Chemical composition of iron ore tailings.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10342",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics presents a review of the significant advances in the understanding and management of ovarian cancer. It covers major areas of importance in this field, incorporating new knowledge that has arisen due to the advancements in molecular techniques, understanding of ovarian cancer tumour biology, evolving role of surgery and novel therapeutics in ovarian cancer. This book brings together a collection of discoveries and opinions from specialists around the world that are relevant to this disease.",isbn:"978-1-83968-744-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-743-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-745-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91528",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ovarian-cancer-updates-in-tumour-biology-and-therapeutics",numberOfPages:262,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"25a0adac7f6afa7bcd0b6daa3ef6b538",bookSignature:"Gwo-Yaw Ho and Kate Webber",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10342.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3926,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 18th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"297757",title:null,name:"Gwo-Yaw",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",slug:"gwo-yaw-ho",fullName:"Gwo-Yaw Ho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297757/images/system/297757.png",biography:"Gwo Yaw Ho is a senior medical oncologist at Monash Health and specialises in treating women with breast and gynaecologic cancer. He has an academic appointment with Monash University, Australia, as a research fellow and was awarded the Monash University, School of Clinical Science Clinician-scientist Fellowship in 2020. He completed his Ph.D. study in 2019 at the Walter and Eliza Hall (WEHI) Institute of Medical Research whilst practicing as a medical oncologist at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne. The focus of his research is a subset of high-grade ovarian cancer, including carcinosarcoma, with the poorest outcome which is associated with increased activity of the oncogenic MYCN pathway and the development of pre-clinical cancer models.",institutionString:"Monash University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Monash Health",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"320892",title:"Dr.",name:"Kate",middleName:null,surname:"Webber",slug:"kate-webber",fullName:"Kate Webber",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320892/images/system/320892.png",biography:"Kate Webber is a senior medical oncologist at Monash Health and an adjunct senior lecturer at Monash University, Australia. She has a keen interest in breast and gynaecological oncology, cancer survivorship and clinical trials. She graduated from the University of New South Wales in 2002 with first-class honours and completed her specialty training in medical oncology at St. George and Prince of Wales Hospitals in Sydney. She completed a Ph.D. in 2016 at the University of New South Wales examining long-term health and psychosocial issues affecting cancer survivors whilst looking at novel models of care for these patients. Dr. Webber is the current co-chair of the Cancer Institute NSW eviQ Medical Oncology Reference Committee.",institutionString:"Monash University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Monash University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1066",title:"Gynecologic Oncology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-gynecologic-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"75017",title:"Ovarian Cancer: Molecular Classification and Targeted Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95967",slug:"ovarian-cancer-molecular-classification-and-targeted-therapy",totalDownloads:738,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer among women with an overall 5-year survival rate below 50% due to its asymptomatic nature, diagnosis at advanced stages, and a high recurrence rate after standard therapy in 70% of cases. Ovarian cancers are heterogenous cancers where each subtype possesses a varied morphology and biologic behavior. Accumulating evidence has identified each of these subtypes characterized with specific pathways activated in each along with specific gene alterations. For example, high-grade serous ovarian cancer is characterized by universal TP53 mutation, mucinous ovarian cancer with KRAS mutation and clear cell or endometrioid ovarian cancers with ARID1A mutations. With the current focus of molecular-targeted therapies for cancer, such druggable markers serve as excellent targets for precision therapy and combination therapy. This chapter, provides an overview of the critical molecular pathways activated in the ovarian cancer subtypes with its druggable targets studied in ovarian cancer. We also highlight the implications of miRNAs in chemoresistance and sensitivity in the regulation of ovarian cancer.",signatures:"Febina Ravindran and Bibha Choudhary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75017",authors:[{id:"334121",title:"Prof.",name:"Bibha",surname:"Choudhary",slug:"bibha-choudhary",fullName:"Bibha Choudhary"},{id:"335007",title:"Dr.",name:"Febina",surname:"Ravindran",slug:"febina-ravindran",fullName:"Febina Ravindran"}],corrections:null},{id:"76790",title:"Ovarian Cancer Genetics and the Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96488",slug:"ovarian-cancer-genetics-and-the-implications",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ovarian cancers mostly arise sporadically, however about 20–25% of the cases arise as a part of hereditary syndromes. There are numerous mutations involved in the ovarian cancer development and more to be discovered. Knowing the pathogenic variants of the mutations present in the ovarian cancers are important in developing and practising of risk reduction strategies in asymptomatic carriers, genetic counselling, prognostication and decision on treatment. This chapter will focus on the various types of mutations found in ovarian cancers and their implications- when considering testing, treatment options and insight for the next level of Improvement in cancer care.",signatures:"Shyamika Mirisse Acharige and Chit Cheng Yeoh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76790",authors:[{id:"334570",title:"Dr.",name:"shyamika",surname:"Mirisse Acharige",slug:"shyamika-mirisse-acharige",fullName:"shyamika Mirisse Acharige"},{id:"334572",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",surname:"Yeoh",slug:"cheng-yeoh",fullName:"Cheng Yeoh"}],corrections:null},{id:"76959",title:"Ovarian Cancer Tumour Biology: Genesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98289",slug:"ovarian-cancer-tumour-biology-genesis",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women, thus early diagnosis is of paramount importance to survival. A clear OC etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Large histopathological variability predicts more initial tissue for carcinogenesis. Many connections of biologically different tissue as locus minoris resistentiae for carcinogenesis have been confirmed. Expansion of knowledge about OC etiopathogenesis may help to construct an algorithm for early diagnosis. Ovarian surface epithelium, ectopic Müllerian epithelium, and fallopian tubes, along with endometriosis, are significant in the process of OC development. An oxidative microenvironment caused by recurrent ovulation or arising due to a degradative process in ectopic endometrium, mainly endometriomas, play a prominent role in the development of OC.",signatures:"Ján Varga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76959",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76959",authors:[{id:"338861",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ján",surname:"Varga",slug:"jan-varga",fullName:"Ján Varga"}],corrections:null},{id:"74697",title:"Epigenetic Events in Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95472",slug:"epigenetic-events-in-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Epigenetic aberrations are now well established in the development and progression of ovarian cancer, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA dysregulation, and their progressive accumulation is correlated with the progression of the stage grade of disease. Epigenetic aberrations are relatively stable, linked to various