\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7767",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties",title:"Rainfall",subtitle:"Extremes, Distribution and Properties",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book describes aspects of rainfall including the extremes, distribution and properties. The introductory chapter focusses on drought and flooding rains over Australia, placing extreme rainfall events from recent decades into a historical context using reconstructions from proxy data. The next three chapters focus on distribution and impacts of rainfall. The first of these chapters presents a statistical analysis of rainfall patterns for Jeddah City and considers future impacts. The second examines rainfall in the context of impacts, vulnerability and climate change in eastern Africa. The third examines extreme rainfall and drought in the Asia-Pacific, through application of monitoring from space. The final chapters focus on properties of rain, one examining aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions, while another considers the chemical nature of individual size-resolved raindrops.",isbn:"978-1-78984-735-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-734-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-803-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77580",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9f9b3b7d86cb46e2ce3653587805475d",bookSignature:"John Abbot and Andrew Hammond",publishedDate:"November 13th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7767.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5486,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"225780",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Abbot",slug:"john-abbot",fullName:"John Abbot",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225780/images/system/225780.jpeg",biography:"John Abbot has degrees in chemistry from Imperial College London, the university of British Columbia and McGill University. He subsequently undertook research in kinetic phenomena involving industrial processes at Queens University, Canada and the University of Tasmania. He also holds degrees in law, finance and business administration. He carried out projects in environmental science as a Professorial Research fellow Central Queensland University from 2009 to 2015. Major flooding events in Queensland in 2011, causing loss of life, extensive property damage and disruption of industry led to developing an interest in the application of neural networks to provide improved medium-term rainfall forecasts for Australia. A series of publications demonstrate that skill of forecasts is significantly superior to official forecasts produced using general circulation models.",institutionString:"University of Tasmania",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"259487",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Hammond",slug:"andrew-hammond",fullName:"Andrew Hammond",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259487/images/system/259487.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hammond is a Senior Lecturer in Geoscience within the School of Engineering & Technology at Central Queensland University’s Rockhampton Campus, Central Queensland, Australia. He holds undergraduate degrees in Geology and Geography from the University of Tasmania and postgraduate degrees, Master of Applied Science in Pedology from the University of Canterbury, and Ph.D. in Earth Science from Massey University, both in New Zealand. His research interests are basin tectonics and stratigraphy, sedimentology, soil/regolith geology, hydrogeology, geohazards, mining education, and the use and interpretation of geospatial imagery for environmental assessment and land resource management. He has over 30 years\\' geoscience consultancy, research, and teaching experience having worked in a range of geological landscapes within Australia and New Zealand. He held senior research scientist positions in State (Tasmania) and Australian Government agencies and as a researcher in Queensland university research centers.",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"838",title:"Meteorology",slug:"meteorology"}],chapters:[{id:"69383",title:"Introductory Chapter: Australia—A Land of Drought and Flooding Rain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89549",slug:"introductory-chapter-australia-a-land-of-drought-and-flooding-rain",totalDownloads:773,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"John Abbot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69383",authors:[{id:"225780",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Abbot",slug:"john-abbot",fullName:"John Abbot"}],corrections:null},{id:"67666",title:"Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Patterns in Jeddah City, KSA: Future Impacts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86774",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-rainfall-patterns-in-jeddah-city-ksa-future-impacts",totalDownloads:1198,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Recently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been facing significant changes in rainstorm patterns (rainstorm intensities, frequencies, distributions) causing many flash flood events. The city of Jeddah is located in a coastal plain area, in the middle of the western side of the KSA, which represents a clear case of changing rainstorm patterns. Jeddah has been hit by many rainstorm events, which increased dramatically since 2009 (e.g., one in 2009, one in 2011, one in 2015, and another one happened in 2017). However, in 2018 about six rainstorms occurred. Two major flash flood events occurred in the city in November 2009 and in January 2011. There were significant impacts of these two events causing severe flooding. During these events, 113 persons were announced dead (in the 2009 event), and infrastructures and properties were damaged (roads and highways, more than 10,000 homes and 17,000 vehicles). In addition to that, dam failure occurred in the 2011 event. This situation gives clear evidence in changing the climate system that could cause more storms in the future across the KSA. Generally, Jeddah city has a lack of short-duration data in rainfall stations. In addition to that, there are a limited number of studies that have been done in determining rainstorm patterns. Consequently, the approach of the current study will focus on understanding and determining rainstorm patterns in the period between 2011 and 2017 depending on some digital rainfall stations that have been installed recently in Jeddah city. Rainstorm pattern and the method of distribution are the most crucial factors affecting peak flow and volume calculations. Our findings showed that there are two pattern types for the rainstorms in Jeddah city. Finally, a comparison with SCS-type II distribution was carried out.",signatures:"Mazen M. Abu Abdullah, Ahmed M. Youssef, Fawzy Nashar and Emad Abu AlFadail",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67666",authors:[{id:"188462",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Youssef",slug:"ahmed-youssef",fullName:"Ahmed Youssef"},{id:"289794",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazen",surname:"Abu Abdulla",slug:"mazen-abu-abdulla",fullName:"Mazen Abu Abdulla"},{id:"296737",title:"Mr.",name:"Fawzy",surname:"Nashar",slug:"fawzy-nashar",fullName:"Fawzy Nashar"},{id:"296738",title:"Mr.",name:"Emad",surname:"Abu AlFadail",slug:"emad-abu-alfadail",fullName:"Emad Abu AlFadail"}],corrections:null},{id:"67594",title:"A Novel Assessment of the Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation of Climate Change in Eastern Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86850",slug:"a-novel-assessment-of-the-impacts-vulnerability-and-adaptation-of-climate-change-in-eastern-africa",totalDownloads:781,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The evidences that climate change (CC) is a real situation have been established by different scholars and international organizations. However, much of the vast and burgeoning literature on CC has indicated spatial differences on the impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation among different communities. On that basis, various studies have grouped Eastern Africa as the most affected region by CC and has the weakest capacity to adapt or/and mitigate the dreadful conditions posed by CC. This chapter attempts to indicate the socioeconomic vulnerability in eastern Africa that has been coupled by climate impacts. In doing so, a wide range of studies reflecting the region has been reviewed. The results exhibit that there has been a cause-effect relationship between anthropogenic activities and climate impacts. Although both natural and anthropogenic factors cause climate change, the latter is more pronounced in local conditions. The level of deforestation and degradation in most eastern Africa is exceedingly high and this has subsequently increased the emission of the top green greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) into the atmosphere. Thus, the resolutions of various conference of parties on CC need to adhere by both developed and developing countries for the betterment of the planet.",signatures:"Msafiri Yusuph Mkonda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67594",authors:[{id:"262596",title:"Dr.",name:"Msafiri Yusuph",surname:"Mkonda",slug:"msafiri-yusuph-mkonda",fullName:"Msafiri Yusuph Mkonda"}],corrections:null},{id:"66825",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85824",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",totalDownloads:986,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To improve monitoring of extreme weather and climate events from space, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project (SEMDP). Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66825",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66825",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}],corrections:null},{id:"62952",title:"Modeling Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in Mountainous Regions: Challenges in the Representation of Indirect Microphysical Effects with Impacts at Subregional Scales",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80025",slug:"modeling-aerosol-cloud-precipitation-interactions-in-mountainous-regions-challenges-in-the-represent",totalDownloads:983,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In mountainous regions, the nonlinear thermodynamics of orographic land-atmosphere interactions (LATMI) in organizing and maintaining moisture convergence patterns on the one hand, and aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions (ACPI) in modulating the vertical structure of precipitation and space-time variability of surface precipitation on the other, are difficult to separate unambiguously because the physiochemical characteristics of aerosols themselves exhibit large sub-regional scale variability. In this chapter, ACPI in the Central Himalayas are examined in detail using aerosol observations during JAMEX09 (Joint Aerosol Monsoon Campaign 2009) to specify CCN activation properties for simulations of a premonsoon convective storm using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) version 3.8.1. The focus is on contrasting AIE during episodes of remote pollution run-up from the Indo-Gangetic Plains and when only local aerosols are present in Central Nepal. This study suggests strong coupling between the vertical structure of convection in complex terrain that governs the time-scales and spatial organization of cloud development, CCN activation rates, and cold microphysics (e.g. graupel production is favored by slower activation spectra) that result in large shifts in the spatial distribution of precipitation, precipitation intensity and storm arrival time.",signatures:"Ana P. Barros, Prabhakar Shrestha, Steven Chavez and Yajuan Duan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62952",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62952",authors:[{id:"246609",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",surname:"Barros",slug:"ana-barros",fullName:"Ana Barros"},{id:"249918",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Duan",slug:"yajuan-duan",fullName:"Yajuan Duan"},{id:"259203",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabhakar",surname:"Shrestha",slug:"prabhakar-shrestha",fullName:"Prabhakar Shrestha"},{id:"259204",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",surname:"Chavez",slug:"steven-chavez",fullName:"Steven Chavez"}],corrections:null},{id:"65536",title:"The Chemical Nature of Individual Size-Resolved Raindrops and Their Residual Particles Collected During High Atmospheric Loading for PM2.5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84227",slug:"the-chemical-nature-of-individual-size-resolved-raindrops-and-their-residual-particles-collected-dur",totalDownloads:769,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although it is well known that rain plays an important role in capturing air pollutants, its quantitative evaluation has not been done enough. In this study, the pollutant scavenging effect by size of raindrops was investigated by clarifying the chemical nature of individual size-resolved raindrops and their residual particles. Raindrops as a function of their size were collected using the raindrop collector devised by ourselves during high atmospheric loading for PM2.5. The raindrop number concentration (m−2 h−1) tended to drastically decrease as the drop size goes up. Particle scavenging rate, Rsca.