\r\n\tThere are a variety of approaches to reversing biodiversity loss, ranging from economic, to ecological and ethical. The utilitarian approach to conservation, bolstered by the concept of ecosystem services, can be utilized to improve the conservation case by supplementing the burgeoning biodiversity rhetoric. To address this issue, a pluralistic approach to biodiversity is required for conservation and sustainability.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-339-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-338-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-340-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",bookSignature:"Dr. Gopal Shukla, Dr. Jahangeer Bhat and Dr. Sumit Chakravarty",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",keywords:"Ecosystem Services, Intrinsic Value, Global Trends in Biodiversity Loss, Convention on Biological Diversity, Utilitarian Value, Biodiversity Conservation, Perception, In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation, Nature Conservation, Sustainable Development Goals, Drivers of Degradation, Prioritizing Biodiversity",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 17th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 21st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 8th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Gopal Shukla, prior to becoming an assistant professor, has worked under NAIP (National Agricultural Innovation Project), NICRA ( National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture), and SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board) projects. The focus of his research and development work is forest conservation. He has authored 75 research papers, 10 book chapters and has edited 5 books.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Jahangeer is a Guest Associate Editor in Frontiers in the Environmental Science journal and is the first researcher to report the first time growing of Acacia dealbata Link. (Silver Wattle), an invasive species in the high altitudes of the Himalayas. He has 11 years of research and 8 years of teaching experience with a publication record of more than 60, including research articles, review papers, conference papers, and books of national and international repute.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Chakravarty, Ph. D., has a wide experience in forestry training, research, and development. He is currently working as a Professor in Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. He has conducted research on several aspects of forestry, agroforestry, medicinal plants, and climate change. He has trained many students in these fields. The focus of his research and development work is on forest ecology and conservation.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101105/images/system/101105.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gopal Shukla, Ph.D., is currently an assistant professor of Forestry in Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. He holds an MSc and Ph.D. in Forestry from Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya. Before joining the university, he worked under NAIP (National Agricultural Innovation Project), NICRA ( National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture), and SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board) projects. The focus of his research and development work is forest ecology and conservation.",institutionString:"North Bengal Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"North Bengal Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"329967",title:"Dr.",name:"Jahangeer",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"jahangeer-bhat",fullName:"Jahangeer Bhat",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329967/images/system/329967.png",biography:"Jahangeer A. Bhat, Ph.D., is a former head of the Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Republic of Fiji Islands. Dr. Jahangeer has worked as a counsellor, mentor, and coordinator for forestry academic programmes. He has been instrumental in developing HE and TVET streams of forestry and allied programmes and worked closely in accreditation with the Fiji Higher Education Commission and forestry stakeholders. Before joining Fiji National University, he worked for HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, India, and has 11 years of research and 8 years of teaching experience with a publication record of more than 60, including research articles, review papers, conference papers, and books of national and international repute. Dr. Jahangeer reviews research articles for several scientific journals and has handled research projects in his capacity as Principal Investigator and Co-Principal Investigator. His major interests lie in emerging issues in forestry including conservation of biodiversity, traditional knowledge of plants, and sustainable management of forest resources. His focus of research is vegetation ecology, ethnobotany, and evaluation of ecosystem services, forest plant biodiversity, climate change, and socio-cultural issues in forestry. Dr. Jahangeer is currently working at the College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India.",institutionString:"Central Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Central Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"94999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumit",middleName:null,surname:"Chakravarty",slug:"sumit-chakravarty",fullName:"Sumit Chakravarty",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94999/images/system/94999.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sumit Chakravarty, Ph.D., has wide experience in forestry training, research, and development. He is currently a professor at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. He holds an MSc in Forestry and a Ph.D. in Agronomy from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. He has conducted research on several aspects of forestry, agroforestry, medicinal plants, and climate change. He has trained many students in these fields. The focus of his research and development work is on forest ecology and conservation.",institutionString:"North Bengal Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"North Bengal Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429339",firstName:"Jelena",lastName:"Vrdoljak",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429339/images/20012_n.jpg",email:"jelena.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5539",title:"Forest Ecology and Conservation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6bd160f6d1da73fc253dfe6c4df7c095",slug:"forest-ecology-and-conservation",bookSignature:"Sumit Chakravarty and Gopal Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6264",title:"Forest Biomass and Carbon",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"964f96c9209ff2a3eaf3c5c6a54d81c3",slug:"forest-biomass-and-carbon",bookSignature:"Gopal Shukla and Sumit Chakravarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9841",title:"Agroforestry",subtitle:"Small Landholder’s Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec5444e2a12dcd63ab9e7246d93a63ab",slug:"agroforestry-small-landholder-s-tool-for-climate-change-resiliency-and-mitigation",bookSignature:"Gopal Shukla, Sumit Chakravarty, Pankaj Panwar and Jahangeer A. Bhat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9841.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37758",title:"Ecologically Friendly Polymer-Metal and Polymer-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Complex Water Treatment",doi:"10.5772/50412",slug:"ecologically-friendly-polymer-metal-and-polymer-metal-oxide-nanocomposites-for-complex-water-treatme",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
The physical characteristics of nanomaterials, those with a size smaller than 100 nm, are known to be substantially dependent on their size scale. The increase of interest in nanotechnology studies has been due to the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) into commercial available products.
\n\t\t\t
Thus, the development of methods for the synthesis of NPs with a narrow size distribution, the techniques of separation and preparation of customized of engineered nanoparticles is one of the most important points of research to focus in.
\n\t\t\t
By taking into account some parameters during NPs preparation, such as: time, temperature, stirring velocity and concentrations of reactants and stabilizing reagents, one can obtain the ideal distribution and morphology of these novel materials [1].
\n\t\t\t
In this regard,polymeric supports play a very important role for several reasons including, the ease of their preparation in the most appropriate physical forms (e.g., granulated, fibrous, membranes, etc.), the possibility to produce the macroporous matrices with highly developed surface area and some others. However, the immobilization of NPs on the appropriate polymeric support represents a separate task [2] and thus, the incorporation of polymers as support for NPs synthesis is another way to control the growth of NPs as well as preventing the NPs aggregation and their release.
\n\t\t\t
Embedded NPs in polymer matrix have gained interest in the past years, because of the unique applications of the final nanocomposite materials, for example, optical, magnetic, sensors and biosensors [3–11].
\n\t\t\t
Several parameters of the polymeric matrices may be considered for their use on the synthesis of nanocomposites as it is discussed in the following sections.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
1.1. Ion Exchange Polymers
\n\t\t\t\t
One simple consideration of the ion exchange process is the equivalent exchange of ions between two or more ionized species located in different phases, at least one of which is an ion exchanger. The process takes place without the formation of chemical bonds by certain equilibrium between charges of ions and, in the case of polymers, functional groups.
\n\t\t\t\t
Depending on the functional group charge, ion exchangers are called cation exchangers if they bear negative charged functional groups and carry exchangeable cations. Anion exchangers carry anions due to the positive charge of their fixed groups. Chemical interactions could be different for different polymeric and inorganic ion exchanges. However, most of the thermodynamic and kinetic approaches, as well as the practical methods and technologies are essentially the same [ 12]. Table 1 shows the most common physical and chemical parameters specific for polymeric ion exchangers.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhysical structure and morphology
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCross Linking degree
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSurface Area
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIonic form(functional groups)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParticle Size
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIon Exchange Capacity(IEC)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPartial Volume in swollen state
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tType of matrix
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
General Properties of Ion Exchange Materials [13].
\n\t\t\t\t
Probably, the first extensive investments in the development of ion exchangers and ion exchange processes were done bearing in mind the potential application for isotope separation in nuclear industry, although nowadays one of the most common applications of these materials is in water purification processes among other applications of interest as is shown in Table 2.
\n\t\t\t\t
Functional groups define chemical properties, by bearing on surface a negative or positive charge. \n\t\t\t\t Due to this fact, different dissociation properties of groups leads to a difference among strong and weak exchangers; which are recognized similar to that of strong and weak electrolytes. Table 3 shows some of the most common types of cation and anion exchangers.
Ion exchange capacity (IEC) is the main feature of ion exchange materials. An ion exchanger can be considered as a “reservoir” containing exchangeable counterions. The counterion content, in a given amount of material, is defined essentially by the amount of fixed charges which must be compensated by the counterions and thus, is essentially constant [6,7].
\n\t\t\t\t
Some facts must be considered to define IEC: availability of functional groups for exchange reaction, the macrostructure architecture, swelling degree and the size of the ions to be exchanged.
\n\t\t\t\t
Depending on the final application of an ion exchange polymer (e.g., granulated resins), a pre-treatment stage is advised in order to obtain an enhanced and optimal exchange capacity. For cationexchanger resins an acid stage pretreatment (usually HCl 0.1 M) is the more advisable, as for the anionexchangerresin would be a basic stage pre-treatment (usually NaOH 0.1 M).
\n\t\t\t\t
Regarding the applications of the ion exchange resins, they have been used in pharmaceutics and food industry which is determined by another advantage of these materials: while being chemically active, they are highly stable in both physical and chemical senses and, as a result, do not contaminatethe final product.
\n\t\t\t\t
Concretely, the use of the functional ion exchange polymers as supports for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) [14] has in this sense, one most important advantage dealing with the possibility to synthesize the NPs of interest directly at the “point of use”, i.e. on the supporting polymer by an “in-situ” reaction. For instance, in the case of the metal catalyst nanoparticles, this results in the formation of catalytically-active polymer-metal nanocomposites [6,7,15].
\n\t\t\t\t
Overall, this chapter focuses on the feasible application of ion exchange polymeric matrices (i.e., both cation and anion granulated exchangers resins) used as support for MNPs and MONPs synthesized by using the developed Intermatrix Synthesis (IMS) methodology [5]-[8,10, 14,16]. This methodology has been shown by the enhancement of the accessibility of the nanomaterial for de desirable final functionality due to the final NPs distribution. The overall combination of certain features of these matrices: cross linking degree, the different solubility in organic solvents, their stability and insolubility in water, etc. offer a wide range of possible applications and functionalities, depending on the embedded NPs nature as well of the type of polymer for a specific final use. For instance, examples of water treatment and catalysis have been presented on several publications of the authors [14,6].Concretely, this chapter is based on the use of these materials for the bacteria elimination on water treatment applications.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Intermatrix synthesis of metal nanoparticles
\n\t\t\t
The IMS method represents one of the most efficient and simple techniques for the “in-situ” preparation of metal-polymer nanocomposites. The general principles of IMS apply to all types of polymer matrices and NPs.In general:
\n\t\t\t
Polymer molecules serve as nanoreactors and provide a confined medium for the synthesis (thus controlling particle size and distribution).
Polymer molecules stabilize and isolate the generated NPs, thus preventing their aggregation.
\n\t\t\t
In the case of ion exchange matrices, the functional groups that can immobilize metal ions and metal ion complexes are the key points for IMS because they are homogeneously distributed in the ion exchange matrix and behave as combinations of single isolated nanoreactors generating homogeneous nanocomposites.
\n\t\t\t
The major part of our work in this field has been done with the polymers bearing negative charged functional groups (i.e., cation exchanger polymers containing both carboxylated and sulfonated [5,8,10] functional groups), which first have to be loaded with the desired metal ions (MNP precursors) followed by their chemical reduction to zero-valent state (MNPs) by using an appropriate reducing agent. Several recent publications by the authors describe the IMS of MNPs with the most favorable distribution near the surface of nanocomposite for instance for catalytic applications or for killing bacteria by a contact mechanism.This distribution is due to the coupling of the classical IMS methodology with the Donnan Exclusion effect (DEE) [6,7,9,16].
\n\t\t\t
The polymeric matrix bears a charge due to the presence of well-dissociated functional groups. This means that a reducing agent negatively charged (e.g., brohydride BH4-) presents the same charge than the support, therefore they cannot penetrate inside the polymer because of the action of electrostatic repulsion. This is known as Donnan Exclusion Effect. It refers to the impossibility to penetrate deeply in a matrix when there is a coincidence between the charge of the outside ions (e.g. from the reducing agent) and the ones of the functional groups on the polymer surface. Thus, an equilibrium between ion concentration (either functional groups or from metal or reducing agent solution) and electrostatic repulsion takes place (Figure 1).
\n\t\t\t
Figure 1.
Scheme of IMS on a sulfonated exchange polymer with Donnan Exclusion Effect to obtain MNPs mainly on the polymer surface.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. Traditional and novel versions of IMS technique
\n\t\t\t\t
The difference between the traditional and the novel version of the IMS technique developed in this study become clear after comparison of the respective reaction schemes, which can be written for the case of formation of Ag-NPs in (a) strong acidic polymers (e.g. containing sulfonated -SO3\n\t\t\t\t\t- functional groups)and; (b) strong basic polymers (e.g. containing quaternary ammonium –NR4\n\t\t\t\t\t+ functional groups)as follows [6,7]:
\n\t\t\t\t
a) IMS in cation exchanger polymers (traditional version):
As it is seen from the above reactions, the main difference between (a) and (b) versions of IMS consists in the first stage of the process. In the first case, the functional groups of the polymer are loaded with the desired metal ions, while in the second case, the loading is carried out with the desired reducing ions. The second stage, in the first case, consists on the reduction of metal ions with ionic reducing agent, located in the external solution. As far as the charge sign of reducer anions coincide with that of the polymer matrix, they cannot deeply penetrate inside the polymer due to the action of the DEE and as the result, the reduction process appears to be “localized” near the surface of the polymer.
\n\t\t\t\t
As the result, the second stage of this version permits to couple the metal-loading and the metal-reduction processes in one step. The metal loading is carried out by using external solution containing metal ions bearing the charge of the same sigh as that of the functional groups of the polymer, what does not allow them to deeply diffuse inside the polymer matrix (due to DEE process). Again, the reduction of metal ions and therefore, the formation of MNPs have to proceed near the surface of the polymer. For obvious reasons the second version of IMS technique (version b) can be classified as a sort of the symmetrical reflection of version (a) as it is shown in Figure 2.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 2.
Scheme of IMS steps for the synthesis of NPs by using either a cation or anion granulated exchanger polymer as a matrix, throwing to symmetrical version of IMS influenced by DEE.
\n\t\t\t\t
In both versions of IMS methodologies shown, DEE plays a very important role as it appears to be responsible for the desired nonhomogeneous distribution of MNPs inside the polymeric nanocomposite. The action of this effect is observed in both cases within the second stage of IMS process (see equations 2 and 4). The following two “driving forces” acting in the opposite directions are responsible for the DEE: 1) the electric field determined by the charge of the polymer matrix and 2) the concentration of the ionic component in the external solution [17,18].
\n\t\t\t\t
The first force rejects the ions of the same charge as that of the functional groups of the polymer while the second one drives these ions to move into the polymeric matrix. The first force can be hardly varied as it has a constant value determined by the ion exchange capacity of the polymer and the degree of dissociation of its functional groups. The second force can be easily varied by changing the concentration of respective component in the external solution, what has to result in the changes in the composition of the final nanocomposite (MNPs content).
\n\t\t\t\t
The possibility to use the second approach follows from the above reaction schemes (see reactions 2 and 4). Indeed, after finishing the metal reduction (IMS version a) or the metal-loading-reduction stages (IMS version b) the functional groups of the polymer appear to be converted back into the initial ionic form (Na-form in the first and Cl-form in the second case). This means that in both cases IMS reactions of MNP can be repeated without any additional pretreatment of the ion exchanger. This has to result in the accumulation of a higher amount of the metal (or MNPs) inside the polymer when the same metal precursor is used or, what is more relevant in this work, the possibility of the formation of core-shell NPs (e.g. Ag@Co-NPs, what means a Co-core coated by a Ag-shell). This approach leads to a wide range of possibilities for the applications of core-shell MNPs or MONPs [6,7,10,16,19–22]. Thus, the following Figure 3 shows the range of types of MNPs and MONPs (either monometallic or core-shell bimetallic structures) synthesized by the mentioned methodology presenting different properties for the applications of interest.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 3.
