\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5496",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mass production companies have become obliged to reduce their production costs and sell more products with lower profit margins in order to survive in competitive market conditions. The complexity and automation level of machinery are continuously growing. This development calls for some of the most critical issues that are reliability and dependability of automatic systems. In the future, machines will be monitored remotely, and computer-aided techniques will be employed to detect faults in the future, and also there will be unmanned factories where machines and systems communicate to each other, detect their own faults, and can remotely intercept their faults. The pioneer studies of such systems are fault diagnosis studies. Thus, we hope that this book will contribute to the literature in this regard.",isbn:"978-953-51-3204-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3203-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4822-7",doi:"10.5772/63169",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-detection",numberOfPages:336,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9d27af6f557a4c54b28af7072dc3fcb6",bookSignature:"Mustafa Demetgul and Muhammet Ünal",publishedDate:"May 31st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5496.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22371,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:60,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:132,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"19106",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Demetgul",slug:"mustafa-demetgul",fullName:"Mustafa Demetgul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19106/images/5677_n.jpg",biography:"Mustafa Demetgul was born in Duzce, Turkey, in 1978. He received the BSc degree, MS degree, and PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. From 2007 to 2009, he was a postdoc with the Mechanical Engineering Department, Florida International University, Florida, USA. Here he has been involved in research on structural health monitoring and energy harvesting. He currently works at the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Marmara University, as an Assoc. Prof. Dr. His research interests are fault diagnosis, energy harvesting, intelligent materials, automation systems, structural health monitoring, and artificial intelligence systems. He is the director of Fault Diagnosis and Structural Health Monitoring Lab in Marmara University. He is an editorial board member at many international journals. He has publications in many international journals and symposiums on failure diagnosis and fault detection.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"193819",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammet",middleName:null,surname:"Ünal",slug:"muhammet-unal",fullName:"Muhammet Ünal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193819/images/5678_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammet Ünal works as an assistant professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul (Turkey). His research interests are system identification, parameter optimization, real-time control, and structural health monitoring. His primary research interests are vibration analysis and fault diagnosis of mechanical systems. Dr. Ünal has written several papers in vrious fields of mechatronics engineering and one book on control engineering.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"717",title:"Control Theory",slug:"engineering-control-engineering-control-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"54861",title:"Fault Detection and Isolation",doi:"10.5772/67870",slug:"fault-detection-and-isolation",totalDownloads:1929,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fault diagnosis of a class of linear multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) systems is developed here. An emulator‐based scheme is proposed to detect and isolate faults in a system formed by interconnected subsystems. Emulators, which are hardware or software devices, are connected to the input and measurement outputs in cascade with the subsystems whose faults are to be diagnosed. The role of an emulator is to induce variations in cascade combination of the nominal fault‐free subsystem so as to mimic the actual perturbations that may occur in the subsystem during the offline identification phase. The emulator‐generated data are employed in the reliable identification of the nominal system, the associated Kalman filter, and a map that relates the emulator parameters to the feature vector. In the operational stage, the Kalman filter residual is used to detect a fault in the system; the emulator parameter that has varied is estimated, and using the emulator‐feature vector map, the faulty subsystem is isolated. The main contributions of this work are accurate and reliable identification of the system, the fault diagnosis of multivariable systems using feature vector-emulator map fault diagnosis of multivariable systems, and the establishment of the key properties of the Kalman filter for fault detection. The proposed scheme was successfully evaluated on a number of simulated as well as physical systems.",signatures:"Rajamani Doraiswami and Lahouari Cheded",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54861",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54861",authors:[{id:"28398",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajamani",surname:"Doraiswami",slug:"rajamani-doraiswami",fullName:"Rajamani Doraiswami"},{id:"37808",title:"Prof.",name:"Lahouari",surname:"Cheded",slug:"lahouari-cheded",fullName:"Lahouari Cheded"}],corrections:null},{id:"54590",title:"Adaptive Signal Decomposition Methods for Vibration Signals of Rotating Machinery",doi:"10.5772/67530",slug:"adaptive-signal-decomposition-methods-for-vibration-signals-of-rotating-machinery",totalDownloads:1883,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibration‐based condition monitoring and fault diagnosis are becoming more common in the industry to increase machine availability and reliability. Considerable research efforts have recently been directed towards the development of adaptive signal processing methods for fault diagnosis. Two adaptive signal decomposition methods, i.e. the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the local mean decomposition (LMD), are widely used. This chapter is intended to summarize the recent developments mostly based on the authors’ works. It aims to provide a valuable reference for readers on the processing and analysis of vibration signals collected from rotating machinery.",signatures:"Wei Guo and Ming J. Zuo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54590",authors:[{id:"191997",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Guo",slug:"wei-guo",fullName:"Wei Guo"},{id:"192000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming J.",surname:"Zuo",slug:"ming-j.