of interest to researchers, who need to process and interpret the sensor data in most scientific and engineering fields. The initial chapters in this book provide a general overview of sensor fusion. The later chapters focus mostly on the applications of sensor fusion. Much of this work has been published in refereed journals and conference proceedings and these papers have been modified and edited for content and style. With contributions from the world's leading fusion researchers and academicians, this book has 22 chapters covering the fundamental theory and cutting-edge developments that are driving this field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-101-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5948-3",doi:"10.5772/3302",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"sensor-fusion-and-its-applications",numberOfPages:496,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"df4df451f3bf5c1708f80e25624cd869",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",publishedDate:"August 16th 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2971.jpg",numberOfDownloads:53237,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:114,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 31st 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 21st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 27th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 25th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 25th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"11060",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11060/images/system/11060.jpg",biography:"Prof. Ciza Thomas is currently working as Professor and Head, Electronics and Communication Department of College of Engineering, Trivandrum, India. She has publications in more than 40 International Journals and International Conference Proceedings. She has edited four books in the field of Sensor Fusion and Complex Systems and published six book chapters in the field of network security and pattern recognition. She is a reviewer of more than ten reputed International journals. She is a guest editor of the IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine. She is a recipient of achievement award in 2010 and the e-learning IT award in 2014 from Government of Kerala.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"543",title:"Image Fusion",slug:"image-fusion"}],chapters:[{id:"11658",title:"State Optimal Estimation for Nonstandard Multi-Sensor Information Fusion System",doi:"10.5772/9955",slug:"state-optimal-estimation-for-nonstandard-multi-sensor-information-fusion-system",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jiong Qi Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11658",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11658",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11659",title:"Air Traffic Trajectories Segmentation Based on Time-Series Sensor Data",doi:"10.5772/9956",slug:"air-traffic-trajectories-segmentation-based-on-time-series-sensor-data",totalDownloads:2192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jose Guerrero, Jesus Garcia and Jose Manuel Molina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11659",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11659",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11802",title:"Distributed Compressed Sensing of Sensor Data",doi:"10.5772/10041",slug:"distributed-compressed-sensing-of-sensor-data",totalDownloads:1895,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vasanth Iyer and Dhananjay Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11802",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11661",title:"Adaptive Kalman Filter for Navigation Sensor Fusion",doi:"10.5772/9957",slug:"adaptive-kalman-filter-for-navigation-sensor-fusion",totalDownloads:5924,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dah-Jing Jwo, Fong-Chi Chung and Tsu-Pin Weng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11661",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11662",title:"Fusion of Images Recorded with Variable Illumination",doi:"10.5772/9958",slug:"fusion-of-images-recorded-with-variable-illumination",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernando Puente Leon, Luis Nachtigall and Ana Perez Grassi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11662",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11662",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11663",title:"Camera and Laser Robust Integration in Engineering and Architecture Applications",doi:"10.5772/9959",slug:"camera-and-laser-robust-integration-in-engineering-and-architecture-applications",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Diego Gonzalez-Aguilera, Pablo Rodriguez-Gonzalvez and Javier Gomez-Lahoz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11663",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11664",title:"Spatial Voting with Data Modeling",doi:"10.5772/9960",slug:"spatial-voting-with-data-modeling",totalDownloads:1933,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Holger Jaenisch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11664",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11666",title:"Hidden Markov Model as a Framework for Situational Awareness",doi:"10.5772/9962",slug:"hidden-markov-model-as-a-framework-for-situational-awareness",totalDownloads:2417,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thyagaraju Damarla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11666",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11668",title:"Multisensorial Active Perception for Indoor Environment Modeling",doi:"10.5772/9964",slug:"multisensorial-active-perception-for-indoor-environment-modeling-",totalDownloads:1723,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luz Abril Torres-Méndez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11668",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11669",title:"Mathematical Basis of Sensor Fusion in Intrusion Detection Systems",doi:"10.5772/9965",slug:"mathematical-basis-of-sensor-fusion-in-intrusion-detection-systems",totalDownloads:2317,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ciza Thomas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11669",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11670",title:"Sensor Fusion for Position Estimation in Networked Systems",doi:"10.5772/9966",slug:"sensor-fusion-for-position-estimation-in-networked-systems",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luca Carlone, Giuseppe Calafiore and Mingzhu Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11670",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11670",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11671",title:"M2SIR: A Multimodal Sequential Importance Resampling Algorithm for Particle Filters",doi:"10.5772/9967",slug:"m2sir-a-multimodal-sequential-importance-resampling-algorithm-for-particle-filters",totalDownloads:1482,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yann Goyat, Thierry Chateau and Laurent Trassoudaine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11671",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11672",title:"On Passive Emitter Tracking in Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/9968",slug:"on-passive-emitter-tracking-in-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:3536,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Regina Kaune, Darko Musicki and Wolfgang Koch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11672",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11673",title:"Fuzzy-Pattern-Classifier Based Sensor Fusion for Machine Conditioning",doi:"10.5772/9969",slug:"fuzzy-pattern-classifier-based-sensor-fusion-for-machine-conditioning",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Volker Lohweg and Uwe Mönks",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11673",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11675",title:"Corner Feature Extraction: Techniques for Landmark Based Navigation Systems",doi:"10.5772/9972",slug:"corner-feature-extraction-techniques-for-landmark-based-navigation-systems",totalDownloads:3803,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Molaletsa Namoshe, Oudetse Matsebe and Nkgatho Tlale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11675",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11677",title:"Sensor Data Fusion for Road Obstacle Detection",doi:"10.5772/9973",slug:"sensor-data-fusion-for-road-obstacle-detection",totalDownloads:2341,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Raphael Labayrade, Mathias Perrollaz, Dominique Gruyer and Didier Aubert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11677",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11678",title:"Biometrics Sensor Fusion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83935",slug:"biometrics-sensor-fusion",totalDownloads:2801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dakshina Kisku, Ajita Rattani, Phalguni Gupta, Massimo Tistarelli and Jamuna Kanta Sing",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11678",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11679",title:"Fusion of Odometry and Visual Datas to Localization a Mobile Robot Using Extended Kalman Filter",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83936",slug:"fusion-of-odometry-and-visual-datas-to-localization-a-mobile-robot-using-extended-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:2017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andre Santana, Anderson Souza, Pablo Alsina and Adelardo Medeiros",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11679",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11680",title:"Probabilistic Mapping by Fusion of Range-Finders Sensors and Odometry",doi:"10.5772/9974",slug:"probabilistic-mapping-by-fusion-of-range-finders-sensors-and-odometry-",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anderson Souza, Andre Santana, Adelardo Medeiros and Luiz Gonçalves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11680",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11681",title:"Sensor Fusion for Electromagnetic Stress Measurement and Material Characterisation",doi:"10.5772/9975",slug:"sensor-fusion-for-electromagnetic-stress-measurement-and-material-characterisation",totalDownloads:2907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Detrimental residual stresses and microstructure changes are the two major precursors for future sites of failure in ferrous steel engineering components and structures. Although numerous Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques can be used for microstructure and stress assessment, currently there is no single technique which would have the capability to provide a comprehensive picture of these material changes. Therefore the fusion of data from a number of different sensors is required for early failure prediction Electromagnetic (EM) NDE is a prime candidate for this type of inspection, since the response to Electromagnetic excitation can be quantified in several different ways: e.g. eddy currents, Barkhausen emission, flux leakage, and a few others. This chapter reviews the strengths of different electromagnetic NDE methods, provides an analysis of the different sensor fusion techniques such as sensor physical system fusion through different principles and detecting devices, and/or feature selection and fusion, and/or information fusion. Two sensor fusion case studies are presented: pulsed eddy current thermography at sensor level and integrative electromagnetic methods for stress and material characterisation at feature (parameters) level.",signatures:"John Wilson, Gui Tian, Maxim Morozov and Abd Qubaa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11681",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11682",title:"Iterative Multiscale Fusion and Night Vision Colorization of Multispectral Images",doi:"10.5772/9976",slug:"iterative-multiscale-fusion-and-night-vision-colorization-of-multispectral-images",totalDownloads:1925,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yufeng Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11682",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11682",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"11685",title:"Super-Resolution Reconstruction by Image Fusion and Application to Surveillance Videos Captured by Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems",doi:"10.5772/9978",slug:"super-resolution-reconstruction-by-image-fusion-and-application-to-surveillance-videos-captured-by-s",totalDownloads:2946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Qiang He and Richard Schultz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11685",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11685",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64452",slug:"erratum-processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",title:"Erratum - Processing Parameters for Selective Laser Sintering or Melting of Oxide Ceramics",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64452.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64452",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64452",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64452",chapter:{id:"60707",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2018",book:{id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",email:"sleblanc@gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",email:"haidongzhang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"60707",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2018",book:{id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",email:"sleblanc@gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",email:"haidongzhang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11285",leadTitle:null,title:"Spinal Cord Injury - Current Trends in Acute Management, Function Preservation and Rehabilitation Protocols",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tSpinal cord injury represents a relatively frequent clinical scenario that emergency doctors, neuroradiologists, and spine surgeons have to deal with in their daily practice.
\r\n\r\n\tAlthough there are many publications on this topic, a consensus on the preferred management has not been reached yet. In fact, other than clearly surgical or non-surgical patients, there is a non-negligible number of cases where an interdisciplinary discussion is strictly needed, eventually determining a case-by-case treatment selection.