Scheme of IMS feasibility to produce different MNPs or MONPs with an accessible distribution of NPs on polymer surface for different final applications.
\n\t\t\t\t
Among all the MNPs and MONPs possibilities, in this chapter, we focused on the synthesis and characterization (Section 3) of monocomponent NPs based on magnetite (Fe3O4), cobalt (Co) and silver (Ag) as well as bicomponent core-shell NPs based on Ag@Fe3O4 and Ag@Co. In these cases, the core is always composed of a magnetic element for its interest regarding the final application and the prevention of MNPs leaching, as it will be discussed in Section 4.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Characterization of nanocomposite materials
\n\t\t\t
In order to understand the enhancement of the properties of the polymeric nanocomposites obtained by IMS technique, a proper material characterization is mandatory and it is presented in this section. The application of these novel materials is presented in later on, and deals with their bactericidal activity for water treatment application.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Synthesis and sharacterization of sulfonated granulated nanocomposites containing Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs
\n\t\t\t\t
Fe3O4 and Ag@Fe3O4 nanocomposites were developed by an extension of IMS technique by the coupling of the general precipitation technique of Fe3O4-NPs(23)with the IMS methodology as shown in the following reactions:
XRD technique was used to determine the crystalline structure of the particles. Figure 4 shows the XRD graphs of Fe3O4-NPs as a reference (synthesized by liquid phase method [24] and the sample corresponding to Fe3O4-NPs stabilized in a sulfonated polymeric matrix represented as C100E code (from Purolite S.A).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The position and relative intensity of all diffraction peaks from the Fe3O4-nanocomposite sample are in good agreement with those for the Fe3O4 powder. The relative intensity is lower for the nanocomposite sample due to the “diluting” polymer effect.
The microscopy techniques (e.g., Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM, and Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM) allow the characterization of both surface and inside area of the nanocomposites. For instance, the NPs metal concentration profiles, along the cross-sectioned polymeric beads Figure 5), was examined by using SEM technique coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). EDS analysis demonstrated that Ag and Fe elements were mostly found on the edge of the bead.In general, this non-homogeneous distribution of the NPs may be attributed to the Donnan Exclusion Effect as shown before for NPs in most of the polymers.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
X-ray diffraction patterns of Fe3O4-NPs (black) and, Fe3O4-NPs stabilized on sulfonated polymer (red).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 5.
SEM image of a cross-sectioned Ag@Fe3O4-sulfonated nanocomposites resin and EDS metal content distribution profile (Ag in blue line and, Fe in red line).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.3.Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA
\n\t\t\t\t\t
TGA technique is used to determine polymer degradation temperatures in polymer or composite materials [24]. Figure 6 shows the TGA curves for Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs stabilized in sulfonated resin as well as the corresponding raw polymer.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 6.
TGA curves of %weight loss vs temperature of sulfonated samplesFe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
As seen in Figure 6, TGA curves for all samples are characterized by four weight-loss regions, which can be described as follows:
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The weight loss between 30 and 400ºC can be mainly attributed to adsorbed water molecules, both “free” and strongly “bound” to surface groups from the polymer and the nanoparticles, where applicable.
A significant weight loss at 450ºC for all samples. This loss is particularly important for the raw polymer (NPs-free) in comparison with the NPs-modified polymers and can be associated with the loss of the functional groups including free sulfonic functionalities.
A third gradual weight-loss is observed between 500ºC and 700ºC and may be attributed to the degradation of the polymer side chains. Again, this loss is less important for the nanocomposite samples.
Finally, the weight changes at temperatures higher than 700ºC may be caused by further thermodegradation of the polymer, but is noteworthy that for Ag@Fe3O4-C100E and Fe3O4-C100E nanocomposites, there is weight gain, probably due to the oxidation of the magnetic material from Fe3O4 to Fe2O3.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
As can be seen, lines are almost parallel and only Fe3O4-C100E sample shows a quite different behaviour close to 800ºC [24].
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.4. Magnetic characterization
\n\t\t\t\t\t
As mentioned, the bicomponent core-shell NPs are based on a magnetic core which lead to obtaind magnetic properties to the nanocomposite. The characterization of the magnetic properties of the nanocomposites was preceded by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), as shown in Figure 7 by the representation of the magnetization curves of the samples when a magnetic field is applied. Also, the magnetic behavior of Fe3O4-NPs as powder structure (without polymeric support) was analysed.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 7.
Magnetization curves for Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs in sulfonated polymer and for powered Fe3O4-NPs.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
As shown, superparamagnetic behaviour was observed in all the Fe3O4-based nanocomposites and powder. When comparing the magnetization values of the Fe3O4-nanocomposite with powdered Fe3O4-NPs, similar magnetization values were obtained at aprox. 30 emu/g. Besides, Ag@Fe3O4-nanocomposites showed higher magnetic saturation than for those Fe3O4 ones. [22–25] This result, as an example, shows the advantage of the nanocomposites containing Ag@Fe3O4-NPs since they show the combination of the properties from both components: bactericidal activity from Ag as well as magnetic properties from Fe3O4core.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Amine-based granulated nanocomposites containing Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs(14)
\n\t\t\t\t
On the other hand, and with the goal of expanding the IMS technique applications, Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs were also synthesized in anion exchanger polymers. The granulated resin (in this case, A520E from Purolite), containing quaternary ammonium functional groups (-NR3\n\t\t\t\t\t+), was used as polymeric matrix.
\n\t\t\t\t
As already introduced, the synthesis of MNPs in anionic exchanger polymers is the “mirror image” methodof the traditional IMS (see Figure 2 and Eqs 3-4). Thus, for the case of the combination of the precipitation technique with the IMS for the synthesis of Fe3O4-NPs in quaternary ammonium based polymers, the use of an initial positively charged element is needed to modify the charge of the raw polymer and lead to the procedure of the synthesis.
\n\t\t\t\t
The following equations show this synthetic procedure. Initially, the raw material was pre-treated with 1.0 M trisodium citrate, ((CH2)2COH)(COONa)3, to compensate the positive charge of the polymer (where cit = citrate).
Ag@Fe3O4-NPs were obtained after the loading with NaBH4 followed by the use of AgNO3.
\n\t\t\t\t
Schematically, Figure 8 describes the synthetic procedure.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 8.
Synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of monocomponent Ag-NPs or Fe3O4-NPs and bicomponent Ag@Fe3O4-NPs stabilized in A520E support
\n\t\t\t\t
Next, the microscopy characterization and the evaluation of the magnetic properties of these materials are shown.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.1. Microscopy characterization
\n\t\t\t\t\t
As described before, SEM technique was used to evaluate the NPs distribution. Thus, Figure 9a shows the metal profile of Ag@Fe3O4-NPs stabilized on an anionexchanger polymer. By EDS ScanLine is observed that Ag and Fe co-localize in Ag@Fe3O4-nanocomposite matrix. In addition, the particles structure in the nanocomposite was analysed by TEM. Figure 9bshows a magnified TEM image of the edge of the cross sectioned area from Figure 9a with a dispersed distribution of the NPs.\n\t\t\t\t\tBy these results, the wide range of systems that can be studied based on IMS technique and the success on their formation is clearly shown.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.3. Magnetic characterization
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The magnetic properties of Ag@Fe3O4-nanocomposites were determined with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) and compared with those obtained by polymeric structures only containing Fe3O4-NPs.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 9.
a)SEM images of cross sectioned Ag@Fe3O4-nanocomposite(on A520E matrix).EDS LineScan shows Ag (blue), Fe (red) and O (green). b) TEM images of crosssectioned area of the nanocomposite.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 10.
SQUID magnetization curves of Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4- nanocomposites.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Similar magnetic hysteresis curves and saturation values were obtained when comparing both nanocomposites, suggesting that the presence of Ag did not affect the magnetic properties of the material. This was especially relevant when considering the final application of the nanocomposites, for example, for water purification.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
It is generally known that Ag-NPs are much more toxic than the bulk Ag metal, limiting their application to real live environments. Thus, the possibility of collecting Ag@Fe3O4-NPs accidentally released from the polymeric matrix with a simple magnetic trap would be extremely desirable for water purification. Further studies about the use of Ag-based nanocomposites (and containing a magnetic core) for water treatment applications is detailed in the next section.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Ecological concerns regarding uncontrollable release of NPs to the environment
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.1. Environmental and safety concerns and uncontrollable release of NPs
\n\t\t\t\t
The use of engineered nanoparticles in the environment as a consequence of the development of nanotechnology is a serious case of concern of environmental biologists worldwide. However, a few studies have already demonstrated the toxic effects of NPs on various organisms, including mammals. Nanotechnology is still in discovery phase in which novel materials are first synthesized in small scale in order to identify new properties and further applications [26–31].
\n\t\t\t\t
Perception and knowledge are important parts of public understanding of nanotechnology. They can be influential for achievable benefit obtained and the possible risks and hazards.
\n\t\t\t\t
Therefore, detail understanding of their sources, release interaction with environment, and possible risk assessment would provide a basis for safer use of engineered nNPs with minimal or no hazardous impact on environment. Thus, ecotoxicology of NPs will be closely related to their intrinsic properties as shown in Table 4 and Figure 11.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Physicochemical properties
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Toxicological findings
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Biological Effects
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Size
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Affects reactivity and permeability of cells and organs.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Increase biodistribution of NPs in environmental system.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Surface /volume ratio
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Higher reactivity
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Inflammatory effects
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Chemical Composition
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Increase in UVA absorption, higher activation of reactive oxygen species in cell media.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cancerigen, cell proliferation reduced.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aggregation state
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
More pronounced cytotoxic effects
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cytotoxicity
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Surface Charge
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Charged NPs present higher deposition degree in tissues.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Bioacummulation in brain, lungs and others.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 4.
Biological effects due to physicochemical properties of nanomaterials 27.
\n\t\t\t\t
Increase surface activity, mobility, and diffusion and adsorption ability are some other effects [26].\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
A further comprehension of the structure- function relationships in nanomaterials matter could lead to new protocols for nanomaterials manufacture wherein high precision, low waste methods are included [1,32,33].
\n\t\t\t\t
Some criteria could be taken into account referring to NPs release and effects study:
\n\t\t\t\t
NPs effects should be scale dependent and not the same in larger scale or agglomerates. This means that effects may be quiet different to adopt specific and more appropriate regulations.
These differences are based on size, surface chemistry and other specific interactions depending on the scale. Thus, the same material may have different regulations through the different sizes presented.
Effects must be conclusive to those products which commercialization is imminent. So, the NPs presented in the final product may be the ones, which the studies should focus on.
For the novelty of some materials, data to extrapolate environmental effects are difficult to obtain; so enhanced simulation system are needed.
\n\t\t\t\t
The wide application of engineered NPs and their entry into the environment, the study of their impact on the ecosystem and a growing concern in society regarding the possible adverse effects of manufactured nanoparticles has been raised in recent years [26–31,34–39].
\n\t\t\t\t
Therefore, it is required to study their release, uptake, and mode of toxicity in the organisms. Furthermore, to understand the long-term effect of NPs on the ecosystem, substantial information is required regarding their persistence and bioaccumulation.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 11.
Effects on cellular activity due to the release of metal contain of NPs to the environment.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.2. Safe polymer-metal nanocomposites
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tTable 5 presents some of green chemistry principles could be applied to the synthesis of nanomaterials, including nanocomposites.
Find the influence of morphology, functionality and other features of nanomaterials that lead to the properties of interest , avoiding and understanding whatever parameter which leads to the incorporation of toxic nature to the material.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reduced environmental impact
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Analyse degradation and routes of incorporation to the environment, looking for a design of harmless products. One possibility is avoid the use of known hazardous precursors for the nanomaterials.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Waste reduction
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Optimize solvent use by applying alternative purification techniques and media reactions.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overall process safety
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Make use of benign precursors and solvents in the designing and enhancement of the synthesis and even suggest greener alternative procedures and reagents for existing methodologies.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Materials efficiency
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Think about new strategies that incorporate raw materials in products by bottom-up strategy. Also the application of catalytic procedures to enhance selectivity and yield of the overall process.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Energy efficiency
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Design room temperature synthetic routes, with real time monitoring to optimize energy consumption.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 5.
Advisable enhancements for nanomaterial synthesis methodology [1].
\n\t\t\t\t
The environmental safety of materials, which consist of or contain nanosize components, becomes one of the most important emerging topics of the Nanotechnology within the last few years. The main concerns dealing with the rapid development and commercialization of various nanomaterials are associated with [32,40,41]:
\n\t\t\t\t
the approved higher toxicity of many nanomaterials (NMs) in comparison with their larger counterparts,
the absence of the adequate analytical techniques for detection of NMs in the environment
the absence of the legislation normative for permitted levels of various NMs in water and air.
\n\t\t\t\t
In this regard the increase of the safety of NMs is of particular importance. One way to prevent risk is the development of the environmentally-safe polymer-metal nanocomposite materials that consist in a functional polymer with immobilized MNPs distributed mainly by the surface of the polymer with a higher stability to prevent release of the MNPs.
\n\t\t\t\t
The material represents what makes them maximally accessible for the bacteria to be eliminated. Core-shell MNPs contain a superparamagnetic core coated with the functional metal shell, which provides the maximal bactericide activity. The MNPs are strongly captured inside the polymer matrix that prevents their escape into the medium under treatment. The superparamagnetic nature of MNPs provides an additional level of the material safety as MNPs leached from the polymer matrix can be easily captured by the magnetic traps to completely prevent any post-contamination of the treated medium.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
4.2.1. Characterization of MNPs: key factor to ensure the safety of new technologies.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Nevertheless, the lack of specific characterization techniques of environmental effects of MNPs, existing and described methodologies should be modified to obtain valid results.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Some parameters must be taken into account in order to understand the relation between NPs behaviour and their physical and chemical structure [1,32,37,41,42].
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Without detailed material physicochemical characterization, toxicity studies become difficult to interpret, and inter-comparison of studies becomes near impossible. Factors such as agglomeration state, surface chemistry, material source, preparation method, and storage take on a significance that has often been overlooked, potentially leading to inappropriate conclusions being drawn. Table 6 presents some approaches to the nanotoxicity evaluation [39,42].
\n\t\t\t\t\t
This becomes particularly significant where hazard is dependent on structural and surface properties, as changes in these properties may lead to significant differences between the released (or basic) material, and the material people are exposed to. With no specific characterization techniques for nanotoxicity, the actual techniques are being modified and enhanced to determine and evaluate NPs effects.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. Ecological safe MNPs or MONPs nanocomposites for bactericidal applications for water treatment.
\n\t\t\t
Due to their relevant optical, electrical and thermal properties; Ag-NPs are being incorporated into several commercially available products such as biological and chemical sensors; as well as into bactericidal processes. The antibacterial features of Ag-NPs are one of the top topics of investigation into noble metals research.
\n\t\t\t
Products as wound dressings and biomedical devices with Ag-NPs continuously release Ag in low levels that leads to protection against bacteria.
\n\t\t\t
Considering the unusual properties of nanometric scale materials in contrast with those from macro counterparts, Ag-NPs are widely used for the more efficient antimicrobial activity compared with Ag+ ions. The incorporation of magnetic cores to the preexisting nanocomposite materials increases the applicability of these in a macro scale for the easiest separation and the enhanced performance [43–47].
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.1. Bactericidal activity test for sulfonated nanocompositescontaining Ag@Co-NPs
\n\t\t\t\t
In general, the bactericidal activity was determined as the relationship between the number of viable bacteria before and after the treatment in percentage terms (% cell viability) at several extractions/treatment times in all the tests Eq. 12)where tf corresponds to the extraction time and to to the initial time).
The relationship between the Ag metal content in the sulfonated polymeric matrix and its antibacterial activity was then evaluated by following both batch and flow protocols.