(%), based on the actual measurement values were 38.7, 69.5, and 80.8% for the particles with 0.3–0.5, 0.5–1.0, and 1.0–2.0 μm diameter, respectively. S, Ca, Si, and Al ranked relatively high concentration in raindrops, especially small ones. Most of the element showed a continuous decrease in concentration with increasing raindrop diameter. The source profile by factor analysis for the components of residual particles indicated that the rainfall plays a valuable role in scavenging natural as well as artificial particles from the dirty atmosphere.",signatures:"Chang-Jin Ma and Gong-Unn Kang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65536",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65536",authors:[{id:"29209",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang Jin",surname:"Ma",slug:"chang-jin-ma",fullName:"Chang Jin Ma"},{id:"282848",title:"Prof.",name:"Gong-Unn",surname:"Kang",slug:"gong-unn-kang",fullName:"Gong-Unn Kang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8375",title:"Recent Advances in Flood Risk Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2f3e2f3d1f9b7a5d94177b56a0b13a4",slug:"recent-advances-in-flood-risk-management",bookSignature:"John Abbot and Andrew Hammond",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8375.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225780",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Abbot",slug:"john-abbot",fullName:"John Abbot"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5316",title:"Tsunami",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43b9aa1649d76ec048022b3578bdc3f1",slug:"tsunami",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mokhtari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7484",title:"Topics in Hydrometerology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d7e790445c691226a5778a32abd15cf",slug:"topics-in-hydrometerology",bookSignature:"Theodore V Hromadka II and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7484.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eadbd6f9c26be844062ce5cd3b3eb573",slug:"weather-forecasting",bookSignature:"Muhammad Saifullah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"320968",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saifullah",slug:"muhammad-saifullah",fullName:"Muhammad Saifullah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5219",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:"Selected Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edf0ad164729f5ce157c34f9978fcc61",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8974",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bf6428d456edbadac595a8417045865",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-cyclone-research",bookSignature:"Anthony Lupo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18289",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Lupo",slug:"anthony-lupo",fullName:"Anthony Lupo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-metallothioneins-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-heavy-metals-a-biotechnology-triad-",title:"Erratum - Metallothioneins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Heavy Metals: A Biotechnology Triad?",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/60025.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60025",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/60025",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/60025",chapter:{id:"56597",slug:"metallothioneins-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-heavy-metals-a-biotechnology-triad-",signatures:"Ileana Cornelia Farcasanu and Lavinia Liliana Ruta",dateSubmitted:"December 11th 2016",dateReviewed:"July 7th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 13th 2017",book:{id:"6007",title:"Old Yeasts",subtitle:"New Questions",fullTitle:"Old Yeasts - New Questions",slug:"old-yeasts-new-questions",publishedDate:"December 13th 2017",bookSignature:"Candida Lucas and Celia Pais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6007.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95655",title:"Prof.",name:"Cândida",middleName:null,surname:"Lucas",slug:"candida-lucas",fullName:"Cândida Lucas"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203734",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:"Cornelia",surname:"Farcasanu",fullName:"Ileana Farcasanu",slug:"ileana-farcasanu",email:"ileana.farcasanu@chimie.unibuc.ro",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203865",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ruta",fullName:"Lavinia Ruta",slug:"lavinia-ruta",email:"lavinia.ruta@chimie.unibuc.ro",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"56597",slug:"metallothioneins-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-heavy-metals-a-biotechnology-triad-",signatures:"Ileana Cornelia Farcasanu and Lavinia Liliana Ruta",dateSubmitted:"December 11th 2016",dateReviewed:"July 7th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 13th 2017",book:{id:"6007",title:"Old Yeasts",subtitle:"New Questions",fullTitle:"Old Yeasts - New Questions",slug:"old-yeasts-new-questions",publishedDate:"December 13th 2017",bookSignature:"Candida Lucas and Celia Pais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6007.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95655",title:"Prof.",name:"Cândida",middleName:null,surname:"Lucas",slug:"candida-lucas",fullName:"Cândida Lucas"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203734",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:"Cornelia",surname:"Farcasanu",fullName:"Ileana Farcasanu",slug:"ileana-farcasanu",email:"ileana.farcasanu@chimie.unibuc.ro",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203865",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ruta",fullName:"Lavinia Ruta",slug:"lavinia-ruta",email:"lavinia.ruta@chimie.unibuc.ro",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},book:{id:"6007",title:"Old Yeasts",subtitle:"New Questions",fullTitle:"Old Yeasts - New Questions",slug:"old-yeasts-new-questions",publishedDate:"December 13th 2017",bookSignature:"Candida Lucas and Celia Pais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6007.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95655",title:"Prof.",name:"Cândida",middleName:null,surname:"Lucas",slug:"candida-lucas",fullName:"Cândida Lucas"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11452",leadTitle:null,title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tGenetic resources represent the genetic storehouse of information, and this needs to be explored, evaluated, cataloged, and conserved so that no genotype is lost from the treasury of genome diversity. It is critical that all available methods, including cryopreservation applications, are explored. Cryopreservation is the cooling of cells to sub-zero temperatures. All metabolic systems are preserved indefinitely, which may be an illusion due to the associated difficulties in revitalizing cells after cooling. However, when successful, this method holds the future for cell preservation. This book is about research outputs, proposals, and challenges associated with using cryopreservation techniques to conserve germplasm for posterity. It considers various types of plant parts and germlines used for conservation. Successful preparation of cells and tissues prior to cooling is critical to ensure restoration after cooling, and appropriate use of cryoprotectants is important. This book also focuses on the effect of cryoprotection in cryopreservation protocol.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-027-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-026-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-028-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",keywords:"Plant Genetic Resources, Explant Conditioning, Cryoprotection, Conservation, Cryoprotectants, Germplasm, Freezing, Mode of Cooling, Stem Cells, Cryoprotectants, Biobank, Conservation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in plant tissue culture and related sciences in Sub-Sahara Africa. Prof. Quain has published a number of book chapters, peer-reviewed publications in local and international journals, conference papers, and laboratory manuals. In 2018 Prof. Quain received Award in Excellence in Teaching and Outreach from the American Society for Plant Biologists",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300385/images/system/300385.jpg",biography:"Prof. Marian D. Quain is a Principal Research Scientist (Biotechnologist) at CSIR – Crops Research Institute Kumasi, as well an Associate Professor at CSIR – Graduate School CCST\nProf. Quain holds a B.Sc. (Hons.) Degree in Botany with Zoology, M.Phil (Botany – Plant Physiology) and Ph.D. (Botany-Plant Physiology) from the University of Ghana, Legon. Her research interest is based on Biotechnology. She has expertise in tissue culture, cryopreservation, genetic transformation, plant physiology, molecular biology, aeroponics, Biosafety, and Biotechnology stewardship. Prof. Quain research focus is on the utilization of tissue culture for the production of clean planting materials of vegetatively propagated crops, germplasm conservation and the use of molecular tools for crop diversity, disease diagnostics, and molecular marker-assisted selection to facilitate current state-of-the-art breeding using transcriptomics and proteomics, as well as application of recombinant gene technology for crop improvement. \nProf. Quain joined the CSIR-Crops research institute in 1996 and initiated tissue culture research activities. During her Ph.D. studies (2002-2007) she carried out certain aspects of the research at the University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal Howard Campus in Durban South Africa as well as the Tuskegee University Alabama USA as a fellow of the Third World Organization for Women Science. Under the Schlumberger Foundation Fellowship for Future Faculty, Marian was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Leeds University UK (2011-2013). \nProf. Quain has published a number of book chapters, peer-reviewed publications in local and international journals, conference papers and laboratory manuals. She contributed with advice and expertise in many Tissue culture and molecular biology laboratories in Ghana and the West African Sub-region. She has also trained technician and researchers, both locally and internationally, on the application of Biotechnology. Currently, Prof. Quain is introducing high school teachers in Ghana to biotechnology. \nIn 2013, she was awarded for the Best Research Scientist by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in connection with the Farmers Day Celebrations in Ghana. She was a 2017 Cochran Fellow and has also completed (2017 – 2018) Africa Science leadership Program Fellowship. In 2018 Prof. Quain received Award in Excellence in Teaching and Outreach from the American Society for Plant Biologists. She served as Deputy Director for the CSIR - Crops Research Institute from October 2019 to December 2021. She leads research in seed systems of vegetatively propagated crops in her institute.",institutionString:"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Ghana",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20617",title:"Addressing the Enigma of MCM8 in DNA Replication",doi:"10.5772/21177",slug:"addressing-the-enigma-of-mcm8-in-dna-replication",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20617.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20617",totalDownloads:2021,totalViews:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:20,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 11th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 26th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 26th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20617",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20617",book:{id:"241",slug:"fundamental-aspects-of-dna-replication"},signatures:"Dianne C. Daniel and Edward M. Johnson",authors:[{id:"42103",title:"Prof.",name:"Dianne",middleName:"C.",surname:"Daniel",fullName:"Dianne Daniel",slug:"dianne-daniel",email:"danieldc@evms.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Eastern Virginia Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"85937",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",fullName:"Edward Johnson",slug:"edward-johnson",email:"johnsoem@evms.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Eastern Virginia Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"241",type:"book",title:"Fundamental Aspects of DNA Replication",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fundamental Aspects of DNA Replication",slug:"fundamental-aspects-of-dna-replication",publishedDate:"September 26th 2011",bookSignature:"Jelena Kušić-Tišma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/241.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-259-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5157-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"43279",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Kusic-Tisma",slug:"jelena-kusic-tisma",fullName:"Jelena Kusic-Tisma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"400"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20615",type:"chapter",title:"Assembly and Regulation of the Pre-Replication Complex: Increasing Complexity in Sight of Diversified Function and Regulation",slug:"assembly-and-regulation-of-the-pre-replication-complex-increasing-complexity-in-sight-of-diversified",totalDownloads:1982,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Malik Lutzmann",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48787",title:"Dr.",name:"Malik",middleName:null,surname:"Lutzmann",fullName:"Malik Lutzmann",slug:"malik-lutzmann"}]},{id:"20616",type:"chapter",title:"Regulation of DNA Replication Origin Licensing",slug:"regulation-of-dna-replication-origin-licensing",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Srikripa Chandrasekaran, Karen T. Reidy and Jeanette Gowen Cook",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40530",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeanette",middleName:null,surname:"Cook",fullName:"Jeanette Cook",slug:"jeanette-cook"},{id:"40537",title:"Dr.",name:"Srikripa",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrasekaran",fullName:"Srikripa Chandrasekaran",slug:"srikripa-chandrasekaran"},{id:"40538",title:"Ms.