\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7439",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Photoacoustic Imaging - Principles, Advances and Applications",title:"Photoacoustic Imaging",subtitle:"Principles, Advances and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging non-invasive imaging modality that integrates the advantages of deep ultrasound penetration and high optical contrast. It provides better resolution than pure ultrasonic imaging and deeper penetration than pure optical imaging. Hence, it is opening new frontiers in diagnostic imaging. Photoacoustic Imaging - Principles, Advances and Applications, provides interested readers with the principle knowledge, advanced methodologies, and new applications associated with PAI technology. Written by expert researchers, chapters cover such topics as the generation and detection of photoacoustic signals, sound source localization, image reconstruction and formation, and application of PAI in gastroenterology and ophthalmology.",isbn:"978-1-78984-767-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-766-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-623-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75344",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"photoacoustic-imaging-principles-advances-and-applications",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"05982e7eb4c7f3f165306f9b136a8ae4",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7439.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5134,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 14th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 27th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 15th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",biography:"Reda R. Gharieb, Ph.D. is a Professor of Biomedical and Bioelectronics Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt. He served as a scientist in Japan and the United States. He worked for Fairway Medical Technologies Inc. and Seno Medical Instruments Inc., Texas, USA, on their photoacoustic imaging (PAI) technology. He developed algorithms for 2D image reconstruction in PAI of breast and prostate cancers. He also developed an algorithm for 3D image reconstruction in PAI of a small animal, using a rotated ARC-shaped sensor array. Dr. Gharieb has authored three books, four book chapters, two patents, and about sixty papers. He has also edited two books. His research interests include signal/image processing, modeling and simulation, statistical and scientific computing, bioinstrumentation, and computed tomography.",institutionString:"Assiut University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"688",title:"Biomedical Acoustics",slug:"biomedical-acoustics"}],chapters:[{id:"71762",title:"Photoacoustic Imaging for Cancer Diagnosis: A Breast Tumor Example",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92084",slug:"photoacoustic-imaging-for-cancer-diagnosis-a-breast-tumor-example",totalDownloads:694,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photoacoustic (PA) imaging utilizes laser pulses to deliver energy to an examined object for the generation of ultrasonic waves. Thus, it provides a noninvasive and nonionizing imaging modality. Therefore, it has found clinical use for cancer diagnosis in different organs, e.g., breast, prostate, and thyroid nodules. It offers morphological, functional, and molecular imaging. Moreover, the oxygen saturation in a body can be computed by calculating the wavelength-dependent light absorption coefficients at two different wavelengths. In this chapter, the principle of the PA imaging is introduced for the present book.",signatures:"Reda R. Gharieb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71762",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71762",authors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],corrections:null},{id:"69765",title:"Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Gaseous and Condensed Matter",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88840",slug:"photoacoustic-spectroscopy-of-gaseous-and-condensed-matter",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A brief historical account of photoacoustic (PA) effect is followed by a simple mathematical model for the generation of PA signals due to nonradiative transitions in atoms and molecules. Some experimental setups, with microphone and piezoelectric transducers, are described for recording PA spectra of gaseous, solid, and liquid samples. Applications of PA spectroscopy in the investigation of harmful chemicals are presented with illustrative examples. The principle of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is discussed along with examples of molecular imaging of biological tissue and internal organs in small animals.",signatures:"Surya Narayan Thakur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69765",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69765",authors:[{id:"285227",title:"Dr.",name:"Surya",surname:"Thakur",slug:"surya-thakur",fullName:"Surya Thakur"}],corrections:null},{id:"68311",title:"A Balanced Slew-Rate High-Voltage Integrated Bipolar Pulse Generator for Medical Ultrasonic Imaging Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88292",slug:"a-balanced-slew-rate-high-voltage-integrated-bipolar-pulse-generator-for-medical-ultrasonic-imaging-",totalDownloads:696,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes the use of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology to develop balanced slew-rate pulse generators for medical ultrasound scanners, especially for multi-channel portable systems. Since ultrasonic transducers are usually composed of piezoelectric materials, most of which are capacitive, and the resonant frequency is usually in the order of tens of MHz, it is preferred to convert the high-frequency excited signals into high-voltage pulses to efficiently drive the transducers. In addition, the second harmonic leakage of the high-voltage pulse signal output by the pulse generator needs to be controlled such that the pulse generator can be applied to tissue harmonic imaging. Based on these considerations, the pulse generator architecture with balanced rising and falling edges proposed in this chapter is designed by synthesizing low-power, high-speed level shifters and a high-voltage H-bridge output stage to output high-voltage pulse signals with low harmonic distortion. The entire circuit integrates an 8-channel pulse generator, producing pulse signals >100 Vpp. The rise and fall times of the pulses are within 18.6 and 18.5 ns, respectively. The overall quiescent current is <60 uA (including the on-chip power supply). The output current drive capability is >2 A and the second harmonic distortion is as low as −40 dBc, indicating that the integrated pulse generator can be used in advanced, portable ultrasonic harmonic imaging systems.",signatures:"Chin Hsia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68311",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68311",authors:[{id:"287983",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chin",surname:"Hsia",slug:"chin-hsia",fullName:"Chin Hsia"}],corrections:null},{id:"71121",title:"Determination of the Source Localization and the Beginning Time of the Acoustic Signal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91199",slug:"determination-of-the-source-localization-and-the-beginning-time-of-the-acoustic-signal",totalDownloads:529,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For the problem of PAT, that is, determining the coordinates and the beginning time of an acoustic signal, it is necessary to carry out synchronized registration of acoustic signals of a source using a multichannel receiving system. Synchronously recorded signals are the signals with a delayed (long) front. A threshold method is proposed for determining the arrival time of noisy acoustic signals with a delayed front based on the evaluation of an adaptive threshold. An approach that allows to reduce the problem of determining the coordinates and the beginning time of an acoustic signal to solving a system of linear algebraic equations is proposed. Matrix A of the system of linear algebraic equations depends on the arrival times of synchronized registered signals (source coordinates). Therefore, when collecting data for a given geometry of the product and the location of the receivers, it is necessary to calculate areas, where matrix A is ill-conditioned. Areas of poor conditionality of matrix A should be excluded from the permissible areas of location of sources of acoustic signals. For these areas there will certainly be poor accuracy. The results of simulation and experimental testing of the developed PAT technologies are presented.",signatures:"Rostyslav Romanyshyn, Galyna Romanyshyn and Igor Romanyshyn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71121",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71121",authors:[{id:"288535",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Igor",surname:"Romanyshyn",slug:"igor-romanyshyn",fullName:"Igor Romanyshyn"},{id:"288772",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rostyslav",surname:"Romanyshyn",slug:"rostyslav-romanyshyn",fullName:"Rostyslav Romanyshyn"},{id:"288773",title:"M.A.",name:"Galyna",surname:"Romanyshyn",slug:"galyna-romanyshyn",fullName:"Galyna Romanyshyn"}],corrections:null},{id:"67031",title:"Photoacoustic Imaging in Gastroenterology: Advances and Needs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86051",slug:"photoacoustic-imaging-in-gastroenterology-advances-and-needs",totalDownloads:1085,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gastroenterologists routinely use optical imaging and ultrasound for the minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancerous tumors in gastrointestinal tract and related organs. Recent advances in gastroenterological photoacoustics represent combination of multispectral and multiscale photoacoustic (PA), ultrasound (US), and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging. The novel PA endoscopic methods have been evaluated in preclinical models using catheter-based miniature probes either noncontact, all-optical, forward-viewing probe or contact, side-viewing probe combined with ultrasound (esophagus and colon). The deep-tissue PA tomography has been applied to preclinical research on targeted contrast agents (pancreatic cancer) using benchtop experimental setups. The clinical studies engaging human tissue ex vivo have been performed on endoscopic mucosal resection tissue with PA-US tomography system and intraoperative imaging of pancreatic tissue with PA and NIR fluorescence multimodality. These emerging PA methods are very promising for early cancer detection and prospective theranostics. The noninvasive transabdominal examination with PA-US handheld probe has been implemented into clinical trials for the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. To facilitate translational and clinical research in PA imaging in gastroenterology, we discuss potential clinical impact and limitations of the proposed solutions and future needs.",signatures:"Sheena Bhushan, Sharmila Anandasabapathy and Elena