\n\t\t\t\t
The capacity of the nanocomposites to inhibit bacterial proliferation was evaluated by using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test as a batch protocol, by using E. Coli. MIC is definedas the concentration of an antimicrobial agent that completely inhibits the microorganisms’ proliferation in the sample. [23] Parallelly, the MIC50 corresponds to the antimicrobial concentration which inhibits just the 50%. In this case, the MIC of each material was determined by introducing an increasing amount of nanocomposite (in individual wells, from Microtiter plates with 96 wells,containing 105 CFU/mL of E. coli suspension in LB medium. After overnight incubation, bacterial proliferation was evaluated by measuring the optical density of each well at 550 nm (this wavelength is indicative of bacterial proliferation). The bactericidal activity of the Ag, Co and Ag@Co nanocomposites (in sulfonated polymeric granulated matrices) was determined as showin in Figure 12. As a result, the MIC50 values are expressed as number of nanocomposite beads in 200 µL of culture medium (beads/200 µL).
Distribution of NPs in different systems, analyze Oxidative Stress precursors, chemical speciation
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Nanoscale zerovalent iron, TiO2, ZnO, CeO2. NPs
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Colony forming efficiency Test
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cytotoxicity
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cobalt NPs
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Intracellular location, morphology.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Fullerene derivatives, ultrafine particles, metal NPs as AgNPs
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Light Microscopy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Morphological observations
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Single – wall carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Neutral red Assay
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cell viability
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Carbon nanotubes, Ag-NPs, Ti-NPs, TiO2-NPs
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 6.
Overview of different techniques and assays for nanotoxicity evaluation.
\n\t\t\t\t
The raw sulfonated material did not present inhibitory activity in the concentration range under test. However, it became antibacterial when modified with NPs providing a quite higher value of MIC50 (between 13-16 beads/200 µL) compared with that of Ag@Co- nanocomposites with the same Ag content (MIC50 around 4 beads/200 µL). The reason for the enhancement inhibition of bacteria proliferation recorded by Ag@Co-NPs in sulfonated matrices is still controversial. However, thanks to the better knowledge of Ag@Co-granulated nanocomposites obtained by further characterization with different techniques, it is possible to link some physic-chemical parameters with the final bactericidal activity of the materials.This best result is in agreement with the reported value for organo-silver compounds incorporated in microspheres (~ 0.125 mM) [24].
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 12.
Variation of the absorbance at 550 nm with the number of polymer beads for (●) the raw material, (□) Ag- and, (▲) Ag@Co-sulfonated (C100E) nanocomposites (3 replicates).
\n\t\t\t\t
In the flow method, nanocomposite-based filters containing Ag@Co-NPs or without NPs were set in a filtering column support of the experimental set-up and connected to a peristaltic pump that allowed the control of the flow rate. This set-up can operate by a single pass, when bacterial suspensions passed through the filter containing nanoparticles only once. The number of viable cells was determined at regular times. 103 CFU/mL of E. coli suspensions were forced to pass through the filter at a flow rate of ranging 1.0mL/min and the bactericidal activity of the material was evaluated.
\n\t\t\t\t
Culture medium samples after passing through the column were extracted once a week under sterile conditions and the number of viable cells was determined. Figure 14 compares the % cell viability versus treatment time for sulfonated granulated material modified with Ag- or Ag@Co-NPs. Also, raw material response is shown.
\n\t\t\t\t
The cell viability in the suspension after being treated by sulfonated nanocomposites for 60 min of continuous operation was found to decrease near to 0 %. Also, little differences between Ag and Ag@Co stabilized in different polymeric matrices are observed. It should be emphasized that, in this case, control samples showed also a decrease of % cell viability after 60 min of treatment. Therefore, these nanocomposites showed good performance and stability even under continuous operation.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 13.
Scheme of the flow experimental one-step where:1. Initial Bacterial suspension, 2. Treated solution, 3. Nanocomposite filter (Ag@Co-NPs), 4. Control filter (without NPs), 5. Pump.
\n\t\t\t\t
As it aforementioned, the Ag@Co-nanocomposites bactericidal activity was evaluated in granulated polymers. The nanocomposite showed high bactericidal activity with a cell viability close to 0 % for bacterial suspensions with an initial concentration below 105 CFU/mL) and only the more concentrated suspensions (over 105 CFU/mL) required recirculation to guarantee a complete bacterial removal.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 14.
Representation of the variation of the % of cell viability with the treatment time for the Ag-, Ag@Co- and raw sulfonated granulated nanocomposite.
\n\t\t\t\t
Also, the materials lifetime was tested obtaining high activities for different kinds of bacteria and applied in long term experiments. It was observed in all cases that bimetallic Ag@Co-NPs in any type of support showed higher bactericidal activity in comparison with monometallic Ag- or Co-NPs. However, the presence of Co showed high toxicity [14].
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.3. Bacterial applications test for solfonated granulated resins containing Ag@Fe3O4 nanocomposites.
\n\t\t\t\t
Hence, the described Ag@Fe3O4-nanocomposites were tested and compared for antibacterial applications. In general, their antibacterial activity was evaluated by quantifying cell viability (% cell viability) at several extractions/treatment times after incubation with the E.coli bacteria by following the batch protocol as shown in Figure 15. It is determined the kinetics in terms of % of cell viability per mg of Ag for the samples to compare the activity for Ag- or Ag@Fe3O4-NPs on C100E polymers.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 15.
Cell viability versus treatment time for Ag@Fe3O4- nanocomposites in sulfonated polymers.
\n\t\t\t\t
All the Ag@Fe3O4 samples showed initially, a fast decrease in cell viability what corresponds to a decrease of more than the 90 % after 2.5 h of treatment.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.4. Bactericidal applications test for ammine based nanocomposite containing Ag@Fe3O4-NPs
\n\t\t\t\t
The capacity of the nanocomposites to inhibit bacterial proliferation was evaluated by using the MIC test [24] by using E. Coli as described before.
\n\t\t\t\t
The MIC of both Ag- and Ag@Fe3O4-A520E was determined and compared with that obtained by the raw material without NPs or containing Fe3O4-NPs as shown in Figure 16.
\n\t\t\t\t
Ag- and Ag@Fe3O4-A520E nanocomposites showed high bactericidal activity with a deep decrease of the absorbance magnitude at 550 nm (Abs550 when increasing the number of nanocomposite beads in the suspension. Conversely, raw material and Fe3O4-nanocomposite did not present significant bactericidal activity at this concentration range, with a constant Abs550 value around 0.4 a.u. in all cases.
\n\t\t\t\t
This result indicated that Ag-NPs were responsible of the bactericidal activity recorded and it was not affected by the presence of magnetite.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 16.
Variation of the absorbance at 550 nm with the number of polymer beads for the Ag- and Fe3O4-based A520E nanocomposites. Raw material is also analysed (3 replicates).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
6. Conclusions
\n\t\t\t
The following conclusions could be derived from the results and discussion shown in this chapter.
\n\t\t\t
It was shown that the Intermatrix Synthesis (IMS) method is applicable to all the ion-exchange materials tested and useful to any kind of NPs composition since, also, the coupling of the IMS with the co-precipitation technique was succeed to obtain magnetite-based nanocomposites.
IMS methodology coupling with Donnan Exclusion Effect was observed for the NPs structures synthesized on the ion exchange polymers. All NPs were highly stabilized on the surface of the polymer and showed magnetic properties what allows their recovery by applying a magnetic trap.
Also, the development of the IMS route to the synthesis of NPs on anion exchanger polymers was obtained showing comparable results than the materials formed by using cationexchangers.
The rapid growth of interest in engineered NPs has presented many challenges for ecotoxicology, not least being the effort required to analyse and understand the NPs themselves.
Given the importance of potable water to people, it is a clear need for the development of innovative new technologies and materials whereby challenges associated with the provision of safe potable water can be addressed.
Ag@Co and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs stabilized in both anion and cationexchanger polymeric resins were applied for the water purification against E.coli bacteria suspensions. Both NPs structure showed high bactericidal activity being, however, less citotoxic the materials containing Fe3O4-NPs.
Thus, an efficient material based on Ag@Fe3O4-NPs stabilized in anion and cation exchanger polymeric resins was obtained for water treatment applications by showing high bactericide activity as well as low citotoxity for animal cells.
\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
\n\t\t\t
We are sincerely grateful to all our associates cited throughout the text for making this publication possible. Part of this work was supported by Research Grant MAT2006-03745, 2006–2009 from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain, which is also acknowledged for the financial support of Dmitri N. Muraviev.
\n\t\t\t
We also thank ACC1Ó for VALTEC 09-02-0057 Grant within “Programa Operatiu de Catalunya” (FEDER). AGAUR is also acknowledged for the support of A.Alonso with the predoctoral FI and BE grants. J. Bastos also thanks the Autonomous University of Barcelona for the personal grant.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37758.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/37758.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/37758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/37758",totalDownloads:3697,totalViews:213,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:79,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 28th 2012",dateReviewed:"June 4th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 27th 2012",dateFinished:"July 9th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/37758",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/37758",book:{id:"3087",slug:"nanocomposites-new-trends-and-developments"},signatures:"Amanda Alonso, Julio Bastos-Arrieta, Gemma.L. Davies, Yurii.K. Gun’ko, Núria Vigués, Xavier Muñoz-Berbel, Jorge Macanás, Jordi Mas, Maria Muñoz and Dmitri N. Muraviev",authors:[{id:"30295",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitri",middleName:null,surname:"Muraviev",fullName:"Dmitri Muraviev",slug:"dmitri-muraviev",email:"dimitri.muraviev@uab.cat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"161553",title:"MSc.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos Arrieta",fullName:"Julio Bastos Arrieta",slug:"julio-bastos-arrieta",email:"julioalonso.bastos@uab.cat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"161554",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz Tapia",fullName:"Maria Muñoz Tapia",slug:"maria-munoz-tapia",email:"maria.munoz@uab.cat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"162583",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso",fullName:"Amanda Alonso",slug:"amanda-alonso",email:"amanda.alonso1@uab.cat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. Ion Exchange Polymers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. Intermatrix synthesis of metal nanoparticles",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.1. Traditional and novel versions of IMS technique ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Characterization of nanocomposite materials",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1. Synthesis and sharacterization of sulfonated granulated nanocomposites containing Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t3.1.1. X-Ray Diffraction, XRD\n\t\t\t\t\t",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t3.3.2. Microscopy characterization\n\t\t\t\t\t",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.1.3.Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.1.4. Magnetic characterization",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.2. Amine-based granulated nanocomposites containing Fe3O4- and Ag@Fe3O4-NPs(14)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.2.1. Microscopy characterization",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.2.3. Magnetic characterization",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14",title:"4. Ecological concerns regarding uncontrollable release of NPs to the environment ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.1. Environmental and safety concerns and uncontrollable release of NPs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.2. Safe polymer-metal nanocomposites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"4.2.1. Characterization of MNPs: key factor to ensure the safety of new technologies. ",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18",title:"5. Ecological safe MNPs or MONPs nanocomposites for bactericidal applications for water treatment. ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"5.1. Bactericidal activity test for sulfonated nanocompositescontaining Ag@Co-NPs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.3. Bacterial applications test for solfonated granulated resins containing Ag@Fe3O4 nanocomposites.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"5.4. Bactericidal applications test for ammine based nanocomposite containing Ag@Fe3O4-NPs ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDahl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaddux\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.L.S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHutchison\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tToward greener nanosynthesis\n\t\t\t\t\tChemical reviews [Internet]2007\n\t\t\t\t\t107\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t2228\n\t\t\t\t\t69\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17564480\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampelo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuna\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuque\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarinas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRomero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSustainable preparation of supported metal nanoparticles and their applications in catalysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tChemSusChem [Internet]\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t45\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19142903\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tErkey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Journal of Supercritical Fluids Preparation of metallic supported nanoparticles and films using supercritical fluid deposition\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t47\n\t\t\t\t\t517\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tReactive Template Method to Synthesize Gold Nanoparticles with Controllable Size and Morphology Supported on Shells of Polymer Hollow Microspheres and Their Application for Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation in Water\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t1112\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tReactive Template Method to Synthesize Gold Nanoparticles with Controllable Size and Morphology Supported on Shells of Polymer Hollow Microspheres and Their Application for Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation in Water\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t1112\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBastos-arrieta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShafir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlonso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tArticle in press\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlonso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShafir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVallribera\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tArticle in press\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFarre\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMunoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlegret\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNovel routes for inter-matrix synthesis and characterization of polymer stabilized metal nanoparticles for molecular recognition devices.\n\t\t\t\t\tSensors and Actuators B: Chemical [Internet], [cited 2011 May 9]\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\t118\n\t\t\t\t\t1-2\n\t\t\t\t\t408\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092540050600325X\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParrondo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tCation-exchange membrane as nanoreactor: Intermatrix synthesis of platinum- copper core- shell nanoparticles.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\t67\n\t\t\t\t\t1612\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRuiz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tReactive & Functional Polymers Intermatrix synthesis of polymer-stabilized PGM @ Cu core- shell nanoparticles with enhanced electrocatalytic properties.\n\t\t\t\t\tReactive and Functional Polymers [Internet]\n\t\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t\t\t71\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t916\n\t\t\t\t\t24\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.05.009\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPividory\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoto\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSolvent Extraction and Ion Exchange Extractant Assisted Synthesis of Polymer Stabilized Platinum and Palladium Metal Nanoparticles for Sensor Applications Extractant Assisted Synthesis of Polymer\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBarbaro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiguori\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIon exchange resins: catalyst recovery and recycle.\n\t\t\t\t\t Chemical reviews [Internet]\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t109\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t515\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105606\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZegorodni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIon exchange material.\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier [Internet], [cited 2012 May 27]\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780080445526\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlonso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz-Berbel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVigués\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRodríguez-Rodríguez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIntermatrix synthesis of monometallic and magnetic metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with bactericidal activity on anionic exchange polymers.\n\t\t\t\t\tRSC Advances [Internet], [cited 2012 Apr 27]\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t4596\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2ra20216\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotechnology: applications and potentials for heterogeneous catalysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tCatalysis Today [Internet], Nov [cited 2011 Aug 3]\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\t97\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t219\n\t\t\t\t\t24\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920586104004262\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlonso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShafir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVallribera\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProdius\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDonnan-exclusion-driven distribution of catalytic ferromagnetic nanoparticles synthesized in polymeric fibers.\n\t\t\t\t\tDalton transactions (Cambridge, England: 2003) [Internet], Mar [cited 2011 Feb 24]\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\t39\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t2579\n\t\t\t\t\t86\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20179851\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAyyad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz-Rojas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOró-Solé\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGómez-Romero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom silver nanoparticles to nanostructures through matrix chemistry.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Nanoparticle Research\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t12\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t337\n\t\t\t\t\t45\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLira-Cantú\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGómez-Romero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tCation vs. anion insertion in hybrid materials based on conducting organic polymers for energy storage applications.\n\t\t\t\t\tIonics\n\t\t\t\t\t1997\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t3-4\n\t\t\t\t\t194\n\t\t\t\t\t200\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRuiz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTurta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProdius\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIntermatrix synthesis of polymer stabilized inorganic nanocatalyst with maximum accessibility for reactants.