\r\n\r\n\tEmergency decompression surgery, often associated with fusion, represents an effective treatment for critical compressions of the spinal cord, while its role in subacute cases is still debated. Different medical managements have been proposed for the acute, subacute, and chronic phases, respectively. Since function preservation is the primary outcome to be pursued, the multidisciplinary case discussion is a fundamental step in the decision-making process. However, a practical guide on the state of the art on spinal cord injury management may result as useful to a large audience of practitioners.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-877-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-876-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-878-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"fc1ece21c6d20adecf2b9fe16489a07d",bookSignature:"Dr. Luca Ricciardi, Dr. Giorgio Lofrese, Dr. Andrea Perna and Ph.D. Sokol Trungu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11285.jpg",keywords:"Concussion, Medullary Edema, Paraplegia, Neurotrauma, Functional Impairment, Neurorehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Steroids, Rhiluzole, Arthrodesis, Fusion, Instrumentation",numberOfDownloads:16,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 12th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"The clinical researcher focused on spine and spinal cord disorders. Dr. Ricciardi serves as a guest editor, editorial board member, and reviewer of many indexed journals such as the Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences and Frontiers in Neurooncology, Life, and Cell. He is a co-chairman for SPINE20, the World Congress on Spine Disorders at the G20 conference in Rome, Italy, and an individual delegate at the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A neurosurgeon specialized in craniocervical junction diseases and minimally invasive spine surgery. Dr. Lofrese was awarded the European Young Researcher Award (AOSpine) and the Young Neurosurgeon Award (WFNS). He is a member of EUROSPINE, SPINE20, and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Perna's main fields of study are the pathologies of the spine, with particular attention to spinal deformities, traumatological surgery, and infectious pathologies such as spondylodiscitis. His publications give particular attention to lateral surgery, while his other fields of interest are hand surgery and biomechanics applied to orthopedics.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Dr. Trungu completed his Ph.D. in Neuroscience and Neurosurgery at Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. His areas of special interest are Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS), complex spine surgery, spine trauma focusing on acute spinal cord injury, primary and secondary spinal tumors, and Neuro-oncology.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"421212",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Ricciardi",slug:"luca-ricciardi",fullName:"Luca Ricciardi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/421212/images/system/421212.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ricciardi graduated in Medicine and Surgery in 2013 and finished his residency in Neurosurgery in 2019.\nIn 2017, he completed a fellowship in spinal deformities at the Catholic University of Rome - Italy, and in 2018 he completed a research fellowship at the Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, US. He also completed the four-year training course of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies and completed the European Board Exam part-1 for FEBNS.\nDr. Ricciardi has authored more than 60 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals. He has been serving as a reviewer for more than 15 scientific journals. He has been awarded as Publons Academy Mentor for training in peer-review, and he has conducted more than 80 certified peer reviews by the date. ( https://publons.com/researcher/1705851/luca-ricciardi/ ) \nIn 2021, Dr. Ricciardi was invited as Guest Editor for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses on the Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences, and as Invited Editor on Frontiers in Neurooncology, Life, and Cell. \nIn 2021, Dr. Ricciardi has been nominated co-Chairman and President of the Scientific Committee at SPINE20, the World Congress on Spine Disorders at the G20 conference in Rome, Italy.",institutionString:"Sapienza University of Rome",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"436982",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Lofrese",slug:"giorgio-lofrese",fullName:"Giorgio Lofrese",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003FVMDgQAP/Profile_Picture_1633074659823",biography:"Dr. Lofrese is a neurosurgeon specialized in cranio-cervical junction diseases and minimally invasive spine surgery. As a former resident of the Catholic University in Rome, he completed his training in Milan, Bologna, and New York, concluding it in Curitiba with an AOSpine clinical fellowship. He is currently a permanent neurosurgeon at the Bufalini Hospital in Cesena, and a consultant neurosurgeon at the State Hospital of the Republic of San Marino. He was awarded with the European Young Researcher Award (AOSpine) and the Young Neurosurgeon Award (WFNS). Dr. Lofrese is in his final year as a PhD student in Neuroscience and Neurotechnologies at the University of Ferrara, developing new applications software addressed to patients with spinal cord injury.",institutionString:"University of Ferrara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"436984",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Perna",slug:"andrea-perna",fullName:"Andrea Perna",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003FVMdQQAX/Profile_Picture_1633585227288",biography:"Dr. Perna concentrates his fields of study on the pathologies of the spine, with particular attention to spinal deformities, traumatological surgery, and infectious pathologies such as spondylodiscitis. He also has numerous scientific publications relating to spinal deformity correction surgery and minimally invasive surgery, with particular attention to lateral surgery. His other fields of interest are hand surgery and biomechanics applied to orthopedics.",institutionString:"Gemelli Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"440065",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sokol",middleName:null,surname:"Trungu",slug:"sokol-trungu",fullName:"Sokol Trungu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003FYl9aQAD/Profile_Picture_1633512850348",biography:"Dr. Trungu graduated with honors in Medicine and Surgery in 2010 and finished his residency in Neurosurgery in 2017. In 2021, he completed his PhD in Neuroscience and Neurosurgery at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Currently, he is working as a consultant neurosurgeon at Cardinale G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy. His areas of special interest are Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS), complex spine surgery, spine trauma focusing in acute spinal cord injury, primary and secondary spinal tumors, Neurovascular and Neuro-oncology. He has authored and co-authored more than 30 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals and he is serving as a reviewer for different scientific journals.",institutionString:"Pia Fondazione Cardinal Giovanni Panico",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"81143",title:"Role of Biokinetics Rehabilitation among Spinal Cord Injured (SCI) Patients",slug:"role-of-biokinetics-rehabilitation-among-spinal-cord-injured-sci-patients",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"418641",firstName:"Iva",lastName:"Ribic",middleName:null,title:"M.Sc.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418641/images/16830_n.png",email:"iva.r@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"75444",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96498",slug:"artificial-intelligence-in-education",body:'Herbert Simon
—Hari Krishna Arya
For years, experts have warned against the unanticipated effects of general artificial intelligence (AI) on society [1, 2], predicting that by 2029 intelligent machines will be able to outsmart human beings. Stephen Hawking argues that
“/…/ I try to understand the challenge presented by the prospect of superintelligence, and how we might best respond. This is quite possibly the most important and most daunting challenge humanity has ever faced. And – whether we succeed or fail – it is probably the last challenge we will ever face.” [3].
The scientific background of such ideas and questions is based on the findings that have materialized at the intersection of the fields of philosophy (ethics), artificial intelligence, and pedagogy (education). Our research will stem from the findings of authors such as Turing, Bostrom, Rahwan, Kurzweil and others. Also, this idea is based on the European AI Alliance, which the European Commission launched at the beginning of 2018. The main documents are “
The increasingly faster hardware and the progressively optimized software in the realm of computers have, during the course of the past few years, stimulated and disturbed academic philosophy, which quickly began pointing out the ethical issues that might arise with the usage of artificial intelligence. Saying that such problems are a thing of the distant future is not something philosophers and researchers of AI would agree with. AI expert Nick Bostrom (University of Oxford) offers the following answer to the question of “When will human-level machine intelligence (HLMI) be attained?”: “10% probability of HLMI by 2022, 50% probability by 2040, and 90% probability by 2075” [3].
Let us start at the beginning of the story about the easy and the hard philosophical problem of incorporating AI. If the problems of incorporating AI in manufacture and service operations, i.e. using
AI is ultimately only a computer program, a “simple” optimization algorithm. Such algorithms can contain different ethical constraints (law) in the source code. A well-known historical example in the form of such simple “robotic laws” dates as far back as 1950, when Isaac Asimov proposed the following:
A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction allow a human being to come to harm.
A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law [6].
It is clear from these laws that the robot (intelligent machine), or, in today’s terminology, AI, must protect humans and put the safety of human beings before its own existence. 50 years later, however, Mark W. Tilden wrote similar, but at the same time different laws2:
A robot must protect its existence at all costs.
A robot must obtain and maintain access to a power source.
A robot must continually search for better power sources.
Tilden’s laws suggest that the primary role of the robot (AI) is first and foremost to protect itself from the outside world, including human beings. Because the AI of today learns primarily from the world wide web, where both types of laws can be found, an ethical dilemma could thus be created:
Machine morality in intelligent systems, whether physical systems with a mind and body or just thinking algorithms somewhere in the cloud, is a recurring issue. Morals demonstrate the relationship of humanity to nature and society and are manifested as a sum of values (rules, norms, principles, categories, ideals, etc.), according to which we make decisions, what is good and what is bad, what is just and what is unjust, what is right and what is wrong, and in line with which we also behave. When it comes to the morality of smart machines, philosophers mostly focus on theoretical questions such as:
The ethical dilemma related to the understanding and interpretability of the behavior of AI agents, is one of the pivotal challenges of the next decade of AI. Until today, most of the interpretability techniques have focused on exploring the internal structure of deep neural networks. But
Machine behavior [10] is a field that leverages behavioral sciences to understand the behavior of AI agents. Currently, scientists who most commonly study the behavior of machines are computer scientists, roboticists and engineers who have created the machines in the first place, but they are typically not trained behaviorists. Similarly, even though behavioral scientists understand those disciplines, they lack the expertise to understand the efficiency of a specific algorithm or technique. From that perspective, machine behavior sits at the intersection of computer science, engineering, and behavioral sciences, in order to achieve a holistic understanding of the behavior of AI agents. As AI agents become more sophisticated, analyzing their behavior is going to be a combination of understanding their internal architecture (the domain of computer scientists), as well as their interaction with other agents and their environment (the domain of behavioral scientists). While the former aspect will be a function of deep learning optimization techniques, the latter will rely partially on behavioral sciences.
In developing a new transdisciplinary science, which we call
Despite fundamental differences between AI and animals, machine behavior borrows some of Tinbergen’s ideas to outline the main types of behavior in AI agents. Machines have
Tinbergen proposed that the study of animal behavior can be adapted to the study of machine behavior [
Four Tinbergen’s dimensions [11] provide a holistic model for understanding the behavior of AI agents. However, these four dimensions do not apply in the same way with respect to whether we are evaluating a classification model with a single agent, or with hundreds of agents. In that sense, machine behavior applies the previously mentioned four dimensions across three different scales:
The first is
The second scale is
And finally, the scale of
What can be done? In trying to provide a solution, a simple example related to the notion of
With proprioception, the emotional intelligence (EI) of a person (Figure 2a) also develops, which will change, step by step, the human historical memory, and add new elements to this historical memory on the level of intuitive thinking. By way of analogy, we can develop a similar philosophy of proprioception for AI (Figure 2b). We must therefore develop this awareness in every individual - human or AI; we must “change” or establish the specific way of thinking (creative, critical, and conscious thinking); and it is very important to begin this process with agents (human or AI) of the “youngest” possible age. These competences must be developed step by step, which will enable us to deal with the day-to-day needs of others, and help raise the awareness. This transformation/analogy is shown schematically in Figure 2.