-zuo",fullName:"Ming J. Zuo"},{id:"192189",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhua",surname:"Chen",slug:"wenhua-chen",fullName:"Wenhua Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"53779",title:"Enhanced Principles in Design of Adaptive Fault Observers",doi:"10.5772/67133",slug:"enhanced-principles-in-design-of-adaptive-fault-observers",totalDownloads:1354,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, modified techniques for fault estimation in linear dynamic systems are proposed, which give the possibility to simultaneously estimate the system state as well as slowly varying faults. Using the continuous-time adaptive observer form, the considered faults are assumed to be additive, thereby the principles can be applied for a broader class of fault signals. Enhanced algorithms using H∞ approach are provided to verify stability of the observers, giving algorithms with improved performance of fault estimation. Exploiting the procedure for transforming the model with additive faults into an extended form, the proposed technique allows to obtain fault estimates that can be used for fault compensation in the fault tolerant control scheme. Analyzing the ambit of performances given on the mixed H2/H∞ design of the fault tolerant control, the joint design conditions are formulated as a minimization problem subject to convex constraints expressed by a system of linear matrix inequalities. Applied enhanced design conditions increase estimation rapidity also in noise environment and formulate a general framework for fault estimation using augmented or adaptive observer structures and active fault tolerant control in linear dynamic systems.",signatures:"Dušan Krokavec, Anna Filasová and Pavol Liščinský",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53779",authors:[{id:"18818",title:"Prof.",name:"Dusan",surname:"Krokavec",slug:"dusan-krokavec",fullName:"Dusan Krokavec"},{id:"22287",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Filasova",slug:"anna-filasova",fullName:"Anna Filasova"},{id:"195026",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavol",surname:"Liscinsky",slug:"pavol-liscinsky",fullName:"Pavol Liscinsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"54865",title:"An Assessment on the Non-Invasive Methods for Condition Monitoring of Induction Motors",doi:"10.5772/67917",slug:"an-assessment-on-the-non-invasive-methods-for-condition-monitoring-of-induction-motors",totalDownloads:2185,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ability to forecast motor mechanical faults at incipient stages is vital to reducing maintenance costs, operation downtime and safety hazards. This paper synthesized the progress in the research and development in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of induction motors. The motor condition monitoring techniques are mainly classified into two categories that are invasive and non-invasive techniques. The invasive techniques are very basic, but they have some implementation difficulties and high cost. The non-invasive methods, namely MCSA, PVA and IPA, overcome the disadvantages associated to invasive methods. This book chapter reviews the various non-invasive condition monitoring methods for diagnosis of mechanical faults in induction motor and concludes that the instantaneous power analysis (IPA) and Park vector analysis (PVA) methods are best suitable for the diagnosis of small fault signatures associated to mechanical faults. Recommendations for the future research in these areas are also presented.",signatures:"Muhammad Irfan, Nordin Saad, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth S.\nAsirvadam, Abdullah S. Alwadie and Muhammad Aman Sheikh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54865",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54865",authors:[{id:"9739",title:"Dr.",name:"Nordin",surname:"Saad",slug:"nordin-saad",fullName:"Nordin Saad"},{id:"174671",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosdiazli B. Ibrahim",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"rosdiazli-b.-ibrahim-ibrahim",fullName:"Rosdiazli B. Ibrahim Ibrahim"},{id:"177286",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Irfan",slug:"muhammad-irfan",fullName:"Muhammad Irfan"},{id:"191337",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijanth",surname:"Sagayan",slug:"vijanth-sagayan",fullName:"Vijanth Sagayan"},{id:"192401",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aman",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"muhammad-aman-sheikh",fullName:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh"},{id:"205830",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Alwadie",slug:"abdullah-alwadie",fullName:"Abdullah Alwadie"}],corrections:null},{id:"54322",title:"Evaluation of Novelty Detection Methods for Condition Monitoring applied to an Electromechanical System",doi:"10.5772/67531",slug:"evaluation-of-novelty-detection-methods-for-condition-monitoring-applied-to-an-electromechanical-sys",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dealing with industrial applications, the implementation of condition monitoring schemes must overcome a critical limitation, that is, the lack of a priori information about fault patterns of the system under analysis. Indeed, classical diagnosis schemes, in general, outdo the membership probability of a measure in regard to predefined operating scenarios. However, dealing with noncharacterized systems, the knowledge about faulty operating scenarios is limited and, consequently, the diagnosis performance is insufficient. In this context, the novelty detection framework plays an essential role for monitoring systems in which the information about different operating scenarios is initially unavailable or restricted. The novelty detection approach begins with the assumption that only data corresponding to the healthy operation of the system under analysis is available. Thus, the challenge is to detect and learn additional scenarios during the operation of the system in order to complement the information obtained by the diagnosis scheme. This work has two main objectives: first, the presentation of novelty detection as the current trend toward the new paradigm of industrial condition monitoring and, second, the introduction to its applicability by means of analyses of different novelty detection strategies over a real industrial system based on rotatory machinery.",signatures:"Miguel Delgado Prieto, Jesús A. Cariño Corrales, Daniel Zurita\nMillán, Marta Millán Gonzalvez, Juan A. Ortega Redondo and René\nde J. Romero Troncoso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54322",authors:[{id:"190434",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Delgado-Prieto",slug:"miguel-delgado-prieto",fullName:"Miguel Delgado-Prieto"},{id:"194487",title:"MSc.",name:"Jesus A.",surname:"Cariño",slug:"jesus-a.