\n\t\t\t\t\tDalton transactions (Cambridge, England: 2003) [Internet], Feb [cited 2011 Feb 24]\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\t39\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\t1751\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20449418\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRuiz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIntermatrix Synthesis of Polymer−Copper Nanocomposites with Tunable Parameters by Using Copper Comproportionation Reaction.\n\t\t\t\t\tChemistry of Materials [Internet], Dec [cited 2011 Feb 24]\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t24\n\t\t\t\t\t6616\n\t\t\t\t\t23\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm102122c\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRuiz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNovel strategies for preparation and characterization of functional polymer-metal nanocomposites for electrochemical applications.\n\t\t\t\t\t Pure and Applied Chemistry [Internet], cited 2011 Feb 24]\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t80\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t2425\n\t\t\t\t\t37\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://iupac.org/publications/pac/80/11/2425/\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuraviev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacanás\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRuiz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSynthesis, stability and electrocatalytic activity of polymer-stabilized monometallic Pt and bimetallic Pt/Cu core-shell nanoparticles.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysica Status Solidi (a) [Internet]. 2008 Jun [cited 2012 May 23]\n\t\t\t\t\t205\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t1460\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pssa.200778132\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerreira\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaerenborgh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMendonça\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. H. R. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNunes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCosta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tStructural and morphological characterization of FeCo 2 O 4 and CoFe 2 O 4 spinels prepared by a coprecipitation method\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t383\n\t\t\t\t\t92\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlonso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment of polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced distribution of catalytically active or bactericide nanoparticles.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhD Thesis. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoulter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuñoz-Berbel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnoson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDowling\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaterfield\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJenkis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tChemical Communications\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t7312\n\t\t\t\t\t7314\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToksha\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShirsath\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatange\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJadhav\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tStructural investigations and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by sol- gel auto combustion method\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t147\n\t\t\t\t\t479\n\t\t\t\t\t83\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSearch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJournals\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tContact\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIopscience\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAddress IP\n\t\t\t\t\tApplications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\t167\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmara\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFelner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNowik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMargel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tColloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Synthesis and characterization of Fe and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of triiron dodecacarbonyl\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t339\n\t\t\t\t\t106\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tÆ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPCÆFVDK\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHofmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMBÆT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanoparticles: structure, properties, preparation and behaviour\n\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmental media\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t326\n\t\t\t\t\t43\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArora\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRajwade\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaknikar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotoxicology and in vitro studies: The need of the hour.\n\t\t\t\t\tToxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Internet]\n\t\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t\t\t258\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t151\n\t\t\t\t\t65\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.010\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlaser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScheringer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMacleod\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHungerbühler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tEstimation of cumulative aquatic exposure and risk due to silver: Contribution of nano-functionalized plastics and textiles.\n\t\t\t\t\tEurope\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCushen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKerry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCruz-romero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCummins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotechnologies in the food industry e Recent developments, risks and regulation.\n\t\t\t\t\tTrends in Food Science & Technology [Internet]\n\t\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.10.006\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen-fang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi-lan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe consumer’ s attitude toward genetically modified foods in Taiwan.\n\t\t\t\t\tFood Quality and Preference\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t40\n\t\t\t\t\t662\n\t\t\t\t\t74\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInnovation\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIsland\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIon Release Kinetics and Particle Persistence in Aqueous Nano-Silver Colloids.\n\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmental Science & Technology\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\t2169\n\t\t\t\t\t75\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. V. L. O. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. A. L. V. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYsios\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. I. A. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYsiou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiswas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. R. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessing the Risks of Manufactured.\n\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmental Science & Technology\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaynard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotechnology: Nanotechnology is seen as a transformative technology, which has the\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t33\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWagner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarconi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaegi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOdzak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBox\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. O.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tToxicity of Silver Nanoparticles to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t8959\n\t\t\t\t\t64\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTiede\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHassellöv\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBreitbarth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChaudhry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBoxall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.B.A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHutton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tConsiderations for environmental fate and ecotoxicity testing to support environmental risk assessments for engineered nanoparticles\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t1216\n\t\t\t\t\t503\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimonet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValcárcel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tMonitoring nanoparticles in the environment\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSiegrist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCousin-eve\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKastenholz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWiek\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPublic acceptance of nanotechnology foods and food packaging: The influence of affect and trust. Appetite\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\t49\n\t\t\t\t\t459\n\t\t\t\t\t66\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPress AIN\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotechnologies: What we do not know\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnology in Society\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t43\n\t\t\t\t\t61\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNowack\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tExposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t41\n\t\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t\t\t4447\n\t\t\t\t\t53\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSavolainen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPylkkänen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNorppa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFalck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLindberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTuomi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotechnologies, engineered nanomaterials and occupational health and safety- A review.\n\t\t\t\t\tSafety Science [Internet]\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\t48\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t957\n\t\t\t\t\t63\n\t\t\t\t\thttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.03.006\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMidander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCronholm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKarlsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElihn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeygraf\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWallinder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.O.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSurface Characteristics, Copper Release, and Toxicity of Nano- and Micrometer-Sized Copper and Copper ( II ) Oxide Particles: A Cross-Disciplinary Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSmall\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t389\n\t\t\t\t\t99\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSiegrist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStampfli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKastenholz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPerceived risks and perceived benefits of different nanotechnology foods and nanotechnology food packaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tAppetite\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t51\n\t\t\t\t\t283\n\t\t\t\t\t90\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHu-song\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhong-shu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSong-guo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWan-jun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSynthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal Oxides and their Application\n\t\t\t\t\tHeavy Metal Ion Removal\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t2977\n\t\t\t\t\t82\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLv\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSilver nanoparticle-decorated porous ceramic composite for water treatment\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\t331\n\t\t\t\t\t50\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRajh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. X.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLukas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThurnauer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTiede\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSurface Restructuring of Nanoparticles: An Efficient Route for Ligand-Metal Oxide Crosstalk\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\t10543\n\t\t\t\t\t52\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTheron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCloete\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tNanotechnology and Water Treatment: Applications and Emerging Opportunities\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\t43\n\t\t\t\t\t69\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhon-shu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHu-song\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiang-pu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCao-min\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSong-guo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWan-jun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSelf-Assembled 3D Flowerlike Iron Oxide Nanostructures and Their Application\n\t\t\t\t\tWater Treatment\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\t2426\n\t\t\t\t\t31\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Amanda Alonso",address:null,affiliation:'
Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Dmitri N. Muraviev",address:"Dimitri.Muraviev@uab.cat",affiliation:'
Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3087",type:"book",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments",slug:"nanocomposites-new-trends-and-developments",publishedDate:"September 27th 2012",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3087.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0762-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4275-1",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:205,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1167"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37483",type:"chapter",title:"Polymer/ Clay Nanocomposites: Concepts, Researches, Applications and Trends for The Future",slug:"polymer-clay-nanocomposites-concepts-researches-applications-and-trends-for-the-future",totalDownloads:4611,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Priscila Anadão",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27239",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscila",middleName:null,surname:"Anadão",fullName:"Priscila Anadão",slug:"priscila-anadao"}]},{id:"37674",type:"chapter",title:"Carbon Nanotube Embedded Multi-Functional Polymer Nanocomposites",slug:"carbon-nanotube-embedded-multi-functional-polymer-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:3602,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jeong Hyun Yeum, Sung Min Park, Il Jun Kwon, Jong Won Kim, Young Hwa Kim, Mohammad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeong Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Yeum",fullName:"Jeong Hyun Yeum",slug:"jeong-hyun-yeum"}]},{id:"37448",type:"chapter",title:"Polymer-Graphene Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications",slug:"polymer-graphene-nanocomposites-preparation-characterization-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:11597,totalCrossrefCites:16,signatures:"Kuldeep Singh, Anil Ohlan and S.K. Dhawan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18673",title:"Dr.",name:"Sundeep",middleName:null,surname:"Dhawan",fullName:"Sundeep Dhawan",slug:"sundeep-dhawan"},{id:"20444",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuldeep",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Kuldeep Singh",slug:"kuldeep-singh"},{id:"152354",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Ohlan",fullName:"Anil Ohlan",slug:"anil-ohlan"}]},{id:"37597",type:"chapter",title:"Composites of Cellulose and Metal Nanoparticles",slug:"composites-of-cellulose-and-metal-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:7754,totalCrossrefCites:27,signatures:"Ricardo J. B. Pinto, Márcia C. Neves, Carlos Pascoal Neto and Tito Trindade",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30304",title:"Prof.",name:"Tito",middleName:null,surname:"Trindade",fullName:"Tito Trindade",slug:"tito-trindade"},{id:"152165",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"J.B.",surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Ricardo Pinto",slug:"ricardo-pinto"},{id:"152166",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Pascoal Neto",fullName:"Carlos Pascoal Neto",slug:"carlos-pascoal-neto"},{id:"161002",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Neves",fullName:"Márcia Neves",slug:"marcia-neves"}]},{id:"37700",type:"chapter",title:"High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties and Applications",slug:"high-performance-pet-carbon-nanotube-nanocomposites-preparation-characterization-properties-and-appl",totalDownloads:3756,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jun Young Kim and Seong Hun Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6805",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jun Young Kim",slug:"jun-young-kim"}]},{id:"37671",type:"chapter",title:"Hard Nanocomposite Coatings, Their Structure and Properties",slug:"hard-nanocomposite-coatings-their-structure-and-properties",totalDownloads:3595,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"A. D. Pogrebnjak and V. M. Beresnev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151203",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Pogrebnjak",fullName:"Alexander Pogrebnjak",slug:"alexander-pogrebnjak"}]},{id:"38555",type:"chapter",title:"Polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Water Purification",slug:"polymer-nanocomposite-hydrogels-for-water-purification",totalDownloads:7456,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Manja Kurecic and Majda Sfiligoj Smole",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17945",title:"Prof.",name:"Majda",middleName:null,surname:"Sfiligoj-Smole",fullName:"Majda Sfiligoj-Smole",slug:"majda-sfiligoj-smole"},{id:"127261",title:"Prof.",name:"Manja",middleName:null,surname:"Kurecic",fullName:"Manja Kurecic",slug:"manja-kurecic"}]},{id:"37758",type:"chapter",title:"Ecologically Friendly Polymer-Metal and Polymer-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Complex Water Treatment",slug:"ecologically-friendly-polymer-metal-and-polymer-metal-oxide-nanocomposites-for-complex-water-treatme",totalDownloads:3697,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Amanda Alonso, Julio Bastos-Arrieta, Gemma.L. Davies, Yurii.K. Gun’ko, Núria Vigués, Xavier Muñoz-Berbel, Jorge Macanás, Jordi Mas, Maria Muñoz and Dmitri N. Muraviev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30295",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitri",middleName:null,surname:"Muraviev",fullName:"Dmitri Muraviev",slug:"dmitri-muraviev"},{id:"161553",title:"MSc.