From human to AI emotional intelligence (EI).
Before any kind of learning environment is given some sort of intelligence (see Figure 3), machine ethics and/or machine behavior must be built into this learning environment, in order to ensure that the cognitive, social, and emotional competences of students are defined in a way that will allow them to be formalized or translated into a scientific language, into a language familiar to the machine.
Moral and ethical dilemmas in society and education.
Additionally, methods have to be defined for assessing whether such intelligent systems work correctly in the long-term, since either noticing or removing the consequences which their failure or irregular operations have on the moral development of individuals, is not possible in real time. And since these methods, as mentioned earlier, are not in the domain of computer scientists, roboticists and engineers who have created the machines, but rather in the hands of experts from the field of behavioral science, the roles of the evaluator and the auditor must take over the role of teachers. For this reason, teachers must be able to acquire some kind of knowledge from the area of AI behavioral science in order to become competent observers and evaluators of such intelligent learning environments [13].
Additionally, methods have to be defined for assessing whether such intelligent systems work correctly in the long-term, since either noticing or removing the consequences which their failure or irregular operations have on the moral development of individuals, is not possible in real time. And since these methods, as mentioned earlier, are not in the domain of computer scientists, roboticists and engineers who have created the machines, but rather in the hands of experts from the field of behavioral science, the roles of the evaluator and the auditor must take over the role of teachers. For this reason, teachers must be able to acquire some kind of knowledge from the area of AI behavioral science in order to become competent observers and evaluators of such intelligent learning environments [13].
The general question to be answered could therefore be formulated thus:
Learning, knowledge and intelligence are closely related. Although there is no universally accepted definition of intelligence, it can be roughly defined as follows:
Nowadays, most researchers agree that there is no intelligence without learning, so learning adaptation takes place in almost all living beings, most obviously in humans. Learning by a living system is called
Even the whole natural evolution can be regarded as learning: through genetic crossovers, mutation and natural selection, it creates ever better systems, which are capable of adapting to different environments. The principle of evolution can also be used in machine learning to guide the search in the hypothesis space through the so called
A long-term goal of machine learning research, which currently seems unreachable, is to create an artificial system that could achieve or even surpass human intelligence. A wider research area with the same ultimate goal is called
Machine learning algorithms play an essential role in all AI areas. One has to include learning practically everywhere. By using learning techniques, the systems can learn and improve in perception, language understanding, reasoning and theorem proving, heuristic problem solving, and game playing. The area of logic programming is also highly related to inductive logic programming that aims to develop logic programs from examples of the target relation. Also in qualitative modeling the machine learning algorithms are used to generate descriptions of complex models from examples of the target system behavior. For the development of an expert system one can use machine learning to generate the knowledge base from training examples of solved problems. Intelligent robots inevitably have to improve their procedures for problem solving through learning. Finally, cognitive modeling is practically impossible without taking into account learning algorithms.
Humans learn throughout our whole lives. We learn practically every day, which means that our knowledge is changing, broadening and improving all the time. Just like humans, animals too are capable of learning. The ability to learn depends on the evaluative stage of species. Investigation and interpretation of natural learning is the domain of
As we already stated, intelligence is defined as
Systems cannot be strictly ordered with respect to the amount of intelligence, because we have to consider various types of intelligence (abilities): numerical, textual, semantical, pictorial, spatial, motor, memorial, perceptive, inductive, deductive, etc. Lately, even emotional intelligence became widely recognized. Some authors describe more than a hundred types of human intelligence. A system (human or machine) can be better in some types of intelligence and worse in others, and vice versa. When speaking about artificial intelligence, we do not expect an intelligent system to be extremely capable in only one narrow aspect of intelligence, such as for example the speed or the amount of memory, the speed of computation or the speed of searching the space or (almost optimal) game playing. The computers of today already have very advanced capabilities in each of these aspects. We expect an intelligent system to be (at least to some extent) intelligent in
The use of contemporary learning strategies, such as games, research-based and problem-based learning connected to collaborative teaching/learning, and brain-based techniques based on cybernetics theory and information-communication technologies, have provided scholars from diverse disciplines with an unusual opportunity to observe possible flaws in their own thinking [12, 15, 16]. The choice of method was crucial: if we were to report results obtained only through conventional, standard behavioristic methods, our work would have been less noteworthy, less critical, and less memorable. This is why we did not choose demonstrations over standard methods, because we wanted to influence the entire spectrum of audiences. We preferred
The spontaneous search for intuitive solutions to complex problems, such as for example ecological problems, or today’s global pandemic problem, sometimes fails – neither an expert solution, nor a heuristic answer comes to mind. The responsibility of the teacher is to equally develop all ways of problem solving, critical thinking, and decision-making, by choosing appropriate research problems and using a transdisciplinary model of teaching [15].
There is a huge number of opportunities to introduce novelties like the proposed problem- and research-based learning in the learning process simply by being creative; for instance, the teacher can use fresh examples or problems, or surprise students with new data, or present a scenario that is completely unpredictable. The teacher can also engage students through games and simulations that require them to apply the information in unfamiliar contexts. E-learning environments, role play, energizing online discussions, and quick serious games, can all add sensory stimuli to raise the blood pressure and epinephrine levels to eliminate drowsiness, reduce restlessness, and reinforce information. Allowing learners to do some research and exercises on their own to better understand abstract ideas, write an essay, or work with an interactive simulation, are also helpful strategies.
The purpose of this chapter is to complement the preceding ones, changing the focus from the dynamics of social systems to that of individual human systems and developing their emotional intelligence (EI). It will be seen that second-order cybernetic 4.0 systems study self-observing systems, which are comprised by
The idea of rationality as a
Finally, the ideas of second-order cybernetics 4.0 will culminate in the idea of social and cognitive morphogenesis as heuristics is related to measures of complexity: order will be related to hierarchy, balance to self-similarity and harmony to universality; it will be concluded that repetition is the most adequate measure of complexity in social systems.
Self-consciousness is the point of transition between lower cognition (knowledge and lower levels of cognition without any emotional intelligence (EI) components which pertain to second-order cybernetics) and that which belongs to human beings, i.e. high cognition (developing cognitive and social competences, which is the object of study of what will be called second-order 4.0 cybernetics). The latter is referred to as a high cognition model because of the self-consciousness that a system can acquire through self-observation, and thus become teleonomical and teleological. Before entering the study of second-order 4.0 cybernetics, it is necessary to further develop the notion of cognition, so that the analysis will be complete.
Let us start with the pioneer of the psychological theory of cognitive development and learning, Piaget. In his widely known psychological research, Piaget makes a typology of the cognitive development of a human being from birth to adulthood:
If we disregard that children over the past few decades have been growing up in significantly different circumstances, and have developed differently on account of an increased access to information, we can still use Piaget’s findings as the starting point for the further development of second-order 4.0 cybernetics pedagogy.
Every state is distinguished from the preceding one because of the appearance of new original cognitive structures. In this typology, the difference between lower and higher cognition can be seen more clearly: while in the sensorimotor there is motor activity, knowledge based on experience and interaction and limited language acquisition, in the formal operational stage an individual can communicate with others by means of a symbol system, they are capable of logical and abstract reasoning and start to develop their emotional intelligence. This is the transition between lower cognition in animals and primates who possess it alongside a limited ability for self-observation, and human beings, which are capable of higher cognition by means of language, abstraction and formal reasoning. Higher cognition has already been defined, but a reprisal of the concept is useful: it is the processing (storage, retrieval, transformation, creation and transmission) of information made by an autopoietic system in its interaction with what surrounds it (environment and other beings) with the possibility of stating a purpose beyond self-sustainment.
Second-order 4.0 cybernetic pedagogy exhibits features of both first- and second-order cybernetic machines. Second-order 4.0 cybernetics studies cognitive machines (in our case the tutoring system as a universal meta-model), information processing mechanisms of the high order that have their basis within the neural network of human beings, that is, it is the cybernetics of human beings transforming the human being’s reaction and/or activities in AI form, to build intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). There are many cognitive machines that make up higher cognition, however, the one to be pre-eminently studied by this branch of cybernetics is rationality, understood as a mechanism which allows the development of coherence within the thought system and also its relationship to language, understood as the cognitive machine that complements rationality and also the one that allows the bridging of cognitive systems, thus fostering socialization. The high degree of flexibility of human cognition requires that we think of much of the human cognitive architecture not as determining specific thoughts and behaviors but as an abstract set of mechanisms that potentiates a vast range of capabilities.
The following can be stated as reasons for the development of a new version of second-order cybernetics 4.0:
to introduce a new paradigm shift,
to address an explicit discussion of the human system, including the problem of teaching and learning and
to develop a model to demonstrate how structure and context influence such systems.
Although there are resonances between Mancilla’s [17] notion of fourth-order cybernetics and the one advanced in this study (second-order 4.0 cybernetics), the main difference between them lies in their approaches: the former adopts a psychological, post-modern approach as well as the requirements of the industry 4.0, which assimilate cybernetics into this discipline and school of thought respectively, while the latter attempts not an interdisciplinary approach, but a transdisciplinary one, i.e., it attempts to develop a model that does not fit within the boundaries of a specific branch of social sciences, but one that respects the basic tenets of cybernetics.