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Reidy",fullName:"Karen Reidy",slug:"karen-reidy"}]},{id:"20617",type:"chapter",title:"Addressing the Enigma of MCM8 in DNA Replication",slug:"addressing-the-enigma-of-mcm8-in-dna-replication",totalDownloads:2021,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dianne C. Daniel and Edward M. Johnson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42103",title:"Prof.",name:"Dianne",middleName:"C.",surname:"Daniel",fullName:"Dianne Daniel",slug:"dianne-daniel"},{id:"85937",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",fullName:"Edward Johnson",slug:"edward-johnson"}]},{id:"20618",type:"chapter",title:"Regulation of MCM7 DNA Replication Licensing Activity",slug:"regulation-of-mcm7-dna-replication-licensing-activity",totalDownloads:1801,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jian-Hua Luo and Yan P. Yu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39354",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Jian-Hua Luo",slug:"jian-hua-luo"},{id:"49511",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Yan Yu",slug:"yan-yu"}]},{id:"20619",type:"chapter",title:"Regulation of Minichromosome Maintenance (MCM) Helicase in Response to Replication Stress",slug:"regulation-of-minichromosome-maintenance-mcm-helicase-in-response-to-replication-stress",totalDownloads:2712,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Faria Zafar and Takuro Nakagawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34361",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuro",middleName:null,surname:"Nakagawa",fullName:"Takuro Nakagawa",slug:"takuro-nakagawa"},{id:"48901",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Faria",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",fullName:"Faria Zafar",slug:"faria-zafar"}]},{id:"20620",type:"chapter",title:"Cell Cycle Control of DNA Replication by Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Replication-Initiation Proteins in Budding Yeast",slug:"cell-cycle-control-of-dna-replication-by-phosphorylation-and-dephosphorylation-of-replication-initia",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yuanliang Zhai, Philip Y.K. Yung and Chun Liang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39655",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Chun Liang",slug:"chun-liang"},{id:"51400",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanliang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhai",fullName:"Yuanliang Zhai",slug:"yuanliang-zhai"},{id:"51401",title:"Mr.",name:"Philip Y.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Yung",fullName:"Philip Y.K. Yung",slug:"philip-y.k.-yung"}]},{id:"20621",type:"chapter",title:"Cdc6 Knockdown Renders p16INK4a Re-Activation, Leading to Senescence Human Breast Carcinoma Cells",slug:"cdc6-knockdown-renders-p16ink4a-re-activation-leading-to-senescence-human-breast-carcinoma-cells",totalDownloads:2337,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luo Feng, Jerry R. Barnhart, Lingtao Wu, Greg Shackleford, Sheng-he Huang and Ambrose Jong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31615",title:"Prof.",name:"Ambrose",middleName:null,surname:"Jong",fullName:"Ambrose Jong",slug:"ambrose-jong"}]},{id:"20622",type:"chapter",title:"Visualize Dynamics of Chromosome Structure Formation and DNA Repair/Recombination Coupled With DNA Replication: Tight Coupled Role of DNA Replication in Chromosome Compaction and DNA Recombination",slug:"visualize-dynamics-of-chromosome-structure-formation-and-dna-repair-recombination-coupled-with-dna-r",totalDownloads:2160,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eisuke Gotoh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33764",title:"Dr.",name:"Eisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Gotoh",fullName:"Eisuke Gotoh",slug:"eisuke-gotoh"}]},{id:"20623",type:"chapter",title:"Sequence-Directed DNA Curvature in Replication Origins Segments",slug:"sequence-directed-dna-curvature-in-replication-origins-segments",totalDownloads:1844,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Adriana Fiorini, Fabrícia Gimenes, Quirino Alves de Lima Neto, Fábio Rogério Rosado and Maria Aparecida Fernandez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30901",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Maria Fernandez",slug:"maria-fernandez"},{id:"30908",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorini",fullName:"Adriana Fiorini",slug:"adriana-fiorini"},{id:"48678",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Gimenes",fullName:"Fabrícia Gimenes",slug:"fabricia-gimenes"},{id:"62621",title:"MSc",name:"Quirino Alves",middleName:null,surname:"De Lima Neto",fullName:"Quirino Alves De Lima Neto",slug:"quirino-alves-de-lima-neto"},{id:"86399",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio Rogério",middleName:null,surname:"Rosado",fullName:"Fábio Rogério Rosado",slug:"fabio-rogerio-rosado"}]},{id:"20624",type:"chapter",title:"Initiation of DNA Replication from Closed Circular DNA",slug:"initiation-of-dna-replication-from-closed-circular-dna",totalDownloads:2668,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Daniel Simmons",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38904",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Simmons",fullName:"Daniel Simmons",slug:"daniel-simmons"}]},{id:"20625",type:"chapter",title:"Function of DNA Polymerase α in a Replication Fork and its Putative Roles in Genomic Stability and Eukaryotic Evolution",slug:"function-of-dna-polymerase-in-a-replication-fork-and-its-putative-roles-in-genomic-stability-and-euk",totalDownloads:2367,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Masaharu Takemura",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30528",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaharu",middleName:null,surname:"Takemura",fullName:"Masaharu Takemura",slug:"masaharu-takemura"}]},{id:"20626",type:"chapter",title:"Quality Control of DNA Polymerase α",slug:"quality-control-of-dna-polymerase-",totalDownloads:1825,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takeshi Mizuno, Masako Izumi and Christian S. Eichinger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33740",title:"PhD.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mizuno",fullName:"Takeshi Mizuno",slug:"takeshi-mizuno"},{id:"33747",title:"Dr.",name:"Masako",middleName:null,surname:"Izumi",fullName:"Masako Izumi",slug:"masako-izumi"},{id:"33748",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:"Stefan",surname:"Eichinger",fullName:"Christian Eichinger",slug:"christian-eichinger"}]},{id:"20627",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanisms and Controls of DNA Replication in Bacteria",slug:"mechanisms-and-controls-of-dna-replication-in-bacteria",totalDownloads:10839,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"César Quiñones-Valles, Laura Espíndola-Serna and Agustino Martínez-Antonio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34508",title:"Prof.",name:"Agustino",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Antonio",fullName:"Agustino Martínez-Antonio",slug:"agustino-martinez-antonio"},{id:"48303",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Espíndola-Serna",fullName:"Laura Espíndola-Serna",slug:"laura-espindola-serna"},{id:"48304",title:"Ph.D.",name:"César",middleName:null,surname:"Quiñones-Valles",fullName:"César Quiñones-Valles",slug:"cesar-quinones-valles"}]},{id:"20628",type:"chapter",title:"Propagating Epigenetic States During DNA Replication",slug:"propagating-epigenetic-states-during-dna-replication",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jennifer L. Jacobi and Ann L. Kirchmaier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32870",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchmaier",fullName:"Ann Kirchmaier",slug:"ann-kirchmaier"},{id:"102719",title:"MSc.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Jacobi",fullName:"Jennifer Jacobi",slug:"jennifer-jacobi"}]},{id:"20629",type:"chapter",title:"Epigenetic Modifications: Genetic Basis of Environmental Stress Response",slug:"epigenetic-modifications-genetic-basis-of-environmental-stress-response",totalDownloads:3220,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takeo Kubota, Kunio Miyake and Takae Hirasawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41186",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeo",middleName:null,surname:"Kubota",fullName:"Takeo Kubota",slug:"takeo-kubota"},{id:"136779",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunio",middleName:null,surname:"Miyake",fullName:"Kunio Miyake",slug:"kunio-miyake"},{id:"136781",title:"Prof.",name:"Takae",middleName:null,surname:"Hirasawa",fullName:"Takae Hirasawa",slug:"takae-hirasawa"}]},{id:"20630",type:"chapter",title:"Relations Between Replication and Transcription",slug:"relations-between-replication-and-transcription",totalDownloads:3299,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Castro-Roa and Nikolay Zenkin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40877",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Zenkin",fullName:"Nikolay Zenkin",slug:"nikolay-zenkin"},{id:"49218",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Roa",fullName:"Daniel Castro-Roa",slug:"daniel-castro-roa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1314",title:"DNA Replication and Related Cellular Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75feb67a8fef6a08421545c476cebeab",slug:"dna-replication-and-related-cellular-processes",bookSignature:"Jelena Kusic-Tisma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43279",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",surname:"Kusic-Tisma",slug:"jelena-kusic-tisma",fullName:"Jelena Kusic-Tisma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20797",title:"Mini-Chromosome Maintenance Protein Family: Novel Proliferative Markers - The Pathophysiologic Role and Clinical Application",slug:"mini-chromosome-maintenance-protein-family-novel-proliferative-markers-the-pathophysiologic-role-and",signatures:"Shirin Karimi and Makan Sadr",authors:[{id:"30617",title:"Prof.",name:"Shirin",middleName:null,surname:"Karimi",fullName:"Shirin Karimi",slug:"shirin-karimi"},{id:"71577",title:"Dr.",name:"Makan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr",fullName:"Makan Sadr",slug:"makan-sadr"},{id:"136030",title:"Dr.",name:"Makan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadi",fullName:"Makan Sadi",slug:"makan-sadi"}]},{id:"20798",title:"Regulation of DNA Synthesis and Replication Checkpoint Activation During C. elegans Development",slug:"regulation-of-dna-synthesis-and-replication-checkpoint-activation-during-c-elegans-development",signatures:"Suzan Ruijtenberg, Sander van den Heuvel and Inge The",authors:[{id:"34843",title:"Prof.",name:"Sander",middleName:null,surname:"van den Heuvel",fullName:"Sander van den Heuvel",slug:"sander-van-den-heuvel"},{id:"47984",title:"Ms.",name:"Suzan",middleName:null,surname:"Ruijtenberg",fullName:"Suzan Ruijtenberg",slug:"suzan-ruijtenberg"},{id:"120020",title:"Dr.",name:"Inge",middleName:null,surname:"The",fullName:"Inge The",slug:"inge-the"}]},{id:"20799",title:"The Relationship Between Replication and Recombination",slug:"the-relationship-between-replication-and-recombination",signatures:"Apolonija Bedina Zavec",authors:[{id:"31643",title:"Dr.",name:"Apolonija",middleName:null,surname:"Bedina Zavec",fullName:"Apolonija Bedina Zavec",slug:"apolonija-bedina-zavec"}]},{id:"20800",title:"DNA Replication in Repair",slug:"dna-replication-in-repair",signatures:"Kevin M. McCabe",authors:[{id:"35106",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:"Michael",surname:"McCabe",fullName:"Kevin McCabe",slug:"kevin-mccabe"}]},{id:"20801",title:"The Role of MutS Homologues MSH4 and MSH5 in DNA Metabolism and Damage Response",slug:"the-role-of-muts-homologues-msh4-and-msh5-in-dna-metabolism-and-damage-response",signatures:"Xiling Wu, Keqian Xu and Chengtao Her",authors:[{id:"30999",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengtao",middleName:null,surname:"Her",fullName:"Chengtao Her",slug:"chengtao-her"},{id:"48471",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiling",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Xiling Wu",slug:"xiling-wu"},{id:"94465",title:"Dr.",name:"Keqian",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Keqian Xu",slug:"keqian-xu"}]},{id:"20802",title:"Reverse Transcriptase and Retroviral Replication",slug:"reverse-transcriptase-and-retroviral-replication",signatures:"T. Matamoros, M. Álvarez, V. Barrioluengo, G. Betancor and L. Menéndez-Arias",authors:[{id:"44149",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Menéndez-Arias",fullName:"Luis Menéndez-Arias",slug:"luis-menendez-arias"},{id:"44155",title:"Dr.",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"Matamoros",fullName:"Tania Matamoros",slug:"tania-matamoros"},{id:"44156",title:"Dr.",name:"Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez",fullName:"Mar Álvarez",slug:"mar-alvarez"},{id:"44157",title:"Ms.