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos Arrieta",fullName:"Julio Bastos Arrieta",slug:"julio-bastos-arrieta"},{id:"161554",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz Tapia",fullName:"Maria Muñoz Tapia",slug:"maria-munoz-tapia"},{id:"162583",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso",fullName:"Amanda Alonso",slug:"amanda-alonso"}]},{id:"37581",type:"chapter",title:"Impact Response of Nanofluid-Reinforced Antiballistic Kevlar Fabrics",slug:"impact-response-of-nanofluid-reinforced-antiballistic-kevlar-fabrics",totalDownloads:3791,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Roberto Pastore, Giorgio Giannini, Ramon Bueno Morles, Mario Marchetti and Davide Micheli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17946",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Micheli",fullName:"Davide Micheli",slug:"davide-micheli"},{id:"20300",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pastore",fullName:"Roberto Pastore",slug:"roberto-pastore"},{id:"20301",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno Morles",fullName:"Ramon Bueno Morles",slug:"ramon-bueno-morles"},{id:"20303",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Marchetti",fullName:"Mario Marchetti",slug:"mario-marchetti"},{id:"151964",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Giannini",fullName:"Giorgio Giannini",slug:"giorgio-giannini"}]},{id:"38720",type:"chapter",title:"Graphene/Semiconductor Nanocomposites: Preparation and Application for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution",slug:"graphene-semiconductor-nanocomposites-preparation-and-application-for-photocatalytic-hydrogen-evolut",totalDownloads:7346,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Xiaoyan Zhang and Xiaoli Cui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151357",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoli",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Xiaoli Cui",slug:"xiaoli-cui"}]},{id:"37420",type:"chapter",title:"New Frontiers in Mechanosynthesis: Hydroxyapatite – and Fluorapatite – Based Nanocomposite Powders",slug:"new-frontiers-in-mechanosynthesis-hydroxyapatite-and-fluorapatite-based-nanocomposite-powders",totalDownloads:3730,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bahman Nasiri–Tabrizi, Abbas Fahami, Reza Ebrahimi–Kahrizsangi and Farzad Ebrahimi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi"},{id:"25648",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi",fullName:"Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi",slug:"reza-ebrahimi-kahrizsangi"},{id:"35347",title:"MSc.",name:"Bahman",middleName:null,surname:"Nasiri-Tabrizi",fullName:"Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi",slug:"bahman-nasiri-tabrizi"},{id:"151584",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Fahami",fullName:"Abbas Fahami",slug:"abbas-fahami"}]},{id:"37679",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors: Characteristics and Properties",slug:"application-of-nanocomposites-for-supercapacitors-characteristics-and-properties",totalDownloads:8079,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Dongfang Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16183",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang"}]},{id:"38915",type:"chapter",title:"Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Anticorrosive and Antistatic Applications",slug:"conducting-polymer-nanocomposites-for-anticorrosive-and-antistatic-applications",totalDownloads:5398,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Hema Bhandari, S. Anoop Kumar and S. K. Dhawan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18673",title:"Dr.",name:"Sundeep",middleName:null,surname:"Dhawan",fullName:"Sundeep Dhawan",slug:"sundeep-dhawan"},{id:"152377",title:"Dr.",name:"Hema",middleName:null,surname:"Bhandari",fullName:"Hema Bhandari",slug:"hema-bhandari"},{id:"152378",title:"Mr.",name:"Anoop",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar S",fullName:"Anoop Kumar S",slug:"anoop-kumar-s"}]},{id:"38382",type:"chapter",title:"Electroconductive Nanocomposite Scaffolds: A New Strategy Into Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"electroconductive-nanocomposite-scaffolds-a-new-strategy-into-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-me",totalDownloads:4727,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Masoud Mozafari, Mehrnoush Mehraien, Daryoosh Vashaee and Lobat Tayebi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151503",title:"Mr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Mozafari",fullName:"Masoud Mozafari",slug:"masoud-mozafari"}]},{id:"37594",type:"chapter",title:"Photonics of Heterogeneous Dielectric Nanostructures",slug:"photonics-of-heterogeneous-dielectric-nanostructures",totalDownloads:2764,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vladimir Dzyuba, Yurii Kulchin and Valentin Milichko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17033",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir P.",middleName:"Pimenovich",surname:"Dzyuba",fullName:"Vladimir P. Dzyuba",slug:"vladimir-p.-dzyuba"}]},{id:"37685",type:"chapter",title:"Effect of Nano-TiN on Mechanical Behavior of Si3N4 Based Nanocomposites by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)",slug:"effect-of-nano-tin-on-mechanical-behavior-of-si3n4-based-nanocomposites-by-spark-plasma-sintering-sp",totalDownloads:3017,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jow-Lay Huang and Pramoda K. Nayak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29768",title:"Prof.",name:"Jow-Lay",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jow-Lay Huang",slug:"jow-lay-huang"},{id:"38997",title:"Dr.",name:"Pramoda Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",fullName:"Pramoda Kumar Nayak",slug:"pramoda-kumar-nayak"}]},{id:"39061",type:"chapter",title:"Synthesis and Characterization of Ti-Si-C-N Nanocomposite Coatings Prepared by a Filtered Vacuum Arc with Organosilane Precursors",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-ti-si-c-n-nanocomposite-coatings-prepared-by-a-filtered-vacuum-arc",totalDownloads:2610,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seunghun Lee, P. Vijai Bharathy, T. Elangovan, Do-Geun Kim and Jong-Kuk Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17746",title:"Dr.",name:"Do-Geun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Do-Geun Kim",slug:"do-geun-kim"},{id:"17747",title:"Mr.",name:"Seunghun",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Seunghun Lee",slug:"seunghun-lee"},{id:"17748",title:"Dr.",name:"Jong-Kuk",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jong-Kuk Kim",slug:"jong-kuk-kim"},{id:"152234",title:"Dr.",name:"Elangovan",middleName:null,surname:"Thangavel",fullName:"Elangovan Thangavel",slug:"elangovan-thangavel"}]},{id:"38079",type:"chapter",title:"Study of Multifunctional Nanocomposites Formed by Cobalt Ferrite Dispersed in a Silica Matrix Prepared by Sol-Gel Process",slug:"study-of-multifunctional-nanocomposites-formed-by-cobalt-ferrite-dispersed-in-a-silica-matrix-prepar",totalDownloads:3025,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem, Juliana Batista Silva, Gabriel L. Tacchi Nascimento and Victor L. Guimarães",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14332",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelcy",middleName:null,surname:"Della Santina Mohallem",fullName:"Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem",slug:"nelcy-della-santina-mohallem"}]},{id:"37935",type:"chapter",title:"Interfacial Electron Scattering in Nanocomposite Materials: Electrical Measurements to Reveal The Nc-MeN/a-SiNx Nanostructure in Order to Tune Macroscopic Properties",slug:"interfacial-electron-scattering-in-nanocomposite-materials-electrical-measurements-to-reveal-the-nc-",totalDownloads:2161,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"R. Sanjinés and C. S. Sandu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37846",title:"Dr.",name:"Cosmin",middleName:null,surname:"Sandu",fullName:"Cosmin Sandu",slug:"cosmin-sandu"},{id:"152416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosendo",middleName:null,surname:"Sanjines",fullName:"Rosendo Sanjines",slug:"rosendo-sanjines"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3050",title:"Finite Element Analysis",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d283146f8e2a192c09b43756d2198b6f",slug:"finite-element-analysis-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3050.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"39767",title:"Finite Element Analysis in Dental Medicine",slug:"finite-element-analysis-in-dental-medicine",signatures:"Josipa Borcic and Alen Braut",authors:[{id:"146157",title:"PhD.",name:"Josipa",middleName:null,surname:"Borcic",fullName:"Josipa Borcic",slug:"josipa-borcic"},{id:"150367",title:"Dr.",name:"Alen",middleName:null,surname:"Braut",fullName:"Alen Braut",slug:"alen-braut"}]},{id:"39762",title:"Application of Finite Element Analysis in Implant Dentistry",slug:"application-of-finite-element-analysis-in-implant-dentistry",signatures:"B. Alper Gultekin, Pinar Gultekin and Serdar Yalcin",authors:[{id:"142533",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Gultekin",fullName:"Alper Gultekin",slug:"alper-gultekin"},{id:"145578",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Gültekin",fullName:"Pınar Gültekin",slug:"pinar-gultekin"},{id:"145579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Yalçın",fullName:"Serdar Yalçın",slug:"serdar-yalcin"}]},{id:"39773",title:"Finite Element Analysis of the Stress on the Implant-Bone Interface of Dental Implants with Different Structures",slug:"finite-element-analysis-of-the-stress-on-the-implant-bone-interface-of-dental-implants-with-differen",signatures:"Liangjian Chen",authors:[{id:"145537",title:"Dr.",name:"Liangjian",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Liangjian Chen",slug:"liangjian-chen"}]},{id:"39771",title:"Finite Element Modelling of a Multi-Bone Joint: The Human Wrist",slug:"finite-element-modelling-of-a-multi-bone-joint-the-human-wrist",signatures:"Magnús Kjartan Gíslason and David H. Nash",authors:[{id:"141129",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Gislason",fullName:"Magnus Gislason",slug:"magnus-gislason"},{id:"157537",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Nash",fullName:"David Nash",slug:"david-nash"}]},{id:"39774",title:"Finite Element Analysis of Stationary Magnetic Field",slug:"finite-element-analysis-of-stationary-magnetic-field",signatures:"Elena Otilia Virjoghe, Diana Enescu, Mihail-Florin Stan and Marcel Ionel",authors:[{id:"143217",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Enescu",fullName:"Diana Enescu",slug:"diana-enescu"},{id:"146305",title:"PhD.",name:"Elena Otilia",middleName:null,surname:"Virjoghe",fullName:"Elena Otilia Virjoghe",slug:"elena-otilia-virjoghe"},{id:"155183",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Ionel",fullName:"Marcel Ionel",slug:"marcel-ionel"},{id:"155184",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihail-Florin",middleName:null,surname:"Stan",fullName:"Mihail-Florin Stan",slug:"mihail-florin-stan"}]},{id:"39760",title:"Finite Element Analysis of the Direct Drive PMLOM",slug:"finite-element-analysis-of-the-direct-drive-pmlom",signatures:"Govindaraj Thangavel",authors:[{id:"141599",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraj",middleName:null,surname:"Thangavel",fullName:"Govindaraj Thangavel",slug:"govindaraj-thangavel"}]},{id:"39765",title:"The IEEE Model for a Ground Rod in a Two Layer Soil – A FEM Approach",slug:"the-ieee-model-for-a-ground-rod-in-a-two-layer-soil-a-fem-approach",signatures:"António Martins, Sílvio Mariano and Maria do Rosário Calado",authors:[{id:"12810",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Do Rosário",middleName:"Alves",surname:"Calado",fullName:"Maria Do Rosário Calado",slug:"maria-do-rosario-calado"},{id:"146561",title:"MSc.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",fullName:"António Martins",slug:"antonio-martins"},{id:"146562",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sílvio",middleName:"José Pinto Simões",surname:"Mariano",fullName:"Sílvio Mariano",slug:"silvio-mariano"}]},{id:"39763",title:"FEA in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Applications: A Micromachined Spatial Light Modulator (μSLM)",slug:"fea-in-micro-electro-mechanical-systems-mems-applications-a-micromachined-spatial-light-modulator-sl",signatures:"Hao Ren and Jun Yao",authors:[{id:"145442",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",fullName:"Hao Ren",slug:"hao-ren"}]},{id:"39761",title:"Steady-State and Transient Performance Analysis of Permanent-Magnet Machines Using Time-Stepping Finite Element Technique",slug:"steady-state-and-transient-performance-analysis-of-permanent-magnet-machines-using-time-stepping-fin",signatures:"Kazumi Kurihara",authors:[{id:"143833",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kurihara",fullName:"Kazumi Kurihara",slug:"kazumi-kurihara"}]},{id:"39764",title:"Finite-Element Modelling and Analysis of Hall Effect and Extraordinary Magnetoresistance Effect",slug:"finite-element-modelling-and-analysis-of-hall-effect-and-extraordinary-magnetoresistance-effect",signatures:"Jian Sun and Jürgen Kosel",authors:[{id:"141837",title:"MSc.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Jian Sun",slug:"jian-sun"},{id:"141848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jurgen",middleName:null,surname:"Kosel",fullName:"Jurgen Kosel",slug:"jurgen-kosel"}]},{id:"39759",title:"High Sensitive Piezoresistive Cantilever MEMS Based Sensor by Introducing Stress Concentration Region (SCR)",slug:"high-sensitive-piezoresistive-cantilever-mems-based-sensor-by-introducing-stress-concentration-regio",signatures:"Sh Mohd Firdaus, Husna Omar and Ishak Abd Azid",authors:[{id:"141164",title:"Mr.",name:"Sh",middleName:null,surname:"Firdaus",fullName:"Sh Firdaus",slug:"sh-firdaus"},{id:"155461",title:"Mrs.",name:"Husna",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",fullName:"Husna Omar",slug:"husna-omar"},{id:"155462",title:"Prof.",name:"Ishak",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Azid",fullName:"Ishak Abd Azid",slug:"ishak-abd-azid"}]},{id:"39766",title:"Integrated FEA and Raytracing in Instrumentation for Astronomy: Smart Structures Evaluation and Structural Optimization",slug:"integrated-fea-and-raytracing-in-instrumentation-for-astronomy-smart-structures-evaluation-and-struc",signatures:"Marco Riva",authors:[{id:"143536",title:"PhD.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Riva",fullName:"Marco Riva",slug:"marco-riva"}]},{id:"39770",title:"Damage-Tolerant Design of Stiffener Run-Outs: A Finite Element Approach",slug:"damage-tolerant-design-of-stiffener-run-outs-a-finite-element-approach",signatures:"S. Psarras, S.T. Pinho and B.G. Falzon",authors:[{id:"146382",title:"Dr.",name:"Spyridon",middleName:null,surname:"Psarras",fullName:"Spyridon Psarras",slug:"spyridon-psarras"},{id:"157351",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Falzon",fullName:"Brian Falzon",slug:"brian-falzon"},{id:"157352",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinho",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestre",fullName:"Pinho Silvestre",slug:"pinho-silvestre"}]},{id:"39791",title:"Finite Element Analysis for the Problem of Tunnel Excavation Successive Phases and Lining Mounting",slug:"finite-element-analysis-for-the-problem-of-tunnel-excavation-successive-phases-and-lining-mounting",signatures:"Simona Roatesi",authors:[{id:"141213",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Roatesi",fullName:"Simona Roatesi",slug:"simona-roatesi"}]},{id:"39768",title:"Finite Element Modelling of the Dynamic Behaviour of Tubular Footbridges",slug:"finite-element-modelling-of-the-dynamic-behaviour-of-tubular-footbridges",signatures:"José Guilherme Santos da Silva, Ana Cristina Castro Fontenla Sieira, Gilvan Lunz Debona, Pedro Colmar Gonçalves da Silva Vellasco and Luciano Rodrigues Ornelas de Lima",authors:[{id:"18700",title:"Prof.",name:"José Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Santos Da Silva",fullName:"José Guilherme Santos Da Silva",slug:"jose-guilherme-santos-da-silva"},{id:"22492",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro Colmar",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves Da Silva Vellasco",fullName:"Pedro Colmar Gonçalves Da Silva Vellasco",slug:"pedro-colmar-goncalves-da-silva-vellasco"},{id:"22494",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciano Rodrigues",middleName:null,surname:"Ornelas De Lima",fullName:"Luciano Rodrigues Ornelas De Lima",slug:"luciano-rodrigues-ornelas-de-lima"},{id:"146190",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cristina Castro",middleName:null,surname:"Fontenla Sieira",fullName:"Ana Cristina Castro Fontenla Sieira",slug:"ana-cristina-castro-fontenla-sieira"},{id:"146191",title:"MSc.",name:"Gilvan Lunz",middleName:null,surname:"Debona",fullName:"Gilvan Lunz Debona",slug:"gilvan-lunz-debona"}]},{id:"39769",title:"Finite Element Analysis of Loading Area Effect on Sandwich Panel Behaviour Beyond the Yield Limit",slug:"finite-element-analysis-of-loading-area-effect-on-sandwich-panel-behaviour-beyond-the-yield-limit",signatures:"Salih Akour and Hussein Maaitah",authors:[{id:"144134",title:"Dr.",name:"Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Akour",fullName:"Salih Akour",slug:"salih-akour"},{id:"145606",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Maaitah",fullName:"Hussein Maaitah",slug:"hussein-maaitah"}]},{id:"39772",title:"The Finite Element Analysis of Weak Spots in Interconnects and Packages",slug:"the-finite-element-analysis-of-weak-spots-in-interconnects-and-packages",signatures:"Kirsten Weide-Zaage",authors:[{id:"141283",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirsten",middleName:null,surname:"Weide-Zaage",fullName:"Kirsten Weide-Zaage",slug:"kirsten-weide-zaage"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"180",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Growth and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32865140876c21193ac4e9b1f5d95d2d",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-growth-and-applications",bookSignature:"Dr. Mohammad Naraghi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/180.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67361",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Naraghi",slug:"mohammad-naraghi",fullName:"Mohammad Naraghi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"328",title:"Graphene Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26044659f984fbaeac93a996ab1d4995",slug:"graphene-simulation",bookSignature:"Jian Ru Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61172",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian Ru",surname:"Gong",slug:"jian-ru-gong",fullName:"Jian Ru Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"465",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Applications on Electron Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-applications-on-electron-devices",bookSignature:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",surname:"Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"466",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-characterization-applications",bookSignature:"Siva Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"469",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"From Research to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-from-research-to-applications",bookSignature:"Stefano Bianco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32081",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",surname:"Bianco",slug:"stefano-bianco",fullName:"Stefano Bianco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"191",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc3407e602cdd348af663727baebe3d",slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3087",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"418833096f70a3aa12b5cbd6c8734d86",slug:"nanocomposites-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3087.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",body:'
1. Introduction
All the vessels that drain blood out of the heart are called artery, and those that drain blood into the heart are called vein. Pulmonary veins, literally, are the vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium. The information of those veins is hardly found in veterinary textbooks. First of all, this chapter is focus on the development of those veins in fetus. If something wrongs during the process, different type of the abnormality leads to different results. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in human medicines are introduced simply in this chapter. In addition, pulmonary venous abnormalities in the veterinary medicines are reported in several species. Those case reports will also be briefly reviewed in this chapter.
2. The embryology of pulmonary veins
The development of the cardiovascular system is complicated because it involves the process from before the folding of heart tube and extend to the later stage of vascular growth. In the vertebrate embryo, most discussion start from the Carnegie stage 12, which approximately equals to 28-30 days in human [1] and 2 days in chicken [2]. At this moment, the primitive pulmonary vein originates from the venous plexus of splanchnic mesoderm. The staining characteristic of the pulmonary vein orifices in the developing heart can prove that the pulmonary vein is not part of the heart tube: it has no atrial natriuretic factor and has connexin 40 (a transmembrane protein that responsible for electrical coupling mostly found in the nodal tissue) [3]. In addition, an observation study of chicken embryo using image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction technique also revealed that the pulmonary vein is developing from the splanchnic plexus [4]. The venous plexus of splanchnic mesoderm is a great capillary network that spread from the heart to the liver, connecting cardinal and umbilicovitelline veins. In other words, the pulmonary vein is communicating with systemic venous system in the beginning. In the subsequent developmental process, this communication will degenerate, therefore separating the systemic and pulmonary venous systems (Figure 1) [5].
Figure 1.
The normal pulmonary venous development. A, the lung buds are surrounded the splanchnic plexus that communicates umbilical veins and cardinal veins. B, Common pulmonary vein is formed and connected with the sinoatrial part of the heart. C, the connection between pulmonary and splanchnic venous plexus is disappearing. D, the common pulmonary vein develops to four distinct pulmonary veins that incorporates separately with the left atrium. LA, left atrium; LCCV, left common cardinal vein; LLB, left lung bud; RA, right atrium; RCCV, right common cardinal vein; RLB, right lung bud; UV, umbilical vein.
This common pulmonary vein connects the lung buds to the dorsal heart tube, where would develop to left atrium after the outgrowth of intertrial septum. At the level of left atrium, the common pulmonary vein would usually divide into four branches and incorporate with left atrium, forming the smooth part of the left atrium wall [6]. In a study using 26 normal human embryos, the initial process of formation of the human pulmonary vein is very similar to that seen in animal models; marked temporal and morphological difference between the development process of right- and left-side pulmonary veins was found: a much longer tributary being formed on the left than on the right [7].
Various congenital abnormalities of pulmonary veins can occur if anything is wrong during these developmental processes. The cor triatriatum sinister (CTS), a condition that left atrium is separated into two chambers by a membranous tissue, is thought to be the consequence of the inappropriate incorporation of pulmonary veins with the left atrium [7]. In addition, if the atrophy of connection between pulmonary veins and systemic venous system is fail, total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC or PAPVC) occurs, depending on the degree of remanent communication between systemic and pulmonary venous system [8].
3. The anatomy of the pulmonary veins
The pulmonary veins, in contrast to systemic veins that collect deoxygenated blood from all organs except lungs, deliver oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Generally, there are four tributaries of pulmonary vein that would form four ostia on the left atrial wall, two from the right cranial and caudal pulmonary vein and the other two from the left cranial and caudal pulmonary vein (Figure 2). The right cranial pulmonary vein collects blood from the right cranial and middle lung lobe, and the right caudal pulmonary vein receives blood from the right caudal and accessory lung lobe. The rest pulmonary veins serve for the corresponded lung lobs that they are named after [9].
Figure 2.
Normal anatomy of pulmonary veins. The blue (deoxygenated) marks pulmonary arteries, and the red (oxygenated) marks the pulmonary veins.