Petrova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67031",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67031",authors:[{id:"286396",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elena",surname:"Petrova",slug:"elena-petrova",fullName:"Elena Petrova"},{id:"290951",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharmila",surname:"Anandasabapathy",slug:"sharmila-anandasabapathy",fullName:"Sharmila Anandasabapathy"},{id:"295676",title:"M.D.",name:"Sheena",surname:"Bhushan",slug:"sheena-bhushan",fullName:"Sheena Bhushan"}],corrections:null},{id:"66934",title:"Photoacoustic Imaging of the Eye",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86050",slug:"photoacoustic-imaging-of-the-eye",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a novel, hybrid, non-ionizing, and non-invasive imaging technology with high-resolution, high sensitivity, high-contrast, and high depth of penetration. Hence, it has particularly useful applications in eye investigations. It can provide both anatomic and functional ocular characterizations. Many eye diseases, including macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, involve abnormalities in the vasculature, and thus the ability of PAI to affectively visualize the vasculature can be incredibly helpful to evaluate normal and disease states of the eye. In future research, PAI of the eye can be dramatically improved in terms of its resolution, use of contrast agents for molecular imaging, safety evaluations to develop a clinically approved system, and integration with existing fundus imaging modalities. Multimodality ocular imaging platforms have also been successfully developed by a combination of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) with other optical imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), and fluorescence microscopy (FM). The multimodal images can accurately be acquired from a single imaging system and co-registered on the same image plane, enabling improved evaluation of eye disease states. In this book chapter, the potential application of photoacoustic imaging of the eye in both research and clinical diagnosis are comprehensively discussed as a powerful medical screening technique for visualization of various ocular diseases.",signatures:"Yanxiu Li and Yannis Mantas Paulus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66934",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66934",authors:[{id:"286337",title:"M.D.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Paulus",slug:"yannis-paulus",fullName:"Yannis Paulus"},{id:"294404",title:"Ms.",name:"Yanxiu",surname:"Li",slug:"yanxiu-li",fullName:"Yanxiu Li"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3008",title:"Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd1f79b8d401570af1db3f9b7548d627",slug:"practical-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Adriano O. 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\r\n\tBismuth-based nanostructured materials have received increasing research interest in the past decades, especially for their applications in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. New bismuth-based nanostructured materials have been fabricated, and their optical and electronic structures can be fine-tuned via various synthetic approaches. These bismuth-based materials have been widely applied in photocatalysis (NOx removal, VOCs purification, CO2 reduction, water splitting, organic pollutants degradation, heavy metals reduction) and electrocatalysis (nitrogen fixation, CO2 reduction, water electrolysis, organic synthesis). The rapid development in this field needs a comprehensive summary to reflect the new advances in recent years. The aim of this project is to invite researchers worldwide to contribute to this field and promote the developments in the synthesis, characterization, structure-property relationship determination, and application of bismuth-based catalysts, proposing organized materials, challenges, and prospects to guide future works. The content of this book could attract broad interest from diverse fields of materials, catalysis, chemistry, environment, medicine, energy, and engineering.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-048-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-047-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-049-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"951c872d9d90e13cfe7d97c0af91845e",bookSignature:"Dr. William Wilson Anku",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11467.jpg",keywords:"Semiconductor, Synthesis, Morphology, Shape Control, Metal Doping, Surface Modification, Catalysis, Photocatalysis, Photoelectrochemical, Nitrogen Fixation, Energy Conversion, Environmental Remediation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. William Wilson Anku is a Research Scientist at CSIR- Water Research Institute, Accra-Ghana. He has co-authored 37 papers in renowned peer-reviewed scientific publications with over 590 citations resulting in an H-index of 12.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196465/images/system/196465.jpg",biography:'Curriculum Vitae\n of \nDr William Wilson Anku\n________________________________________\nCSIR- Water Research Institute,\nP. O. Box AH 38, \nAchimota-Accra, Ghana\n\nPrimary Email Address: williamanku85@gmail.com \nAlternate Email Address: williamanku@csir.org.gh \nMobile Numbers: +233547507987/+233577035326 \nGoogle Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tK_Q8UQAAAAJ&hl=en\nORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-6130\nResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Wilson_Anku/research\n\nPersonal Information:\nSurname: Anku\nFirst Names: William Wilson\nGender: Male\nCitizenship: Ghanaian\nDate of birth: 20/12/1976\n\nResearch Interests:\n1. Design of nanoparticles with unique structural and physical properties, and the assessment of their structure-property relationships. \n2. Development and evaluation of photocatalytic, ion exchange, adsorption/filtration properties of metal oxide semiconductors and agro-industrial wastes-based nanomaterials for their practical application in water/wastewater treatment \n3. Water/wastewater treatment\t\n\nEducation:\n2015 – 2018: PhD Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.\n2005 – 2008: MSc Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &\n Technology, Ghana.\n1999 – 2003: BSc Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana\n1995 – 1997: Secondary School Certificate, Saint Augustine’s College, Cape Coast, Ghana. \n\nEmployment History:\n1.\tResearch Scientist (March 2019-present): CSIR-Water Research Institute, \nAccra-Ghana.\n2.\tPostdoctoral Research Fellow (February 2018 – January 2019): Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa \n3.\tTeaching Assistant/Tutor (June 2015 – November 2016): Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa \n4.\tChemistry Tutor (January 2007-September 2014): Effiduase Senior High School, Effiduase-Ashanti (Ghana Education Service).\n\nSupervision of junior researchers at the graduate and postgraduate level:\n1.\tPhD thesis supervision:\n(a) Student Name: Michael Kumi\nInstitution: Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa.\nThesis title: Integrated bone and biochar bed for contaminant removal from groundwater. (In progress).\n\n(b) Student Name: George Atongo Atia\n Institution: Department of chemistry, KNUST, Kumasi\n Thesis title: Fabrication of CNTs-metal oxide/polymer chemical sensors for gas sensor\n application and computational studies. (In progress).\n\n2.\tMSc Thesis supervision:\n(a) Student Name: Esther Acheampong \nInstitution: Department of Chemical Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi\n Thesis title: Synthesis of polysulphide intercalated layered double hydroxides for\n adsorption processes. (Completed).\n\n(b)\tStudent Name: Sechaba Menyadi\nInstitution: Department of Applied Chemistry, UJ, South Africa.\nThesis title: Improving the thermoelectric performance of zinc oxide with Al3+, In3+ \nand 2D materials through the formation of superlattice structures. (Completed).\n\n(c)\tStudent Name: Nokuthula Ndaba\nInstitution: Department of Applied Chemistry, UJ, South Africa.\n Thesis title: Isolation and characterization of Drimia delagoensis phytochemicals and\n their application in diabetic foot ulcer treatment. (Completed).\n\nExternal examination of PhD/MSc theses and proposal reviews:\n1.\tExternal examination of a PhD thesis from the Chemical Engineering Department of Vaal University of Technology, South Africa, 2021.\n2.\tExternal examination of PhD thesis from the Physics and Chemistry Departments of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST-Ghana, 2020.\n3.\tReviewer for the 2021-2022 Graduate Women in Science (GWIS) National Fellowship Program of the USA.\n\nScientific Reviewing Activities:\nServing as a reviewer for the following journals:\nACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ACS Applied Nanomaterials, ACS Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Electroanalysis, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Fibers and Polymers, Catalysis letters, Desalination and water treatment, Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry.\n\nProfessional Associations:\n•\tResearch Scientist Association of Ghana\n•\tSouth African Chemical Institute (SACI)\n\nLeadership and volunteering activities:\n•\tVice President of Water Research Institute Branch of Research Staff Association (RSA) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Ghana (2021-2022).\n•\tEditorial board member of RSA-CSIR, Southern Zone (2021/2022).\n•\tEnvironmental Science Department Representative of Graduate Students Association of Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) branch (2005-2006).\n•\tVice President of Volta Region Students Association: KNUST branch (2002-2003).\n•\tNational Public Relations Officer of Ghana Students Chemical Society: KNUST branch (2002-2003).\n•\tGeneral Secretary of Volta Region Students Association: KNUST branch (2001-2002).\n•\tVolunteer Teacher at Asukawkaw Senior High School in the Volta Region of Ghana (May-August 2002)\n\nPrizes, awards, fellowships:\n•\tPostdoctoral research fellowship: Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 2018.\n•\tPhD studentship: Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 2015-2018.\n•\tStudents travel fund award: National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa, 2016.\n•\tBest poster presenter at the 5th UJ Cross Faculty Symposium held at UJ-Bunting Road Campus, South Africa on 13th October 2015.\n•\tSecond best poster presenter at the 3rd conference on “Emerging Frontiers for Sustainable Water” held at the Protea Hotel Wanderers, in Johannesburg, South Africa from 3-5 August 2015. \n\nPublication Record:\nA.\tBook Chapters\n1.\tOtun, Kabir Opeyemi, Idris Olayiwola Azeez, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, William Wilson Anku, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, and Robert Birundu Onyancha. "Sensing the Presence of Inorganic Ions in Water: The Use of Electrochemical Sensors." In Modified Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications, pp. 65-89. Springer, Cham, 2022.