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Barrioluengo",fullName:"Verónica Barrioluengo",slug:"veronica-barrioluengo"},{id:"44158",title:"Mr.",name:"Gilberto",middleName:null,surname:"Betancor",fullName:"Gilberto Betancor",slug:"gilberto-betancor"}]},{id:"20803",title:"DNA Replication Fidelity of Herpes Simplex Virus",slug:"dna-replication-fidelity-of-herpes-simplex-virus",signatures:"Charles Bih-Chen Hwang",authors:[{id:"52492",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles Bih-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",fullName:"Charles Bih-Chen Hwang",slug:"charles-bih-chen-hwang"}]},{id:"20804",title:"DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor of Human Cytomegalovirus May Be a Key Molecule for Molecular Coupling of Viral DNA Replication to Transcription",slug:"dna-polymerase-processivity-factor-of-human-cytomegalovirus-may-be-a-key-molecule-for-molecular-coup",signatures:"Hiroki Isomura",authors:[{id:"30531",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Isomura",fullName:"Hiroki Isomura",slug:"hiroki-isomura"}]},{id:"20805",title:"Protein-Primed Replication of Bacteriophage ø29 DNA",slug:"protein-primed-replication-of-bacteriophage-29-dna",signatures:"Miguel de Vega and Margarita Salas",authors:[{id:"34496",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Salas",fullName:"Margarita Salas",slug:"margarita-salas"},{id:"47954",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"De Vega",fullName:"Miguel De Vega",slug:"miguel-de-vega"}]},{id:"20806",title:"Meiotic DNA Replication",slug:"meiotic-dna-replication",signatures:"David T. Stuart",authors:[{id:"38972",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Stuart",fullName:"David Stuart",slug:"david-stuart"}]},{id:"20807",title:"Cell Cycle Modification in Trophoblast Cell Populations in the Course of Placenta Formation",slug:"cell-cycle-modification-in-trophoblast-cell-populations-in-the-course-of-placenta-formation",signatures:"Tatiana Zybina and Eugenia Zybina",authors:[{id:"34701",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Zybina",fullName:"Tatiana Zybina",slug:"tatiana-zybina"},{id:"136031",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Zybina",fullName:"Eugenia Zybina",slug:"eugenia-zybina"}]},{id:"20808",title:"Injury-Induced DNA Replication and Neural Proliferation in the Adult Mammalian Nervous System",slug:"injury-induced-dna-replication-and-neural-proliferation-in-the-adult-mammalian-nervous-system",signatures:"Krzysztof Czaja, Wioletta E. Czaja, Maria G. Giacobini-Robecchi, Stefano Geuna and Michele Fornaro",authors:[{id:"33651",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Czaja",fullName:"Krzysztof Czaja",slug:"krzysztof-czaja"},{id:"48116",title:"Prof.",name:"Wioletta E.",middleName:null,surname:"Czaja",fullName:"Wioletta E. Czaja",slug:"wioletta-e.-czaja"},{id:"48118",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Geuna",fullName:"Stefano Geuna",slug:"stefano-geuna"},{id:"62540",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Giacobini-Robecchi",fullName:"Maria Giacobini-Robecchi",slug:"maria-giacobini-robecchi"},{id:"62543",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Fornaro",fullName:"Michele Fornaro",slug:"michele-fornaro"}]},{id:"20809",title:"The Absence of the “GATC - Binding Protein SeqA” Affects DNA Replication in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium",slug:"the-absence-of-the-gatc-binding-protein-seqa-affects-dna-replication-in-salmonella-enterica-serovar-",signatures:"Aloui Amine, Kouass Sahbani Saloua, Mihoub Mouadh, El May Alya and Landoulsi Ahmed",authors:[{id:"42434",title:"Dr.",name:"Amine",middleName:null,surname:"Aloui",fullName:"Amine Aloui",slug:"amine-aloui"},{id:"43520",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Landoulsi",fullName:"Ahmed Landoulsi",slug:"ahmed-landoulsi"},{id:"91032",title:"Dr.",name:"Alya",middleName:null,surname:"El May",fullName:"Alya El May",slug:"alya-el-may"},{id:"91035",title:"Dr.",name:"Saloua",middleName:null,surname:"Kouass Sahbani",fullName:"Saloua Kouass Sahbani",slug:"saloua-kouass-sahbani"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1967",title:"Molecular Interactions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522b62bf32423a57eeceb0bf150e5a66",slug:"molecular-interactions",bookSignature:"Aurelia Meghea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104880",title:"Prof.",name:"Aurelia",surname:"Meghea",slug:"aurelia-meghea",fullName:"Aurelia Meghea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2569",title:"Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c0b00cb583f566e77b3e553b1aa5920",slug:"protein-phosphorylation-in-human-health",bookSignature:"Cai Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"142646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cai",surname:"Huang",slug:"cai-huang",fullName:"Cai Huang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3141",title:"Apoptosis and Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42aa17cdb57c3b0a54443cc3dadddaaf",slug:"apoptosis-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Tobias M. Ntuli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96243",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",surname:"Ntuli",slug:"tobias-ntuli",fullName:"Tobias Ntuli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5784",title:"Antibody Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c8c3e133140fbc7f563918285e7c3c2",slug:"antibody-engineering",bookSignature:"Thomas Böldicke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5784.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176804",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Böldicke",slug:"thomas-boldicke",fullName:"Thomas Böldicke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"267",title:"DNA Replication",subtitle:"Current Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7098366ef9c3671e3699a9528f8a310c",slug:"dna-replication-current-advances",bookSignature:"Herve Seligmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/267.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3134",title:"The Mechanisms of DNA Replication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f1c7fa7b94b35a862aa43cb4a29dea8",slug:"the-mechanisms-of-dna-replication",bookSignature:"David Stuart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151937",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Stuart",slug:"david-stuart",fullName:"David Stuart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77340",title:"Genetically Modified Potato for Pest Resistance: Thrift or Threat?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98748",slug:"genetically-modified-potato-for-pest-resistance-thrift-or-threat-",body:'Almost four decades after the initial success [1], production of genetically modified plants still takes a central place in the experimental studies and biotechnology of plants. Genetic engineering has made possible introducing beneficial traits from unrelated plants, bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animal species, to overcome the major limitations of conventional plant breeding. Introduction of one or more genes into commercial crop species has helped boost crop yields due to increased resistance of transgenic lines to abiotic stress, pests and pathogens, and manipulation of metabolic pathways resulted in improving the nutritional or industrial value of genetically modified plants. Also, plant “factories” have been designed to produce high amounts of various pharmacologically important compounds, nutrients or other useful substances.
Genetically modified (GM) crops have been cultivated for more than twenty years and in 2019, the global area under GM crops was 190.4 million hectares, a 112-fold increase since their first commercialization in 1996 [2]. Gains from increased yields and cost savings brought net economic benefits amounting to more than $225 billion and added one hundred million tons to the global crop production without the need for using additional land for cultivation [3]. The development of insect resistant GM crops resulted in reduction of insecticides by 775.4 million kg (8.3%) and decreased the environmental impact of these chemicals by 18.5%. By cutting fuel usage associated with the production of chemical spray runs and tillage, this technology also reduced carbon dioxide emissions equivalent to removing more than 15 million cars from the roads [4]. However, wider adoption of GM crops remains the subject of biosafety concerns due to potential risks such as gene flow, evolution of resistance in insects and weeds, adverse effects on beneficial non-target organisms, or toxicity and allergenicity to humans.
A wide range of pests and pathogens (over 50 insect and about 10 nematode species, 11 viral, 6 bacterial and over 20 fungal pathogens) [5] threaten potato (
Potato is one of the few crops naturally susceptible to infection by agrobacteria, so the first report on the generation of transgenic potato plants using
Isolated in 1901 as the causative agent of silkworm disease,
When insects feed on Bt-plants, ingested Cry protoxin is solubilized and proteolytically activated in the alkaline environment of the insect midgut to the active toxin. The activated toxin goes through complex sequential binding events with an array of receptors on the surface of midgut cells, beginning with binding to cadherin, that facilitates additional protease cleavage and assembly of oligomeric forms of the toxin. The oligomers have increased binding affinity to the secondary receptors, leading to membrane insertion and lytic pore formation [16]. Such midgut tissue disruption halts insect feeding and causes subsequent mortality.
Transgenic potato lines with introduced Cry3A delta-endotoxin from
Expression of several Bt-toxins of Cry1 or Cry9 classes, that target lepidopteran pests, conferred resistance to the potato tuber moth (PTM), a major potato pest in tropical and subtropical regions. Bt-lines with variable level of PTM resistance have been obtained after potato transformation with
Moreover
Insect resistance has become a significant problem after WWII, when intensive agriculture with reliance on chemicals and uniform cultivation practices led to about 17,000 cases of insecticide resistance among 612 insect species by 2020 [9]. Since Bt-crops also provide strong and uniform selection pressure on insect populations it is hard to believe that pest problems can be solved with Bt-approach alone. By 2017, two decades after their commercialization, reduced efficacy of Bt-plants caused by field-evolved resistance has been reported in 16 out of 33 major crop pest populations, compared to only 3 reported in 2005 [31].
In Cry3A-potato, toxin was expressed at a very high level relative to the CPB susceptibility: at least 50 times as necessary to kill first instar, and at least twofold as necessary to stop third and fourth instar development or to arrest adult egg laying [17]. Although effective in short term, this high-dose strategy represents an extremely high selection pressure for developing resistance in the insect populations, and without additional management practices, it has been predicted that CPB can develop resistance to Bt-potato within 6 generations [32]. CPB resistance potential has been demonstrated in the laboratory by repeated Cry3A toxin application, resulting in about 60-fold increase in resistance ratio after 12 generations [33], and about 300-fold increase after 35 generations [34].
Developing Bt-resistance is a complex and diverse process, and populations of the same insect species of different origins may exhibit different mechanisms of resistance to the same Cry toxin [35, 36]. Two major resistance mechanisms are: alteration of midgut proteases involved in processing of Cry proteins in the insect midgut; and modification of binding sites for Bt-toxins. Other resistance mechanisms may include retention of Bt-toxin by the midgut peritrophic membrane, aggregation of toxin proteins by the midgut esterase, elevated melanization activity of the hemolymph and midgut cells, increased rate of repair or replacement of affected epithelial cells, and increased antioxidant activity [37]. Bt-resistant CPB strains exhibit at least two levels of adaptive responses that render immunity to the Cry3A toxin: the first is lower toxin binding to the receptors, probably as a consequence of reduction of binding sites within the receptor or reduction in receptor numbers, while the second one are changes in digestive enzyme profiles and specific increase in aminopeptidase activity [38]. Although this alteration of CPB digestive profile is not connected with toxin processing or its inactivation, it can be involved in modulation and amplification of signals that activate specific innate immune responses such as melanization, coagulation and defense peptide synthesis [39] – mechanisms that have been confirmed in overcoming the exposure to Bt-toxin in other insect species [35, 40].
Moreover, plasticity of its life cycle, large pool of genetic variation in life history traits and capability to effectively cope with naturally occurring host plant toxins or almost every chemical insecticide, leave no doubt that CPB can develop resistance to Bt-potato, given sufficient time. This also brings concerns on whether CPB can be prevented from developing resistance to Bt-potato – since with only a single resistance gene expressed, the high dose/refuge strategy is the only resistance management option available [41]. Although such strategy can hinder accumulation of initially rare homozygous resistance genes in Bt-exposed insect populations by decreasing selection pressure, its effectiveness is questionable in the case of CPB. While the susceptible beetles are “arrested” on Bt-potato, in the resistant strains ingestion of Cry3A toxin significantly increased both CPB larval motility and adult flight activity, whereby more physiologically resistant individuals showed higher behavioral responsiveness. Such behavioral resistance can affect gene flow between susceptible and resistant beetles, increasing distribution of resistant homozygous CPB offsprings within and between Bt-potato fields [33, 42]. In addition, effectiveness of the refuge strategy will be compromised not only when expressed toxin genes do not kill all of the heterozygous progeny, but also if resistance is non-recessive. Evidence of both the laboratory-selected [43] and field-evolved [44] resistance to Cry toxins indicates that some populations of target pests evolve dominant resistance alleles, which can be hardly defeated with the refuge strategy.