In atypical but not rare situations in human, pulmonary veins that both originate from right (4%) or left (17.8%) may fuse into a common trunk before entering the left atrium [10]. Additional pulmonary veins derive from individual lung lobes can also happen. Generally, these variations of the number of pulmonary veins are not always problematic, but it may interfere with clinical decisions especially in surgical procedures.
4. The physiology and function of pulmonary veins
In the species that have two atriums, two ventricles, and execute oxygen exchange via the lungs, the oxygenated blood is pumped from the aorta and sent into tissues. The oxygen, nutrients and metabolic products diffuse and exchange in the capillaries that converge and form the vein. Vena cava collect all the venous blood and return to right atrium, right ventricle and lungs. After oxygenation in the lung, these fresh, oxygen-rich blood is returned into left atrium via pulmonary veins, therefore complete the cycle of blood circulation.
Before we go deeper into more understanding of the pulmonary veins, there is an important concept that should be explained first. The cardiovascular system has several functions that are all indispensable to keep the body works normally. Maintaining the systemic arterial pressure is the first priority of the cardiovascular system, it means that the systemic arterial pressure is the last one that the decompensation occurs. The second one is to keep the cardiac output at an adequate level that can provide enough blood flow to the peripheral tissues. Maintaining the normal capillary pressure is the last priority, and therefore it is the reason that the first sign of heart failure is commonly those that associate with congestion [11]. In the cases of pulmonary vein abnormalities, although the pathophysiological mechanisms are different among diagnosis, the loss of normal capillary and venous pressure is often the end result of the developmental disorders. Patient is commonly presented to the clinic because of signs related to congestion. Therefore, we will discuss the pulmonary venous pressure in the next paragraph.
In the fetus, the pressure of the pulmonary system is higher compared to after birth because of very high pulmonary vascular resistance and resultant low pulmonary blood flow (only account for 10 to 15% of right heart stroke volume). The pulmonary vascular resistance falls after birth, and the pressure of pulmonary system drops to a lower level than the systemic circulation in normal setting [12]. In an experiment that studying normal dogs with light sedation, the mean pulmonary venous pressure (17.1 ± 6.5 mm Hg) is consistently slightly higher than mean left atrial pressure (13.4 ± 6.3 mm Hg), which is almost the same with mean pulmonary wedge pressure (13.3 ± 6.2 mm Hg). Considering that the lungs are a large organ that occupy the thorax cavity, the pulmonary venous pressure between locations that differ from altitude (distance from left atrium) is vary [13]. Generally, the pulmonary veins share the similar intravascular pressure with left atrium because there is no valve between them.
During ventricular systole and early diastole, the blood in the pulmonary veins flow into left atrium, and part of blood in the left atrium would regurgitates back into pulmonary veins when the atrial active pumping that corresponds to the ventricular late filling phase. The changes of pulmonary venous profile among different cardiac cycle can be record by the echocardiographic Doppler examination [14]. It is therefore reasonable that any reason that elevates pressure of the left atrium has the potential to increase the pulmonary venous pressure, because of the higher impedance of draining blood forward and larger regurgitated volume from the high-pressured left atrium.
Another important characteristic of vessel that we cannot forget when we are discussing the hemodynamic is the vascular distensibility and compliance. Distensibility is an ability of vessel whose volume can increase or decrease for every increase or decrease intravascular pressure, and the compliance is equal to distensibility times the volume of blood in the given portion of the circulation. Because of the different wall constitution between veins and arteries, the distensibility of veins is about eight times larger than that of arteries. That is, the venous system can conserve more blood and only has slightly elevation of the intravascular pressure [15]. The pulmonary veins have similar distensibility to the systemic veins, meaning that the pulmonary venous pressure would not exceed the normal range before large amount of blood is congested in the pulmonary capillary and veins.
Various congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases that affecting pulmonary veins themselves and the left atrium could lead to the congestion of pulmonary veins. They can be simply classified into conditions that cause obstruction or pulmonary overcirculation. Occlusions of one or more pulmonary veins, and the divided left atrium (like the CTS) are examples that pulmonary venous blood flow has difficulties to get through obstacles in its normal pathway and therefore causing high pressure to the rest part of pulmonary veins. In addition, pulmonary overcirculation caused by intra- or extra-cardiac left to right shunting (atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, and anomalous pulmonary venous connection and so on) also has the potential to causes pulmonary congestion because of larger than normal volume that circulates the pulmonary vasculature. Among them, CTS, TAPVC and PAPVC are three of the good examples that is closely related to the development of pulmonary veins. We will discuss these diseases in the following sections.
5. Cor triatriatum sinister
The CTS is a relatively rare congenital cardiovascular disease that has been first reported in 1868 [16]. In an autopsy research, it was accounted for 0.1% to 0.4% in human patients with congenital heart disease [17]. In veterinary medicine, the true prevalence is hard to know because this abnormality is not always producing heart murmur and develops clinical signs that can be observed by the owner and the veterinarian at the general practice. By reviewing case reports, naturally-occurred CTS is identified more frequently in cats [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] than in dogs [24, 25, 26].
The embryonic cause of CTS is still controversial, but the theory of pulmonary venous abnormality is the most popular. In the development of pulmonary veins, they should incorporate with left atrium and form four ostia on the smooth part of the dorsal left atrial wall. If certain degree of failure in this process occurs, the left atrium could be separated by the remains of the pulmonary veins, most of the time is a fibromuscular membrane. The left atrium is therefore divided to a proximal chamber that locates between the atriopulmonary junction and the fibromuscular membrane, and a distal chamber that extends from the fibromuscular membrane to the mitral valve annulus. The molecular cause of CTS was first reported in experimental mice without hyaluronidase 2, which is an enzyme required for the degradation of hyaluronan that is the major extracellular matrix component of the heart [27]. Later, the similar result was obtained by genetic studies in affected human families and mice [28].
Anatomic variation of the membrane exists and whether or how much of the blood flow would be impeded depends on the three-dimensional relative position between the membrane and left atrium. This intra-atrial septum can be complete, incomplete or fenestrated, and its size, shape, thickness and location can be varied among affected patients. Types of diaphragmatic, hourglass and tubular has been used to describe the variations [29]. In a retrospective study, the histopathology of the membranous tissue was investigated. Elastin fibers were found to be presence in the top and bottom side and was absent in the middle layer of the diaphragm. Cardiomyocytes with positive staining of cardiac troponin C were located in the peripheral region, more on the side that near the diaphragm and atrial septum than on the side that near the diaphragm and the atrial free wall. The remanent area was mostly made up by the fibrous collagen and other mesenchymal cells. These specimens were collected from human patients that undergo surgical repair of the Cor triatriatum sinister, without surgical death in this cohort [30].
Impendence of the blood flow in the left atrium could cause turbulence, but the pressure gradient between two chambers may be not large enough for the heart murmur to be heard. Elevated pressure in the proximal chamber of the left atrium could raise the intravascular pressure of the pulmonary veins, and signs of left-side congestive heart failure may occur. However, the natural progression of the CTS in human patients is generally stable, with more than half patients were diagnosed in adulthood. In patients that need surgical correction using cardiopulmonary bypass, the surgery is safe and effective [31].
Transthoracic echocardiography is usually helpful in making diagnosis [32]. Except for detecting Cor triatriatum sinister, the echocardiography can also identify concurrent lesions. High proportion (58%) of affected human patients had associated abnormalities, and atrial septal defect and anomalous pulmonary venous connection were the most common and should be always keep in mind [30, 31, 33]. Two feline cases had been published that one kitten had CTS combined with persistent left cranial vena cava [20], and the other was diagnosed CTS with incomplete atrioventricular septal defect [21]. Some conditions can mimic the CTS under two-dimensional imaging mode, including supramitral ring or pulmonary stenosis [34]. In cases that the echocardiographic result alone is controversial or is suspicious of having multiple cardiovascular developmental diseases, additional imaging tools should be considered. A special case that was diagnosed as CTS with TAPVC by echocardiography combined with saline contrast technique was report in 2020 [35]. In some conditions especially when our target area is located near the heart base, the transesophageal echocardiography can provide better image resolution and details than the transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization angiography has its advantages that it can measure the true intra-lumen pressure, which is always an estimated value if only echocardiography is performed. However, its clinical utility is limited in the veterinary field because deep sedation to generalized anesthesia is usually required in veterinary patients. Other imaging tools like computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance imaging can provide multiplaner image reconstruction and assist with the diagnosis process [29].
Early in the 1998, a kitten presented signs of respiratory distress and diagnosed with CTS was successfully surgically managed. The membrane was torn by a dilator introduced from an opened left atrium [18]. Procedure that combining thoracotomy and cardiac catheter guided cutting balloon was performed in a cat that signs of congestive heart failure resolved completely after the hybrid technique [22]. Surgical correction under cardiopulmonary bypass was also feasible in feline patient with appropriate body size and weight [23]. In canine, the first case was published in 2012, and the patient was doing well only by internal medical treatment for the congestive heart failure [25]. A poodle case was presented with acute dyspnea and cyanosis, and was unfortunately made its definite diagnosis in postmortem examination [26]. Recently, Toaldo et al. reported a 6-year-old intact male French bulldog was accidentally diagnosed as CTS [24].
By reviewing veterinary literature, we can find that cats are more frequently presented, and their age at diagnosis is generally younger (8 weeks old to 4 years old, mostly <1 year old) than dogs (3, 5 and 6 years old). Although most of affected cats had congestive heart failure at admission (this result can be biased in veterinary patients), the surgery is usually tolerable and the patient can be free of heart failure after procedure. Medicine for controlling congestive heart failure is an alternative option if surgery is not performed. Weather the surgery is also benefit and recommended in patient without heart failure is not conclusive.
6. Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Another important developmental abnormality of pulmonary vein is the anomalous pulmonary venous connection. In human medicine, the TAPVC was comprised of 1–5% congenital heart diseases cases [36] and 0.6 to 1.2 per 10,000 live births [37]. The PAPVC was found 0.4% to 0.7% in the routine autopsies [38, 39]. A retrospective study that reviewed 290 dogs with cardiovascular malformations from 1953 to 1965 revealed that only 1 case was diagnosed PAPVC with secundum atrial septal defect [40]. For the published case reports, there are only 3 dogs [41, 42, 43] and each 1 of chicken [44] and foal [45] that are diagnosed as TAPVC; only 4 dogs [46, 47, 48] and 2 cats [49, 50] are PAPVC. One canine case reported in 1975 did not describe its detail (TAPVC or PAPVC) [51].
As previous discussed, the primitive pulmonary veins from the lung buds develop from the splanchnic plexus, which communicates with the systemic venous system, and connects to the left atrium. As development proceeds, the connection between pulmonary veins and the systemic venous system disappears. If the communication between pulmonary veins and the systemic venous system persists, TAPVC or PAPVC would be diagnosed depending on the degree of persistent connections [8].
The TAPVC is that all pulmonary veins being abnormally connected to the systemic venous circulation, that is, the right atrium would receive both systemic and pulmonary venous return. Researchers had described four types of TAPVC depending on the connection level (Figure 3). Type I, or supra-cardiac type, is the most common type that consist 40–55% of cases. The pulmonary veins empty through left innominate vein, superior vena cava or azygos veins. Type II, or cardiac type, is the second common type that consist 15–30% of cases. The pulmonary veins drain into the right atrium through the coronary sinus or in the posterior wall of the right atrium. Type III, or infra-cardiac type, is accounting approximately 15–26% of cases. The pulmonary veins run to the portal venous system or inferior vena cava. And type IV, or mixed type, is representing 2–10% cases that there are at least two different drainage sites [52, 53].
Figure 3.
The classification of TAPVR. Type I, the Supra-cardiac type; Type II, the cardiac type; Type III, the infra-cardiac type, and the Type IV, the mixed type. CaVC, caudal vena cava; CrVC, cranial vena cava; PA, pulmonary artery; PV, pulmonary vein; RA, right atrium.
In the setting of TAPVC, a right-to left shunt via an atrial septal defect (ASD), patent foramen ovale (PFO) or to a lesser extent of patent ductus arteriosus is required for completing circulation and maintaining life [54]. The presence of right (pulmonary) to left (systemic) shunting permits mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation. Signs of dyspnea with exertion, cyanosis and exercise intolerance could be observed, and the patient is at risk of developing to pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure. Three veterinary cases were found to have concurrent ASD (secundum type in 1 dog [41] and 1 chicken [44]; sinus venous type in another dog [42]) and the case of foal [45] had concurrent PFO. A special child case had been recognized recently that all of his pulmonary veins were anatomically connected to the left atrium but the blood inside actually was drained into superior vena cava via an innominate vein, therefore corresponded to the definition of supra-cardiac type of anomaly [35].
Thoracic radiography is commonly the first imaging exam, it can be normal or some classic changes may exist depending on the types of abnormal connections. A snowman sign has been described in patients with supra-cardiac TAPVC. The head is formed by superior vena cava, vertical vein (common vein that formed by the four anomalous pulmonary veins) and innominate vein, and the body is formed by enlarged right atrium. Another famous radiographic characteristic is the scimitar signs in the PAPVC. It describes the anomalous pulmonary veins like a sword with a curved blade that mostly affect the right-side lung lobes [5, 55].
In addition, the clinical utility of echocardiography in diagnosing abnormalities of pulmonary venous connection is somewhat difficult because of limited echo window, but it can provide the information of the concurrent congenital cardiac anomalies and hemodynamic consequences like the dilated right heart or possible pulmonary hypertension. Transesophageal echocardiography has the advantage that it can access from the heart base aspect, therefore providing more clear images of the structures near the heart base. Right heart catherization can opacify the right heart chambers and venous vasculature but is limited that some small accessory and anomalous vessels may be missed.
For obtaining the full picture of abnormal development of pulmonary veins, multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging both can provide good images. The importance of advanced imaging modules in diagnosing these complex cardiovascular developmental diseases had been emphasized in these years [49, 50]. Both of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are non-invasive, and they can offer multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstructive model. Small lesions and details can be further illustrated by contrast median. Lack of ionizing radiation is the advantage of magnetic resonance imaging, but this procedure needs longer time and sedation which may be risky in some patients [53].
Generally, surgical repair is recommended at the time that TAPVC is diagnosed [56]. The surgical outcome is acceptable with the 6.6% of intraoperative and late death and 15% of recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction in the survivors. Risk factors for both undesired consequences including preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction, infra-cardiac type and mixed type [57]. This result emphasizes the importance of pre- and intra-operative assessment.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection refers to equal to or more than 1, but not all, pulmonary veins being connected to the systemic venous circulation rather than the left atrium. Affected animals can exhibit no clinical signs or have symptoms associates with congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. In the total of 6 veterinary cases, half of them were asymptomatic (2 miniature schnauzers [46] and 1 Devon Rex cat [49]) and the other half were presented with signs of decompensation (exercise intolerance in 1 Belgian Malinois dog [47], pulmonary edema in 1 toy poodle [48] and 1 American shorthair kitten [50]). The severity of symptoms depends on the number of affected pulmonary veins, that is, the degree of left-to-right shunt. A ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp:Qs) can be used to estimate the magnitude of left-to-right shunt, and the ratio greater than 1.5 to 2 is generally considered hemodynamic significant because the patient is at risk of pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, and surgical treatment is usually recommended in these cases [58].
According to the affected pulmonary veins, as many as 27 different anatomic variations had been proposed [59]. The characteristic of partial APVR in pediatric and adult populations varies significantly. In a prospective survey of pediatric patients, mostly (90%) were right-sided and in association of sinus venosus atrial septal defect [60]. In other two retrospective study that focused on adult (>18 years old), abnormal development of pulmonary vein from the left upper lobe was the most (ranging from 47–79%), followed by the right upper pulmonary vein (ranging from 17–38%) [61, 62]. The human patients that were diagnosed in childhood were mostly symptomatic, and those that diagnosed until adulthood were usually an incidental finding. Related signs including dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, and peripheral edema [53].