subtypes of the disease, and present in circulating serum, representing promising diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Unlike DNA mutations and deletions, aberrant gene-repressive epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation inhibitors or histone-modifying enzymes, are theoretically reversible by epigenetic therapies. While no action against solid tumors, including ovarian cancer, has been shown in epigenetic monotherapies, preclinical studies indicate that they may be successful when used in conjunction with one another or with conventional chemotherapy, and combinatorial epigenetic therapy regiments are being investigated in cancer clinical trials. Improved interventions against this debilitating malignancy will provide a greater understanding of epigenetics’ role in ovarian cancer.",signatures:"Yanisa Rattanapan and Takol Chareonsirisuthigul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74697",authors:[{id:"331239",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takol",surname:"Chareonsirisuthigul",slug:"takol-chareonsirisuthigul",fullName:"Takol Chareonsirisuthigul"},{id:"343397",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanisa",surname:"Rattanapan",slug:"yanisa-rattanapan",fullName:"Yanisa Rattanapan"}],corrections:null},{id:"76849",title:"Genetics and Mutational Landscape of Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97540",slug:"genetics-and-mutational-landscape-of-ovarian-sex-cord-stromal-tumors",totalDownloads:204,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors (SCST) are uncommon tumors accounting for approximately 8% of all ovarian malignancies. By far, the most common are granulosa cell tumors (GCT) which represent approximately 90% of SCST. SCST are also found in the hereditary syndromes: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome, and DICER1 syndrome. Key genomic and genetic events contributing to their pathogenesis have been the focus of recent studies. Most of the genomic studies have been limited to GCT which have identified a number of recurring chromosomal abnormalities (monosomy and trisomy), although their contribution to pathogenesis remains unclear. Recurrent DICER1 mutations are reported in non-hereditary cases of Sertoli cell and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumors (SLCT), while recurrent somatic mutations in both the juvenile (jGCT) and adult forms of GCT (aGCT) have also been reported. Approximately 30% of jGCT contain a somatic mutation in the gsp oncogene, while a further 60% have activating mutations or duplications in the AKT gene. For aGCT, a well characterized mutation in the FOXL2 transcription factor (FOXL2 C134W) is found in the majority of tumors (primary and recurrent), arguably defining the disease. A further mutation in the human telomerase promoter appears to be an important driver for recurrent disease in aGCT. However, despite several studies involving next generation sequencing, the molecular events that determine the stage, behavior and prognosis of aGCT still remain to be determined. Further, there is a need for these studies to be expanded to other SCST in order to identify potential targets for personalized medicine.",signatures:"Trang Nguyen, Trang Minh Tran, Yee Shen Choo, Maria Alexiadis, Peter J. Fuller and Simon Chu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76849",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76849",authors:[{id:"342271",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",surname:"Chu",slug:"simon-chu",fullName:"Simon Chu"},{id:"342272",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter J.",surname:"Fuller",slug:"peter-j.-fuller",fullName:"Peter J. Fuller"},{id:"342273",title:"Ms.",name:"Trang",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trang-nguyen",fullName:"Trang Nguyen"},{id:"342274",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",surname:"Alexiadis",slug:"maria-alexiadis",fullName:"Maria Alexiadis"},{id:"342275",title:"Ms.",name:"Trang Minh",surname:"Tran",slug:"trang-minh-tran",fullName:"Trang Minh Tran"},{id:"342276",title:"Ms.",name:"Yee Shen",surname:"Choo",slug:"yee-shen-choo",fullName:"Yee Shen Choo"}],corrections:null},{id:"78061",title:"The Role of Ultra-Radical Surgery in the Management of Advanced Ovarian Cancer: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97638",slug:"the-role-of-ultra-radical-surgery-in-the-management-of-advanced-ovarian-cancer-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The ovarian cancer, also known as “silent killer”, has remained the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. The single independent risk factor linked with improved survival is maximum cytoreductive effort resulting in no macroscopic residual disease. This could be gained through ultra-radical surgery which demands tackling significant tumour burden in pelvis, lower and upper abdomen which usually constitutes bowel resection, liver mobilisation, ancillary cholecystectomy, extensive peritonectomy, diaphragmatic resection, splenectomy, resection of enlarged pelvic, paraaortic, and rarely cardio-phrenic lymph nodes in order to achieve optimal debulking. The above can be achieved through a holistic approach to patient’s care, meticulous patient selection, and full engagement of the family. The decision needs to be carefully balanced after obtaining an informed consent, and an appreciation of the impact of such surgery on the quality of life against the survival benefit. This chapter will describe the complexity and surgical challenges in the management of advanced ovarian cancer.",signatures:"Felicia Elena Buruiana, Lamiese Ismail, Federico Ferrari and Hooman Soleymani Majd",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78061",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78061",authors:[{id:"325727",title:"Dr.",name:"Felicia Elena",surname:"Buruiana",slug:"felicia-elena-buruiana",fullName:"Felicia Elena Buruiana"},{id:"325746",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamiese",surname:"Ismail",slug:"lamiese-ismail",fullName:"Lamiese Ismail"},{id:"325747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hooman",surname:"Soleymani Majd",slug:"hooman-soleymani-majd",fullName:"Hooman Soleymani Majd"},{id:"353890",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Ferrari",slug:"federico-ferrari",fullName:"Federico Ferrari"}],corrections:[{id:"81444",title:"Corrigendum to: The Role of Ultra-Radical Surgery in the Management of Advanced Ovarian Cancer: State of the Art",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-the-role-of-ultra-radical-surgery-in-the-management-of-advanced-ovarian-cancer-state-",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"75833",title:"Cytoreductive Procedures and HIPEC in the Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96405",slug:"cytoreductive-procedures-and-hipec-in-the-treatment-of-advanced-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:289,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter is dedicated to cytoreductive procedures and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Cytoreductive procedures and HIPEC constitute nowadays an important weapon in the surgical armamentarium used to treat ovarian cancer. Our service led by Dr. Moldovan Bogdan has an experience of 235 patients that underwent a HIPEC procedure, with an average of 33,5 cases/year which places us among some of the most experienced teams worldwide. We propose a chapter describing the indications and contraindications of such procedures, the surgical approach, followed by a description of our experience, including a review of our indications, the type of chemotherapeutic agents and a case example.",signatures:"Bogdan Moldovan, Silviu-Tiberiu Makkai-Popa, Costel Rad, Radu Pisica, Vlad Untaru and Doly Stoica",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75833",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75833",authors:[{id:"333496",title:"Dr.",name:"Silviu-Tiberiu",surname:"Makkai-Popa",slug:"silviu-tiberiu-makkai-popa",fullName:"Silviu-Tiberiu Makkai-Popa"},{id:"333499",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan",surname:"Moldovan",slug:"bogdan-moldovan",fullName:"Bogdan Moldovan"},{id:"346295",title:"Dr.",name:"Costel",surname:"Rad",slug:"costel-rad",fullName:"Costel Rad"},{id:"346296",title:"Dr.",name:"Radu",surname:"Pisica",slug:"radu-pisica",fullName:"Radu Pisica"},{id:"346297",title:"Dr.",name:"Vlad",surname:"Untaru",slug:"vlad-untaru",fullName:"Vlad