When exploring the functions of specific regions of Cry proteins, some of site-directed mutations resulted in increased binding affinity of Cry toxins to insect midgut receptors, conferring additional toxicity. For example, a triple Cry1Ab mutant protein showed up to 36-fold increase in toxicity [45], while multiple Cry3A mutations conferred 2-fold higher toxicity against CPB [46] compared to wild-type Cry toxins. Deletion of small regions of the toxin can result in increased toxicity or in toxins that could counter insect resistance to native Cry toxins. Deletion of 42 residues of the amino-terminal region resulted in an up to 6.6-fold increase in Cry2A toxicity against a lepidopteran pest [47], while Cry1AMod toxins (that due to the lack of α-helix can form oligomers in the absence of cadherin receptor) are effective against Cry1A-resistant target pests with mutations in the cadherin gene [48]. Additionally, added cadherin receptor fragment showed significant synergistic effect with Cry toxins, including 3.7-fold and 6.4-fold enhanced toxicity of Cry3Aa and Cry3Bb, respectively, to CPB [49].
The specificity of Cry proteins allows targeting a single pest or closely related insect species within the same order, but such specificity does not provide a wide range of protection. Improving or broadening the range of protection (as well as minimizing secondary pest infestations upon primary pest control) can be achieved through combining multiple resistance factors – a strategy that at the same time prevents or delays the evolution of insect resistance. The construction of hybrid Cry toxins can confer a wider target spectrum or higher toxicity than each of the parental toxins from which they are derived. Examples include hybrid Cry1Aa/Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab/Cry1C toxins, that exhibited 30- and 10-fold higher toxicity against target pests [50, 51]. Furthermore, a
For instance, concurrent use of one-toxin and pyramided two-toxin crops will enhance resistance to pyramided Bt-plants if the two-gene plants produce a similar toxin as the single-gene plants (for example, this is the case for marketed maize and cotton where the additional Bt-gene was “added” to an already existing Bt-line). Target pests can evolve a single gene resistance that overcomes both Bt genes used in the pyramiding, even if expressed Bt-toxins have different binding sites. A clear example are
In 1999, laboratory studies showed that Bt-maize pollen had deleterious effects on Monarch butterfly larvae [57], raising questions and concerns about Bt-crop impacts on non-target organisms. Additionally, since both target and non-target insect pests ingest toxin when feeding on Bt-plants, Bt-toxin may also affect beneficial predatory arthropods through consumption of target pests or by facultative feeding on transformed plants.
Riddick and Barbosa [58] showed no adverse effect on survival, fitness or predation potential of
Furthermore, studies on commercialized SmartStax maize with six Bt-genes (
Although free Bt-toxin released in root exudates and from decaying plant residues is rapidly degraded by soil microbes, it can be stabilized by binding on clays or humic substances and stay unchanged for two weeks to 6 months [67], depending on soil composition and pH, or crop species [68]. However, studies on Bt-crops have generally revealed no or minor transient effect on earthworms, nematodes, protozoans, bacteria, and fungi in soil [68].
Due to the acidic environment of the mammalian digestive tract and the absence of specific receptors, it is generally accepted that Bt-toxins do not bear substantial risk for human health. Additionally, about 60 years of history of using Bt-products as biopesticides showed that risks of toxicity or allergenic reactions to the Cry proteins are minimal. Cry3A toxin does not exhibit acute oral toxicity to mammalians in doses 10,000 times higher than its amount in potato tubers, and is rapidly digested
As a reflection of more than one hundred million years of coevolutionary “arms race”, plants developed numerous mechanisms to resist the attacks of pathogens and herbivores. Here, being part of the plant “chemical warfare” arsenal, secondary metabolites take an important place, with more than 200,000 known compounds with defensive activity. Among that broad repertoire, protein antimetabolites such as lectins, α-amylase inhibitors and especially plant protease inhibitors (PIs) are the most used for engineering crop resistance against various pests.
The most important role of PIs in plants is protection from both biotic and abiotic stresses. They may also have other functions: from tissue-specific regulation of endogenous proteases – especially in storage organs such as seeds and tubers [75], to the regulation of programmed cell death [76]. About 500 plant PIs were described, and according to the protease type they inhibit, PIs are classified as cysteine, serine, aspartyl and metallo protease inhibitors [77]. Generally, the inhibition is based on PIs binding to or near the enzyme active site, forming a stable complex with a low dissociation constant. This complex is often additionally “locked” by disulphide bonds, so that upon eventual hydrolysis the inhibitor remains associated to the enzyme, effectively blocking access of the substrate [78]. The mechanism of PIs antimetabolic effect on insects has not been fully elucidated and, due to its high specificity, it is assumed that different types of PIs also have different modes of action. The simplest model implies a direct antidigestive effect due to inhibition of proteolysis [79]. The second, more accepted model, is based on compensation for the loss of proteolytic activity – proteinase hyperproduction – which by redirecting amino acid utilization reduces their availability for insect growth and development [80] which, in addition to reduced performance, often increases insect mortality. PIs can also disrupt processes such as molting, neuropeptide synthesis, water balance, and enzyme regulation [81, 82, 83] or directly interfere with insect reproductive processes [84].
The early evidence on the protective role of PIs came in mid-20th century, when it was observed that soybean products negatively affect development of red flour beetle larvae [85]. In a pioneering research, Green and Ryan [86] reported on a rapid, both local and systemic, accumulation of PIs in potato and tomato leaves upon CPB attack, demonstrating the importance of PIs in plant defense against insects. Not long after, the first PI-transformed plant, tobacco expressing cowpea trypsin inhibitor, CpTI, conferred increased resistance to several lepidopteran, coleopteran and orthopteran insect pests [87]. This initial success triggered a generation of numerous transgenic plants expressing different PIs, more or less efficient in control of target pests. However, despite this promising development, none of PI-transgenic plants have been commercialized to date. One of the reasons is the conclusive “acute mortality” efficacy of Bt-plants, similar to the chemical insecticides. By contrast, PIs often cause decrease in insect fitness on a relative level, such as a reduction in growth and reproduction or extended development, that in a time scale can significantly reduce the size of pest population (for example, prolonged larval development brings longer exposition to predators, while the reduction in body mass decreases investment in reproduction). Secondly, a more important reason are adaptive capacities of insects that can compromise this approach, clearly demonstrated in some cases. These evolutionary, diet-induced strategies include overproduction of sensitive digestive enzymes that outnumber inhibitors, switching to digestive protease complements insensitive to PI or PI degradation with non-target proteases [88].
After evidence of deleterious effects of E-64, a broad spectrum thiole cysteine PI isolated from
These results clearly demonstrate that, due to its exceptional adaptability to the different host plant protective compounds [88], CPB can hardly be controlled by a single, narrow spectrum PI. Thus, to achieve more efficient control and prevent compensatory insect responses, broadening the spectrum of inhibition by protein fusion, transgene stacking or using multidomain PIs appeared as a possible solution. However, only a slight reduction in CPB larvae performance was achieved in potato expressing stacked rice cystatins, OCI and OCII [94, 95] or with multidomain serine PI from locust (LIP), active against both trypsin and chymotrypsin [96].
In contrast to this, equistatin, a PI from the sea anemone, with one domain that inhibits cysteine and a second domain active against aspartic proteases, had detrimental effect on CPB larvae growth and significantly increased their mortality after ingestion of equistatin-coated potato leaves [97]. Unfortunately, with expression of this potent PI in potato very low resistance level against CPB was achieved: the amount of active inhibitor in leaves was considerably reduced due to its degradation by native potato proteinases [98]. The promising results came with a hybrid CDI-CCII inhibitor (fusion of CDI with maize cystatin II), also active against both aspartate and cysteine proteinases. When painted on potato leaves, CDI-CCII initially reduced CPB larvae growth and food consumption by about 50% [99], but its real effects still remain to be proved in long-term feeding assays. Finally, fungal cysteine PIs, macrocypin and clitocypin, emerged as more favorable. Exhibiting strong inhibition of CPB cysteine proteinases, these PIs, introduced in potato, reduced growth and increased development time of CPB larvae [100, 101]. Moreover, the most promising trait of macrocypin and clitocypin is the absence of CPB digestive compensatory responses [100, 101] observed for PIs derived from other sources. However, relatively low expression was achieved in transgenic potato and, since they act in dose dependent manner, it is necessary to improve macrocypin and clitocypin expression levels for more pronounced negative effects on CPB larvae.
Additionally, potato expressing serine PI (CpTI or Soybean Kunitz, C-II and PI-IV) exhibited enhanced resistance to the lepidopteran larvae with about 50% reduction in total insect biomass [82, 102].
Several approaches based on structure–function models have been used to improve the inhibitory potency of protease inhibitors against specific proteases, including site directed mutagenesis of specific amino acids, molecular phage display procedures involving random mutagenesis in specific regions of the inhibitor sequence, or activity-based functional proteomics approach. By single mutations at the positively selected amino acid sites of the tomato multicystatin SlCYS8, variants with improved inhibitory potency toward the CPB digestive proteases were generated [103], and functional proteomics approach was used for identifying variants that efficiently capture CPB digestive protease targets [104]. P2V10, the most potent variant of SlCYS8 PI, expressed in potato, significantly reduced growth of CPB larvae in a 72 h feeding assay [104]. Similarly, after 4 days of feeding on potato expressing a modified variant of cystatin from barley (HvCPI-1 C68 fi G), that targets the cathepsin B-like fraction of cysteine digestive proteolysis, CPB larvae had about 23% lower weight, probably due the metabolic cost associated with the hyperproduction of inhibited digestive proteases [105]. However, knowing the remarkable CPB larvae adaptability to adjusting their digestive profile to functionally distinct plant PIs, studies assessing the long-term detrimental effects of these engineered cystatins are needed.
Although the usefulness of recombinant PIs expressed alone still remains to be proved or improved, they can enhance Cry toxicity. Several serine protease inhibitors can increase the insecticidal activity of Cry toxins 2–20 fold [106] and delay the resistance evolution of the targeted pest [107]. Although it is not known how PIs enhance Bt-toxin activity, it is supposed that they may inhibit the inactivation of Bt-toxins by specific gut proteases, or prevent the degradation of membrane receptors, increasing binding ability of Cry toxins [108]. In such way, hybrid SN19 (
Due to the existence of targets in most organisms in nature, beside the toxic effect on the pest, recombinant PIs can directly affect the digestive proteolysis in pollinators, symbionts and/or indirectly, through prey feeding on transgenic plants, they can endanger the ecological function of predators. However, although artificial diet studies indicate that predatory insects may be susceptible to the PI, prey-mediated effects are usually not observed when cystatins or CpTI are expressed in transgenic potato. When
On the other hand, although the effects of native plant PIs, such as CpTI or OCI, on non-target organisms have been well documented, there is little evidence of effects of new-generation inhibitors with stronger effects on pest proteinases, hybrid inhibitors or combined effects of several different insecticidal proteins. The challenge, of course, is to find or devise those variants of PIs that show increased activity against the target pest proteinases and decreased activity against proteinases of the host plant or of beneficial insects. Also, cystatins that occur naturally in seeds of rice and maize, present in potato tubers or in egg-white, are not novel in the human diet, and expressed in transgenic plants should not cause public concerns [114] – but the expression of strong broad-spectrum aspartate and serine PIs may raise many questions in the future.