\n2.\tAnku, William Wilson, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Ikenna Chibuzor Emeji, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Adelaja Otolorin Osibote, Peter Ogbemudia Osifo, and Suprakas Sinha Ray. “Functionalized nanomagnetic materials for environmental applications”. In Functionalized Nanomaterials Based Devices for Environmental Applications, pp. 127-145. Elsevier, 2021.\n3.\tKhoele, Khotso, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Ikenna Chibuzor Emeji, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray, David Jacobus Delport, and Peter Ogbemudia Osifo. “Dynamic Degradation Efficiency of Major Organic Pollutants from Wastewater”. Springer, Cham, In book: Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Electrode Materials for Water Purification, pp. 1-18, 2020.\n4.\tAnku, William Wilson, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Suprakas Sinha Ray, and Peter Ogbemudia Osifo. “Application of Modified Metal Oxide Electrodes in Photoelectrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater”. Springer, Cham. In book: Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Electrode Materials for Water Purification, pp. 151-166, 2020.\n5.\tWilliam W Anku, Ephraim M Kiarii, Sudheesh K Shukla, and Penny P Govender. “Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals using graphene based materials”. Springer, Cham. In book: A New Generation Material Graphene: Applications in Water Technology. pp 187-208, 2018.\n6.\tWilliam W Anku, Samuel OB Oppong and Penny P Govender. “Bismuth-based nanoparticles as photocatalytic materials”. InTechOpen. In book: Bismuth: Advanced Applications and Defects Characterization. pp 25-44, 2018.\n7.\tWilliam W Anku, Messai A Mamo and Penny P Govender. “Phenolic compounds in water: sources, reactivity, toxicity and treatment methods”. InTechOpen. In book: Phenolic Compounds-Natural Sources, Importance and Applications. pp. 420-443, 2017. \n\nB.\tPeer-Reviewed Journal Publications \n\n1. Ahiahonu, Elvis K., William W. Anku, Ashira Roopnarain, Ezekiel Green, Penny P. Govender, and Mahloro H. Serepa‐Dlamini. Bioresource potential of Tetradesmus obliquus UJEA_AD: critical evaluation of biosequestration rate, biochemical and fatty acid composition in BG11 media. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology (2021).\n2. Ahiahonu, Elvis Kodzo, William Wilson Anku, Ashira Roopnarain, Ezekiel Green, Penny Poomani Govender, and Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini. Bioprospecting wild South African microalgae as a potential third-generation biofuel feedstock, biological carbon-capture agent and for nutraceutical applications. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (2021): 1-16.\n3. Obiri, Samuel, Gloria Addico, Saada Mohammed, Wilson William Anku, Humphry Darko, and Okrah Collins. Water quality assessment of the Tano Basin in Ghana: a multivariate statistical approach. Applied Water Science 11 (2021): 1-8.\n4. Oppong, Samuel Osei-Bonsu, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, and Penny P. Govender. Insights into the complementary behaviour of Gd doping in GO/Gd/ZnO composites as an efficient candidate towards photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye. Journal of Materials Science 56 (2021): 8511-8527.\n5. Ama Onoyivwe Monday, Khotso Khoele, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray, Peter Ogbemudia Osifo, and David Jacobus Delport. Synthesis and Application of MnO2/Exfoliated Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes in Water. Electrocatalysis.11 (2020): 413-421.\n6. Anku, William Wilson, Eric Selorm Agorku, Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong, and Anthony Yaw Karikari. "MWCNTs attached neodymium doped-ZnO photocatalysts for efficient removal of dyes from wastewater. SN Applied Sciences. 5 (2020): 1-13.\n7. Karikari Anthony Yaw, Asmah Ruby, Anku, William Wilson, Amisah Steve, Agbo Nelson Wheatson, Telfer C Trevor, Ross, Glenn Lindsay. Heavy Metal Concentrations and Sediment Quality of a Cage Farm on Lake Volta, Ghana. Aquaculture Research. 5 (2020): 2041-2051.\n8. Manyedi, Sechaba, William W. Anku, Ephraim M. Kiarii, and Penny P. Govender. Thermoelectric, Electronic, and Optical Response of Nanostructured Al‐doped ZnO@ 2D‐TiC Composite. ChemistrySelect 5 (2020): 13144-13154.\n9. Renu Kumari, Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, Sudheesh Kumar Shukla, and Penny Poomani Govender. Composite 2D Nanointerfaces for Electrochemical Biosensing: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS Applied Biomaterials. 12 (2020): 8676-8687.\n10. Onoyivwe Monday Ama, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray. Photoelectrochemical degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation using EG/Ag-ZrO2 nanocomposite electrodes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 14 (2019) 9982-10001. \n11. Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Khotso Khoele, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray. Photoelectrochemical Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol using CuOZnO/exfoliated graphite Nanocomposite Electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 14 (2019) 2893 – 2905.\n12. Ndaba, Nokuthula, Marthe Carine Fotsing, William Wilson Anku, and Penny Poomani Govender. In vitro and in silico studies of the antifungal properties of the bulb and leaves extracts of Drimia delagoensis Baker (Jessop). Advances in Traditional Medicine, (2019): 1-7.\n13. Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, Ephraim\nMuriithi Kiarii, Penny Poomani Govender. Experimental and Computational Design of Highly Active Ce–ZrO2–GO Photocatalyst for Eosin Yellow Dye Degradation: The Role of Interface and Ce3+ Ion. Catalysis Letters. (2019) 1-18.\n14. Renu Kumari, Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, Sudheesh Kumar Shukla, Penny Govender. Hierarchically assembled Two-dimensional Gold-Boron Nitride-Tungsten Disulphide nanohybrid interface system for electrobiocatalytic applications. Materials chemistry and physics, 226 (2019) 129-140.\n15. Madima Ntakadzeni, William Wilson Anku, Penny Poomani Govender, Leelakrishna Reddy. Mo3S4 nanorod: An effective photocatalyst for the degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution. Recent innovations in chemical engineering, 12 (2019) 61-9.\n16. Madima Ntakadzeni, William Wilson Anku, Neeraj Kumar, Penny Poomani Govender, Leelakrishna Reddy. Pegylated MoS2 nanosheets: A dual functional photocatalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes and photoreduction of chromium from aqueous solution. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14 (2019) 142-152.\n17. S. O.B. Oppong, W. W. Anku, F. Opoku, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku and P. P. Govender. Photodegradation of Eosin Yellow Dye in Water under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation using La-Doped-ZnO Nanostructure Decorated on Graphene Oxide as an Advanced Photocatalyst. ChemistrySelect 3 (2018) 1180-1188.\n18. W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla and P. P. Govender. Graft gum ghatti caped Cu2O nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue black dye. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic polymers and Materials (2018) 1540-1551.\n19. C.N. Peter, W. W. Anku, R. Sharma, G. M. Joshi, S. K. Shukla, P. P. Govender. N-doped ZnO/graphene oxide: a photo-stable photocatalyst for improved mineralization and photodegradation of organics dye under visible light. IONICS (2018) 327-339.\n20. C.N. Peter, W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla, P. P. Govender. Theoretical studies of the Interfacial charge transfer and the effect of vdW correction on the interaction energy of non-metal doped ZnO and graphene oxide interface. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts 137 (2018) 75-84.\n21. Renu Kumari, Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya, William Wilson Anku, Sudheesh Kumar Shukla, Penny Poomani Govender. Hierarchically assembled two-dimensional hybrid nanointerfaces: A platform for bioelectronic applications. Electroanalysis. Electroanalysis 30 (2018) 2339-2348.\n22. W. W. Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku, and P. P. Govender. Cobalt doped ZrO2 decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube: A promising nanocatalyst for photodegradation of indigo carmine and eosin Y dyes. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2017) 354-361.\n23. S. O. Oppong, W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla and P. P. Govender. Synthesis and characterisation of neodymium doped-zinc oxide–graphene oxide nanocomposite as a highly efficient photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of indigo carmine in water under simulated solar light. Research on Chemical Intermediates 43 (2017) 481-501.\n24. W W Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S K Shukla and P P Govender.Comparative photocatalytic degradation of monoazo and diazo dyes under simulated visible light using Fe3+/C/S doped-TiO2 nanoparticles. Acta Chimica Slovenica 63 (2016) 380-391.\n25. W. W. Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku, and P. P. Govender. Chitosan–sodium alginate encapsulated Co-doped ZrO2–MWCNTs nanocomposites for photocatalytic decolorization of organic dyes. Research on Chemical Intermediates 42 (2016) 7231–7245.\n26. W. W. Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku, and P. P. Govender. Palladium-doped–ZrO2–multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite: an advanced photocatalyst for water treatment. Applied Physics A 122 (2016) 579-587.\n27. W W Anku, S. O. B Oppong, S K Shukla and P P Govender. Influence of ZnO concentration on the optical and photocatalytic properties of Ni-doped ZnS/ZnO nanocomposite. Bulletin of Materials Science 39 (2016) 1745-1752.\n28. S. O. B. Oppong, W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku and P. P. Govender. Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine using Nd-doped TiO2-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposites. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 80 (2016) 38–49.\n29. M. Mzoughi, W. W. Anku, S. O. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku and P. P. Govender. Neodymium Doped ZrO2-graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: A Promising Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Eosin Y Dye. Advanced Materials Letters 7 (2016) 946-950.\n30. S. O.B. Oppong, W. W. Anku, K. S. Shukla and P. P. Govender. Lanthanum doped-TiO2 decorated on graphene oxide nanocomposite: A photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of Acid Blue 40 under simulated solar light. Advance Materials Letters 8 (2016) 432-438.\n\nConference Presentations\n1.\tSession Co-chairs: William Wilson Anku and Saada Mohammed. Session Title: Innovative sample preparation and detection techniques for legacy and emerging pollutants in different environmental matrices. Virtual SETAC Africa 10th Biennial Conference held from 20-22 September 2021.\n\n2.