When we talk about cognitive machines, we talk about
On the basis of these premises Skinner developed programming learning, the theory of programmed instruction (programmed sequences), which he proposed as early as 1958 [18]. According to Skinner, the basic and most important goal of programmed instruction
It should provide information in smaller (substantive) sets,
it is intended for self-learning and
provides immediate background checks and feedback to the learning.
Today’s learning systems could be built on the same basic idea, although the range of possibilities for preparing such learning environments is much wider. Whenever we refer to AI in this book, we will be referring to intelligent teaching/learning environments, and usually we will use the term intelligent tutoring system (ITS).
Two questions are to be asked in order to understand todays model-ITS as a universal meta-model or cognitive machine:
first, what are the elements that constitute such mechanisms? (We are talking about the architecture or structure of such systems).
Second, what are the defining features of a cognitive system? (We are talking about the function of such systems).
As it was already mentioned, there are three requirements to be fulfilled in order for a machine to be considered as cognitive:
it must store and retrieve information,
it must help to understand received information, and
it must create new information.
The defining features of cognitive machines can be expounded by analyzing their relation to their inputs and outputs. Cognitive machines receive, create, transform and transmit information, which is both their input and output, and which can be used either to create new data, different from that received or to broaden the existing information storage in the brain. This can result in the expansion of the cognitive domain. This means that cognitive machines are omnipoietic because they can produce both their own components and other information; omnipoiesis, the ability to create all kinds of output (internal and external to self) is the distinguishing feature of cognitive machines, which are the subject of study of our second-order 4.0 cybernetic system.
Let us now transfer these theoretical findings onto a concrete example of modern innovative learning environments. Figure 4 shows an algorithm for a cybernetic learning system (universal meta-model) on the basis of
Algorithm of a cybernetic learning system.
On the basis of the presented theory and the algorithm in Figure 4, we present (see Figure 5) an intelligent tutoring system ITS (a learning management system or LMS) based on second-order cybernetic pedagogy 4.0 and AI solutions. We named it the
LMS_AI.
Based on the concept shown in Figure 5, we developed the LE_LMS_AI, consisting of three permanent system modules (the personalized module, the evaluation module, and the communication module) and one module relating to the subject matter at hand (the subject module), which can be independently adapted and/or altered by the teacher. The basic functions of the individual modules are as follows:
The
The e
analyze the existing condition of
the students’ knowledge (the cognitive component) and
the decisions, the awareness (the social component, emotional intelligence) of an individual student.
and forward the results of these analyses to
the teacher, who can thereby monitor the progress in individual students (formative assessment),
the student, for the purpose of self-evaluation and motivation, and
the system, i.e. to the personalized module (PM), with the intent of individualizing and personalizing the learning path for the individual student.
The basic scheme of this module is shown in Figure 6.
Evaluation module.
The
Subject module.
The structure of the SM block.
The basic structure of individual blocks is shown in Figure 8.
It is necessary to emphasize, as is apparent from Figures 6 and 7, that two processes take place simultaneously within an individual block, and that we are thus tracking:
the cognitive process (knowledge, understanding) and
the socialization process (relationships, emotional intelligence).
Each SM is built hierarchically, which enables a differentiation of the knowledge acquisition path, and is automatically adapted to the individual learner. In theory, three levels are anticipated (high, medium and low), while the possibility of employing AI methods would eventually result in a “complete” personalization of the learning paths. The SM are divided into three groups, depending on the difficulty level of the learning content, and on the ways and methods of acquiring this content, namely:
for lower cognitive levels, which are related to the elementary acquisition of basic knowledge (memorizing), and where traditional (frontal instruction, transmission approach) forms of teaching are used as the teaching method, the LMS_AI is intended mainly for teachers in the preparation of classes;
for lower cognitive levels, learners use it mainly to reinforce their knowledge. This module includes various learning strategies, especially game-based techniques, used to increase the motivation and interest of students. By means of this, the teacher can formatively monitor the individual students’ progress and adjust subsequent lessons accordingly.
for higher cognitive levels, the LE_LMS_AI can be used predominantly as a self-learning tool for the student, supported by the teacher’s research-, problem-, or project-based working methods. In this kind of situation, the teacher only appears as a tutor, as the one who provides guidelines and encouragement to the students involved in the learning process. In this kind of process, students are active, curious, and motivated.
The
An intelligent program can automatize an entire process of evaluation and unburden the teacher, enabling them to focus on qualitative aspects of lessons. Since the efficiency of machine learning increases proportionately with the expansion of the database, the evaluation of students from the quantitative aspect would not be disputable. The possible mistakes could be corrected by the teacher, and the intelligent system could use this to learn. The time that the teacher would gain with the automatization of evaluation could then be spent for interaction with students, preparing for lessons, or career development, nonetheless leaving her enough time to examine the correctness of the grades, and this would represent the mentioned fail-safe. However, we must be cautious of unpredictable deficiencies of such an approach: the automatization of evaluation may, for example, include the traces of bias and therefore lead to unjust or unrepresentative grades.
Intelligent devices are essentially devices the user interface of which and interaction with them are highly individualized. The presence of teaching tools of AI in the educational process will reinforce this aspect of communicating with the world. With the help of intelligent accessories, learning will also become individualized, for the intelligent system can respond to students’ needs, focus on certain topics, insist on revising a subject, and determine the learning speed. Here, the question of the goal of such learning arises. Does this program enable, through individualization, the students to develop the necessary cognitive, social and emotional competences: does it, for example, teach them to be active citizens and not passive consumers? Undoubtedly, the individualized and regularly adjustable learning is a significant pedagogical step; however, it includes certain aspects that need to be analyzed and evaluated, so that the inevitable implementation does not lead to unwanted consequences.
Drawbacks of a seminar are not always obvious, and AI may help teachers to uncover them.
We seldom pay attention to the AI systems that customize information for us every day. The customization parameters are based on, for example, locations (Google), purchase history (Amazon), or our needs and demands (Siri). Almost all online advertisements are tailored according to our interests and buying preferences. These intelligent systems have a significant role in how we interact with the internet and information in our professional and private lives. And why should matters be any different in the educational process? Here, too, exists the possibility of customizing information that we use for learning. Current generations of graduates have a radically different approach to research compared to their colleagues from a few years ago. The use of new intelligent accessories in education can increase the impact of the customization of information, and that is why it is even more important for us to be capable of correctly assessing their developmental adequacy [19, 20].
Machine behavior is one of the most intriguing, nascent fields in AI. Behavioral sciences can support traditional interpretability methods in developing new methods that will help to better understand and explain the behavior of AI. As the interactions between humans and AI become more sophisticated, machine behavior might play a crucial role to enable the next level of hybrid intelligence. From all of the above it can be concluded that at least the following three guidelines should be taken into consideration, especially with respect to using intelligent learning environments in education:
Not every kind of AI is a benefit to mankind, and not all uses of AI are ethical and moral.
The ethical use of AI should be judged not only by computer scientists, roboticists and engineers, but (especially) by behavioral scientists.
Teachers need to be trained (empowered) and provided with appropriate competences to assess the usefulness and ethical use of AI.
“The authors gratefully wish to acknowledge to the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia, and European Social Found. This work would not be possible without the support for the project “Innovative learning environments supported with ICT: Innovative Pedagogy 1:1”.
The authors wish to express their appreciation to all those who have ensured the quality of this book. Last but not least, thanks to our children and partners, who have inspired us, supported us, and given us the opportunity to be who we are.
As the name implies, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are extremely persistent in the atmosphere, with a half-life of over a decade in the soil, sediments, air, and biota [1]. The importance of research into persistent organic pollutants is illustrated by the Stockholm Convention, adopted in 2001 by conference of Plenipotentiaries and came into force on May 17, 2004. POPs have now become the focus of different growing national and international concern as they show toxic effects on animal reproduction, development, and immunological function. Some national agencies are still not taking it seriously and call it differently as “Bio accumulative chemicals of concern” (BCCs) [2]. Only those compounds that get the extreme end of the distribution in degree of persistence, mobility, and toxicity will be ranked as POPs.
Chlorinated substances stay in the environment for a long time. With the introduction of electron capture detectors, several organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE), dieldrin, and toxaphene began to be detected [3]. These have been reported at such places where never been used before such as the earth’s pole. These bio-accumulate in the food chain (animals and humans), causing a slew of well-known health and environmental problems. These pollutants are causing great concern among scientists, governments, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). There are different types of POPs such as heptachlor, chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, endrin, mirex, chlordecone, toxaphene, lindane, hexa- and penta-bromodiphenyl ethers (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether), tetra- and penta-bromodiphenyl ethers (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether), hexabromobiphenyl, pentachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), α- and β-hexachlorocyclohexane, α- and β-endosulfans (technical endosulfan and its isomers), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and its salts (PFOS), perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF), DDT, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobutadiene, chlorinated naphthalenes, pentachlorophenol hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), short-chained chlorinated paraffins were recognized by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Montreal, International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN), and Stockholm Convention. These pollutants are classified into four categories based on their toxicity and are shown in Table 1 [4].
S. No. | Class | POPs |
---|---|---|
1 | Subject to elimination of production and use (A) | Aldrin, hexachlorobenzene, Decabromodiphenyl ether, Endrin, Hexachlorobenzene, Beta hexachlorocyclohexane, Polychlorinated naphthalene’s, Technical, endosulfan and its related isomers, Chlordane, Dicofol, Heptachlor, Hexabromocyclododecane, Hexachlorobutadiene, Lindane, Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters, Perfluoroctanoic acid and its salts and PFOA related compounds, Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether, Chlordecone, Dieldrin, Hexabromodiphenyl ether, Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, Mirex, Polychloriented biphenyls, Short-chain chlorinated paraffins, Toxaphene pentachlorobenzene, hexabromobiphenyl. |
2 | Restricted in production and use (B) | DDT, PFOS and PFOSF. |
3 | Unintentionally produced (C) | Pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene, PCDDs, polychlorinated Polychlorinated naphthalenes PCDFs, PCBs. |
4 | Chemicals under investigation | Dechlorane Plus, Methoxychlor, UV-328. |
POPs recognized in Stockholm convention [4].