Widely distributed in nature, lectins are a heterogeneous group of sugar-binding proteins with numerous biological functions. In plants they are involved in the transport and utilization of carbohydrates, cell organization, division and signaling, embryomorphogenesis, phagocytosis or as mediators of plant-microorganism symbiosis [115]. However, their most distinctive role is in plant defense mechanisms against pathogens and pests. Binding to a variety of glycoproteins, plant lectins can inhibit absorption of nutrients by disruption of insect gut epithelium structure or, by interacting with targets in insect hemolymph, fat tissue and ovaries, interfere with a number of physiological processes, such as growth, development and detoxification [116]. Although they can exhibit protective roles against insect pests from different orders, lectins are particularly useful for controlling Hemiptera, that are generally less sensitive to Bt or PIs.
Snowdrop mannose-binding lectin (
However, lectins can negatively impact beneficial non-target organisms, and for instance, preys that were fed on GNA potato were less favored or resulted in smaller, shorter-lived predators or parasitoids [123, 124]. Although they are present in most plants – especially abundant in cereal and legume seeds or potato tubers – lectins are generally considered toxic to animals and humans. So even though GNA did not show considerable toxicity in rat feeding studies [125], there is no doubt that food expressing such proteins requires long-term studies to evaluate its potentially harmful effects.
After the Nobel prized discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as a basic mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) [126] RNAi has become a powerful experimental tool for determining gene functions, had an immense impact on biomedical research and found its application in the management of insect pests. Evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotes, the mechanism of RNAi is involved in different processes including internal gene regulation (micro RNA or miRNA pathway), genome protection against transposons (piwi-interacting RNA or piRNA pathway) and defence against viral infections (small interfering RNA or siRNA pathway) [127]. Althought the siRNA pathway in insects mostly represents the first line of defense against viral RNA, it can be exploited for introduction of specific dsRNA that, through mechanism of RNAi, can initiate degradation of complementary endogenous insect mRNA. Thus, selection of any target gene and delivery of its sequence-specific dsRNA to cells can lead to functional knockout of that gene – affecting insect growth and development or increasing their mortality. A first proof-of-concept came in 2007, when transgenic maize expressing V-ATPase-specific dsRNA showed significant reduction in feeding damage caused by western corn rootworm (WCR) [128]. Maize with dsRNA transcript containing a 240 bp fragment of the WCR
However, various studies showed that different insect orders differently respond to orally delivered dsRNA – coleopterans are mostly sensitive, while RNAi efficiency is low for most lepidopterans. Multiple mechanisms contribute to this variability, including instability of dsRNA upon ingestion, insufficient dsRNA internalization, endosomal entrapment, deficient function of the RNAi machinery and reduced systemic spreading. Once consumed, the dsRNA first has to avoid degradation by dsRNases (dsRNA-specific ribonucleases) on their way through insect digestive tract. Level of dsRNA degradation by saliva or midgut nucleases varies among different insect orders and, for instance, midgut stability of dsRNA is greater in the CPB (Coleoptera) than in
Once taken up in the cytoplasm, dsRNA is recognized by the core RNAi machinery and processed into 21–23 bp siRNA by the enzyme Dicer 2 (DCR-2). The siRNA are loaded onto Argonaute 2 (Ago-2) protein and incorporated into the RNA-induced Silencing Complex (RISC). Upon degradation of the passenger strand of siRNA, RNase active domain of Ago-2 cleaves the mRNA recognized by the siRNA guide strand, inducing gene silencing. One of the reasons for efficient RNAi in coleopterans is the duplication of core RNAi pathway genes, including DCR-2 and Ago-2 [133]. Additionally, in CPB, components of miRNA and piRNA pathways are also critical for effectiveness of gene silencing by the siRNA pathway, but their involvement in dsRNA-mediated RNAi needs to be further investigated in Coleoptera and other insects [134]. A particularly interesting aspect of the RNAi response in insects is its potential systemic character, whereby the silencing signal can spread from the midgut to other tissues, causing systemic RNAi. The exact nature of this signaling pathway still remains elusive, and efficient silencing of genes in midgut tissue was predominant, especially in more derived dipteran and lepidopteran species that appear to be more refractory to systemic RNAi [135].
Although there is a vast number of essential genes in insect genomes, the choice of the target gene can significantly affect the efficiency of RNAi – but the factors making one essential gene a better target than another one are not currently understood. Variation in transcriptional activity, mechanisms of expression regulation, mRNA stability and its accumulation level may play an important role in defining a particular gene susceptibility to dsRNA, and screening of a larger number of potential target genes for RNAi efficiency remains the only reliable method of choice.
The availability of the CPB transcriptome [136] allows specific targeting of CPB genes critical for normal physiological processes and numerous studies demonstrated successful knockdown of target genes in dsRNA-fed CPB. Silencing the expression of genes that are crucial for maintaining physiological functions, such as actin and V-ATPase genes, or genes coding components involved in protein transportation (
Reduction in CPB juvenile hormone (JH) titer, that regulates metamorphosis and reproduction in insects, was achieved by knockdown of JHAMT (JH acid methyltransferase), the last rate-limiting enzyme in JH biosynthesis. Feeding on transgenic potato plants expressing ds
On the other hand, transformation of chloroplast DNA has potential for overcoming the constraints of nuclear transformation in dsRNA-mediated pest control. First advantage of transplastomic plants are markedly high gene expression levels, that due to tissue specificity, occur predominantly where functional plastids are present. An example is expression of Cry2Aa2 protoxin in tobacco chloroplasts in 20- to 30-fold higher levels than current commercial nuclear transgenic plants, which is lethal for both susceptible and Bt-resistant target insects [149]. Secondly, a great advantage of plastid transformation is the stability of dsRNA in plastids, as chloroplasts do not have the RNAi machinery. Among about 130 genes encoded by the chloroplast genome, none is Dicer-like or Argonaute-like, and there is no evidence of import of these nuclear-encoded proteins in chloroplasts [150]. Three recent studies demonstrated that when expressed from chloroplast genome, hp/dsRNA can confer a high level of protection against either lepidopteran (
Furthermore, chloroplast genome transformation also offers other advantages over nuclear transformation, including introduction of multiple genes in a single transformation event and lack of gene silencing, position or pleiotropic effects. Additionally, maternal inheritance excludes plastid genes and therefore reduces dispersion of the transgene by pollen transmission, increasing the biosafety of transgenic plants. However, plastid transformation is still much more challenging than nuclear transformation and limited by the methods of DNA delivery, homologous recombination efficiency and the methods for efficient selection and regeneration of transformants [154].
Numerous studies have shown that under long-term pressure of control strategies such as chemical insecticides or Bt-toxin, insects can rapidly evolve resistance, and there is no reason to believe that it would be differently with RNAi. Theoretically, there are three possible sources of resistance: mutations in the sequence of the target gene, mutations inactivating the RNAi machinery and mutations that affect the stability and/or uptake of ingested dsRNAs in the insect digestive tract. First two mechanisms are unlikely to become source of resistance. For instance, in CPB the mismatch rate of
With perfect sequence homology between dsRNA and mRNA only target gene suppression is expected, but it appears that siRNAs operate within cells with a certain level of “freedom” among targets. Mutation analyses showed that RNAi can be efficiently triggered with >80% sequence identity between siRNA and mRNA [158] but this mismatching tolerance can vary with insect species, target gene and dsRNA concentration [159, 160]. Moreover, dsRNA can provoke responses independently of its sequence, affecting insect antiviral immunity, gene expression and performance [158, 160]. Although not fully understood, these effects are particularly pronounced for dsRNA administered at high concentrations, supposing that high levels of siRNA may saturate the core RNAi machinery [161]. Given the small sizes of siRNAs, off-target effects that can appear in RNAi are probably quite common [162] and not considered as a concern in target organisms, but off-target binding in non-target organisms can represent a hazard if they are sufficiently exposed to the RNAi. To date, question how dsRNAs affect target and off-target genes in non-target organisms has received little attention, and existing studies indicate that the insecticidal effects of
dsRNAs exhibit low persistence in environment and microbial degradation of nucleic acids has been shown to be a key driver for such lack of stability. Biological activity of
Vertebrates are exposed to dietary intake of a number of various dsRNAs from animal, plant or microbial origin. Some are completely complementary to human or animal genes [168] and capable of initiating the RNAi pathway if they reach a target cell. However, there are numerous biological barriers, including nucleases along the digestive tract, and in bloodstream, series of cellular membrane barriers and endosomes significantly reduce dsRNAs to the levels insufficient for mediating RNAi. In 28-day repeat oral toxicity study in mice with
Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another, including inheritance (vertical gene transfer) or transfer between unrelated species (horizontal gene transfer). Althought horizontal gene transfer can contribute in “shaping” genomes of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are almost no evolutionary examples of gene transfer from eukaryotes to bacteria [171]. Transfer of plant DNA to bacteria has been demonstrated at a very low frequency under artificial conditions, and the only genes from GM plants that are likely to be successfully transferred are other bacterial genes, commonly used for selection in transformation [172]. More than 90% of transgenic plants that have been generated in different laboratories carry one of the three genes used for selection (resistance to antibiotics kanamycin or hygromycin, or herbicide phosphinothricin) [173], all of bacterial origin. Antibiotics are the most effective selection system for potato transformation, increasing its efficiency from 0.2%–4.5% under non-selective conditions to over 80% [174, 175]. However, they generally have no use after the selection phase of transformation, and can be completely removed or excised by different approaches, including segregation from the gene of interest after co-transformation, and different site-specific or homologous recombination systems [176]. In this way, using self-crossing segregation or inducible self-excision by the Cre-loxP system, selectable marker-free transgenic potato lines with increased resistance to pest or pathogens were created [177, 178], alleviating possibility of horizontal gene transfer.
On the other hand, vertical gene transfer, especially mediated by pollen, raises more concern. Transgene escapes have been documented for cotton, maize, soybean, oilseed rape, rice and wheat, indicating global dimensions of this problem [179]. In the case of Bt-plants, crop-to-crop gene flow can cause seed contamination, decrease efficiency of refuge strategies, or interfere with conventional or organic crop production. For instance, in Mexico where GM maize was not allowed for commercial cultivation, transgene escapes (
Cross-pollination between GM and non-GM potato should be less worrying, since vegetative propagation by tubers (rather than true seeds) is the dominant reproduction strategy of potato, and tubers are not affected by the plant fertilization with “foreign” pollen. Outcrossing has been observed to occur only between adjacent potato fields, with rapid decreasing rate with distance, and no cross-pollination detection when the pollen-receiving plants were separated by more than 20 meters from the GM plants [182]. Additionally, majority of modern cultivars that evolved from complex hybridizations among several diploid and polyploid potato species, suffer from different types of male sterility and produce little or no viable pollen. Also,
Crop improvement by genetic engineering requires obtaining transgenic lines with adequate expression of the heterologous gene and simultaneous preservation of all elite parental genetic attributes. One of the main limitations in achieving these requirements is the emergence of atypical plants – most often as a result of insertional mutagenesis or somaclonal variations that may occur in the tissue culture itself and/or during transformation.