Surgical repair of the PAPVC with different strategies (intracardiac baffle, pulmonary vein implantation, or superior vena cava division with reimplantation on the right atrial appendage) in children showed excellent outcomes [60]. In a case series that only contain adult patients (20 to 66 years old), conservative management with close monitoring is recommended in asymptomatic patients, and the surgical outcomes in symptomatic patients are usually excellent with low complication rate [63]. Sinus node dysfunction and postoperative venous stenosis are the possible consequences followed surgery [64]. In a recent canine case, his PAPVC and sinus venosus ASD were successfully repaired by single-patch method under cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient remained stable and free of clinical signs in the following one year, suggesting that this is a valid treatment option for other similar case [48].
We can find that the terms of “connection”, “drainage” and “return” are all used in the literature to describe the abnormality. The “connection” indicates an anomalous venoatrial connection, whereas the word “drainage” or “return” describe the concept of abnormal pulmonary venous return despite normal anatomical connection [65]. Appropriate wording should be applied depending on the individual case. By reviewing veterinary literature, the clinical manifestation of TAPVC or PAPVC can vary depending on the individual. Owing to the scarcity of these diseases, we still know little about them. Future reports, including studies before and after death, treatment options and related outcome, are warrant.
7. Conclusions
In this chapter, we describe the embryology, physiological function and congenital diseases associated with pulmonary veins. The developmental process of the cardiovascular system is complicated, and every step is crucial. The CTS, TAPVC and PAPVC are rare congenital cardiovascular diseases in human and other animals, and can be asymptomatic or life-threatening. The improvement of advance imaging modules helps in diagnosing these abnormalities, particularly those have multiple concurrent developmental diseases. Knowledges regarding to the treatment intervention in the veterinary medicine is much less than the human medicine, further studies are welcome to provide more information.
Acknowledgments
We really appreciate of Dong-Hua, Liu, who provided these wonderful drawings for our chapter.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"congenital, development, Cor triatriatum sinister, anomalous pulmonary venous connection, outcome",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78543.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78543.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78543",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78543",totalDownloads:169,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 12th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 23rd 2021",datePrePublished:"September 16th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"September 11th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Four pulmonary veins come from respective lung lobes drain oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. Failure of incorporation with the left atrium can lead to a condition, called Cor triatriatum sinister, that the left atrium is separated into two chambers by an abortive fibrous tissue. The venous system of lung and whole body communicate with each other in the earlier time and they will be disconnected in the following developmental process. Total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection refers to that there is/are some degree of the communication exists after birth, which can occur in different sites. In the veterinary field, retrospective studies and several case reports have been published to describe these rare congenital cardiovascular diseases in several species. More cases are need for better understanding their clinical manifestation, treatment options and outcomes.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78543",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78543",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",book:{id:"10665",type:"book",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Catrin Rutland and Prof. Samir El-Gendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-530-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-529-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-531-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The embryology of pulmonary veins",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. The anatomy of the pulmonary veins",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. The physiology and function of pulmonary veins",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Cor triatriatum sinister",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Anomalous pulmonary venous connection",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'O\'Rahilly R. Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 1979;9(4):273-280. DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(79)90068-6'},{id:"B2",body:'Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Developmental dynamics. 1992;195(4):231-272. DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001950404'},{id:"B3",body:'Anderson RH, Brown NA, Moorman AF. Development and structures of the venous pole of the heart. Developmental dynamics: an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 2006;235(1):2-9. DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20578'},{id:"B4",body:'van den Berg G, Moorman AF. Development of the pulmonary vein and the systemic venous sinus: an interactive 3D overview. PloS one. 2011;6(7):e22055.'},{id:"B5",body:'Hassani C, Saremi F. Comprehensive Cross-sectional Imaging of the Pulmonary Veins. Radiographics. 2017;37(7):1928-1954. 10.1148/rg.2017170050'},{id:"B6",body:'Douglas YL, Jongbloed MR, DeRuiter MC, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Normal and abnormal development of pulmonary veins: state of the art and correlation with clinical entities. International journal of cardiology. 2011;147(1):13-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.07.004'},{id:"B7",body:'Webb S, Kanani M, Anderson RH, Richardson MK, Brown NA. Development of the human pulmonary vein and its incorporation in the morphologically left atrium. Cardiology in the Young. 2001;11(6):632. DOI: 10.1017/s1047951101000993'},{id:"B8",body:'Neill CA. Development of the pulmonary veins: with reference to the embryology of anomalies of pulmonary venous return. Pediatrics. 1956;18(6):880-887.'},{id:"B9",body:'Holt D, Cole S, Anderson R, Miscelis R, Bridges C. The canine right caudal and accessory lobe pulmonary veins: revised anatomical description, clinical relevance, and embryological implications. Anatomia, histologia, embryologia. 2005;34(4):273-275.'},{id:"B10",body:'Polaczek M, Szaro P, Baranska I, Burakowska B, Ciszek B. Morphology and morphometry of pulmonary veins and the left atrium in multi-slice computed tomography. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2019;41(7):721-730. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02210-1'},{id:"B11",body:'Kittleson MD, Kienle RD. Small animal cardiovascular medicine. 1st ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998. 603 p.'},{id:"B12",body:'Rudolph AM. The changes in the circulation after birth: their importance in congenital heart disease. Circulation. 1970;41(2):343-359. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.41.2.343'},{id:"B13",body:'Chaliki HP, Hurrell DG, Nishimura RA, Reinke RA, Appleton CP. Pulmonary venous pressure: relationship to pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left atrial pressure in normal, lightly sedated dogs. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions. 2002;56(3):432-438.'},{id:"B14",body:'Boon JA. Veterinary echocardiography. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2011. 632 p.'},{id:"B15",body:'Hall JE. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2015. 1168 p. DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_327_17'},{id:"B16",body:'Church W. Congenital malformation of heart: abnormal septum in left auricle. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1868;19:188-190.'},{id:"B17",body:'Jegier W, Gibbons JE, Wiglesworth F. Cor triatriatum: Clinical, hemodynamic and pathological studies: Surgical correction in early life. Pediatrics. 1963;31(2):255-267.'},{id:"B18",body:'Wander K, Monnet E, Orton E. Surgical correction of cor triatriatum sinister in a kitten. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1998;34(5):383-386. DOI: 10.5326/15473317-34-5-383'},{id:"B19",body:'Koie H, Sato T, Nakagawa H, Sakai T. Cor triatriatum sinister in a cat. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41(3):128-131. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03180.x'},{id:"B20",body:'Heaney AM, Bulmer BJ. Cor triatriatum sinister and persistent left cranial vena cava in a kitten. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(6):895-898. DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<895:ctsapl>2.0.co;2'},{id:"B21",body:'Nakao S, Tanaka R, Hamabe L, Suzuki S, Hsu H-C, Fukushima R, et al. Cor triatriatum sinister with incomplete atrioventricular septal defect in a cat. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 2011;13(6):463-466. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.01.016'},{id:"B22",body:'Stern JA, Tou SP, Barker PC, Hill KD, Lodge AJ, Mathews KG, et al. Hybrid cutting balloon dilatation for treatment of cor triatriatum sinister in a cat. J Vet Cardiol. 2013;15(3):205-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2013.03.001'},{id:"B23",body:'Borenstein N, Gouni V, Behr L, Trehiou-Sechi E, Petit A, Misbach C, et al. Surgical treatment of cor triatriatum sinister in a cat under cardiopulmonary bypass. Vet Surg. 2015;44(8):964-969. DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12403'},{id:"B24",body:'Castagna P, Romito G, Toaldo MB. Cor triatriatum sinister in a dog. J Vet Cardiol. 2019;25:25-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.07.003'},{id:"B25",body:'Almeida GL, Almeida MB, Santos ACM, Mattos ÂV, Oliveira LS, Braga RC. Cor triatriatum sinister in a french bulldog. Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine. 2012;2012. DOI: 10.1155/2012/413020'},{id:"B26",body:'Champion T, Gava F, Garrido E, Galvão A, Camacho A. Cor triatriatum sinister and secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension in a dog. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2014;66(1):310-314. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-09352014000100042'},{id:"B27",body:'Chowdhury B, Xiang B, Muggenthaler M, Dolinsky VW, Triggs-Raine B. Hyaluronidase 2 deficiency is a molecular cause of cor triatriatum sinister in mice. International journal of cardiology. 2016;209:281-283. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.072'},{id:"B28",body:'Muggenthaler MM, Chowdhury B, Hasan SN, Cross HE, Mark B, Harlalka GV, et al. Mutations in HYAL2, encoding hyaluronidase 2, cause a syndrome of orofacial clefting and cor triatriatum sinister in humans and mice. PLoS genetics. 2017;13(1):e1006470. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006470'},{id:"B29",body:'Jha AK, Makhija N. Cor triatriatum: a review. Seminars in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2017;21(2):178-185. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-017-1197-8'},{id:"B30",body:'Al Kindi HN, Shehata M, Ibrahim AM, Roshdy M, Simry W, Aguib Y, et al. Cor Triatriatum Sinister (Divided Left Atrium): Histopathologic Features and Clinical Management. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2020;110(4):1380-1386. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.025'},{id:"B31",body:'Fuchs MM, Connolly HM, Said SM, Egbe AC. Outcomes in patients with cor triatriatum sinister. Congenital heart disease. 2018;13(4):628-632. DOI: 10.1111/chd.12624'},{id:"B32",body:'Van Son JA, danielson GK, schaff HV, puga FJ, seward JB, hagler DJ, et al. Cor triatriatum: diagnosis, operative approach, and late results. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1993;68(9):854-859. DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60693-4'},{id:"B33",body:'Yang P, Chang C, Lee C, Lin M, Shih J. Cor triatriatum sinister presenting in the fetus: beware of association with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2015;45(5):622-624. DOI: 10.1002/uog.14710'},{id:"B34",body:'Fine DM, Tobias AH, Jacob KA. Supravalvular mitral stenosis in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2002;38(5):403-406. DOI: 10.5326/0380403'},{id:"B35",body:'Relan J, Choubey M, Kothari SS. Supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with cor triatriatum sinister: A rare diagnosis confirmed by saline contrast echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2020. DOI: 10.1111/echo.14914'},{id:"B36",body:'Arthur Garson, J. Timothy Bricker, McNamara DG. The science and practice of pediatric cardiology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1990. 2557 p.'},{id:"B37",body:'Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. Journal of the American college of cardiology. 2002;39(12):1890-1900. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01886-7'},{id:"B38",body:'Brody H. Drainage of the pulmonary veins into the right side of the heart. Arch Pathol. 1942;33:221-240. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8703(42)91031-7'},{id:"B39",body:'Healey Jr JE. An anatomic survey of anomalous pulmonary veins: their clinical significance. Journal of Thoracic Surgery. 1952;23(5):433-444. DOI: 10.1016/S0096-5588(20)31117-X'},{id:"B40",body:'Patterson DF. Canine congenital heart disease: epidemiology and etiological hypotheses. J Small Anim Pract. 1971;12(5):263-287. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1971.tb06231.x'},{id:"B41",body:'Hilwig R, Bishop S. Anomalous pulmonary venous return in a Great Dane. American journal of veterinary research. 1975;36(2):229-233.'},{id:"B42",body:'Hogan DF, Green HW, 3rd, Van Alstine WG. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in a dog. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16(3):303-308. DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0303:tapvdi>2.3.co;2'},{id:"B43",body:'Bode EF, Longo M, Breheny C, Del-Pozo J, Culshaw GJ, Martinez-Pereira Y. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a mature dog. J Vet Cardiol. 2019;21:10-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.003'},{id:"B44",body:'Aihara N, Horiuchi N, Hikichi N, Ochiai M, Ishikawa Y, Oishi K. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a chicken. Avian Dis. 2013;57(1):140-142. DOI: 10.1637/10210-041712-Case.1'},{id:"B45",body:'Seco Diaz O, Desrochers A, Hoffmann V, Reef VB. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a foal. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2005;46(1):83-85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00017.x'},{id:"B46",body:'Fujii Y, Ishikawa T, Sunahara H, Sugimoto K, Kanai E, Kayanuma H, et al. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in 2 Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(2):678-681. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12272'},{id:"B47",body:'Thorn CL, Ford NR, Sleeper MM. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a dog. J Vet Cardiol. 2017;19(5):448-454. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.08.002'},{id:"B48",body:'Mizuno T, Mizuno M, Harada K, Takano H, Shinoda A, Takahashi A, et al. Surgical correction for sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a dog. J Vet Cardiol. 2020;28:23-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.01.006'},{id:"B49",body:'Nicolson G, Daley M, Makara M, Beijerink N. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with suspected pulmonary hypertension in a cat. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17:S354-S359. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.05.003'},{id:"B50",body:'Hsueh T, Yang CC, Lin SL, Chan IP. Symptomatic partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a kitten. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(6):2677-2681. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15934'},{id:"B51",body:'Shively M. Anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;166(11):1102-1103.'},{id:"B52",body:'Craig JM, Darling RC, Rothney WB. Total pulmonary venous drainage into the right side of the heart: report of 17 autopsied cases not associated with other major cardiovascular anomalies. Lab Invest. 1957;6(1):44-64.'},{id:"B53",body:'Katre R, Burns SK, Murillo H, Lane MJ, Restrepo CS. Anomalous pulmonary venous connections. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI. 2012;33(6):485-499. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2012.07.001'},{id:"B54",body:'Herlong JR, Jaggers JJ, Ungerleider RM. Congenital heart surgery nomenclature and database project: pulmonary venous anomalies. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2000;69(3):56-69. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01237-0'},{id:"B55",body:'Ferguson EC, Krishnamurthy R, Oldham SA. Classic imaging signs of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities. Radiographics. 2007;27(5):1323-1334. DOI: 10.1148/rg.275065148'},{id:"B56",body:'Files MD, Morray B. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection: Preoperative Anatomy, Physiology, Imaging, and Interventional Management of Postoperative Pulmonary Venous Obstruction. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;21(2):123-131. DOI: 10.1177/1089253216672442'},{id:"B57",body:'Shi G, Zhu Z, Chen J, Ou Y, Hong H, Nie Z, et al. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection: The Current Management Strategies in a Pediatric Cohort of 768 Patients. Circulation. 2017;135(1):48-58. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023889'},{id:"B58",body:'Toyoshima M, Sato A, Fukumoto Y, Taniguchi M, Imokawa S, Takayama S, et al. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return showing anomalous venous return to the azygos vein. Internal Medicine. 1992;31(9):1112-1116. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.31.1112'},{id:"B59",body:'Blake HA, Hall RJ, Manion WC. Anomalous pulmonary venous return. Circulation. 1965;32(3):406-414. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.32.3.406'},{id:"B60",body:'Alsoufi B, Cai S, Van Arsdell GS, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Coles JG. Outcomes after surgical treatment of children with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2007;84(6):2020-2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.046'},{id:"B61",body:'Haramati LB, Moche IE, Rivera VT, Patel PV, Heyneman L, McAdams HP, et al. Computed tomography of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in adults. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27(5):743-749. DOI: 10.1097/00004728-200309000-00011'},{id:"B62",body:'Ho ML, Bhalla S, Bierhals A, Gutierrez F. MDCT of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) in adults. J Thorac Imaging. 2009;24(2):89-95. DOI: 10.1097/RTI.0b013e318194c942'},{id:"B63",body:'El-Kersh K, Homsy E, Daniels CJ, Smith JS. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: A case series with management approach. Respir Med Case Rep. 2019;27:100833. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100833'},{id:"B64",body:'Pace Napoleone C, Mariucci E, Angeli E, Oppido G, Gargiulo GD. Sinus node dysfunction after partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147(5):1594-1598. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.07.058'},{id:"B65",body:'Mascarenhas E, Javier RP, Samet P. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and drainage. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31(4):512-518. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(73)90304-4'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Chan I-Ping",address:"cutejamie.tw@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10665",type:"book",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Catrin Rutland and Prof. Samir El-Gendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-530-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-529-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-531-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",email:"maria.zavala1@upr.edu",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"77968",title:"History and Geographic Distribution of Chikungunya Virus",slug:"history-and-geographic-distribution-of-chikungunya-virus",abstract:"Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by an arbovirus endemic to Africa and Asia. It was initially seen in the early 1950s at the boundary of Tanzania and Mozambique. Due to the ease with which its vectors propagate, the virus has spread to India, Europe, and recently it arrived in the Caribbean, eventually extending into North, Central, and South America. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most common clinical manifestations are abrupt fever, polyarthralgia, headache, maculopapular rash, myalgia, and nausea/vomiting. Severe joint pain and stiffness have been known to incapacitate some patients from a few days to several months after infection. The re-emergence of the CHIKV and its spread to new places around the globe has encouraged the development of new preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies. This chapter will discuss the history of CHIKV and expanding geographic distribution.",signatures:"Maria Zavala-Colon and Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",authors:[{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",email:"juan.gonzalez30@upr.edu"},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Zavala-Colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",email:"maria.zavala1@upr.edu"}],book:{id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"335859",title:"Dr.",name:"Fleury",surname:"Augustin Nsole Biteghe",slug:"fleury-augustin-nsole-biteghe",fullName:"Fleury Augustin Nsole Biteghe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"338853",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tri Baskoro Tunggul",surname:"Satoto",slug:"tri-baskoro-tunggul-satoto",fullName:"Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"342462",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Merhawi Debesai",surname:"Oqbazgi",slug:"merhawi-debesai-oqbazgi",fullName:"Merhawi Debesai Oqbazgi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345816",title:"Dr.",name:"Chalomie",surname:"Nyangone Ekome Toung",slug:"chalomie-nyangone-ekome-toung",fullName:"Chalomie Nyangone Ekome Toung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sun Yat-sen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"345817",title:"Mr.",name:"Arnaud John",surname:"Kombe Kombe",slug:"arnaud-john-kombe-kombe",fullName:"Arnaud John Kombe Kombe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Science and Technology of China",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"345818",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahir. B",surname:"Dar",slug:"tahir.-b-dar",fullName:"Tahir. B Dar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345850",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"De La Croix Ndong",slug:"jean-de-la-croix-ndong",fullName:"Jean De La Croix Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345851",title:"Ms.",name:"Neelakshi",surname:"Mungra",slug:"neelakshi-mungra",fullName:"Neelakshi Mungra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"why-publish-with-intechopen",title:"Why publish with IntechOpen?",intro:"
IntechOpen offers several publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.