Untaru"},{id:"346298",title:"Dr.",name:"Doly",surname:"Stoica",slug:"doly-stoica",fullName:"Doly Stoica"}],corrections:null},{id:"76588",title:"HIPEC for Ovarian Cancer: A Controversial Discussion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97587",slug:"hipec-for-ovarian-cancer-a-controversial-discussion",totalDownloads:217,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a sign of advanced disease of ovarian cancer. The prognosis of ovarian cancer is significantly improved after cytoreductive surgery with complete tumor debulking followed by platin based chemotherapy. If cytoreductive surgery results in a tumor free situation with remaining tumor less than 0.25 cm, HIPEC may further improve prognosis. Materials and methods: The results of the Krefeld study are presented and the literature is reviewed according to overall survival and progression free survival with or without HIPEC. In the Krefeld study, patients with ovarian cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis underwent cytoreductive surgery. In patients with optimal tumor debulking, HIPEC was performed. The peri- and postoperative course was observed. Adverse events were recorded after the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: 43 patients were treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. In all patients an optimal cytoreductive situation with remaining tumor less than 0.25 cm was achieved. HIPEC was performed with a cisplatin solution (50 mg/m2) at 41°C. The median age of the patients was 56 years (range: 32–74 years), the median peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was 13 (range: 4–21), the median operation time was 356 minutes (range: 192–507 minutes). The median time to postoperative systemic treatment with chemotherapy was 29 days (range 21–70). There was no postoperative surgically associated death. No adverse events were recorded in 16 (37.2%) of 43 patients, no grade III or IV adverse events were reported for 33 (76.7%) patients, and no grade IV adverse events were reported for 41 (95.3%) patients. Grade III adverse events occured in 19 (44.2%) of the 43 patients; a total of 29 grade III adverse events were reported in these 19 patients. Grade IV adverse events occured in 3 (7.0%) of the 43 patients; a total of 3 grade IV adverse events were reported. Two of them resulted in return to the operating room. This was a fistula of the distal small bowel caused by drainage and a revision of wound infection. Conclusion: In ovarian cancer multiple surgical procedures may be necessary in order to have macroscopically eradicated tumor tissue. Combined with HIPEC, this seems to have positive effects on the survival of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Since we have no marked additional adverse events caused by HIPEC in our case series, HIPEC seems to be an additional treatment option of peritoneal carcinomatosis in ovarian cancer. This statement is strengthened by the literature review in that metaanalysis show significant improved OAS and PFS.",signatures:"Michael Friedrich, Dominique Friedrich, Clayton Kraft, Walther Kuhn and Christoph Rogmans",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76588",authors:[{id:"278677",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Friedrich",slug:"michael-friedrich",fullName:"Michael Friedrich"},{id:"278679",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Krämer",slug:"stefan-kramer",fullName:"Stefan Krämer"},{id:"345006",title:"Mr.",name:"Dominique",surname:"Friedrich",slug:"dominique-friedrich",fullName:"Dominique Friedrich"},{id:"345007",title:"Prof.",name:"Clayton",surname:"Kraft",slug:"clayton-kraft",fullName:"Clayton Kraft"},{id:"345009",title:"Prof.",name:"Walther",surname:"Kuhn",slug:"walther-kuhn",fullName:"Walther Kuhn"}],corrections:null},{id:"77353",title:"Targeting Leader Cells in Ovarian Cancer as an Effective Therapeutic Option",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98689",slug:"targeting-leader-cells-in-ovarian-cancer-as-an-effective-therapeutic-option",totalDownloads:214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at advanced stages with intra-peritoneal spread as the most common mode of disease metastasis. The formation of cancer spheroids is essential for the collective migration process, where shed tumour cells from the primary tumour form aggregates rather than disseminating as individual cells and seed within the peritoneal cavity. These cancer spheroids consist of leader cells (LC) and follower cells (FC), with the LC subset as key drivers of cellular movement and invasion. LCs have stem cell-like properties and are highly chemo-resistant with a specific survival addiction to several cell signalling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We explore in this book chapter, the evidence supporting the role of LC in OC metastasis and the suppression of LC as an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced OC.",signatures:"Nazanin Karimnia, Gwo-Yaw Ho, Andrew N. Stephens and Maree Bilandzic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77353",authors:[{id:"297757",title:null,name:"Gwo-Yaw",surname:"Ho",slug:"gwo-yaw-ho",fullName:"Gwo-Yaw Ho"},{id:"421971",title:"Dr.",name:"Maree",surname:"Bilandzic",slug:"maree-bilandzic",fullName:"Maree Bilandzic"},{id:"422004",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazanin",surname:"Karimnia",slug:"nazanin-karimnia",fullName:"Nazanin Karimnia"},{id:"422005",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew N.",surname:"Stephens",slug:"andrew-n.-stephens",fullName:"Andrew N. Stephens"}],corrections:null},{id:"76085",title:"The Roles of Nanoparticle in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97117",slug:"the-roles-of-nanoparticle-in-the-treatment-and-diagnosis-of-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ovarian cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide among women, and it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. The initial treatment for ovarian cancer is surgical debulking, but this is only effective in the treatment of early stage disease. Surgery alone is insufficient for treatment of advanced disease and systemic therapies, in particular chemotherapies, are indicated. The main aim of this book chapter is to review the role of nano-therapy in treatment of advance ovarian cancer, in comparison to the use of traditional chemotherapies. Nano-therapies are thought to have advantages in terms of improving drug stability in the human body, chemotherapy toxicity profile, and drug delivery to the target cells thus enhancing drug penetration into the cancer cells. This book chapter also covers the development of nano-therapy and also the type of potential cargos. In summary, the types of nanocarrier, and their roles ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment will be discussed.",signatures:"Mohammed E. Mansur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76085",authors:[{id:"339898",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed E.",surname:"Mansur",slug:"mohammed-e.-mansur",fullName:"Mohammed E. Mansur"}],corrections:null},{id:"75372",title:"Nano Technology and Gas Plasma as Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Ovarian Cancer Oncotherapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96387",slug:"nano-technology-and-gas-plasma-as-novel-therapeutic-strategies-for-ovarian-cancer-oncotherapy",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ovarian cancer (OC) is associated with a high rate of resistance to most chemotherapy drugs and thus novel therapies are crucial to overcoming these obstacles. The technological advances in nanotechnology make it possible to adapt these approaches for the treatment of chemo-resistant OC. In parallel, it is also evident that this emerging technology plays crucial roles in other medical areas including wound healing, treatment of viral infection and applications in dentistry. With the advancement of nanotechnology, nano dependent therapies are attractive viable alternatives to conventional therapies for various diseases, especially cancers. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a suitable platform for cytotoxic agent delivery and aiding early diagnosis of disease, which can lead to improving outcomes for these patients. Gas plasma oncotherapy is an innovative modality and shows huge potentials in cancer treatment and may emerge as the fifth cancer treatment modality together with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The combination of nanoparticle and gas plasma therapy could lead to the discovery of an alternative effective treatment approach in these resistant tumors leading to improvement of OC prognosis. Here, we highlighted the two novel modalities with known multiple biological targets and underlying mechanisms appropriate for their application in OC treatment. This chapter explores the utility of combination or multimodal of novel nanotherapeutic agents in the treatment of OC.",signatures:"Milad Rasouli, Nadia Fallah and Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75372",authors:[{id:"331096",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Milad",surname:"Rasouli",slug:"milad-rasouli",fullName:"Milad Rasouli"},{id:"344404",title:"MSc.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Fallah",slug:"nadia-fallah",fullName:"Nadia Fallah"},{id:"344405",title:"Prof.",name:"Kostya (Ken)",surname:"Ostrikov",slug:"kostya-(ken)-ostrikov",fullName:"Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov"}],corrections:null},{id:"74781",title:"The Anti-Cancer Effects of Anti-Parasite Drug Ivermectin in Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95556",slug:"the-anti-cancer-effects-of-anti-parasite-drug-ivermectin-in-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:855,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ivermectin is an old, common, and classic anti-parasite drug, which has been found to have a broad-spectrum anti-cancer effect on multiple human cancers. This chapter will focus on the anti-cancer effects of ivermectin on ovarian cancer. First, ivermectin was found to suppress cell proliferation and growth, block cell cycle progression, and promote cell apoptosis in ovarian cancer. Second, drug pathway network, qRT-PCR, and immunoaffinity blot analyses found that ivermectin acts through molecular networks to target the key molecules in energy metabolism pathways, including PFKP in glycolysis, IDH2 and IDH3B in Kreb’s cycle, ND2, ND5, CYTB, and UQCRH in oxidative phosphorylation, and MCT1 and MCT4 in lactate shuttle, to inhibit ovarian cancer growth. Third, the integrative analysis of TCGA transcriptomics and mitochondrial proteomics in ovarian cancer revealed that 16 survival-related lncRNAs were mediated by ivermectin, SILAC quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that ivermectin extensively inhibited the expressions of RNA-binding protein EIF4A3 and 116 EIF4A3-interacted genes including those key molecules in energy metabolism pathways, and also those lncRNAs regulated EIF4A3-mRNA axes. Thus, ivermectin mediated lncRNA-EIF4A3-mRNA axes in ovarian cancer to exert its anticancer capability. Further, lasso regression identified the prognostic model of ivermectin-related three-lncRNA signature (ZNRF3-AS1, SOS1-IT1, and LINC00565), which is significantly associated with overall survival and clinicopathologic characteristics in ovarian cancer patients. These ivermectin-related molecular pattern alterations benefit for prognostic assessment and personalized drug therapy toward 3P medicine practice in ovarian cancer.",signatures:"Xianquan Zhan and Na Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74781",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74781",authors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"},{id:"438269",title:"Dr.",name:"Na",surname:"Li",slug:"na-li",fullName:"Na Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"76778",title:"Novel Indications of Epigenetic Therapy in Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98187",slug:"novel-indications-of-epigenetic-therapy-in-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:226,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Early diagnosis and intervention are some of the longstanding challenges associated with ovarian cancer, which is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. While the majority of patients who present with advanced stage disease at time of diagnosis will initially respond to traditional combination platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery, approximately 70% will ultimately recur due to chemoresistance within the first two years. Intratumor heterogeneity is proposed to be a leading factor in the development of chemoresistance and resultant poorer outcomes for those with recurrent or advanced stage disease. Both inherent and acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance are postulated to be a result of alterations in gene expression, also known as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, epigenetic therapy is a pivotal avenue which allows for reversal of chemoresistance in cancer through the targeting of aberrant mutations. In this chapter, we discuss how these epigenetic modifications prove to be promising targets in cancer therapy leading to heightened drug sensitivity and improved patient survival outcomes.",signatures:"Courtney Griffiths, Michelle Bilbao, Lauren Krill and Olga Ostrovsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76778",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76778",authors:[{id:"340932",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Ostrovsky",slug:"olga-ostrovsky",fullName:"Olga Ostrovsky"},{id:"343171",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",surname:"Griffiths",slug:"courtney-griffiths",fullName:"Courtney Griffiths"},{id:"354316",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Bilbao",slug:"michelle-bilbao",fullName:"Michelle Bilbao"},{id:"354318",title:"Dr.",name:"Lauren",surname:"Krill",slug:"lauren-krill",fullName:"Lauren Krill"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9168",title:"Gynaecological Malignancies",subtitle:"Updates and Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aca886add99b871e9c31fb78dc3dbb9e",slug:"gynaecological-malignancies-updates-and-advances",bookSignature:"Gwo Yaw Ho and Sophia Frentzas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9168.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"297757",title:null,name:"Gwo-Yaw",surname:"Ho",slug:"gwo-yaw-ho",fullName:"Gwo-Yaw Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"951",title:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedfb0b32d856abf87bdb68b8ce9791c",slug:"topics-on-cervical-cancer-with-an-advocacy-for-prevention",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"760",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Basic Science Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48d061c2a2d650206b6407634887e116",slug:"ovarian-cancer-basic-science-perspective",bookSignature:"Samir A. 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World over there is a huge demand on the natural resources to cater to the housing, commercial spaces and the infrastructure for the ever growing population. Once, it has been decided to build a new building or an infrastructure, a very significant commitment to consume natural resources is made. Designers and contractors may be able to help limit that consumption, but they cannot change the overall commitment [1, 2].
Geopolymer, which is a synthesized inorganic material, is now used as an alternate binder in a wide range of construction applications and products. Davidovits [3] proposed that an alkaline liquid could be used to react with the silicon (Si) and the aluminum (Al) in a source material of geological origin or in a by-product material such as fly ash to produce binders. As the chemical reaction that takes place in this case is a polymerization process, he coined the term ‘Geopolymer’ to represent these binders.
There are two main constituents of geopolymers, namely the source materials and the alkaline liquids. The source materials for geopolymers should be rich in silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al). These could be natural minerals such as kaolinite and natural clays. By-product materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume, slag, rice-husk ash, and red mud can also be used as source materials. The alkaline liquids are from soluble alkali metals that are usually sodium or potassium based. The alkaline liquid used in geopolymerization is a combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium silicate or potassium silicate.
Geopolymers are used to manufacture construction products like, geopolymer bricks [4], tiles and concrete. In geopolymer bricks and in geopolymer concretes, geopolymers do not form C-S-H gel (calcium-silicate-hydrates) unlike the Ordinary Portland Cements (OPC), for matrix formation and strength in a geopolymer concrete, but it utilizes the polycondensation of silica and alumina and high alkali content.