It is important to discuss the aspects of POPs before coming to the effects of these to understand the notorious effects of POPs.
Persistent chemicals generally have higher concentrations because they usually present in the environment for longer time and get their steady state. If emissions decline to near-zero after a particular duration of use, the amount of chemical in the environment will decrease exponentially. The overall transformation rate constant in the environment determines the rate of elimination, and persistent substances are removed more slowly [1].
The impact of POPs can be well understood by its deposition process. This innovative method combines aerosol remote sensing data with POP aerosol phase observations. By this process, POPs impact remote oceanic areas, raising environmental concerns because of their toxicity and accumulation in aquatic food webs. Because POPs are semi-volatile chemicals that can exist in both the gas and aerosol phases, precipitation scavenging will deposit POPs in both dissolved and particulate forms [5]. Persistent organic pollutants separate into gas and aerosol phases once they are released and are subject to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). In the transport and fate of POPS at the regional and global scale, atmospheric depositional processes play a key role. Then, by adopting any of the three primary processes such as (1) dry deposition of particulate-bound pollutants, (2) diffusive gas exchange between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and (3) the surface ocean and rain scavenging (either from gas or particulate phases), transport of semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmosphere to the ocean takes place [6]. Additionally, this can be concluded that the dry aerosol and gaseous deposition contribute to aquatic ecosystems pollutant burden and finally support POP accumulation in marine food web.
Climate change has already sparked a slew of environmental issues, and there is a direct link between pollutant emissions, dispersion, and toxicity and climate change. Both the IPCC report and the annual report of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) stressed the importance of paying attention to the problem of environmental pollution, particularly in light of global warming [7]. The series of POPs has already been discussed above, and the transport processes for persistent organic pollutants can be seen in Figure 1. POPs are transported globally in two ways: atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. POPs can exist in both gaseous and particle forms in the atmosphere. As a result, POPs in the atmosphere can be distributed globally via gaseous and particulate thanks to atmospheric circulation. POPs are more likely to be deposited on the land surface when the temperature drops while they will evaporate back into the atmosphere and migrate again, when the temperature rises.
Fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment.
POPs are transported globally in two ways: atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. POPs can exist in both gaseous and particle forms in the atmosphere. Hence, gaseous and particulate POPs in atmosphere can be globally spread with the help of atmospheric circulation.
This cycle repeats itself, allowing POPs to be transported and deposited in far-flung locations. The grasshopper effect is what it is called. Furthermore, some POPs with a significantly higher solubility, such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) and perfluoro octane sulfonates (PFOS), can penetrate surface waters, feed into ocean currents, and travel around the world. Changes in climatic parameters such as temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation occur as a result of climate change. The intensity and pathways of POPs transported by air and ocean will undoubtedly change as these conditions change [8].
The text of the Stockholm Convention was adopted by the Conference of the Plenipotentiaries on May 22, 2001 and came into effect on May 17, 2004. In May 1995, the UNEP Governing Council recognized that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose serious and escalating dangers to human health and the environment and recommended that an international assessment process of an initial list of 12 POPs be performed in its resolution 18/32. The Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) develops international action recommendations that must be considered by the UNEP Governing Council and the World Health Assembly by 1997. The Stockholm Convention’s 12 initial POPs were divided into three categories.
Pesticides: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene;
Industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); and
By-products: hexachlorobenzene; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), and PCBs.
POPs are organic chemical compounds, that is, carbon-based, according to the Stockholm Convention. They have a unique set of physical and chemical qualities that, once released into the environment, allow them to:
last an incredibly long time without deterioration
As a result of natural processes including soil, water, and most significantly, air, they have become widely disseminated across the ecosystem;
are lethal to both humans and wildlife and;
accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms, including humans, and are present at higher levels in the food chain at larger quantities.
Another mechanism known as bioaccumulation concentrates POPs in living creatures [9]. The term “bioaccumulation” has two meanings: a) to define a dynamic process in which an element or compound is passively or actively taken up and concentrated within an organism; b) to indicate a currently high concentration as a result of prior accumulation activities [10].
Many developed countries have taken initiatives in recent years to restrict and limit the flow of PCBs into the atmosphere. The most important element in establishing these limits was a 1973 suggestion from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (WHO, 1976; IARC, 1978; OECD, 1982). Since then, the 24 OECD member countries have set manufacture, sales, importation, exportation, and use limitations, as well as a labeling system. POPs have severe effect on wildlife as well as on environment and hence to humans also. Reproductive impairment and malformations, increased risk of tumors, altered liver enzyme function are some of the many bad effects of POPs.
In Figure 2, it can be seen that POPs have an anthropogenic origin and are discharged into the air, water, and land, where they deposit in water and eventually enter the food chain through sediment. These are disseminated over the world by air and ocean currents and hence, travel a long distance. They subsequently penetrate atmospheric processes, air-water exchange, and cycles such as rain, snow, and dry particles, exposing even the most remote groups of humans and animals who rely on aquatic food.
POPs in the environment.
As of now, we know that POPs are a global hazard since POPs discharged into the environment can travel a considerable distance through the air and water via evaporation and redeposition from their initial source. The most important factor in the transportation of global POPs is the atmosphere. Because of the semi-volatile nature of the atmosphere, these chemicals are found in atmospheric gases. Once these POPs get encountered into the gases, they go under some other processes such that degradation, soil deposition, vegetation, bioaccumulation, sedimentation, and many more (Figure 3). Because these POPs are temperature-dependent, the Global Distillation Effect theory predicts that gas-phase contaminants will be transported from warm regions of the planet, such as tropical or temperate source areas, to colder, higher-latitude regions, affecting vapor pressure and Henry’s constant, resulting in condensation and accumulation of POPs in soil, vegetation, and other places, from where they can enter into the food chains [11].
Environmental progressions during long-range atmospheric transport of POPs.
Because reactivity, adsorption, and accumulation are all temperature-dependent activities, they can be influenced by climate change at any point along the transport and redistribution paths. Climate-change-related activities are predicted to modify POP exposure patterns for native and resident human populations in the long run. The majority of POPs have been produced and released in enormous quantities in the Northern Hemisphere, primarily by agriculture and industry. The emission pattern for most legacy POPs began around 1940–1950, according to published data on POPs. Following a significant increase in emissions, some countries banned or restricted the use of these compounds or found techniques to eliminate them as by-products, resulting in a period of reduction (about 1970). Variations in climate and ambient temperature have a direct impact on a number of deciding environmental elements as summarized in Table 2 [12].
Parameters | Effects and indicators to be considered |
---|---|
Transport and distribution | Changing matrix composition Rapid/slow distribution Change of ocean currents, pH change, rising sea levels |
Bioavailability | Changing bioavailability, new exposure routs invading species Changing regional food webs |
Source and emissions | Increased emissions from secondary sources Emerging new primary sources |
Environmental stability (persistence) | Changing thermal stability Changing radiation regime Changing adsorption properties Changing albedo |
Toxicity/ecotoxicity | Changing toxicity potential Effects on immune response Exposure routs and profiles are changing Hormone and endocrine effects |
Transformation and degradation | Changing degradation/transformation properties Changing microbiology |
Influences of climate change on environmental processes related to transport and distribution of POPs [12].
Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), have been widely utilized in Asian developing countries for industry, agriculture, and vector control throughout the last few decades. Pesticide usage in India is at 85,000 metric tons per year, with DDTs, HCHs, and malathion accounting for 70% of that [13]. Due to a lack of efficient facilities in Asian developing countries, substantial amounts of municipal trash from populous regions are directly thrown into open dumping sites with poor management. The public is concerned about the potential negative consequences for local communities and the environment as a result of this behavior. When recent rigorous research revealed increased human health risk from exposure to harmful substances such as dioxins and similar compounds, as well as heavy metals in these dumping sites, these worries became more serious [14].
Since these POPs are highly volatile and resistant to photolytic, biological, and chemical degradation, they were found at high concentrations around the globe, including open oceans, deserts, the Arctic, and the Antarctic. Many studies have looked at the spread of PCBs around the world. POP levels were found to be extremely high. Many studies have looked at the spread of PCBs around the world. Few studies have discovered high levels of some organochlorines in ocean, rainfall, and wild animals. The concentration of HCB in Antarctic fish was found to be comparable to that of North Sea fish in a study [15].
As we previously discussed, POPs are organic molecules with high lipid solubility, allowing them to stay in the environment for long periods of time, be transported substantial distances from their source, and bio-accumulate in food chains. They are deemed to have a danger of generating negative effects on human and wildlife health because of these traits.
Multiple exposure routes can expose wildlife species living in contaminated areas to complex combinations of pollutants. Wild species can be utilized as bio-monitors of environmental pollution in a place since they have varied ecological, etiological, and physiological properties. Hazardous material exposure at various organizational levels also threatens the long-term viability of wildlife populations. As a result, pollution is currently considered one of the most serious threats to biological diversity. Exposure and effect biomarkers can be examined and integrated simultaneously to provide more information about probable toxicity pathways and ecosystem component health [16].
Marine wildlife numbers, particularly megafauna species, have dropped dramatically in recent decades, according to several research studies. For example, census studies in Eastern Australian seas show that loggerhead turtle numbers have plummeted by up to 86% during the 1970s. Similarly, in the last 90 years, the global population of dugongs appears to have fallen by at least 20%. (approximately three dugong generations). These and many more marine wildlife species have been added to the Red List of Threatened Species as a result of their critical population status, which spans from endangered to vulnerable to extinct, and are high conservation priorities [17].
Disease has been highlighted as a major contributor to the loss of marine wildlife populations, among the many concerns. Chronic sickness, which can lead to mortality, has been found to be on the rise in marine wildlife populations, reaching panzootic levels in some cases [18]. POPs are distributed in the marine environment as a result of subsequent transport mechanisms and source discharges. An increasing corpus of research examines the relationship between tissue loads of dominating POP groups and functional outcomes that have been degraded (Table 3).