",metaTitle:"Why publish with IntechOpen?",metaDescription:"IntechOpen offers publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/why-publish-with-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
What makes IntechOpen such a good choice?
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
Over 5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized process enables publication in 8–12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support each step of the way
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Strongest OA platform with over 180 million downloads
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
Over 5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized process enables publication in 8–12 months
\n\t
Personal support each step of the way
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Strongest OA platform with over 180 million downloads
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"378d957561b27c86b750a9c7841a5d18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06316c41a6f6317ad2bee244dc98c6a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:792},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"60",title:"Oncology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-oncology",parent:{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:15,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:253,numberOfWosCitations:92,numberOfCrossrefCitations:110,numberOfDimensionsCitations:209,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"60",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10477",title:"Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma and Neuroblastoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4b534c4c57be0eaa9c5624c7e2b139",slug:"pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma-and-neuroblastoma",bookSignature:"Pasquale Cianci, Enrico Restini and Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10477.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef76300610ffb907be22bc3e2fc6c4b3",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10925",title:"Our Journey Beyond Sunset Boulevard",subtitle:"Evidence-based Analysis of Tumor-Targeted Gene- and Immuno-Therapies Shine a Critical Spotlight on “True” Long-Term Cancer-Free Survival",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfa58123fb73c9a32fc344a3683d2126",slug:"our-journey-beyond-sunset-boulevard-evidence-based-analysis-of-tumor-targeted-gene-and-immuno-therapies-shine-a-critical-spotlight-on-true-long-term-cancer-free-survival",bookSignature:"Erlinda M. Gordon and Frederick L. Hall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10925.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"333221",title:"Dr.",name:"Erlinda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",slug:"erlinda-m.-gordon",fullName:"Erlinda M. Gordon"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"337004",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederick",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"frederick-hall",fullName:"Frederick Hall",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/337004/images/system/337004.jpg",biography:"Dr. Frederick L. Hall, Ph.D., is an American scientist whose work in chemical carcinogenesis and molecular cybernetics established the biochemistries and molecular genetics of 'Stem Cell Competence” governing the animal cell division cycle. His research laboratory at CHLA discovered/cloned or helped characterize the human EGFr-associated (HERA) Map kinase signaling pathway and the cyclin-dependent kinase pathway in cancer. His pioneering work with Dr. Erlinda M. Gordon, MD, developed DeltaRex-G (formerly Rexin-G) from bench to bedside, establishing Cyclin G1 blockade (dnG1, silver bullet) as a singular, pivotal, and strategic locus for applied/targeted cancer gene therapy. Dr. Hall served progressively as Director of Research in the departments of orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and colorectal cancer surgeries at the USC Keck School of Medicine; former President, CEO, and CSO of Epeius Biotechnologies; acting CSO of the Aveni Foundation rescue mission; current partner in Counterpoint Biomedica and Delta NextGene supportive biotechnology firms. Dr. Hall received the Smith Award for Excellence in Biomedical Research in 1995.",institutionString:"Delta Next-Gene, LLC, Santa Monica",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7015",title:"Translational Research in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb3276a0256cf8258f16ca0a61386cde",slug:"translational-research-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Sivapatham Sundaresan and Yeun-Hwa Gu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7015.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187272",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivapatham",middleName:null,surname:"Sundaresan",slug:"sivapatham-sundaresan",fullName:"Sivapatham Sundaresan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9172",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8b318b3a8c31c386efa132b578a70a8",slug:"current-cancer-treatment",bookSignature:"Mirjana Rajer and Eva Segelov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194329",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Rajer",slug:"mirjana-rajer",fullName:"Mirjana Rajer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8211",title:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:"Hallmark and Treatment Modalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e63d63ba8635c79e016991a3047f77d1",slug:"squamous-cell-carcinoma-hallmark-and-treatment-modalities",bookSignature:"Hamid Elia Daaboul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214249",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamid",middleName:"Elia",surname:"Daaboul",slug:"hamid-daaboul",fullName:"Hamid Daaboul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7054",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0232a5ce1df00d20fe0f0189595886e4",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",bookSignature:"Liliana Streba, Dan Ionut Gheonea and Michael Schenker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92199",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Streba",slug:"liliana-streba",fullName:"Liliana Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8322",title:"Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1f92f63e67400b51488fe66c51fc342",slug:"gene-expression-profiling-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Vlachakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179110",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:"P.",surname:"Vlachakis",slug:"dimitrios-vlachakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Vlachakis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7281",title:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"728df4ace35f652725e5b94da45d0c4d",slug:"oncogenes-and-carcinogenesis",bookSignature:"Pinar Erkekoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7250",title:"Cancer Survivorship",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf8054394c93ff635e50eb4ac8cc8d3a",slug:"cancer-survivorship",bookSignature:"Dil Afroze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7250.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"244441",title:"Prof.",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Afroze",slug:"dil-afroze",fullName:"Dil Afroze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6813",title:"Cancer Prognosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"003e408f4cf707dd4bbf3332fe49eeb0",slug:"cancer-prognosis",bookSignature:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182568",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy-Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Lemamy",slug:"guy-joseph-lemamy",fullName:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60895",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76558",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:2968,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64307",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81773",title:"The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Gene Expression Regulation",slug:"the-role-of-long-noncoding-rnas-in-gene-expression-regulation",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Accumulating evidence highlights that noncoding RNAs, especially the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are critical regulators of gene expression in development, differentiation, and human diseases, such as cancers and heart diseases. The regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs have been categorized into four major archetypes: signals, decoys, scaffolds, and guides. Increasing evidence points that lncRNAs are able to regulate almost every cellular process by their binding to proteins, mRNAs, miRNA, and/or DNAs. In this review, we present the recent research advances about the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA in gene expression at various levels, including pretranscription, transcription regulation, and posttranscription regulation. We also introduce the interaction between lncRNA and DNA, RNA and protein, and the bioinformatics applications on lncRNA research.",book:{id:"8322",slug:"gene-expression-profiling-in-cancer",title:"Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer",fullTitle:"Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer"},signatures:"Zhijin Li, Weiling Zhao, Maode Wang and Xiaobo Zhou",authors:null},{id:"64178",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81517",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2710,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"61662",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78271",title:"The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker: Molecular Insights into HER2 Activation and Diagnostic Implications",slug:"the-human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-her2-as-a-prognostic-and-predictive-biomarker-molecular",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein. HER2 gene amplification and receptor overexpression, which occur in 15–20% of breast cancer patients, are important markers for poor prognosis. Moreover, HER2-positive status is considered a predictive marker of response to HER2 inhibitors including trastuzumab and lapatinib. Therefore, reliable HER2 determination is essential to determine the eligibility of breast cancer patients to targeted anti-HER2 therapies. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate important aspects of the HER2 receptor as well as the molecular consequences of its aberrant constitutive activation in breast cancer. In addition, we will present the methods that can be used for the evaluation of HER2 status at different levels (protein, RNA, and DNA level) in clinical practice.",book:{id:"6813",slug:"cancer-prognosis",title:"Cancer Prognosis",fullTitle:"Cancer Prognosis"},signatures:"Daniela Furrer, Claudie Paquet, Simon Jacob and Caroline Diorio",authors:null},{id:"67964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87963",title:"Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Tumor Progression and Metastasis: Promoter or Protection?",slug:"protein-tyrosine-phosphatases-in-tumor-progression-and-metastasis-promoter-or-protection-",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, executed by kinases and phosphatases, is the major posttranslational protein modification in eukaryotic cells, causing them to become activated or deactivated. This intracellular event represents a critical regulatory mechanism of several signaling pathways and can be related to a broad number of diseases, including cancer. Few decades ago, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) were considered as tumor suppressors. However, nowadays, accumulating evidence demonstrates that a misregulation of PTP activities plays a crucial and decisive role in cancer progression and metastasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the molecular aspects that support the crucial role of PTPs in cancer and in turn make them promising for prediction, monitoring, and rational appropriate therapy selection of individual patients.",book:{id:"8002",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis"},signatures:"Carmen V. Ferreira-Halder, Stefano Piatto Clerici, Alessandra V. Sousa Faria, Patrícia Fernandes de Souza Oliveira, Helon Guimarães Cordeiro and Erica Akagi",authors:[{id:"61709",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"carmen-ferreira",fullName:"Carmen Ferreira"},{id:"307647",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Piatto Clerici",slug:"stefano-piatto-clerici",fullName:"Stefano Piatto Clerici"},{id:"307648",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Alessandra",middleName:"V. S.",surname:"Faria",slug:"alessandra-faria",fullName:"Alessandra Faria"},{id:"307649",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"patricia-oliveira",fullName:"Patrícia Oliveira"},{id:"307650",title:"MSc.",name:"Helon",middleName:null,surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"helon-cordeiro",fullName:"Helon Cordeiro"},{id:"307651",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica",middleName:null,surname:"Akagi",slug:"erica-akagi",fullName:"Erica Akagi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60895",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:2968,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64178",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2710,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"70898",title:"MicroRNA: A Signature for Cancer Diagnostics",slug:"microrna-a-signature-for-cancer-diagnostics",totalDownloads:933,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Various tools and techniques are being used for the diagnosis of cancer, but not a sole technique provides powerful result at the very early stages of cancer. This provides the need for type of tools which could detect cancer at early stages so that survival rate could be augmented. There are various diagnostic ways to identify cancer, but in each case, there are always circumstances to compromise on the sensitivity. In this framework, a new and more advanced approach of diagnosis for cancer is microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are conserved regions among humans and animals, and their synthesis takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm. There are several types of microRNAs that could be upregulated and downregulated in various cancers. A cancer cell could be identified by measurement of the expression pattern of miRNA. By examining the expression level for different types of cancers, miRNA can be used as biomarker for early detection of cancer in human beings.",book:{id:"9172",slug:"current-cancer-treatment",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment"},signatures:"Ayesha Siddiqua, Sumaira Kousar, Amer Jamil, Riaz Tabassum, Tariq Mehmood and Nusrat Shafiq",authors:null},{id:"63685",title:"A Molecular Link between the Circadian Clock, DNA Damage Responses, and Oncogene Activation",slug:"a-molecular-link-between-the-circadian-clock-dna-damage-responses-and-oncogene-activation",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circadian clocks enhance the efficiency and survival of living things by organizing their behavior and body functions. There has been a long history of research seeking a link between circadian clock and tumorigenesis. Studies of animal models and human tumor samples have revealed that the dysregulation of circadian clocks is an important endogenous factor causing mammalian cancer development. The core circadian clock regulators have been implicated in the control of both the cell cycle and DNA damage responses (DDR). Conversely, several intracellular signaling cascades that play important roles in regulation of the cell cycle and the DDR also contribute to circadian clock regulation. This review describes selected regulatory aspects of circadian clocks, providing evidence of a molecular link of the circadian clocks with cellular DDR.",book:{id:"7281",slug:"oncogenes-and-carcinogenesis",title:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis",fullTitle:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis"},signatures:"Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida, Junko Izawa and Jun Hirayama",authors:[{id:"246364",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Hirayama",slug:"jun-hirayama",fullName:"Jun Hirayama"}]},{id:"67447",title:"Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma",slug:"molecular-pathogenesis-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma",totalDownloads:3726,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Oral carcinogenesis is a molecular and histological multistage process featuring genetic and phenotypic molecular markers which involves enhanced function of several protooncogenes, oncogenes and/or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes, resulting in the over activity of growth factors and its cell surface receptors, which could enhance messenger signaling intracellularly, and/or leads to the increased production of transcription factors. Alone oncogenes are not responsible for carcinogenesis, genes having tumor suppressor activity, leads to a phenotypic change in cell which is responsible for increased cell proliferation, loss of cellular cohesion, and the ability to infiltrate local tissue and spread to distant sites. Understanding the molecular interplay of both onco and tumor genes will allow more accurate diagnosis and assessment of prognosis, which might lead the way for novel approaches to treatment.",book:{id:"8211",slug:"squamous-cell-carcinoma-hallmark-and-treatment-modalities",title:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma",fullTitle:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Hallmark and Treatment Modalities"},signatures:"Anshi Jain",authors:[{id:"280692",title:"Dr.",name:"Anshi",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"anshi-jain",fullName:"Anshi Jain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"60",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. Prof. Rashed was recognized in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists in 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"39",type:"subseries",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11967,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",slug:"elke-jurandy-bran-nogueira-cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",slug:"sandra-ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81188",title:"Structure- and Design-Based Difficulties in Recombinant Protein Purification in Bacterial Expression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103958",signatures:"Kubra Acikalin Coskun, Nazlıcan Yurekli, Elif Cansu Abay, Merve Tutar, Mervenur Al and Yusuf Tutar",slug:"structure-and-design-based-difficulties-in-recombinant-protein-purification-in-bacterial-expression",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Nazlican",surname:"Yurekli"},{name:"Merve",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Mervenur",surname:"Al"},{name:"Elif Cansu",surname:"Abay"},{name:"Kubra",surname:"Acikalin Coskun"}],book:{title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"79353",title:"Protein Detection in Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Prevalent Neurodegenerative Diseases and Metabolic Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101051",signatures:"Ohanube A.K. Goodluck, Obeta M. Uchejeso and Ikeagwulonu R. Chinaza",slug:"protein-detection-in-clinical-diagnosis-and-management-of-prevalent-neurodegenerative-diseases-and-m",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/337446",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"337446"},fullPath:"/profiles/337446",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()