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Hetero-elements doped TiO2 for comparative photocatalytic degradation of monoazo and diazo dyes. SPEA9- 9th European Meeting on Solar Chemistry and Photocatalysis: Environmental Applications. Held in Strasbourg, France from 13th to 17th June 2016. \n\n3.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Cobalt-doped ZrO2 decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube: A promising nanocatalyst for photodegradation of indigo carmine dye. 4th YWP-ZA Biennial Conference and 1st Africawide YWP Conference. Held at the CSIR-Pretoria, South Africa from 16th to 18th November 2015. (Won second best presenter award).\n\n4.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Palladium doped-ZrO2-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as an advanced photocatalyst for water treatment. 5th UJ Cross Faculty Symposium. Held at UJ-Bunting Road Campus on 13th October 2015. (Won best presenter award).\n\n5.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Cobalt-doped ZrO2 decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube: A promising nanocatalyst for photodegradation of indigo carmine dye. UJ Harvest festival. Held on 17 September 2015 in Perskor Building, DFC.\n\n6.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Palladium doped-ZrO2-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as an advanced photocatalyst for water treatment. 3rd conference on Emerging Frontiers for Sustainable Water. Held at the Protea Hotel Wanderers, in Johannesburg, South Africa from 3-5 August 2015.\n\nReferences\n1. Prof Penny Govender\nDirector: Research Capacity Development (RCD)\nPostgraduate School: Research & Innovation, 101, Akanya Building\nAPK campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa\nTel: 27845002689. Email: pennyg@uj.ac.za\n\n2. Dr. Anthony Yaw Karikari\nDeputy Director: \nCSIR-Water Research Institute, P.O. Box M38, Achimota-Accra, Ghana\nTel: 233208184215, E-mail: aykarikari@hotmail.com\n\n3. Dr Monday Onoyivwe Ama\nResearch Scientist: CSIR-National Centre for Nanostructured Materials,\nMeiring Naude Road Brummeria, Block 19B, Pretoria 0001, South Africa \nTel.: +27733300486, Email: onoyivwe4real@gmail.com',institutionString:"CSIR-Water Research Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Huang",slug:"min-hui-huang"},{id:"99353",title:"MSc.",name:"Shan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Shan-Yu Huang",slug:"shan-yu-huang"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3074",title:"Practical Concepts of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bb079fbda0a27f91cd90dcbd0cc3a6b",slug:"practical-concepts-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Saber Fallah",surname:"Nezhad",slug:"mohammad-saber-fallah-nezhad",fullName:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8623",title:"Maintenance Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cc93ad76fdd6709b8c50c6ba7e4e0c",slug:"maintenance-management",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Mayorkinos Papaelias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9925",title:"Quality Control",subtitle:"Intelligent Manufacturing, Robust Design and Charts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"865332c5f031b481c1359793edc79fe5",slug:"quality-control-intelligent-manufacturing-robust-design-and-charts",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li, Paulo António Rodrigues Pereira and Helena Navas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",body:'Under normal physiological conditions, the production of harmful reactive species caused by oxidative processes and antioxidant defense are in balance. If the reactive oxygen species and other species production exceed the antioxidant capacity of a living system, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) may react with macromolecules, causing structural and/or functional damage to cellular enzymes and genetic material. An excess of reactive species and damage caused by their action is called oxidative stress.
In a state of oxidative stress, an excess of ROS and RNS may damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Free radicals attack unsaturated fatty acids in biological membranes causing lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is an enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the enzyme lipoxygenase [1]. This enzyme is found in the erythrocytes and leukocytes of animals, as well as in many plant organisms. Its substrate is linoleic and linolenic acid in plants, and arachidonic acid in animals, while oleic acid is not oxidized. Lipid peroxidation results in decreased membrane fluidity, loss of enzymes and receptor activity, damage to membrane proteins and other macromolecules, which leads to apoptosis [2].
Oxidative modification of proteins, reversible and irreversible, occurs during redox signaling and other cellular processes. It also occurs as a result of oxidative stress. Exposure of proteins to hydroxyl OH• and/or superoxide radicals O2•− leads to their structural modifications. Modified proteins may further undergo spontaneous fragmentation and cross-linking or show a significant increase in proteolysis. An oxidative attack of a polypeptide backbone is usually initiated by hydroxyl OH•. By an experimental generation of radicals, using water radiolysis or decomposing hydrogen peroxide H2O2 in a metal-catalyzed reaction - and in the interaction with lipids - alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylperoxyl radical intermediates can be formed, which affect peptide bond cleavage in several ways.
Tryptophan, histidine, and cysteine are the most sensitive to reactive oxygen species. In addition to fragmentation, oxidation of the amino acid residues of lysine, arginine, proline, and threonine increases carbonyl concentration, so the presence of carbonyl groups can be used as an indicator of protein oxidation.
Oxidative modification of proteins also occurs in reaction with aldehydes, which are formed during lipid peroxidation process. End products of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), as well as oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids cause oxidative damage to proteins [3].
Oxidative modification of proteins is present in diseases and changes associated with the aging process, such as atherosclerosis, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. Protein carbonylation occurs with a large number of modifications and is a marker of oxidative stress. During the first two-thirds of life, the level of protein carbonylation slowly increases, while its level rises sharply in the last third. Protein carbonylation negatively affects the functions of proteins themselves, which suggests that this modification may be one of the causes of the aforementioned undesirable processes [4].
Apart from the living organisms, the oxidation process occupies an important place in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. It includes the oxidation of protein molecules, vitamins, but above all, the oxidation of lipid molecules [5].
Oxidation of lipid molecules is a major problem in the food industry, as it leads to changes in the organoleptic properties of food, a decrease in its nutritional value, as well as the formation of radical components that can endanger consumers’ health.
Lipid oxidation in food implies a whole range of chemical changes that result from the reaction of lipids with oxygen. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids are hardly volatile molecules and do not directly affect the aroma of the product. During lipids oxidation from fatty acids, volatile compounds have formed that lead to an undesirable aroma of products known as rancidity [6].
Polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidize much faster than monounsaturated or saturated ones. The rate of lipid oxidation is influenced by the number and position of double bonds [1]. The methylene group (-CH2-) located between the two double bonds is very susceptible to oxidation. Linoleic acid is subject to oxidation, as it has a methylene group between two double bonds, at position 11. Its oxidation produces two hydroperoxides. The main secondary product of linoleic acid autooxidation is hexanal. Lipid autooxidation is an autocatalytic reaction, which means that it progresses over time due to the formation of products that catalyze the reaction themselves.
Lipid peroxidation includes three phases: initiation, propagation, and termination (Figure 1). From the peroxides formed at the beginning, secondary oxidation products are formed: aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and other compounds, which also have negative biological effects, such as loss of essential amino acids and lipid-soluble vitamins [7].
The lipid oxidation phases [
In the first phase, oxygen from the air attacks unsaturated fatty acids (LH), creating free radicals of fatty acids (peroxy LO2•, alkoxyl LO•, or alkyl radicals L•). In the second phase of the reaction, hydroperoxides (LOOH) and free peroxide radicals (LOO•) are formed from free radicals by binding oxygen to free fatty acid radicals.
Hydroperoxides (primary oxidation products) are labile, so they are further decomposed into free radicals and decomposed oxidation products. These degradation products of oxidation (secondary oxidation products) are carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones), fatty acids, alcohols, epoxides, etc., some of which give off an unpleasant, rancid odor characteristic of oxidized fat.
Lipid autooxidation is often initiated by free radicals from an unknown source. It is accelerated by rising temperatures, light and the presence of trace metals. Reductive forms of transition metals are more efficient in the hydrogen peroxide decomposition, so reductive components such as superoxide anion (O2•−) and ascorbic acid further promote lipid oxidation. Redox cycling of iron in the presence of superoxide anions in lipid oxidation is known as the Haber-Weiss reaction, while the second step of this reaction is known as the Fenton reaction:
The resulting hydroxyl radicals (OH•) are the most reactive ROS species.
Ascorbic acid can also participate in the Haber-Weiss type reaction, but unlike superoxide anions, ascorbic acid may also act as an antioxidant at higher concentrations.
The control of the level of free radicals, prooxidants, and oxidation intermediates is used to protect the lipid components of food from oxidation. Free radical scavengers (FRS) inhibit lipid oxidation by reacting faster than unsaturated fatty acids with free radicals. They can react with peroxyl(LOO•) or alkoxyl(LO•) radicals in the following reaction:
Phenolic components are known to be good free radicals scavengers, as they donate a hydrogen atom, and the resulting radical has low energy due to its delocalization in the structure of phenol ring (Figure 2) [6].
Delocalization of phenol radical [
The most commonly used synthetic antioxidants are substituted monophenolic compounds, such as 2,6-di-
For these reasons, there is a tendency to replace synthetic antioxidants, where possible, with non-toxic antioxidants of natural origin. More recently, essential oils have also been used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants, in those food canning sectors where their use does not adversely affect product flavor [12].