Species | Target POPs | Functional parameters | Type of correlation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gray seal | PBDEs | Circulating thyroid hormone | + | [19] |
PCBs, DDTs | TT3, FT3 | — | [20] | |
California sea lion | PCBs | Serum vitamin A and T3 | — | [21] |
Beluga whale | PCBs | AhR and cyp1A1 expression | + | [22] |
Bottlenose dolphin | PCBs | TT4, FT4, T3 | — | [23] |
PCBs | Lymphocyte proliferation | — | [23] | |
OH-PCBs | cyp1A1 expression | + | [24] | |
Common dolphin (male) | PCBs, DDTs | Blubber retinoids | + | [25] |
Common dolphin (female) | PCBs, DDTs | Blubber retinoids | — | [25] |
Polar bear | PCBs | Plasma cortisol | + | [26] |
OCPs | Plasma cortisol | — | [26] | |
Green sea turtle | p,p′- | Hematocrit | + | [27] |
DDE | Total blood proteins | — | [27] | |
γ-HCH |
Summary of correlative studies associating functional health parameters with body burdens of persistent organic pollutants in marine wildlife.
AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; p,p′-DDE: 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DDTs: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; HCHs: hexachlorocyclohexanes- hexanes; OCPs: organochlorine pesticides; PCBs: polychlorinated biphenyls; PBDEs: polybrominated diphenyl ethers. TT3: total triiodothyrine; FT3: free triiodothyrine; TT4: total thyroxine; FT4: free thyroxine; T3: triiodothyrine; cyp1A1: cytochrome P450A1.
Hydrophobic (water-hating) and lipophilic (fat-loving) compounds are the most common types of POPs. They bond firmly to solids, particularly organic matter, in both marine and terrestrial environments, avoiding the aqueous section. They also enter lipids more easily than the aqueous system inside cells and accumulate in fatty tissue. Chemicals are stored in fatty tissue, allowing them to remain in biota where metabolism is slow. As a result, POPs may move up the food chain. Under ambient temperatures, POPs tend to shift into the gas phase. As a result, they may volatilize from soils, plants, and aquatic systems into the air and migrate vast distances before being re-deposited due to their resistance to breakdown reactions in air [28].
POP loads can be passed from the mother to the child not only during placental development, but also through breast feeding in placental viviparous species, which are the only placental mammals. The importance of maternal transfer in terms of early exposure should not be ignored; various studies have shown that juvenile placental mammals acquire higher amounts of PCDD/Fs or PCBs via milk than they do from prenatal exposure during placental development. According to the studies, the offspring of pregnant rats administered six PCDD/Fs, including 2,3,7,8,-TCDD/F and the non-ortho PCBs 77, 126, and 169, got 7–28% of their doses lactationally and just 0.5–3% through the placenta. Fasting mothers can increase their children’s dietary exposure to POPs from milk. Although the trend in female polar bear body burdens was not consistent—DDT and HCH decreased during fasting, while chlordane and PCBs increased—the ratio of plasma/adipose tissue and milk/adipose tissue OC concentrations did not change during the fast, indicating that POPs were probably at steady state among the various tagging systems [29].
All birds, most reptiles, most amphibians, and the rare monotreme mammals, for example, will deliver POPs to their eggs via maternal transfer. The direct transfer of the contaminant burden from the female to the eggs via the reallocation of the female’s lipid storage is the principal source of POP exposure to the growing embryo. Both biological processes and chemical features of the pollutants induce the deposition of lipids and proteins (together with the POPs associated with the lipids and proteins) in the developing egg. The energy required for egg production can come from the female’s older body reserves, her energy consumption during the egg formation period, or a combination of both [29].
Among the many POPs that are abundant in our surroundings, a “black list” of POPs has been recognized under the diplomatic signature of the Stockholm Convention in 2001. Pesticides, such as aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, mirex, and toxaphene; industrial compounds, such as hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); and other chemical by-products, such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)—the general name “dioxins” is used for PCDDs and PCDFs. These POPs are known to be especially hazardous, having a high proclivity for biomagnification in the food chain, and have been linked to carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects in a variety of biota [9].
POP residues have been found in human adipose tissue from people living in a variety of countries, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, for many years. Pesticide toxicity and persistence are beneficial for killing their target organisms, but they can cause difficulties for humans and the environment. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been found in the environment and, as a result, in the food chains of humans and wildlife since the early 1960s. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives have already been discovered in almost all environmental media and are the most common OCPs detected in human tissues, particularly adipose tissue. DDT is an organochlorine chemical initially synthesized in 1874 in Germany. The insecticidal effects of DDT were discovered in 1939, and commercial use began in 1945. DDT is dechlorinated in the human body to tetrachlorodiphenylethane (DDD), which is water-soluble and less hazardous to humans. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethanes (DDEs) are another class of DDT derivatives that quickly accumulate in human adipose tissue and constitute a considerable health risk due to their long half-life. DDE can be acquired through DDT metabolism in the body or from intake of DDE-tainted foodstuffs [30].
While human data analysis has raised concerns, it has yet to produce conclusive evidence of causal relationships between low-level exposure to environmental chemicals, endocrine disrupting activities, and harmful human health impacts. All relevant data, including experimental animal data and wildlife observations, must be examined. The difficulties of correlating prenatal, postnatal, and childhood exposure to adult functioning are particularly concerning [31].
Reduced semen quality (i.e., reduced numbers, motility, and altered morphology of sperm), male reproductive tract abnormalities (e.g., hypospadias and cryptorchidism), altered sex ratio, endometriosis, precocious puberty, and early menarche) have been the focus of much of the human health concerns resulting from EDC exposure. A reduction in sperm counts has been recorded in a number of research studies in a lot of countries [32].
Increased rates of some hormone-related malignancies in many regions of the world are frequently cited as proof that EDC exposure has had negative health consequences. Increases in breast cancer and testicular cancer are particularly concerning. Several human epidemiological studies and experimental laboratory investigations have been undertaken to see if organochlorine pesticides are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer [31].
Organometals that bind to protein, particularly organomercurials; lipophilic contaminants such as dioxins, PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and chlorinated pesticides; and persistent non-lipophilic compounds such as per fluorinated compounds used as repellents are all sources of concern for human health. Toxicity does not necessitate the persistence of a chemical. Many volatile organic chemicals, phthalates, and bisphenol A, which are present and leach from typical industrial products, are also found throughout the food supply and in the bodies of many of the world’s populations. It has recently been discovered that exposure to certain chlorinated POPs increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes, an insulin-related disease [33]. Surprisingly, this increased risk appears to occur at extremely low concentrations and does not appear to follow a linear dose–response curve [34]. DDE and hexachlorobenzene appear to have the strongest links, although PCBs also greatly enhance the risk [35]. Because type 2 diabetes is an insulin receptor disease, the processes underlying this link are unknown; however, it is most likely the result of gene induction. Obesity is frequently cited as a major risk factor for diabetes. Obese people who do not have high levels of POPs, on the other hand, do not have an increased risk of diabetes, according to certain research [33].
By now it is very much clear that how severe the POPs can be in future for the upcoming generations. It is not affecting only environment but also through environment to wildlife animals and directly or indirectly to human. Because of rising industrial use, persistent organic pollutants are becoming a major concern, causing their accumulation and persistence in living beings and the environment. Its exposure has numerous deadly implications for organs and tissues, including oxidative stress and cell death, due to several mechanisms. Several international plans have been developed to reduce the use of POPs and eliminate them completely; however, many developing countries around the world continue to ignore the Aarhus and Stockholm conventions. All of the class 1 and 2 POPs listed by these conventions must be banned. There are many agencies and NGOs working to accomplish their goals, but as humans, we must also recognize how damaging a single error can be. When scientific information is unknown, decision-making on the possible detrimental effects of chemical exposure is increasingly regulated by the precautionary principle, both internationally and nationally. The impact of endocrine disruptors on negative health consequences has yet to be proven conclusively. However, it is evident that the risk of endocrine disruptors is significant at specific times (preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum), and further research and development are needed to determine the health problems that should always be prioritized.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen will act in accordance with its published Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.
",metaTitle:"Refund Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen will act in accordance with its Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/refund-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Refunds are possible in the following cases:
\\n\\n1. A double payment, in which case a full refund will be made.
\\n\\n2. A justified withdrawal of work by the Author, which had already been accepted during or after production but prior to publication. In this situation, a 50% refund will be made. (IntechOpen reserves the right to determine, at its discretion, whether withdrawal is justified and, consequently, whether a refund should be issued).
\\n\\n3. In those rare instances where IntechOpen declines to publish a book that had been previously accepted, full refunds will be made to the same account or credit card from which the Author made the original payment.
\\n\\nPlease note that refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any such costs will be split evenly between IntechOpen and the Author.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Refunds are possible in the following cases:
\n\n1. A double payment, in which case a full refund will be made.
\n\n2. A justified withdrawal of work by the Author, which had already been accepted during or after production but prior to publication. In this situation, a 50% refund will be made. (IntechOpen reserves the right to determine, at its discretion, whether withdrawal is justified and, consequently, whether a refund should be issued).
\n\n3. In those rare instances where IntechOpen declines to publish a book that had been previously accepted, full refunds will be made to the same account or credit card from which the Author made the original payment.