In many plant species, including potato [187], the frequency of heterologous DNA insertions within coding or regulatory gene sequences exceeds 50% upon genetic transformation. Additionally, insertion-site mutations can alter the expression patterns of neighboring genes, especially if the heterologous gene is under the control of a strong promoter [188]. Another type of mutation, related to the transformation process itself, can occur in any part of the plant genome (genome-wide mutations) and is reflected in DNA polymorphism between transgenic and non-transgenic plants [189]. These latter changes are of epigenetic nature: the transformation process can activate transposon elements (TEs – whose activity is normally prevented by DNA hypermethylation), which then increase mutation rates and genomic rearrangements [190]. It is assumed that the same mechanism – activation of TEs – underlies somaclonal variations, a phenomenon associated with
Insertional mutagenesis is not expected to be manifested in potato, being autotetraploid and possessing three other alleles that can potentially compensate for the insertional effect of a gene functional deletion. Even when insertional mutagenesis produces visible phenotypic changes due to the high heterozygosity of commercial potato cultivars, such phenomena are considered an extremely rare event [192]. On the other hand potato is quite susceptible to somaclonal variations in tissue culture even in the absence of transformation [193]. The incidence of atypical plants attributed to somaclonal variations, ranges between 15% and 80% in the population of transgenic potato lines, depending on cultivar [192, 194]. These are often manifested as reduced growth, deformed leaf shape, lower yield and other changes in development, clearly visible in changing field conditions, rather than in uniform ones such as greenhouses or
Beside insertional mutagenesis or somaclonal variations, the unexpected changes in transgenic lines may be a consequence of the transgene expression itself. It is especially expected with PIs, that may interact with plant endogenous protease targets structurally and functionally related to insect digestive proteases, bringing both positive and negative pleiotropic effects
Unintended traits have been identified in commercial GM crops, including insect or herbicide resistant maize, cotton, soybean and oilseed rape – that can exhibit different agronomic and compositional changes relative to their non-GM parental lines [201]. For example, Mon810 maize, carrying
Owing to public concern and reserved acceptance of transgenic crops in many parts of the world, two approaches, cisgenesis and intragenesis, are designed as an alternative to “old” transgene technology. Both concepts include introduction of genetic material derived from the species itself (intragenesis) or closely related, cross compatible species (cisgenesis). Although they use a genetic transformation step, the modified crop genome is designed to not contain any foreign gene, including selectable markers. Therefore, crops developed using these techniques correspond to plants generated through conventional breeding, but without unintentional introduction of undesired genetic elements. Intragenesis has been successfully used for developing potato with high amylopectin content by silencing of the granule-bound starch synthase gene,
Genome editing is the latest and most potent molecular technology. Using programmable endonucleases (Zincfinger, TALENs or CRISPR-Cas), alterations can be made at precise locations in the genome, including targeted insertion, replacement or disruption of genes in plants. Because of their precision, these techniques can produce fewer unintended effects, and therefore “edited” crops are considered potentially safer than those generated by random mutagenesis or insertion. In case of potato, both TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have been mainly used to improve tuber quality (glycoalkaloids reduction, low acrylamide content and altered starch metabolism) or for herbicide resistance [211], but despite unlimited potential in genetic engineering, no pest-resistance gene incorporation has been reported yet. Importantly, CRISPR-based gene drives could be implemented to spread desirable genetic elements through pest populations themselves. For CPB, there is only one such report to date, where CRISPR/Cas9 was used for
For the growing world population that is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, food production should be increased by 25–70% and, at the same time, it is necessary to reduce nutritional losses, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, pesticide overuse and address other environmental concerns [213].
Potato is now the world’s third most important crop for human food consumption, after wheat and rice, but its production in the last 10 years stopped between 360 and 370 million tons annually [214]. Additionally, yield potential of potato has remained relatively unchanged, despite intensive breeding efforts [215], and century-old varieties (i.e., Russet Burbank and Bintje) are still cultivated due to lack of significant genetic improvements in potato. Narrow genetic base as a result of clonal propagation, multiple constraints such as inbreeding depression, self-incompatibility and incorporation of undesirable traits, limit the progress in conventional development of inbred potato lines [216]. On the other hand, genetic engineering has shown potential for fast, feasible, economic and environment-friendly introduction of resistance (and other beneficial) traits in commercially grown crops. However, to make full use of that potential it is necessary to improve existing and bring about new, more sustainable and cleaner gene manipulation technologies. By optimization of transgene expression level, its temporal or spatial programming (i.e., by use of wound-inducible or tissue-specific promoters), generating marker-free modified plants and exploiting new approaches such as cisgenesis/intragenesis or genome editing – it is possible to both decrease unintended effects and increase efficiency and public acceptability of transgenic crops.
For potato, there are no GM varieties with insect resistance traits in the markets, and strategies that rely on insecticides cannot be avoided – as well as their failure in pest control. For instance, imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid successfully used for almost 10 years in CPB control, started being ineffective at the beginning of this century [217]. On the other hand, as global population continues to expand, food production, including potato, has to increase by many folds and with wild potato varieties as only source of resistance traits and their introduction by breeding, that seems unattainable. Also it is questionable whether all potato pests, CPB especially, could be stopped by resistance factors existing in
As a crucial concept of insect resistance management, refuges are essential for durability of both stacked and single-toxin crops, and where resistance is rare, 20% (or at least 10% for stacked traits) of a pest host plant refuge may be sufficient to delay resistance by a decade or more [31]. Smaller refuges are insecure even under highly effective toxins (or other traits) and all cases of field-evolved resistance are associated with low refuge presence, as one of the main factors [221]. Additionally, within IPM context, refuges also provide better support to populations of natural enemies, that are not only important in target pest control, but to prevent non-target secondary pest outbreaks that can seriously reduce benefits from introduced traits and bring production back to running on the insecticide treadmill [222]. Adding pheromone disruption, mass trapping or intercropping arrangements – integrated into scientifically supported management and adapted to the pest biology – can efficiently reduce pest population size, keeping damage below the economical threshold. Experiences with combination of the simplest practices in potato fields in some parts of the USA, such as rational use of chemical insecticides, trap rows and crop rotation [223] proved a potential of well-structured IPM approach to balance one technology with other complementary strategies. Such avoidance of relying on only one means of control would require complex pest adaptations that are less likely to happen compared to the occurrence and fixation of random single gene mutations that can render resistance to insecticides, Bt-toxin, PIs, RNAi or any other measure that may be implemented in the future.
The benefits of pest-resistant GM crops, incorporated in well-balanced IPM strategies, are clear – but it is also necessary to define and understand their limitations and risks. Heavy dependence and overuse of insecticides undoubtedly had many consequences: food poisoning, reduction in biodiversity, negative effects on non-target species and other formidable impacts on environment – and genetic engineering provides a chance to not repeat all those mistakes. However, we cannot expect that Bt or other pest-resistant modified crops will not have long-term ecological or evolutionary consequences, as well as that small or substantial compositional changes, as intended (or unintended) quantitative or qualitative alterations of metabolites, nutrients or toxins, cannot impact ecological interactions and/or food or feed safety. Such risks are present and inevitable, can vary depending on traits introduced and strategy used for its introduction – and with a precautionary approach, at least some of them can be avoided or mitigated. Additionally, every generated crop line is created in a unique event and should be evaluated for risks, benefits and sustainability only on a case-by-case basis.
So, taking all together, is genetic modification of plants a thrift or a threat? It only depends on how carefully and advisedly we use that tool in our hands.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, contract number 451-03-9/2021-14/200007.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books and journals are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter/article level.
",metaTitle:"Access policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All IntechOpen published chapters and articles are available OPEN ACCESS and can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters and articles can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter/article and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books and Journal articles are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2022-04-14
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters and articles are available OPEN ACCESS and can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters and articles can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter/article and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books and Journal articles are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2022-04-14
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"9"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12063",title:"Critical Infrastructure - Modern Approach and New Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a88b0006f3a58c0a60f89e06efb31102",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Antonio Di Pietro and Prof. Jose Marti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12063.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"284589",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Di Pietro",slug:"antonio-di-pietro",fullName:"Antonio Di Pietro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12072",title:"Finite Element Method and Its Extensions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b9656ca1f591fcc44f127e12a6ef28f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahboub Baccouch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12072.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186635",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahboub",surname:"Baccouch",slug:"mahboub-baccouch",fullName:"Mahboub Baccouch"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11917",title:"Computational Semantics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eaaeec44e8fe5d1c9237fef5e0df8931",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11917.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12281",title:"Malware - Detection and Defense",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"41d18e9dcc5743bc6c8ae7403acb20a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12281.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12068",title:"Advances in Virtual Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4a0ea50f2deff672ee70f21251121955",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mamata Rath and Dr. Vijayakumar Varadarajan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12068.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"474611",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.Mamata",surname:"Rath",slug:"dr.mamata-rath",fullName:"Dr.Mamata Rath"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11911",title:"Scientometrics - Evolution, Methods, and Applications in Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21cabdc221ee3c4ce67965075c22211f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohan Bairwa, Dr. M. Mahbub Hossain, Dr. Neeraj Sharma and Dr. Manju Pilania",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11911.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181864",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohan",surname:"Bairwa",slug:"mohan-bairwa",fullName:"Mohan Bairwa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11919",title:"SQL Programming in Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d1d908cd61561c1e813552fbd6cb9ed1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Duc-Man Nguyen and Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11919.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"227628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Duc-Man",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"duc-man-nguyen",fullName:"Duc-Man Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9b559ad26f909f0423ba9d111663218",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rohit Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11547",title:"Information Security and Privacy in the Digital World - Some Selected Topics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b268e581d5e458cb91b82c518f2717eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jaydip Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11547.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11916",title:"The E-commerce Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"97b6de623f15598880112f6bafedc3e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Robert M.X. Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11916.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11913",title:"Scheduling Algorithms for Information and Communication Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"51b9b6eb5e1f6fd01c84879bc8182486",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yann H. Chemin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"270578",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",surname:"Chemin",slug:"yann-chemin",fullName:"Yann Chemin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:25},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"143",title:"Sustainable Development",slug:"environmental-sciences-sustainable-development",parent:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:208,numberOfWosCitations:206,numberOfCrossrefCitations:175,numberOfDimensionsCitations:381,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"143",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9845",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"Processes and Practices Towards Sustainable Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e60932edd4a5d1f03606853a11f7616a",slug:"landscape-architecture-processes-and-practices-towards-sustainable-development",bookSignature:"Luís Loures and Mustafa Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8156",title:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222ef024272a36394c5213ab97c07d29",slug:"sustainability-assessment-at-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"María José Bastante-Ceca, Jose Luis Fuentes-Bargues, Levente Hufnagel, Florin-Constantin Mihai and Corneliu Iatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8156.