Earth is the oldest building material used by man for millennia. All over the world there are thousands of earth buildings which are over 500 years old. All these structures are still in sound condition and are well occupied. Even if earth is an ancient building material [1], the earth building tradition has been kept blooming in many countries and the technology is constantly being adapted to the requirements of modern civilization. In terms of sustainability, un-stabilized earth outdoes any other building material, including timber, owing to its low carbon footprint, its durability and its unlimited recyclability. The advantages of earth buildings are as follows [1]:
100% natural local resource
Very low carbon footprint
Good for indoor climate
Low life cycle cost
Detoxifying effect
Moisture control
Fire resistance
Noise control
Affordable
Zero waste
The earth as a construction material has the following disadvantages:
Low resistance to water penetration resulting in structural failure due to crumbling.
High shrinkage and swelling resulting in structural cracks when exposed to changing weather conditions.
Low resistance to abrasion requiring frequent repairs and maintenance.
Sand is one such material which is highly used in the construction industry. Sand has by now become the most widely consumed natural resource on the planet after fresh water. Depletion of sand in the stream bed and along coastal areas leads to the deepening of rivers and estuaries, and enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets. Therefore, the goal of sustainable construction is to use locally available resources without affecting the environment and its people.
Iron ore tailings (IOT) [6], are waste material obtained from the process of smelting of iron. The rapid growth in the surface mines led the production of Iron Ore tailings which remains as overburden. The safe disposal or utilization of such vast mineral wealth in the form of ultra- fine slime remains a major unsolved and challenging task. Use of iron ore tailing will help in finding a new construction material and also help in finding a proper solution for disposal of tailings. In order to reduce the adverse impact of indiscriminate mining of natural sand, iron ore tailings which is the waste products of mining industries is used as an alternative to the river sand in the manufacturing of concrete and bricks.
Geopolymer is a type of inorganic polymer that can be formed at room temperature by using industrial waste or by-products as source materials to form a solid binder that looks like and performs a similar function to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer binder can be used in applications to fully or partially replace OPC with environmental and technical benefits, including an 80–90% reduction in CO2 emissions and improved resistance to fire and aggressive chemicals.
Mud bricks are made by mixing earth with water [7], placing the mixture into molds and drying the bricks in the open air. Straw or other fibers that are strong in tension are often added to the bricks to help reduce cracking. Mud bricks are joined with a mud mortar and can be used to build walls, vaults and domes.
To summarize, geopolymer, an inorganic polymer, made using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with the prescribed molarity, can be used as binder with industrial waste/reject materials rich in silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al), such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume, slag and rice-husk ash, to make geopolymers bricks and tiles which conform to the standards of commercially available burnt bricks, and are environmental friendly and can also be called as green bricks since they do not use fuel for firing and also do not contribute to the greenhouse gases.
A good brick earth, which is available as a natural resource, usually consist of 50–60% of silica, 20–30% of alumina, 5% of lime and 5–6% of oxide of iron [7].
However, for non-fired green bricks which can be made by using industrial wastes, materials to be used includes iron ore tailings (IOT), slag sand, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), which can replace good brick earth of similar constituents [4]. Geopolymer is synthesized by using fly ash, GGBS, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and water. These bricks can be manufactured without firing, but using geopolymer as binder.
Iron ore tailings (IOT) [6, 8] are the waste materials obtained during the process of separating the valuable fraction of iron from the iron ore. The different steps involved in this process are crushing, screening, grinding, washing, jigging, cyclizing etc. The Iron ore tailing usually contains about 20–30% of iron. Further extraction of iron is too expensive. The composition of the ore and the process of mineral extraction adopted have a direct influence over the composition of the tailings. The iron ore tailings are obtained from Bellary, Karnataka, India, where steel companies are located (Please refer to Table 1 for the chemical composition and Table 2 for the physical properties of the iron ore tailings used).
Constituents | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
SiO2 | 16.05 |
Fe | 44.82 |
Al2O3 | 6.34 |
CaO | 1.52 |
MgO | 0.28 |
MnO | 1.20 |
TiO2 | 0.38 |
L.O.I | 10.09 |
Chemical composition of iron ore tailings.
Properties | Results |
---|---|
Specific gravity | 3.4 |
Fineness modulus | 2.81 |
Optimum moisture content | 13% |
Bulk density | 2.54 |
Maximum dry density | 2.25 |
Physical properties of iron ore tailings.
Similar iron ore tailings are available in other parts of India and world too which have different percentage of iron in the tailings.
Slag sand, is an eco-friendly building material obtained as a by-product of the industrial process which can replace conventional river sand in the construction of buildings. It caters to the increasing demand and quality requirements of the fine aggregates. Slag sand as an alternative to river sand will protect river banks and save the environment (Please refer to Table 3 for chemical composition and Table 4 for the physical properties of slag sand).
Constituents | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
SiO2 | 30.73 |
Fe2O3 | 0.56 |
Al2O3 | 16.32 |
CaO | 38.47 |
MgO | 6.41 |
Chemical composition of slag sand.
Properties | Results |
---|---|
Specific gravity | 2.65 |
Water absorption | 1% |
Fineness modulus | 3.363 |
Physical properties of slag sand.
Therefore, replacing river sand with slag sand leads to a better environment and becomes an economically viable solution for the shortage of fine aggregates.
Fly ash is extracted from flue gases by means of electrostatic precipitator in dry form. It is a fine material and possesses good pozzolanic property. Fly ash is a by-product of thermal power stations of India and it is of good quality as it contains low sulfur and very low un-burnt carbon. The pozzolanic property of fly ash makes it a reserve for making cement and other ash based products. The specific gravity of fly ash used is 2.17 in the present work. (Please refer to Table 5 for chemical composition of Fly ash used).
Constituents | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
SiO2 | 66.87 |
Fe2O3 | 4.41 |
Al2O3 | 23.34 |
CaO | 1.17 |
MgO | 0.31 |
Chemical composition of fly ash.
Granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), is obtained by rapidly chilling (quenching) the molten ash from the furnace with the help of water. During this process, the slag gets fragmented and transformed into amorphous granules (glass). This granulated slag is then ground to the desired fineness for producing GGBS. It is one of the greenest construction materials. GGBS replaces something that is produced by a highly energy-intensive process. The specific gravity of GGBS used in this work is 2.61. (Please refer to Table 6 for the chemical composition of GGBS).
Constituents | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
SiO2 | 31.79 |
Fe2O3 | 0.49 |
Al2O3 | 17.07 |
CaO | 38.78 |
MgO | 6.23 |
Chemical composition of GGBS.