\n\nPlease note that refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any such costs will be split evenly between IntechOpen and the Author.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6583},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17529}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12511},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"338",title:"Arboriculture",slug:"arboriculture",parent:{id:"38",title:"Horticulture",slug:"horticulture"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:53,numberOfWosCitations:61,numberOfCrossrefCitations:54,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"338",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5179",title:"Organic Fertilizers",subtitle:"From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93748f3bd6a9c0240d71ffd350d624b1",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5179.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50478",doi:"10.5772/62473",title:"Bio-Organo-Phos: A Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils",slug:"bio-organo-phos-a-sustainable-approach-for-managing-phosphorus-deficiency-in-agricultural-soils",totalDownloads:2066,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Sustainable agriculture is essential for a positive relationship between supply and demand of food for the growing world population. This relationship was found to be affected by many environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic. From the point of view of crop nutrition, sustainability in the supply of essential nutrients particularly phosphorus is vital. Due to the energy crisis, the fluctuation in the prices of chemical fertilizers, environmental concerns, and cessation in the supply of high quality rock phosphate (RP) are hindering the use of chemical phosphatic fertilizers for sustainable crop production. Therefore, there is great need for a sustainable solution to this problem. It could be solved by employing a strategy to use native low quality RP. It is only possible by composting of organic material in the presence of RP and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. During composting, most of organic P is mineralized. Due to release of organic acids, P availability to crop plants increases. In this chapter, the importance of economical and sustainable sources of P and comparative efficacy of the use of organic fertilizer containing RP for legumes is critically reviewed.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Allah Ditta and Azeem Khalid",authors:[{id:"149636",title:"Dr.",name:"Allah",middleName:null,surname:"Ditta",slug:"allah-ditta",fullName:"Allah Ditta"}]},{id:"50720",doi:"10.5772/62529",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:4943,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"51059",doi:"10.5772/64195",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",middleName:null,surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}]},{id:"50233",doi:"10.5772/62388",title:"Integrated Use of Phosphorus, Animal Manures and Biofertilizers Improve Maize Productivity under Semiarid Condition",slug:"integrated-use-of-phosphorus-animal-manures-and-biofertilizers-improve-maize-productivity-under-semi",totalDownloads:2433,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Phosphorus unavailability and lack of organic matter in the soils under semiarid condition are the major reasons for low crop productivity. Field trial was conducted to investigate the impact of different animal manures (poultry, cattle, and sheep manures) and phosphorus levels (40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1) on yield and yield components of hybrid maize (CS-200) with (+) and without (−) phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) seed treatment at the Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during summer 2014. Our results confirmed that the application of poultry manure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased yield and yield components of maize. Phosphorus applied at the rate of 120 kg P2O5 ha−1 increased ear length, grains ear−1, and shelling percentage, while the highest rate of 160 kg P ha−1 increased grains weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Maize seeds treated with PSB (+) before sowing had produced higher yield and yield components than untreated seeds (−). We concluded from this study that combined application of 160 kg P2O5 ha−1 + poultry manure and seed treatment with PSB (+) could improve crop productivity and profitability under semiarid condition.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Dr. Amanullah and Shah Khalid",authors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",middleName:null,surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}]},{id:"50516",doi:"10.5772/63047",title:"Soil Amendments for Agricultural Production",slug:"soil-amendments-for-agricultural-production",totalDownloads:2315,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The word organic, applied to fertilizers, indicates that the nutrients are derived from the remains or by‐products of a once‐living organism. Farmers are continually searching for alternatives to synthetic inorganic fertilizers to alleviate the escalating production costs associated with the increasing costs of energy and fertilizers and the problems of soil and surface water deterioration associated with intensive use and release of inorganic fertilizers such as N and P fertilizers. One of the advantages of organic fertilizers is that they provide their nutrients especially the principal nutrients (NPK) to growing plants over a long period of time in a slow release process. The soil has to be moist and warm enough to allow soil microorganisms to decompose and breakdown the complex forms of organic fertilizers. Generally, the application of organic amendments to agricultural soils makes good use of natural resources and reduces the need of synthetic inorganic fertilizers. Soil structure, nutrient composition, and microbiological activity of soil are usually increased following the application of organic amendments. This is because of the presence of sugars and amino acids as simple molecules in organic amendments that contribute to microbiological activity and fertility and elevated levels of enzymes secreted by soil microbes. To investigate the soil microbiological activity after the addition of soil amendments, three enzymes that control the C, N, and P cycles should be monitored in the plant rhizosphere zone, which is defined as the zone of increased microbial and enzyme activity where soil and root make contact. An increase of organic waste originated from different humans and productive activities is a continuous concern. Waste application (i.e., municipal sewage sludge, chicken manure, horse manure, and cow manure) to soil is proposed as a solution to disposal problem. This practice is popular in the agricultural fields because of the value of this waste as organic fertilizer. At KSU, numerous studies have been conducted on organic soil amendments and their impact on crop yield and quality, soil erosion and nutrient availability, soil enzymes activity, and bioremediation of heavy metals in organic amendments.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"George F. Antonious",authors:[{id:"174916",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"Fouad",surname:"Antonious",slug:"george-antonious",fullName:"George Antonious"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50720",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:4943,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"51059",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",middleName:null,surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}]},{id:"50612",title:"Green Manures and Crop Residues as Source of Nutrients in Tropical Environment",slug:"green-manures-and-crop-residues-as-source-of-nutrients-in-tropical-environment",totalDownloads:2535,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Tropical areas have prevalence of soils with low fertility, which makes the management of soil fertility a necessary practice to maintain a farming system economically and environmentally sustainable. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the importance of green manure and the use of crop residues as management for soil fertility. We highlight the potential of these practices to increase/sustain productivity by providing nutrients. First, we made a short review on the main factors influencing the decomposition and mineralization processes. Subsequently, we discuss green manure techniques, presenting the main green manures, criteria for choosing, managements, potential for nutrient accumulation, and advantages and disadvantages of this practice. Finally, we use some examples to demonstrate the potential nutrient supply of crop residues from the main crops grown in the tropics. The difficulties and limitations involved are also discussed.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares, Lucas de Ávila‐Silva, Rafael da Silva Teixeira, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Leonardus Vergütz",authors:[{id:"179932",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos Valadares",slug:"rafael-vasconcelos-valadares",fullName:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares"},{id:"183947",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucas",middleName:null,surname:"De Avila-Silva",slug:"lucas-de-avila-silva",fullName:"Lucas De Avila-Silva"},{id:"183948",title:"MSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Teixeira",slug:"rafael-da-silva-teixeira",fullName:"Rafael Da Silva Teixeira"},{id:"183949",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-nogueira-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo Nogueira De Sousa"},{id:"184785",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardus",middleName:null,surname:"Vergutz",slug:"leonardus-vergutz",fullName:"Leonardus Vergutz"}]},{id:"50167",title:"On-Farm-Produced Organic Amendments on Maintaining and Enhancing Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Availability in Organic or Low Input Agriculture",slug:"on-farm-produced-organic-amendments-on-maintaining-and-enhancing-soil-fertility-and-nitrogen-availab",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Maintaining and enhancing soil fertility are key issues for sustainability in an agricultural system with organic or low input methods. On-farm–produced green manure as a source of soil organic matter (SOM) plays a critical role in long-term productivity. But producing green manure requires land and water; thus, increasing biodiversity, such as by intercropping with green manure crops, could be an approach to enhance the efficiency of renewable resources especially in developing countries. This article discusses soil fertility and its maintenance and enhancement with leguminous intercropping from four points of view: soil fertility and organic matter function, leguminous green manure, intercropping principles, and soil conservation. Important contributions of leguminous intercropping include SOM enhancement and fertility building, biological nitrogen (N) and other plant nutrition availability. Under a well-designed and managed system, competition between the target and intercropping crops can be reduced. The plant uptake efficiency of biologically fixed N is estimated to be double that of industrial N fertilizers. After N-rich plant residues are incorporated into soil, the carbon (C):nitrogen ratio of added straw decreases. Another high mitigation potential of legume intercropping lies in soil conservation by preventing soil and water erosion. Many opportunities exist to introduce legumes in short-term rotation, intercropping, living mulch, and cover crops in an organically managed farm system. Worldwide, long-term soil fertility enhancement remains a challenge due to the current world population and agricultural practices. Cropping system including legumes is a step in the right direction to meeting the needs of food security and sustainability.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Yani Nin, Pinchun Diao, Qian Wang, Qingzhong Zhang, Ziliang\nZhao and Zhifang Li",authors:[{id:"178869",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhifang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"zhifang-li",fullName:"Zhifang Li"},{id:"180022",title:"BSc.",name:"Yani",middleName:null,surname:"Ning",slug:"yani-ning",fullName:"Yani Ning"},{id:"184348",title:"MSc.",name:"Pinchun",middleName:null,surname:"Diao",slug:"pinchun-diao",fullName:"Pinchun Diao"},{id:"184349",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"qian-wang",fullName:"Qian Wang"},{id:"184350",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"qingzhong-zhang",fullName:"Qingzhong Zhang"},{id:"184351",title:"MSc.",name:"Ziliang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"ziliang-zhao",fullName:"Ziliang Zhao"}]},{id:"50244",title:"An Overview of the Studies on Biochar Fertilizer Carried Out at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century in Japan",slug:"an-overview-of-the-studies-on-biochar-fertilizer-carried-out-at-the-beginning-of-the-twentieth-centu",totalDownloads:2031,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Biochar is a recently coined term for charred organic matter used as a soil amendment. Although the term is relatively new, the substance has been used for a long time throughout the world, including Japan. After we read a Japanese book entitled Nibai Shukaku Tenri Nouhou (How to Double Crop Yield by Almighty Farming System) originally published in 1912, we found that there were conflicting opinions between the author (Mr. Katsugoro Oyaizu) and soil scientists of the time (Dr. Gintaro Daikuhara and others) on the benefits of the use of biochar fertilizer. Previous publications on this topic have been written in Japanese from a sociological viewpoint. By referring to the literature published at the beginning of the twentieth century in Japan, we attempt to shed light on the conflict between traditional knowledge of biochar fertilizer and new concepts of soil science imported from the Western countries. We also describe briefly the socioeconomic impacts on the use of biochar fertilizer in the later generations.