In addition to oxidative damage and death of cells, tissue damage and various pathological conditions may be the consequence of oxidative stress. Numerous forms of malignant disease are thought to be the result of oxidative DNA damage and the resulting mutations. The negative impact of free radicals is believed to lead to various autoimmune diseases, diabetes, rheumatic diseases, cardiovascular disease and heart attack, kidney disease, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease), etc. The aging process itself is described as the process of accumulation of numerous oxidative damage accumulated over time.
Given that the oxidative stress is associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases, it is believed that eliminating the causes of oxidative stress may prevent or delay the occurrence of pathological changes and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Numerous studies show that regular intake of fruits, vegetables, grains, and beverages have a positive effect on diseases that are mediated by the activity of free radicals. Therefore, natural antioxidants – alone or in the form of extracts – may be useful in the treatment of such diseases. Thus, the reason for the great interest in researching the antioxidant activity of aromatic, medicinal, and edible plants [13].
In situations of disturbed homeostasis, as well as in the prevention of disease development, the intake of antioxidants in food may be of great importance. In this regard, essential oils, plant extracts, or their individual components with good antioxidant activity may be used. From a chemical point of view, essential oils are complex mixtures of a large number of compounds, which makes their activity difficult to test.
With the exception of some phenolic components, whose antimicrobial and antioxidant activity is well known, such data are not available for most other components of essential oils. Numerous papers on essential oils mention synergism, antagonism, additivity, but such claims are rarely accompanied by experimental confirmation [12].
A study by Ruberto and Baratta [12] examined the antioxidant activity of 100 pure compounds, common constituents of essential oils, using two methods. Of the thirteen non-oxygenated monoterpenes, terpinolene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and sabinen showed very high activity. The activity of α-terpinene and γ-terpinene was similar to that shown by α-tocopherol. An active methylene group is thought to contribute to this activity of the aforementioned compounds. Of the 34 oxygenated monoterpenes tested, thymol and carvacrol showed activity as did α-tocopherol. It is known that thymol and carvacrol contribute the most to the antioxidant activity of essential oils that contain them. Alcohols were the most active in this class of compounds, with the exception of linalool, which showed prooxidative activity. Ketones showed lower activity. Non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes were not active, while oxygenated sesquiterpenes showed activity similar to that of oxygenated monoterpenes. Germacron, a cyclic ketone, showed slightly more pronounced activity, while nerolidol showed prooxidative activity. Phenols, benzene derivatives, have shown the best results. They are more effective in preventing the formation of primary oxidation products, as opposed to preventing the formation of secondary oxidation products. Non-terpene compounds, which are present in essential compounds in a smaller amount, showed weak antioxidant activity – just like non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes [12].
More recently, essential oils have also been used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants, in those food preservation sectors where their use does not adversely affect product flavor [12].
Due to their specific chemical structure, plant phenolic compounds may act as strong antioxidants, due to their ability to interrupt chain reactions by donating hydrogen atom or electron to a free radical, while taking on a stable non-reactive conformation. However, their activity depends on a number of factors: degree of hydroxylation, polarity, solubility, reducing potential, stability of the resulting radical, etc. Hydroxycinnamic acids, the components of essential oils, show stronger activity compared to hydroxybenzoic acids because they donate hydrogen atoms more easily [14]. Polyphenols are proven to have a positive effect on cognitive abilities and neurodegenerative changes caused by aging [15].
Currently, there is a disparity in knowledge about the
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is present in the nervous system, where it enables cerebral-cortical activity and development, control of cerebral blood flow, control of sleep–wake cycles, as well as learning and memory processes (Figure 3). The enzyme cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the production of acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic neurons, from choline and acetyl coenzyme A.
Structural formula of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).
Releasing acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicle of the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft, it binds to cholinergic receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic receptors) on the postsynaptic membrane of the cholinergic synapse or on muscle cells. This triggers a series of processes that result in membrane depolarization and further signal transmission [18].
ACh hydrolysis controls the transmission of nerve impulses at the cholinergic synapses of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The degradation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) establishes the polarization of the postsynaptic membrane and impulse transmission ceases.
Two types of ChE are currently known: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is also called “true cholinesterase”, while BChE is also known as “pseudocholinesterase” because it hydrolyzes many choline esters and other non-choline esters (butyrylcholine, succinylcholine, acetylcholine, acetylsalicylic acid, cocaine, and heroin).
Inhibition of AChE prevents the hydrolysis of ACh, thus prolonging its activity in the transmission of nerve impulses. This concept is applied in the treatment of diseases characterized by low ACh levels and is also being studied in toxicology because of health conditions and deaths caused by increased cholinergic stimulation [19].
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the cause of dementia in the elderly population. It affects about 2% of the population in industrialized countries. AD is characterized by the formation of neuritic plaques; extracellular accumulations of fibrils and amyloid-β-peptides, as well as neurofibrillary tangles; intracellular accumulations of τ-protein, in regions of the brain responsible for learning, memory, and emotional behavior. These changes cause neuronal degeneration, loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is manifested in the loss of neurotransmitters and other neuromodulators, and the disabling of synaptic transmission [18]. Currently, the treatment of this disease is limited to the treatment of symptoms of the disease, for which cholinesterase inhibitors (ChE) are used.
ChE inhibitors may be reversible, those which are bound by noncovalent interactions, or irreversible, which covalently bind to the serine of the catalytic triad. Reversible inhibitors bind to the active site, peripheral site or both, and the inhibition occurs as a result of conformational changes of the enzyme, electrostatic interactions of the inhibitor and the cationic part of the substrate, and steric and/or electrostatic interferences with the substrate entry into the active enzyme center.
A feature of the structure of good cholinesterase inhibitors is the presence of a positive charge and/or aromatic or hydrophobic substituents that facilitate the entry and placement of inhibitors in the active site of the enzyme [18].
Synthetic AChE inhibitors such as physostigmine, tacrine, and donepezil cause side effects such as hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disorders. Irreversible inhibitors may cause serious consequences and even death, as is the case with sarin, a poison gas, so reversible inhibitors are preferred in this regard [20].
Bioactive substances from fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants play a major role in slowing down many pathogeneses and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to alkaloids, food rich in phytochemicals contains terpenes and polyphenols, which can be good cholinesterase inhibitors, alone or in synergy with each other [20].
Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are currently used to treat AD symptoms, such as cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment [21]. The aforementioned galantamine is a reversible inhibitor of AChE, which has been used since 2007 in the treatment of mild to moderate AD. It shows good pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties, as well as a small number of side effects [22]. The use of most of the ChE inhibitors tested so far has been accompanied by side effects such as fatigue, sleep disorders, cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal disorders, and low bioavailability. This was an incentive for further research with the aim of finding new ChE inhibitors of natural origin, with greater efficiency and bioavailability, as well as with fewer side effects [23].
Essential oils contain a number of bioactive components; terpenes, terpenoids, phenylpropanoid and other compounds, so a large number of them have been tested in terms of their ability to inhibit ChE. The results showed that some of the tested oils have a good ability to inhibit ChE. Comparing the results of different studies, it was noticed that some essential oils of similar composition have different abilities to inhibit ChE. The differences in the mentioned results may be attributed to the synergistic or antagonistic effect between the individual components of the essential oil. To investigate these effects, a number of studies have been conducted to identify and isolate individual constituents of essential oils with a significant ability to inhibit ChE [24].
The majority of the data obtained thus far in the research pertains to the study of the ability of smaller individual components of essential oils to inhibit AChE, while a few pertain to the study of BChE inhibition. However, given the role of BChE inhibition in the treatment of AD in the later stages of the disease, the interest in testing BChE inhibition has increased [24]. In terms of ChE inhibition, IC50 values are impacted by the enzyme concentration, inhibitors, and substrates, as well as other experimental conditions, making it difficult to compare the results obtained by different studies. It is important to standardize the protocols used in testing AChE and BChE inhibitors, so as to be able to detect them [25].
When it comes to the studies of the ability to inhibit ChE, most of these refer to the study of monoterpenes [24]. Of monoterpenes, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene are the most effective in inhibiting AChE. In addition to these two, the ability to inhibit AChE is shown by δ-2-carene (2-carene), δ-3-carene (3-carene), and mirtenal [18, 24], as well as geraniol, α-caryophyllene, and limonene [21]. Carvone also showed good AChE inhibitory activity [19].
Monoterpene carvacrol and its isomer thymol showed significant AChE inhibitory activity, with carvacrol activity being ten times higher, which indicates the importance of the hydroxyl group position for AChE inhibitory activity [26].
Among the monoterpenes with the
Some studies show the existence of a synergistic effect of monoterpenes, especially between 1,8-cineole and α-pinene [19]. A synergistic effect is also present between the enantiomers of α-pinene and β-pinene (α-
One of the ways in which terpenes inhibit AChE is through a hydrophobic ligand. The hydrophobic active site of AChE is the site where hydrophobic interactions take place, and terpene compounds, built from the skeletons of carbon and hydrogen atoms, thus contribute to the inhibition of cholinesterases [21].