Sodium hydroxide is obtained from sodium carbonate which is formerly known as caustic soda. At room temperature, sodium hydroxide exists as a white crystalline odorless solid which absorbs moisture from the air. When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it liberates substantial heat, which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials. It is very corrosive. It is generally used as a solid or as 50% solution. Sodium hydroxide is one of the widely used chemical substances in laboratory and in industries. It is also used in the manufacture of other products like paper pulp and various chemical products like plastics, synthetic textiles, geopolymers etc. (Please refer to Table 7 for the specification of sodium hydroxide, NaOH).
Specifications of NaOH | |
---|---|
M | 40.0 g/mol |
Assay (NaOH) | ≥97% |
Carbonate (Na2CO3) | ≤2% |
Heavy metals (as Pb) | ≤0.002% |
Specifications of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Sodium silicate is usually known as water glass or liquid glass. It is well-known due to its wide commercial and industrial application. It is composed of oxygen-silicon polymer backbone lodging water in molecular matrix pores. Sodium silicate products are manufactured as solids or thick liquids, depending on proposed function. Sodium silicate is a versatile, inorganic chemical manufactured by combining different ratios of sand and soda ash at high temperature.
This process gives a variety of products with unique chemistry that are used in many industrial chemistry that are used in many industrial and consumer applications.
Potable water is used for the manufacturing of geopolymer bricks.
Six different mix proportions shall be considered viz.; GB-1, GB-2, GB-3, GB-4, GB-5 and GB-6. The slag sand shall be mixed with portions of IOT as a partial replacement with the following percentages; 20, 30 and 40% of the total dry mix. Fly ash (15%) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (15%), which are kept constant, all together contribute 30% of the total dry mix. The molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution adopted shall be 8 and 10 M. The alkaline solution shall contribute 10% of the total mix. The optimum moisture content adopted shall be 8%. The Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio adopted shall be 2.5. Alkaline solution to binder material ratio adopted shall be 0.35. (Please refer to Table 8 for the mix proportion including the molarity).
Quantity of ingredients/stabilizer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brick ID | IOT% | Sand% | Fly ash% | GGBS% | Alkaline solution% |
GB-1 | 20 | 40 | 15 | 15 | 10 (8 M NaOH Soln.) |
GB-2 | 30 | 30 | 15 | 15 | |
GB-3 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 15 | |
GB-4 | 20 | 40 | 15 | 15 | 10 (10 M NaOH Soln.) |
GB-5 | 30 | 30 | 15 | 15 | |
GB-6 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 15 |
Mix proportions of geopolymer bricks.
‘MARDINI’ is the advanced version of the mud block press machine developed at the Department of Civil Engineering/ASTRA, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India. The size of stabilized mud block manufactured in the machine shall be 230 × 110 × 100 mm. The process of block making involves a series of sequential steps as below:
Soil preparation
Alkaline solution preparation
Mixing of soil and stabilizer
Addition of extra water
Weighing of soil in scoop
Block pressing
Block ejection and stacking
Curing of the block (7, 14 and 28 days)
The compressive test of a brick is considered as an index of its durability and ability in a masonry wall to resist crushing loads [5, 7]. Even though most of the bricks are specified in terms of strength, it is important not to sacrifice on the properties of durability and bond for higher compressive strengths. Most of the bricks will a have strength generally ranging from 3.5 MPa to over 10 MPa. The dry compression test shall be carried out according to IS: 3495-Part [1]—1992 specification (or alternate as per the local relevant codes Figure 1). Five bricks per mix shall be taken for testing and their average value turns will be the “Dry Compressive Strength” of the brick. (Please refer to Table 9 for the results of the compressive strength of the samples tested).
Compression test of geopolymer bricks.
Brick ID | Dry compressive strength (N/mm2) | Wet compressive strength (N/mm2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
7th day | 14th day | 28th day | ||
GB-1 | 15.41 | 17.79 | 21.86 | 13.79 |
GB-2 | 13.04 | 14.82 | 18.46 | 11.70 |
GB-3 | 11.86 | 13.44 | 16.68 | 10.67 |
GB-4 | 17.59 | 20.16 | 25.3 | 20.95 |
GB-5 | 15.22 | 17.39 | 21.58 | 17.39 |
GB-6 | 13.24 | 15.02 | 18.38 | 15.18 |
Compressive strength of geopolymer bricks.
Brick density is one of the primary tests on bricks. This test shall be done for both dry and wet bricks [5]. The formula used for finding brick density is as below:
(Please refer to Table 10 for the density obtained for the samples tested).
Brick ID | Dry density (kg/m3) | Wet density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|
GB-1 | 1978 | 2110 |
GB-2 | 2001 | 2086 |
GB-3 | 2055 | 2152 |
GB-4 | 2006 | 2127 |
GB-5 | 2061 | 2136 |
GB-6 | 2120 | 2180 |
Density of geopolymer bricks.
The water absorption for dry bricks should not exceed 20% of the weight of the brick [5]. The acceptable values for initial rate of absorption (IRA) range from 10 to 30 grams. Dry brick with an IRA above 30 should be wetted before using for construction (Please refer to Figure 2 and to Table 11, for the results of water absorption obtained for the samples tested).
Water absorption test of geopolymer bricks.
Brick ID | Initial rate of absorption (kg/m2/min) or (g) | Water absorption (%) |
---|---|---|
GB-1 | 1.06 (27) | 6.67 |
GB-2 | 0.94 (24) | 4.22 |
GB-3 | 1.03 (26) | 4.71 |
GB-4 | 1.28 (32) | 6.04 |
GB-5 | 1.06 (27) | 3.71 |
GB-6 | 0.90 (23) | 2.83 |
Water absorption test results of geopolymer bricks.
Dimensionality test shall be carried out according to IS: 2185-Part [1] specification (Refer, Figure 3). In this test, 20 or more bricks shall be selected at random and shall be arranged in rows and the dimensions shall be measured to the nearest millimeter. The overall lengths of the arranged bricks shall be measured with the help of a steel tape. Similarly the width and depth of the arranged bricks are measured along straight line. (Please refer to Table 12 for the results obtained for the dimensionality test of the geopolymer bricks).
Dimensionality test of geopolymer bricks.
Dimensions | No. of units | Dimension (mm) | Average dimension (mm) | Code recommendations (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
L | 30 | 230 | 230 | 230 ± 5 |
B | 110 | 110 | 110 ± 3 | |
H | 100 | 100 | 100 ± 3 |
Dimensionality test results of geopolymer bricks.
In this test, the dried bricks after curing shall be allowed to fall from a height of 1 m from the ground. The ground shall be firm and leveled. Then the observations shall be noted down specifying whether cracks appeared, failure happened etc. All the samples tested show moderate edge failure which is acceptable. (Please refer to Figure 4 for the results of the falling test).
Falling test of geopolymer bricks.