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Naoki Moritsuka and Kaori Matsuoka",authors:[{id:"179714",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Moritsuka",slug:"naoki-moritsuka",fullName:"Naoki Moritsuka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"338",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81669",title:"Recent Techniques and Developments on Cherry Growing in Turkey",slug:"recent-techniques-and-developments-on-cherry-growing-in-turkey",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104081",abstract:"The wild cherries are mostly seen in the North Anatolian and the Taurus mountains of Turkey. Cherry cultivation is concentrated on the slopes of 1000–1500 m where wild cherries are grown, also at the river valleys or in Izmir and Manisa provinces at the western parts of the country over 100 m elevation with very high quality. Turkey is the leading country in the world on cherry production. Cherry production in Turkey has been performed mostly with ‘0900 Ziraat’ cherry cultivar, which was known as Turkish cherry in Europe. As a result of the studies carried out for fruit cracking and self fertility, Regina, Kordia, Sweet Heart and Lapins cherry cultivars were selected as alternative cherry cultivars to ‘0900 Ziraat’. In 1997, “Turkish National Cherry Working Group” was founded and organized 20 working group meetings until today to solve all the problems of cherries. In these meetings, all the research results were shared and discussed among cherry scientists. Recently, studies on prolonging the cherry season with early and late cherry cultivars to increase the amount of cherry exportation was achieved. For this aim, Sweet Heart at high elevations, Royal Lynn® and Royal Tioga® at subtropical climatic conditions were found to be suitable.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Ali Kuden, Ayzin B. Kuden, Songul Comlekcioglu, Burhanettin Imrak and Muhsin Bag"},{id:"77912",title:"Stock Influence on Growth, Morphological and Biochemical Leaf Parameters Prunus domestica L.",slug:"stock-influence-on-growth-morphological-and-biochemical-leaf-parameters-prunus-domestica-l",totalDownloads:90,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99522",abstract:"Vegetation growth peculiarities and morphological and physical-biochemical features of Prunus domestica L. Utro and Yaichnaya Sinyaya varieties leaves grafted on different growing strength rootstocks were studied. Low-growing clonal rootstocks 140–1 and Novinka decreased the trees growing strength on 15–20% in comparison with strong-growing stocks; medium-growing rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 reduced it on 10%. The longest growing activity and the largest sprouts length was stated on these rootstocks as well, i.e. 1.3–1.4 times more than on other ones. Stable sprouts average length decrease was registered on grafted stocks 140–1 and Novinka. Leaf surface index value on the trees grafted on clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 was on 40% higher than on control, i.e. 4.3 leaves m2/crown projection area m2. Optimal values of total increment, sprouts average length, leaves area and the largest part of physiological-biochemical parameters were stated at medium-growing clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 use. Plum leaves blades were hypostomatic; numerous stomata were located on the abaxial (bottom) side of leaves. Stomata were located in interveinal space irregularly. Stomata length size varied from 14.6 μm (Utro/seedlings) to 22.1 μm (Yaichnaya Sinyaya/OP-23-23). The rootstock has influence on the process of photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, accumulation of minerals and metabolic answerin the leaves.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Svetlana Motyleva, Galina Upadysheva, Tatyana Tumaeva and Ivan Kulikov"},{id:"79448",title:"Logistics Chain and Cost Assessment of Pruning-to-Energy Value Chains: Application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis Approach",slug:"logistics-chain-and-cost-assessment-of-pruning-to-energy-value-chains-application-of-life-cycle-cost",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101428",abstract:"Biomass from agricultural residue has significant potential as renewable energy resource. Therefore, cost-efficient processing and supply of agricultural residues are important to strategically plan and utilize this energy resource. This chapter describes the agricultural pruning to energy (PtE) value chains and presents the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA)-based cost assessment results, focusing on almond and peach tree pruning data obtained from Spain during 2015–2016. Along the main life cycle stages of PtE system, costs of harvesting, off-farm storage, transport, biomass loss, and management of biomass supply chain were considered. In terms of functional unit cost, the life cycle cost (LCC) was calculated to be about 126 €/t for almond PtE and 115 €/t for peach PtE value chain. In both cases, the harvesting stage was found to be cost at hot stage followed by the storage stage. The cost at harvesting stage was about 83% (of 126 €/t) and 82% (of 115 €/t) in the case of almond and peach cases, respectively. Similarly, the share of operational cost was about 74% and 76% for almond and peach cases, respectively. Therefore, more efforts should be made to improve the performance of logistics operations and management of such PtE initiatives.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Techane Bosona and Girma Gebresenbet"},{id:"79048",title:"Advances in Breeding of Peach, Plum and Apricot",slug:"advances-in-breeding-of-peach-plum-and-apricot",totalDownloads:120,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100284",abstract:"Research on the expression of fruit specific genes may allow breeders in the future to selectively manipulate through gene transfer in certain aspects of fruit development/quality in their advanced breeding lines thus reducing the time necessary for cultivar development. This would be particularly useful in breeding programmes, hybridizing standard cultivars with exotic germplasm of low fruit quality. The use of exotic germplasm will be important for the expansion of the peach germplasm base and the development of stress resistant cultivars. More immediate results of research on fruit specific gene expression will provide a better understanding of fruit development and quality. It is required to learn how the differences at the gene level correlate with quality characteristics. With the continued cooperation of fruit biochemists it is expected to obtain a better definition of fruit quality and a better understanding of fruit biochemistry. The potential will exit to generate a range of “anti-sense mutants” i.e. transgenic plants expressing anti-sense gene contstructs that reduce or nullify the effects of the normal gene. The phenotypes of these mutants could help to define the biochemistry, genetics and quality of peach fruit. The development of efficient regeneration and transformation system in peach will be useful not only for the modification of fruit characteristics, but also for the transfer and manipulation of genes affecting stress resistance and other economically important characters.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Rimpika and DP Sharma"},{id:"77733",title:"Genetic Diversity in Almond (Prunus dulcis)",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-almond-prunus-dulcis",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99249",abstract:"Almond (Prunus dulcis), a stone fruit belonging to a family Rosaceae (rose) is broadly cultivated for ornament and fruit. Within this genus, the almond is very much associated with the peach, and these two fruits share the same subgenus the Amygdalus. About 430 species are spread all through the northern temperate regions of the world. The Mediterranean climate region of the Middle East like Turkey and Pakistan eastward to Syria is native to the almond and its related species. Almond is one of the ancient fruit trees known to the Asian as well as European regions with the most primitive proof of cultivation dating about 2000 B.C. Prunus dulcis (Almond) is a nutrient-loaded nut crop. Almond possesses a great genetic diversity due to the genetically controlled self-incompatibility system which can be estimated by a morphological characteristic including molecular markers and isoenzymes with a wide range of marker techniques. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) involving RFLP or SNP are the most commonly used molecular techniques among the DNA-based molecular symbols. Particular agronomic characters, e.g. kernel bitterness or self-compatibility can also be traced by these molecular markers. The direct association between the level of diversity and the basis of the germplasm cannot be understood by the studies of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity cannot be seriously lost by self-compatibility in almonds. The breeding, conservation, and cultivation of wild-growing almonds may similarly advantageous after the genetic diversity research studies (especially those applying molecular markers).",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Sadia Sana, Naheed Akhter, Fozia Amjum, Samreen Gul Khan and Muhammad Akram"},{id:"78516",title:"Varietal Wealth of Prunus Species",slug:"varietal-wealth-of-prunus-species",totalDownloads:82,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99048",abstract:"Genus Prunus includes all the stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, almond and cherry) comprise around 98 species and classified under three subgenera namely: Amygdalus (peaches, nectraine and almonds), Prunophora (plums and apricots) and Cerasus (cherries). Genus Prunus have attained a prime position among all the temperate fruit crops as delicious edible drupe, and many species have ornamental values as well. Major species of importance are Prunus persica (peach), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus domestica (European plum), Prunus americana (American plum), Prunus avium (Sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (Sour cherry), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus ceracifera (Cherry plum), Prunus mira (Behmi), Prunus cerasoides (Wild Himalayan cherry), Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb cherry) etc. Interspecific hybrids namely: plumcots, pluots and apriums also produce very delicious edible fruits. Commercial cultivars of different stone fruits are J H Hale, Cresthaven, Flordasun, Florda Prince, Elberta, Glohaven, July Elberta, Redhaven, Kanto 5, Sun Haven etc. of peaches, Fantasia, Mayfire, Red Gold, Snow Queen etc. belongs to nectarine, Turkey, Charmagz, Perfection, St. Ambroise, Royal, New Castle etc. are apricots, Santa Rosa, Black Beauty, Kelsey, Green Gage, Methley, Satsuma, Frontier, Burbank etc. are plums, Regina, Burlat, Lapins, Kordia, Stella, Bing, Van, Black Heart, Compact Lambert, Compact Stella etc. are cherries, and California Paper Shell, IXL, Mission, Nonpareil, Drake, Ne Plus Ultra, Pranyaj, Merced etc. are almonds.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Amit Kumar, Mahendra Kumar Sharma, Tajamul Farooq Wani, Anil Sharma and Gepu Nyorak"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11603",title:"People Management - Highlighting Futures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11603.jpg",hash:"982c56a5fb4684d966f8f5e76b2638f5",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"450553",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Dias",slug:"diana-dias",fullName:"Diana Dias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79866",title:"Ruminal Microbiome Manipulation to Improve Fermentation Efficiency in Ruminants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101582",signatures:"Yosra Ahmed Soltan and Amlan Kumar Patra",slug:"ruminal-microbiome-manipulation-to-improve-fermentation-efficiency-in-ruminants",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78998",title:"Effect of Various Feed Additives on the Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond Feeds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100142",signatures:"Mardiati Zain, Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat, Heni Suryani and Novirman Jamarun",slug:"effect-of-various-feed-additives-on-the-methane-emissions-from-beef-cattle-based-on-an-ammoniated-pa",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]}},subseries:{item:{id:"86",type:"subseries",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"