Due to the differences in terpene compounds structure, it is difficult to determine the relationship between their structure and activity. When it comes to monoterpenes with a
Monoterpenes are much better inhibitors of AChE than BChE. Due to their low molecular weight, monoterpenes are more likely to inhibit ChE exerting steric or allosteric effects, whereby BChE does not affect the substrate’s access to the enzyme site [18].
In a study examining 21 monoterpenes in terms of the ability to inhibit BChE, only 3carene showed BChE inhibiting ability (IC50 = 2000 μM) [29]. Monoterpenes α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, 1,8-cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, linalyl acetate, thymol, γ-terpinene, and phenylpropanoid eugenol have shown good to moderate BChE inhibitory potential (IC50 = 0,1 to 1,0 mM) in various studies [24].
Of the flavonoids, flavones and isoflavones show the best activity, while xanthones and monoterpenes show weaker activity in the inhibition of cholinesterases (Figure 4) [18].
Some monoterpenes with cholinesterase inhibition activity.
The most frequently studied sesquiterpenes for AChE inhibition are β-caryophyllene and α-humulene. In doing so, β-caryophyllene had a good ability to inhibit, in contrast to α-humulene (α-caryophyllene), which showed a weak ability to inhibit AChE [24]. In several studies, β-caryophyllene also showed good to moderate BChE inhibitory potential (IC50 = 0,1 to 1,0 mM) [24].
Diterpenes inhibit ChE at lower concentrations than monoterpenes, which indicates the importance of molecule size. Dihydrotanshinone and cryptotanshinone are non-competitive ChE inhibitors. Of triterpenes and steroids, ursolic acid, taraxerol, leucisterol, and oleanolic acid show ChE inhibitory activity [18].
Given that BChE has a regulatory role in ACh hydrolysis, therapeutics that would inhibit both ChEs could exert additional positive effects in the treatment of AD, compared to inhibitors that inhibit only AChE. Thus, rivastigmine, which inhibits both ChEs, is very successful in the AD treatment. To date, there is no evidence that BChE inhibitors are more effective in reducing AD symptoms than AchE inhibitors [18].
In traditional medicine, many herbs are used in the treatment of cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. The ethnopharmacological approach, testing of biological activity and isolation enabled the identification of potential AChE inhibitors of plant origin. Multifunctional compounds with several complementary biological functions are of particular interest. Plant extracts are the main sources of new compounds, AChE inhibitors [21]. In this regard, polyphenols are particularly interesting due to their positive effect on human health [20].
Many phytochemicals are bioactive compounds, some of which show ChE inhibitory activity and represent a model for the development of new drugs, ChE inhibitors. As terpenes and terpenoids have shown relatively weak inhibitory capacity in studies published so far, it is necessary to develop analogues with an improved efficiency [21].
Given the above, numerous plant extracts and essential oils, as well as their components, have been studied in terms of ChE inhibitory activity [18, 19, 20].
The essential oils obtained from various
Thirty-four (34) volatile compounds (98.0% of the total oil) in
Medicinal properties of
In
The antioxidant capacity of the essential oils of
The antioxidant potential of
Low quantities of phenol compounds or monoterpenoids (such as carvacrol and thymol), which are good antioxidant compounds, may explain low antioxidant activity of
The ability of
These good results for
An excess of reactive species and damage caused by their action is called oxidative stress. In a state of oxidative stress, an excess of ROS and RNS may damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Free radicals attack unsaturated fatty acids in biological membranes causing lipid peroxidation. Oxidative modification of proteins is present in diseases and changes associated with the aging process, such as atherosclerosis, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and the aging. In addition to fragmentation, oxidation of the amino acid residues increases carbonyl concentration, so the presence of carbonyl groups can be used as an indicator of protein oxidation.
Oxidation of lipid molecules is a major problem in the food industry, as it leads to changes in the organoleptic properties of food, a decrease in its nutritional value, as well as the formation of radical components that can endanger consumers’ health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidize much faster than monounsaturated or saturated ones. Lipid autooxidation is an autocatalytic reaction, which means that it progresses over time due to the formation of products that catalyze the reaction themselves.
The use of some synthetic antioxidants has negative effects on human health due to the promotion of carcinogenesis [10, 11], and there is a tendency to replace synthetic antioxidants, where possible, with non-toxic antioxidants of natural origin. More recently, essential oils have also been used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants, in those food canning sectors where their use does not adversely affect product flavor [12].
Given that the oxidative stress is associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of many diseases, it is believed that eliminating the causes of oxidative stress may prevent or delay the occurrence of pathological changes and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Therefore, natural antioxidants – alone or in the form of extracts – may be useful in the treatment of such diseases. Thus the reason for the great interest in researching the antioxidant activity of aromatic, medicinal, and edible plants [13]. With the exception of some phenolic components, whose antimicrobial and antioxidant activity is well known, such data are not available for most other components of essential oils.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase prevents the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, thus prolonging its activity in the transmission of nerve impulses. This concept is applied in the treatment of diseases characterized by low ACh levels, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Synthetic AChE inhibitors such as physostigmine, tacrine, and donepezil cause side effects such as hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disorders. This was an incentive for further research with the aim of finding new ChE inhibitors of natural origin, with greater efficiency and bioavailability, as well as with fewer side effects. Many phytochemicals are bioactive compounds, some of which show ChE inhibitory activity and represent a model for the development of new drugs, ChE inhibitors. As terpenes and terpenoids have shown relatively weak inhibitory capacity in studies published so far, it is necessary to develop analogues with an improved efficiency [21].
The obtained results show that the tested essential oils of
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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It is possible to evaluate the silica network formation along the hydrolysis and condensation reactions in terms of siloxane rings formation and Si–O(–Si) angle deformation due to the introduction of organic groups, the employed synthetic route or encapsulated species interaction. The siloxane four- or six-membered rings imply in a more rigid or flexible network, respectively, in order to accommodate the organic groups. A structural analysis of the materials is of high importance, since interactions between the encapsulated molecules and the matrix are critical for the device performance, such as sensors. This type of device needs the permeation of an analyte to activate the encapsulated receptor molecules inside the silica structure. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry can be also used to determine parameters of the silica network as a function of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity degree and the siloxane ring structure with respect to thin film porosity. This silica structural analysis is reviewed along the text in a tentative of better exploring the data resulting from these powerful techniques. In addition, the functionalization of silica structures by the use of organoalkoxysilanes, which is important to the creation of high-specific materials, can be well described by these two complementary techniques. The Si–C bonds and the maintenance of the organic substituents such as methyl, octyl, octadecyl, vinyl, phenyl, aminopropyl, mercaptopropyl, isocyanatopropyl, iodopropyl, chloropropyl and glicydoxypropyl could be evaluated after the sol-gel synthesis process. The literature regarding silica vibrational spectroscopy is also explored creating a data bank of wave numbers for the most important bonds for different types of silica and hybrid silica materials obtained by different synthetic routes.",book:{id:"5283",slug:"applications-of-molecular-spectroscopy-to-current-research-in-the-chemical-and-biological-sciences",title:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences",fullTitle:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences"},signatures:"Larissa Brentano Capeletti and João Henrique Zimnoch",authors:[{id:"178200",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Zimnoch Dos Santos",slug:"joao-henrique-zimnoch-dos-santos",fullName:"Joao Henrique Zimnoch Dos Santos"},{id:"186947",title:"Dr.",name:"Larissa",middleName:null,surname:"Brentano Capeletti",slug:"larissa-brentano-capeletti",fullName:"Larissa Brentano Capeletti"}]},{id:"63324",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80430",title:"Fatty Acids: From Membrane Ingredients to Signaling Molecules",slug:"fatty-acids-from-membrane-ingredients-to-signaling-molecules",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Fatty acid constitutes the foundation cell membranes, provides metabolic energy, affects functions of membrane-bound enzymes/receptors, conducts signaling cascades, and helps in learning-related memory cognition in mammals, including humans. Structurally, the fatty acids are of two kinds: saturated and unsaturated; the latter are again of mono- and polyunsaturated types. From nutritional perspectives, they are of essential and nonessential types. Omega-6 linoleic acid (ω-6 LLA, C18:2) and ω-3 alpha linolenic acid (ω-3 αLLN, C18:3) and ω-6 arachidonic acid [(ω-6 AA, C20:4); it is conditional] are essential fatty acids (EFAs). In addition, mammalian brains cannot biosynthesize the ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3 DHA, C22:6) in adequate amounts because of lack of necessary enzymes. Thus, DHA is essential for the growth and development of the brains. Deficiency of DHA produces visual- and learning-related memory impairments, and neurodegeneration in the aged brains and Alzheimer’s disease brains. Finally, this chapter will highlight and broaden the awareness about the essentiality of different fatty acids with a special emphasis on DHA.",book:{id:"7006",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids"},signatures:"Michio Hashimoto and Shahdat Hossain",authors:[{id:"260006",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahdat",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"shahdat-hossain",fullName:"Shahdat Hossain"},{id:"260206",title:"Prof.",name:"Michio",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",slug:"michio-hashimoto",fullName:"Michio Hashimoto"}]},{id:"43080",doi:"10.5772/55287",title:"Grain Yield Determination and Resource Use Efficiency in Maize Hybrids Released in Different Decades",slug:"grain-yield-determination-and-resource-use-efficiency-in-maize-hybrids-released-in-different-decades",totalDownloads:4873,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"3586",slug:"agricultural-chemistry",title:"Agricultural Chemistry",fullTitle:"Agricultural Chemistry"},signatures:"Laura Echarte, Lujan Nagore, Javier Di Matteo, Matías Cambareri, Mariana Robles and Aída Della Maggiora",authors:[{id:"164811",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Echarte",slug:"laura-echarte",fullName:"Laura Echarte"},{id:"165595",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Lujan",surname:"Nagore",slug:"maria-nagore",fullName:"Maria Nagore"},{id:"165596",title:"BSc.