The efflorescence is caused due to the presence of alkalis in bricks. When the bricks get exposed to moisture, water is absorbed by them. Due to evaporation this water absorbed dries out from the exposed faces. As a result of this, the soluble salts contained within them crystallize out on to the surface. This process continues for several years depending on the amount of salts present in the bricks and their solubility. All the samples tested showed very slight effloresce which is acceptable. (Please refer to Figure 5).
Efflorescence test of geopolymer bricks.
The soundness test is conducted by striking two bricks against each other or by a light hammer [5]. If the bricks generate a clear metallic ringing sound and do not break, then those are good quality bricks. All the samples tested for soundness showed that they are heavy and good causing a metallic ringing sound when struck against each other.
Hardness of the bricks can be found out with the aid of the scratch of the finger nail [5]. If no impression is left over the surface, the brick is treated to be sufficiently hard. All the samples tested showed very slight indentation, which is acceptable. (Please refer to Figure 6 for the result of the hardness test).
Hardness test of geopolymer bricks.
In structure test, a brick is broken and its structure is inspected. It is observed that the bricks are compact, homogeneous and free from any imperfections such as lumps, holes, etc. (Please refer to Figure 7 for the result of the structure test).
Structure.
In this work a series of tests were carried out to study the strength and durability properties of the geopolymer bricks. Also field tests were conducted to check the quality of bricks.
The following are the key points of the discussions:
The compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is more for the mix which has higher concentration of the alkaline solution, i.e. 10 M as compared to 8 M and which has the highest percentage of Slag sand.
The compressive strength is minimum for the geopolymer bricks, which were having the least percentage of slag sand and with the highest percentage of iron ore tailings. The highest water absorption percentage obtained also showed the same pattern.
The dimensionality test results were within the Indian Standard code recommendations. In falling test, failure of the geopolymer bricks was not severe and maximum pattern failures were restricted to mild edge failure, moderate edge failure and no failure.
The efflorescence test conducted proved that the bricks were prone to efflorescence slightly. Thus, it satisfied the statement “Efflorescence shall not be more than Slight for Higher class bricks” as all the bricks belong to class AA category, the highest category.
The geopolymer bricks produced clear ringing sound when struck with another brick and proved to be sound and good. The bricks when subjected to hardness test by scratching with a nail did not leave any impressions on the surface and proved to be sufficiently hard.
The structure test and the scanning electronic microscope (SCM) conducted on geopolymer bricks helped to understand the microstructure level of the bricks. The bricks are homogeneous, compact and free from defects such as holes, lumps etc.
The use of geopolymers proves to be an excellent replacement for cement and can be used as a stabilizer for bricks. Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slab acts as excellent solid binders for the synthesis of geopolymers.
The compressive strength of geopolymer bricks with iron ore tailings, slag sand, fly ash, and GGBS increases with the increase in the molarity of the alkaline solution and increases with the increase in the percentage of slag sand. The minimum required compressive strength for geopolymer brick shall be achieved by all the different mixes indicated.
Iron ore tailings (IOT) and slag sand can be used for manufacturing stabilized geopolymer blocks of good quality and strength.
The field tests conducted on geopolymer bricks shows excellent results for being adopting them for sustainable construction. Geopolymer bricks prove to be an excellent replacement for fired bricks based on the studies conducted.
Region | Source | |
---|---|---|
North Amercian, China and some regions of Europe | [3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 24] | |
United Kingdom | [6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] | |
China, South Africa | [20, 21, 22, 23] | |
Finland and USA | [7, 25, 26] | |
North Dakota | ||
Egypt, Norway, Michigan | [27] | |
[28] | ||
Egypt | [29] | |
The frequency of the
The symptom of potato dry rot includes sunken and wrinkled brown to black tissue patch on tuber with less dry matter and shriveled flesh. The initial symptoms of dry rot of potato appear on tubers at wound sites as shallow small brown lesions after approximately one month of postharvest storage. The infected lesions enlarge in all directions, then the periderm sinks and collapses, eventually, the growing lesion may appear as concentric rings as the underlying dead tissue desiccates [1, 4]. Cavities underneath the rotted tissue are usually associated with cottony white, purple, pink or brick orange spore and mycelia of pathogenic fungus [30]. The whole rotted tubers always become shriveled and mummified (Figure 1). Dry rot lesions may be infected by some bacterial pathogens and cause soft rot decay, especially when the tubers are wet or stored at high relative humidity storage conditions [3].
(a) and (b) Respective spores and mycelia, (c) and (d) Respective typical symptoms of dry rot showing shriveled and mummified tubers.
The wound healing process includes two stages of wound-induced suberization: the closing layer formation and wound periderm development, accompanied by deposition of SPP and SPA on the wounded site [32]. It was reported that both SPP and SPA can resist bacteria and fungi invade by the formation of an effective physical barrier [33]. Jiang et al. [31] suggested some synthesis substances, such as benzo-(1, 2, 3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid s-methyl ester (BTH) can accelerate the wound healing of potato tuber by elevation of phenylpropanoid metabolism.
The dry rot, caused by some species of
Mycotoxins | Reference | |
---|---|---|
BEA | [35] | |
ENNs | [36] | |
ZEA, FUS | [37, 38, 39] | |
FA | [40] | |
FUM, ZEA | [27] | |
ZEA | [37, 41] | |
FA | [40] | |
SAM | [42, 43] | |
FA, FUM, ZEA | [27] | |
ENNs, BEA | [35] | |
SAM | [42, 43, 44] | |
FA | [40] | |
FA, FUM, ZEA | [27] | |
ENN | [36] | |
BEA | [35] |
Non-trichothecenes produced by
Note: BEA: beauvericin, ENNs: enniatins, FA: fusaric acid, FUM: fumonisin, FUS: fusarin C, SAM: sambutoxin, ZEA: zearalenones.
Beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs), zearalenones (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM), sambutoxin (SAM), fusaric acids (FA) and fusarin C (FUS) are usually detected in dry rot of potato tuber. BEA and ENN are cyclic hexadepsipeptides, which has antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and cytotoxic characteristic properties [45]. ZEA belong to non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxins, accompanied with estrogenic syndromes in some experimental animals [46]. FUM have been linked to leukoencephalomalacia, in horses and rabbits and have hepatotoxic and carcinogenic influences, as well as esophageal carcinoma in human, phytotoxic symptoms in plants [47]. SAM was detected in dry rot of potato caused by
The trichothecenes are the main kind of mycotoxins detected in dry rot of potato, which is a kind of chemically related sesquiterpenes compound. Presently, more than 190 known trichothecenes are detected. According to their chemical structure, they can be classified into four groups: types A, B, C, and D, the chemical structure are shown in Figure 3.
Basic chemical structure of trichothecenes.