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210968",title:"Dr.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Bastante-Ceca",slug:"maria-jose-bastante-ceca",fullName:"María José Bastante-Ceca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4697",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a571ed811b623e82680d1ade5b4feb98",slug:"greenhouse-gases",bookSignature:"Bernardo Llamas Moya and Juan Pous",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169368",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Llamas",slug:"bernardo-llamas",fullName:"Bernardo Llamas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2168",title:"Sustainable Development",subtitle:"Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2390760489adb85a77ad5db8df83fa05",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",bookSignature:"Sime Curkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2168.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139156",title:"Dr.",name:"Sime",middleName:null,surname:"Curkovic",slug:"sime-curkovic",fullName:"Sime Curkovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2016",title:"Sustainable Development",subtitle:"Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2afa6164c067274259fa5c28364e6592",slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",bookSignature:"Chaouki Ghenai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14569",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaouki",middleName:null,surname:"Ghenai",slug:"chaouki-ghenai",fullName:"Chaouki Ghenai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1368",title:"Biological Diversity and Sustainable Resources Use",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a2e4859e120fd16cbb50fe87a15d4a5",slug:"biological-diversity-and-sustainable-resources-use",bookSignature:"Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1368.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51992",title:"PhD.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo",slug:"oscar-grillo",fullName:"Oscar Grillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"69212",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89202",title:"Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Assessment",slug:"attributional-and-consequential-life-cycle-assessment",totalDownloads:2422,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"An attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) estimates what share of the global environmental burdens belongs to a product. A consequential LCA (CLCA) gives an estimate of how the global environmental burdens are affected by the production and use of the product. The distinction arose to resolve debates on what input data to use in an LCA and how to deal with allocation problems. An ALCA is based on average data, and allocation is performed by partitioning environmental burdens of a process between the life cycles served by this process. A CLCA ideally uses marginal data in many parts of the life cycle and avoids allocation through system expansion. This chapter aims to discuss and clarify the key concepts. It also discusses pros and cons of different methodological options, based on criteria derived from the starting point that environmental systems analysis should contribute to reducing the negative environmental impacts of humankind or at least reduce the impacts per functional unit: the method should be feasible and generate results that are accurate, comprehensible, inspiring, and robust. The CLCA is more accurate, but ALCA has other advantages. The decision to make an ALCA or a CLCA should ideally be taken by the LCA practitioner after discussions with the client and possibly with other stakeholders and colleagues.",book:{id:"8156",slug:"sustainability-assessment-at-the-21st-century",title:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century"},signatures:"Tomas Ekvall",authors:[{id:"293149",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Ekvall",slug:"tomas-ekvall",fullName:"Tomas Ekvall"}]},{id:"49936",doi:"10.5772/62275",title:"Review of Recent Developments in CO2 Capture Using Solid Materials: Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)",slug:"review-of-recent-developments-in-co2-capture-using-solid-materials-metal-organic-frameworks-mofs-",totalDownloads:4327,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"In this report, the adsorption of CO2 on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) is comprehensively reviewed. In Section 1, the problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions are addressed, and different technologies used in CO2 capture are briefly introduced. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of CO2 adsorption on solid materials with special focus on an emerging class of materials called metal organic frameworks owing to their unique characteristics comprising extraordinary surface areas, high porosity, and the readiness for systematic tailoring of their porous structure. Recent literature on CO2 capture using MOFs is reviewed, and the assessment of CO2 uptake, selectivity, and heat of adsorption of different MOFs is summarized, particularly the performance at low pressures which is relevant to post-combustion capture applications. Different strategies employed to improve the performance of MOFs are summarized along with major challenges facing the application of MOFs in CO2 capture. The last part of this chapter is dedicated to current trends and issues, and new technologies needed to be addressed before MOFs can be used in commercial scales.",book:{id:"4697",slug:"greenhouse-gases",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases"},signatures:"Mohanned Mohamedali, Devjyoti Nath, Hussameldin Ibrahim and\nAmr Henni",authors:[{id:"147111",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Henni",slug:"amr-henni",fullName:"Amr Henni"},{id:"177302",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohanned",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamedali",slug:"mohanned-mohamedali",fullName:"Mohanned Mohamedali"},{id:"177303",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussameldin",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hussameldin-ibrahim",fullName:"Hussameldin Ibrahim"}]},{id:"38093",doi:"10.5772/45829",title:"Use of Remote Sensing in Wildfire Management",slug:"use-of-remote-sensing-in-wildfire-management",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Brigitte Leblon, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez and Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz",authors:[{id:"122650",title:"Prof.",name:"Brigitte",middleName:null,surname:"Leblon",slug:"brigitte-leblon",fullName:"Brigitte Leblon"}]},{id:"38097",doi:"10.5772/45884",title:"Electronic Waste Management in Ghana - Issues and Practices",slug:"electronic-waste-management-in-ghana-issues-and-practices",totalDownloads:5522,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Martin Oteng-Ababio",authors:[{id:"144443",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Oteng-Ababio",slug:"martin-oteng-ababio",fullName:"Martin Oteng-Ababio"}]},{id:"38104",doi:"10.5772/48244",title:"The Compost of Olive Mill Pomace: From a Waste to a Resource - Environmental Benefits of Its Application in Olive Oil Groves",slug:"the-compost-of-olive-mill-pomace-from-a-waste-to-a-resource-environmental-benefits-of-its-applicatio",totalDownloads:3755,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Beatriz Gómez-Muñoz, David J. Hatch, Roland Bol and Roberto García-Ruiz",authors:[{id:"69393",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"García-Ruiz",slug:"roberto-garcia-ruiz",fullName:"Roberto García-Ruiz"},{id:"140998",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Muñoz",slug:"beatriz-gomez-munoz",fullName:"Beatriz Gomez-Muñoz"},{id:"158485",title:"Dr.",name:"David J.",middleName:null,surname:"Hatch",slug:"david-j.-hatch",fullName:"David J. Hatch"},{id:"158486",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland",middleName:null,surname:"Bol",slug:"roland-bol",fullName:"Roland Bol"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69212",title:"Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Assessment",slug:"attributional-and-consequential-life-cycle-assessment",totalDownloads:2417,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"An attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) estimates what share of the global environmental burdens belongs to a product. A consequential LCA (CLCA) gives an estimate of how the global environmental burdens are affected by the production and use of the product. The distinction arose to resolve debates on what input data to use in an LCA and how to deal with allocation problems. An ALCA is based on average data, and allocation is performed by partitioning environmental burdens of a process between the life cycles served by this process. A CLCA ideally uses marginal data in many parts of the life cycle and avoids allocation through system expansion. This chapter aims to discuss and clarify the key concepts. It also discusses pros and cons of different methodological options, based on criteria derived from the starting point that environmental systems analysis should contribute to reducing the negative environmental impacts of humankind or at least reduce the impacts per functional unit: the method should be feasible and generate results that are accurate, comprehensible, inspiring, and robust. The CLCA is more accurate, but ALCA has other advantages. The decision to make an ALCA or a CLCA should ideally be taken by the LCA practitioner after discussions with the client and possibly with other stakeholders and colleagues.",book:{id:"8156",slug:"sustainability-assessment-at-the-21st-century",title:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century"},signatures:"Tomas Ekvall",authors:[{id:"293149",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Ekvall",slug:"tomas-ekvall",fullName:"Tomas Ekvall"}]},{id:"49907",title:"Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage (CGS) – Current Status and Opportunities",slug:"carbon-dioxide-geological-storage-cgs-current-status-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:3283,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Carbon dioxide sequestration has gained a great deal of global interest because of the needs and applications of mitigation strategy in many areas of human endeavors including capture and reduction of CO2 emission into atmosphere, oil and gas enhanced production, and CO2 geological storage. In recent years, many developed countries as well as some developing ones have extensively investigated all aspects of the carbon dioxide geological storage (CGS) process such as the potential of storage sites, understanding the behavior of CO2, and its interaction with various formations comprising trapping mechanisms, flow pattern, and interactions with formation rocks and so on. This review presents a summary of recent research efforts on storage capacity estimation techniques in most prominent storage options (depleted oil and gas reservoir, saline aquifers and coal beds), modeling and simulation means followed by monitoring and verification approaches. An evaluation of the more interesting techniques which are gaining attention in each part is discussed.",book:{id:"4697",slug:"greenhouse-gases",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases"},signatures:"Kakouei Aliakbar, Vatani Ali, Rasaei Mohammadreza and Azin Reza",authors:[{id:"177143",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Aliakbar",middleName:null,surname:"Kakouei",slug:"aliakbar-kakouei",fullName:"Aliakbar Kakouei"},{id:"177149",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Rasaei",slug:"mohammadreza-rasaei",fullName:"Mohammadreza Rasaei"},{id:"177150",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Azin",slug:"reza-azin",fullName:"Reza Azin"},{id:"177151",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Vatani",slug:"ali-vatani",fullName:"Ali Vatani"}]},{id:"38103",title:"GIS for Environmental Problem Solving",slug:"gis-for-environmental-problem-solving",totalDownloads:12439,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Koushen Douglas Loh and Sasathorn Tapaneeyakul",authors:[{id:"10635",title:"Dr.",name:"Koushen Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Loh",slug:"koushen-douglas-loh",fullName:"Koushen Douglas Loh"},{id:"147886",title:"Ms.",name:"Sasathorn",middleName:null,surname:"Tapaneeyakul",slug:"sasathorn-tapaneeyakul",fullName:"Sasathorn Tapaneeyakul"}]},{id:"69954",title:"Green Building Rating Systems as Sustainability Assessment Tools: Case Study Analysis",slug:"green-building-rating-systems-as-sustainability-assessment-tools-case-study-analysis",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Building performance and occupants’ comfort lie at the core of building design targets. Principles of green architecture and building physics are not given enough thought and consideration. In the best cases, some thought is given to such factors but without a scientific methodology, which takes into consideration appropriate climatic data and appropriate assessment tools. Most importantly, the interference of the environmentalist in architecture projects comes usually very late in the design processes. Facing these facts has driven most countries to adopt official strategies and policies to deal with building’s performance. The rating systems are among these initiatives. The author of this chapter adapts a detailed methodology to aid the integration of the principles of the green architecture in the early stages of design using rating systems. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 1 that was developed in the USA by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) for Core and Shell has been employed as the main design target. This chapter presents a brief about the world green initiatives and discusses the results of applying the methodology of integrating the green architectural principles at the early stages of design processes—through precedent analysis.",book:{id:"8156",slug:"sustainability-assessment-at-the-21st-century",title:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century"},signatures:"Mady Mohamed",authors:[{id:"271848",title:"Dr.",name:"Mady",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"mady-mohamed",fullName:"Mady Mohamed"}]},{id:"38111",title:"Evaluation of Soil Quality Parameters Development in Terms of Sustainable Land Use",slug:"evaluation-of-soil-quality-parameters-development-in-terms-of-sustainable-land-use",totalDownloads:3282,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2168",slug:"sustainable-development-authoritative-and-leading-edge-content-for-environmental-management",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management"},signatures:"Danica Fazekašová",authors:[{id:"147786",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Fazekašová",slug:"danica-fazekasova",fullName:"Danica Fazekašová"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"143",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing - Advanced Imaging Technology and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11984",title:"Current Advances in Nanomedicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11984.jpg",hash:"3d98881cc9e323438670710d3aaaf71d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:754,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},subseries:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",annualVolume:11418,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",annualVolume:11419,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",annualVolume:11420,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/326896",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"326896"},fullPath:"/profiles/326896",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()