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Di Matteo",slug:"javier-di-matteo",fullName:"Javier Di Matteo"},{id:"165598",title:"BSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Robles",slug:"mariana-robles",fullName:"Mariana Robles"},{id:"165599",title:"MSc.",name:"Aída",middleName:null,surname:"Della Maggiora",slug:"aida-della-maggiora",fullName:"Aída Della Maggiora"},{id:"167765",title:"Dr.",name:"Matias",middleName:null,surname:"Cambareri",slug:"matias-cambareri",fullName:"Matias Cambareri"}]},{id:"51767",doi:"10.5772/64581",title:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopic Methods to the Elucidation of Lignin Structure",slug:"applications-of-molecular-spectroscopic-methods-to-the-elucidation-of-lignin-structure",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Lignin in plant cell wall is a complex amorphous polymer and is biosynthesized mainly from three aromatic alcohols, namely, p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols. This biosynthesis process consists of mainly radical coupling reactions and creates a unique lignin polymer in each plant species. Generally, lignin mainly consists of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units and is linked by several types of carbon-carbon (β-β, β-5, β-1, and 5–5) and ether bonds. Due to the structural complexity, various molecular spectroscopic methods have been applied to unravel the aromatic units and different interunit linkages in lignin from different plant species. This chapter is focused on the application of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to lignin structural elucidation.",book:{id:"5283",slug:"applications-of-molecular-spectroscopy-to-current-research-in-the-chemical-and-biological-sciences",title:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences",fullTitle:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences"},signatures:"Tingting You and Feng Xu",authors:[{id:"174103",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"feng-xu",fullName:"Feng Xu"},{id:"182550",title:"Dr.",name:"Tingting",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"tingting-you",fullName:"Tingting You"}]},{id:"43053",doi:"10.5772/55416",title:"In vitro Antioxidant Analysis and the DNA Damage Protective Activity of Leaf Extract of the Excoecaria agallocha Linn Mangrove Plant",slug:"in-vitro-antioxidant-analysis-and-the-dna-damage-protective-activity-of-leaf-extract-of-the-excoecar",totalDownloads:3352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3586",slug:"agricultural-chemistry",title:"Agricultural Chemistry",fullTitle:"Agricultural Chemistry"},signatures:"C. Asha Poorna, M.S. Resmi and E.V. Soniya",authors:[{id:"148913",title:"Dr.",name:"Soniya",middleName:null,surname:"E V",slug:"soniya-e-v",fullName:"Soniya E V"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51767",title:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopic Methods to the Elucidation of Lignin Structure",slug:"applications-of-molecular-spectroscopic-methods-to-the-elucidation-of-lignin-structure",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Lignin in plant cell wall is a complex amorphous polymer and is biosynthesized mainly from three aromatic alcohols, namely, p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols. This biosynthesis process consists of mainly radical coupling reactions and creates a unique lignin polymer in each plant species. Generally, lignin mainly consists of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units and is linked by several types of carbon-carbon (β-β, β-5, β-1, and 5–5) and ether bonds. Due to the structural complexity, various molecular spectroscopic methods have been applied to unravel the aromatic units and different interunit linkages in lignin from different plant species. This chapter is focused on the application of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to lignin structural elucidation.",book:{id:"5283",slug:"applications-of-molecular-spectroscopy-to-current-research-in-the-chemical-and-biological-sciences",title:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences",fullTitle:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences"},signatures:"Tingting You and Feng Xu",authors:[{id:"174103",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"feng-xu",fullName:"Feng Xu"},{id:"182550",title:"Dr.",name:"Tingting",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"tingting-you",fullName:"Tingting You"}]},{id:"62041",title:"Assessment of Sugarcane-Based Ethanol Production",slug:"assessment-of-sugarcane-based-ethanol-production",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter aims to explain how bio-ethanol has been drawn to become a successful alternative to partially replace petroleum as a source of liquid fuels in Brazil. A brief historical analysis about the production of bio-ethanol from sugarcane is presented. The motivation to start the production of the ethanol as biofuel in the 1970s and how the governmental policies have contributed to the ups and downs, successes, and failures of the sugarcane industry is shown. Then, the efficiency of the sector is addressed; firstly, the increasing efficiency of the agricultural sector is discussed, showing how the productivity per hectare has increased in the last decades and which improvements are further expected in a near future. Finally, the industrial process is discussed: the current efficiency in processing sugarcane to produce ethanol and the emerging technologies, not only to process sugarcane juice, but also to harness bagasse, vinasse, and sugarcane straw.",book:{id:"7238",slug:"fuel-ethanol-production-from-sugarcane",title:"Fuel Ethanol Production from Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Fuel Ethanol Production from Sugarcane"},signatures:"Rubens Eliseu Nicula de Castro, Rita Maria de Brito Alves,\nCláudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento and Reinaldo Giudici",authors:[{id:"50350",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Oller Do Nascimento",slug:"claudio-oller-do-nascimento",fullName:"Claudio Oller Do Nascimento"},{id:"98033",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Brito Alves",slug:"rita-maria-de-brito-alves",fullName:"Rita Maria De Brito Alves"},{id:"248441",title:"BSc.",name:"Rubens E",middleName:null,surname:"N De Castro",slug:"rubens-e-n-de-castro",fullName:"Rubens E N De Castro"},{id:"248442",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Giudici",slug:"reinaldo-giudici",fullName:"Reinaldo Giudici"}]},{id:"52212",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Characterization of Silica-Based Materials",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-and-raman-characterization-of-silica-based-materials",totalDownloads:3449,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman are powerful techniques to evaluate silica and hybrid silica structure. It is possible to evaluate the silica network formation along the hydrolysis and condensation reactions in terms of siloxane rings formation and Si–O(–Si) angle deformation due to the introduction of organic groups, the employed synthetic route or encapsulated species interaction. The siloxane four- or six-membered rings imply in a more rigid or flexible network, respectively, in order to accommodate the organic groups. A structural analysis of the materials is of high importance, since interactions between the encapsulated molecules and the matrix are critical for the device performance, such as sensors. This type of device needs the permeation of an analyte to activate the encapsulated receptor molecules inside the silica structure. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry can be also used to determine parameters of the silica network as a function of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity degree and the siloxane ring structure with respect to thin film porosity. This silica structural analysis is reviewed along the text in a tentative of better exploring the data resulting from these powerful techniques. In addition, the functionalization of silica structures by the use of organoalkoxysilanes, which is important to the creation of high-specific materials, can be well described by these two complementary techniques. The Si–C bonds and the maintenance of the organic substituents such as methyl, octyl, octadecyl, vinyl, phenyl, aminopropyl, mercaptopropyl, isocyanatopropyl, iodopropyl, chloropropyl and glicydoxypropyl could be evaluated after the sol-gel synthesis process. The literature regarding silica vibrational spectroscopy is also explored creating a data bank of wave numbers for the most important bonds for different types of silica and hybrid silica materials obtained by different synthetic routes.",book:{id:"5283",slug:"applications-of-molecular-spectroscopy-to-current-research-in-the-chemical-and-biological-sciences",title:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences",fullTitle:"Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy to Current Research in the Chemical and Biological Sciences"},signatures:"Larissa Brentano Capeletti and João Henrique Zimnoch",authors:[{id:"178200",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Zimnoch Dos Santos",slug:"joao-henrique-zimnoch-dos-santos",fullName:"Joao Henrique Zimnoch Dos Santos"},{id:"186947",title:"Dr.",name:"Larissa",middleName:null,surname:"Brentano Capeletti",slug:"larissa-brentano-capeletti",fullName:"Larissa Brentano Capeletti"}]},{id:"63324",title:"Fatty Acids: From Membrane Ingredients to Signaling Molecules",slug:"fatty-acids-from-membrane-ingredients-to-signaling-molecules",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Fatty acid constitutes the foundation cell membranes, provides metabolic energy, affects functions of membrane-bound enzymes/receptors, conducts signaling cascades, and helps in learning-related memory cognition in mammals, including humans. Structurally, the fatty acids are of two kinds: saturated and unsaturated; the latter are again of mono- and polyunsaturated types. From nutritional perspectives, they are of essential and nonessential types. Omega-6 linoleic acid (ω-6 LLA, C18:2) and ω-3 alpha linolenic acid (ω-3 αLLN, C18:3) and ω-6 arachidonic acid [(ω-6 AA, C20:4); it is conditional] are