Types A and B are usually found in cereal grains, animal feed, and human food made from contaminated grains. In addition, they were also found in potato tubers infected by
Mycotoxins | Sources | |
---|---|---|
DON, HT-2, 3-ADON | [49] | |
DON, 3-ADON | [39] | |
NIV, FX, DON, 3-ADON | [50] | |
NIV, FX | [37] | |
NIV, DAS | [38] | |
FX | [50] | |
NIV, FX, 4,15-MAS, DAS, SCR | [50] | |
T-2, | [27] | |
DON, NIV, FX, 3-ADON, 15-ADON | [51] | |
DON, NIV, FX | [37] | |
NIV, T-2, 3,15-ADON, 15-SCRP | [52] | |
NIV, FX, DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON | [50] | |
DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON | [41] | |
T-2 | [27] | |
DAS, MAS, NEO, T-2, HT-2 | [53] | |
DAS | [39] | |
4,15-DAS, 15-MAS, 4-MASc | [54] | |
DAS | [40] | |
DON, NIV, HT-2 | [49] | |
T-2 | [27] | |
MAS, DAS | [56] | |
3ADON, DAS, FX, T-2 | [22] | |
3ADON, DAS, FX, T-2 | [34] | |
3ADON, DAS, FX, T-2 | [34] |
Trichothecenes produced by
Note: 3-ADON: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON: 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, DAS: diacetoxyscirpenol, 4,15-DAS: 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, DON: deoxynivalenol, FX: fusarenone X, HT-2: HT-2 toxin, MAS: monoacetoxyscirpenol, 4-MAS: 4-acetyl-monoacetoxyscirpenol, 15-MAS: 15-acetyl-monoacetoxyscirpenol, NIV: nivalenol, NEO: neosolaniol, SCR: scirpentriol, 15-SCRP: 15-acetylscripenol, and T-2: T-2 toxin.
In order to investigate the stability for heat, the effect of cooking on the trichothecenes was carried with potato tubers infected with
The excellent cultural practices combined with appropriate of storage conditions are the most important and crucial factors which affect the incidence and severity of potato dry rot. In addition, planting healthy seed tubers in field, avoiding tuber injuries during harvesting, taking some steps to accelerate wound healing, providing appropriate storage conditions, these steps are the crucial factors, which provide good control to dry rot of potato [58]. In most cases, care is indispensable when harvesting that can minimize bruises and wounds for the harvested tubers. The tuber without wound may restrict the fungal spore colonization and germination, finally prevent major rotting. The 10–18°C temperature of the pulp is the suitable period for tuber harvesting [59]. The suitable temperature combined with high humidity (95–99%) and excellent ventilation is crucial for wound healing in tubers after harvest. After 7–14 days of vine killing, it is suitable for tuber to harvest, which has enough time to wound healing and reduce the chances of pathogen attack [59]. Planting certified seed tubers having <2% disease symptoms is recommended. The infected seed tuber is not recommended to introduce into field, because this will lead to pathogen survive during the whole growing period, finally cause dry rot. Moreover, proper disinfection treatment for storage facilities and implements used in handling and cutting of tubers are mandatory. Physiological maturation of the tuber is another important influence factor to affect dry rot development. Heltoft et al. [28] indicated that maturity plays an important role, in generally, late maturing cultivars are much more resistant to
As we know, the dry rot of disease can infect through wound, when one single tuber is rotten, it can infect to other tubers around the rotten tuber, which will lead to a disastrous disease during storage. Therefore, it is necessary for any wounds (including pests and disease appearance) to have a thorough examination of tubers before storage, and that is the reason for proper grading before storage [60]. For storehouse, proper circulation of cool air is very crucial as respiration in stored potatoes generates excessive CO2 and heat that can facilitate the growth of adhering fungal spores. The CO2 concentration in a well-maintained storage facility is about 1200 to 1500 ppm. When the CO2 concentration is more than 5000 ppm, which indicates storage rots and/or insufficient ventilation in the storage [60].
Host resistant play an important role in control postharvest disease. Xue et al. [34] compared two cultivars of Longshu No 3 (susceptible cultivar) and Longshu No 5 (resistant cultivar) susceptibility to dry rot disease and trichothecenes accumulation, the result showed that Longshu No 3 has more lesion diameter and the contents of FX, DAS, 3ADON and T-2 toxin in tubers inoculated
The most popular and effective the management of dry rot is pre- and post-harvest management, that is to say, seed piece decay management before planting is combined with post-harvest treatments of tubers before storage. Presently, thiabendazole is the most effective and extensively used benzimidazole fungicide to control the dry rot disease caused by
The increasing resistance against fungicides, environmental pollution, and food safety problems, it is urgent to explore new and safe strategies to manage dry rot diseases. Some generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds, such as several inorganic and organic salts, essential oils and phytohormones, display good effect in sustainably managing dry rot of potato. Potassium metabisulfite and sodium metabisulfite showed 100% control of dry rot while magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, calcium phosphate and potassium phosphites significantly reduced the infection percentage [67]. Li et al. [21] suggested sodium silicate significantly inhibited the growth of
The use of chitosan as GRAS food additive is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A recent study showed that a concentration of 0.25% chitosan completely inhibited
Recently, some other GRAS compounds, such as essential oils and plant extracts also manifested a good effect in inhibiting growth of fungus and the development of dry rot caused by
Numerous researches focused on the application of antagonistic microorganisms to the control postharvest diseases. Presently, antagonistic microorganisms are considered as an attractive alternative to replace synthetic chemical compounds to manage postharvest diseases. Bio-pesticide is considered more green and safety for the environment and human health than conventional synthetic pesticide. Antagonistic microorganisms can effectively control dry rot during the wound healing period when the potato tuber is at its most vulnerable. The first report that isolates from the genera
Dry rot of potato, caused by
An integrated disease management strategy is necessary in order to efficiently management of dry rot, which includes appropriate harvesting conditions to avoid bruise for tubers, suitable storage conditions, as well as the pre- or postharvest application of registered synthetic chemical fungicides. In addition, the GRAS compounds and microbial antagonists as alternative strategies are being developed to control potato dry rot. The successful management of dry rot will certainly rest on additional research and development efforts between scientists and industry to implement an integrated strategy towards the efficient and durable management of dry rot.
In future, the application of omics technology will supply further functional genes and proteins that can be targeted for designing non-transgenic and transgenic management approaches. The integrated management of dry rot mainly depend on the additional research on the identified gaps and collaborative efforts of stakeholders (including researchers, industrialists and farmers) in developing an succesful management strategy from field to storage.
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",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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Although POP can occur in younger women, it is commonly seen in aging population with a prevalence of 45–50%. Older terms describing pelvic organ prolapse (e.g., cystocele, urethrocele, rectocele) have been replaced because they do not provide complete information regarding the structures on the other side of the vaginal bulge, especially in women who have had previous pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Therefore, a thorough history and performing a careful physical examination with dignity and care, using some basic tools that aid in the accurate evaluation of anatomical and functional defects, should be conducted. 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