essential fatty acids (EFAs). In addition, mammalian brains cannot biosynthesize the ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (ω-3 DHA, C22:6) in adequate amounts because of lack of necessary enzymes. Thus, DHA is essential for the growth and development of the brains. Deficiency of DHA produces visual- and learning-related memory impairments, and neurodegeneration in the aged brains and Alzheimer’s disease brains. Finally, this chapter will highlight and broaden the awareness about the essentiality of different fatty acids with a special emphasis on DHA.",book:{id:"7006",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids"},signatures:"Michio Hashimoto and Shahdat Hossain",authors:[{id:"260006",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahdat",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"shahdat-hossain",fullName:"Shahdat Hossain"},{id:"260206",title:"Prof.",name:"Michio",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",slug:"michio-hashimoto",fullName:"Michio Hashimoto"}]},{id:"63553",title:"Cyclic Fatty Acids in Food: An Under-Investigated Class of Fatty Acids",slug:"cyclic-fatty-acids-in-food-an-under-investigated-class-of-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:1340,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Cyclic fatty acids are an unusual class of minor fatty acids generally produced by bacteria and less frequently by plants. Among plants, the most known cyclic fatty acid is sterculic acid (9, 10-methyleneoctadecenoic acid) produced by Sterculia foetida. Bacteria (e.g., lactic acid bacteria) synthetize cyclopropane fatty acids, such as dihydrosterculic acid (9, 10-methylene octadecanoic acid) and lactobacillic acid (11, 12 methylene octadecanoic acid), to strength their membrane, improving their resistance to environmental stress. Another class of cyclic fatty acids is omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids, present in milk and probably produced by rumen bacteria. Cyclopropane and omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids have been recently found in bovine meat and dairy products, representing important foodstuffs in human diet. In this chapter, a review of literature data concerning the presence of cyclic fatty acids in foods, their metabolism in humans, and their potential bioactivity will be provided. The role of some cyclic fatty acids as molecular markers for food authenticity will also be highlighted.",book:{id:"7006",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids"},signatures:"Augusta Caligiani and Veronica Lolli",authors:[{id:"257412",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Augusta",middleName:null,surname:"Caligiani",slug:"augusta-caligiani",fullName:"Augusta Caligiani"},{id:"257577",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Lolli",slug:"veronica-lolli",fullName:"Veronica Lolli"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"82",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"80838",title:"Effect of Cross-Linking Agent on Mechanical and Permeation Properties of Criolla Orange Pectin",slug:"effect-of-cross-linking-agent-on-mechanical-and-permeation-properties-of-criolla-orange-pectin",totalDownloads:33,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102976",abstract:"Pectin from orange peel was extracted and cross-linked, applying different cross-linking agents to visualize any effect on its mechanical and permeation properties. Calcium chloride (II) and iron chloride (III) were the cross-linking agents. Besides, commercial pectin was also used to compare its properties with neat orange pectin. Tensile testing showed mechanical stiffness of the orange pectin matrix in the presence of cross-linking agents. Calcium ions better cross-linked the polymer matrix as shown by their highest tensile strength and elastic modulus, with moderate elongation at break. Iron ions showed a weaker cross-linking effect on the pectin matrix, improving the elastic modulus but retaining almost the same tension strength. Lower elongation at break concerning neat orange pectin was observed for cross-linked samples. Water uptake (WU) and water vapor permeation (WVP) of cross-linked samples had lower values than those of neat orange pectin. However, these results are still high compared with synthetic polymers. Finally, gas permeation assays were performed using N2, O2 and CO2 gases, according to exchangeable gases in fresh fruits and vegetable packaging. Results showed a conveniently modified atmosphere effect by avoiding CO2 permeation and stabilizing N2 and O2 selectivity.",book:{id:"10742",title:"Pectins - The New-Old Polysaccharides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10742.jpg"},signatures:"María Guadalupe García and Martin Alberto Masuelli"},{id:"79923",title:"Sustainable Horticultural Waste Management: Industrial and Environmental Perspective",slug:"sustainable-horticultural-waste-management-industrial-and-environmental-perspective",totalDownloads:155,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101689",abstract:"Horticultural crops are highly nutritious and shared lion portion of our daily diet. These items are consumed in different ways according to their nature and processing processes. These days, a crucial concerning issue is arising globally to ensure nutrition security for huge population that leads to focus on production increase, quality improvement, food safety assurance, and processing strategies. Consequently, a large amount of waste generates in the processing industries, household kitchen, and supply chain of horticultural commodities that has led to a significant nutrition and economic loss, consequently creating environment pollution with extensive burden of landfills. However, these wastes showed magnificent potentiality of re-utilization in several industries owing to as rich source of different bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. Therefore, sustainable extraction methods and utilization strategies deserve the extensive investigations. This review paper extensively illustrates the horticultural waste generation options, sustainable recycling strategies, and potentiality of recycled products in different industries for betterment in population with the assurance of green environment and sustainable ecology.",book:{id:"10742",title:"Pectins - The New-Old Polysaccharides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10742.jpg"},signatures:"Jahidul Hassan, Md. Noor-E-Azam Khan, Md. Mijanur Rahman Rajib, Maksuratun Nahar Suborna, Jiasmin Akter and Md. Faisal Ahamed Hasan"},{id:"79710",title:"Pectin-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications",slug:"pectin-based-scaffolds-for-tissue-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:103,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101521",abstract:"Tissue engineering (TE) is an interdisciplinary field that was introduced from the necessity of finding alternative approaches to transplantation for the treatment of damaged and diseased organs or tissues. Unlike the conventional procedures, TE aims at inducing the regeneration of injured tissues through the implantation of customized and functional engineered tissues, built on the so-called ‘scaffolds’. These provide structural support to cells and regulate the process of new tissue formation. The properties of the scaffold are essentials, and they can be controlled by varying the biomaterial formulation and the fabrication technology used to its production. Pectin is emerging as an alternative biomaterial to non-degradable and high-cost petroleum-based biopolymers commonly used in this field. It shows several promising properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity and gelling capability. Pectin-based formulations can be processed through different fabrication approaches into bidimensional and three-dimensional scaffolds. This chapter aims at highlighting the potentiality in using pectin as biomaterial in the field of tissue engineering. The most representative applications of pectin in preparing scaffolds for wound healing and tissue regeneration are discussed.",book:{id:"10742",title:"Pectins - The New-Old Polysaccharides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10742.jpg"},signatures:"Anna Lapomarda, Aurora De Acutis, Carmelo De Maria and Giovanni Vozzi"},{id:"78642",title:"Production of Pectin from Citrus Residues: Process Alternatives and Insights on Its Integration under the Biorefinery Concept",slug:"production-of-pectin-from-citrus-residues-process-alternatives-and-insights-on-its-integration-under",totalDownloads:160,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100153",abstract:"This chapter describes the pectin production process from citrus residues. It discusses the importance of essential oils removal before processing through steam distillation, hydrodistillation, or solvent extraction. Also, it presents different extraction methods (acid hydrolysis, microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis, and hydrodistillation) that have been employed and different solvents that can be used for its purification. Since all these processing parameters can affect the final pectin yield and quality, a discussion is made on which processing options and conditions could be used based on recently reported data. The best operational conditions based on the percentages of pectin recovery and their relationship with quality parameters, such as the galacturonic acid content and degree of esterification are presented. Finally, a discussion is made regarding the opportunities for its integration under the biorefinery concept that could help to enhance several economic and environmental aspects of the process.",book:{id:"10742",title:"Pectins - The New-Old Polysaccharides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10742.jpg"},signatures:"Daniel David Durán-Aranguren, Caren Juliana Alméciga Ramírez, Laura Catalina Villabona Díaz, Manuela Ayalde Valderrama and Rocío Sierra"},{id:"78624",title:"Pharmaceutical Applications of Pectin",slug:"pharmaceutical-applications-of-pectin",totalDownloads:144,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100152",abstract:"Pectin, a natural ionic polysaccharide found in the cell wall of terrestrial plants undergoes chain–chain association to form hydrogels upon addition of divalent cations. Based on its degree of esterification, pectin has been classified into two main types. The high methoxyl pectin with a degree of esterification greater than 50%, which is mainly used for its thickening and gelling properties and the low methoxyl pectin, which is widely used for its low sugar-content in jams, both applications being in the food industry. Pectin is mostly derived from citrus fruit peels, but can also be found in other plants such as waterleaf leaves, cocoa husk, and potato pulps. Pectin has been used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations for various functions. This chapter will focus on the various applications to which pectin has been used in the pharmaceutical industry.",book:{id:"10742",title:"Pectins - The New-Old Polysaccharides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10742.jpg"},signatures:"Olufunke D. Akin-Ajani and Adenike Okunlola"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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