-carino",fullName:"Jesus A. Cariño"},{id:"194935",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Zurita-Millán",slug:"daniel-zurita-millan",fullName:"Daniel Zurita-Millán"},{id:"194936",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",surname:"Millán Gonzalvez",slug:"marta-millan-gonzalvez",fullName:"Marta Millán Gonzalvez"},{id:"194937",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan A.",surname:"Ortega Redondo",slug:"juan-a.-ortega-redondo",fullName:"Juan A. Ortega Redondo"},{id:"194938",title:"Dr.",name:"René De J.",surname:"Romero Troncoso",slug:"rene-de-j.-romero-troncoso",fullName:"René De J. Romero Troncoso"}],corrections:null},{id:"54040",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Health Assessment for Rotating Machinery Based on Kernel Density Estimation and Kullback-Leibler Divergence",doi:"10.5772/67360",slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-health-assessment-for-rotating-machinery-based-on-kernel-density-estimation-and-",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To avoid severe damages and unexpected shutdowns, fault diagnosis and health assessment of rotating machinery have received considerable attention in recent years. On the other hand, as a great amount of data become acquirable and accessible in industry, data-driven tools have become an emerging research area, acting as a complement to the model-based (or physics-based) fault diagnosis and health assessment methods. In this chapter, based on the kernel density estimation (KDE) and the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLID), a new data-driven fault diagnosis approach and a new health assessment approach are introduced. By utilizing the KDE, the statistical distribution of selected features can be readily estimated without assuming any parametric family of distributions, whereas the KLID is able to quantify the discrepancy between two probability distributions of selected features. An integrated Kullback-Leibler divergence, which aggregates the KLID of all the selected features, is introduced to discriminate various fault types or health status of rotating machinery. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated through three case studies of fault diagnosis and health assessment of rotating machinery.",signatures:"Yu Liu, Chen-Yao Yan and Fan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54040",authors:[{id:"190539",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Liu",slug:"yu-liu",fullName:"Yu Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54206",title:"Dynamics-Based Vibration Signal Modeling for Tooth Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes",doi:"10.5772/67529",slug:"dynamics-based-vibration-signal-modeling-for-tooth-fault-diagnosis-of-planetary-gearboxes",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibration analysis has been widely used to diagnose gear tooth fault inside a planetary gearbox. However, the vibration characteristics of a planetary gearbox are very complicated. Inside a planetary gearbox, there are multiple vibration sources as several sun-planet gear pairs, and several ring-planet gear pairs are meshing simultaneously. In addition, due to the rotation of the carrier, distance varies between vibration sources and a transducer installed on the planetary gearbox housing. Dynamics-based vibration signal modeling techniques can simulate the vibration signals of a planetary gearbox and reveal the signal generation mechanism and fault features effectively. However, these techniques are basically in the theoretical development stage. Comprehensive experimental validations are required for their future applications in real systems. This chapter describes the methodologies related to vibration signal modeling of a planetary gear set for gear tooth damage diagnosis. The main contents include gear mesh stiffness evaluation, gear tooth crack modeling, dynamic modeling of a planetary gear set, vibration source modeling, modeling of transmission path effect due to the rotation of the carrier, sensor perceived vibration signal modeling, and vibration signal decomposition techniques. The methods presented in this chapter can help understand the vibration properties of planetary gearboxes and give insights into developing new signal processing methods for gear tooth damage diagnosis.",signatures:"Xihui Liang, Ming J. Zuo and Wenhua Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54206",authors:[{id:"191577",title:"Dr.",name:"Xihui",surname:"Liang",slug:"xihui-liang",fullName:"Xihui Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54144",title:"Fault-Tolerant Electrical Machines and Drives",doi:"10.5772/67354",slug:"fault-tolerant-electrical-machines-and-drives",totalDownloads:1618,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The last years of research and development in the automotive industry were still focused on designing electrical propulsion units to be eco-friendly and diminish the drawbacks of classical combustion engines. Besides being energy efficient, silent, and high in power density, these must have a serious fault-tolerant ability as driver, and passengers’ safety is probably the most important issue in this filed. The chapter will detail fault-tolerant machines and power electronic architectures with their control for the most common ones, such as switched reluctance machines (SRM) and the permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). Besides detection, solutions will be presented for the machine-drive unit to wisely overcome and compensate occurred faults. A novel modular structure of SRM is presented with increased fault tolerance and possibility of fast repair in case of any machine damage. The solutions will be validated via simulated and experiment-based results.",signatures:"Mircea Ruba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54144",authors:[{id:"190371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Ruba",slug:"mircea-ruba",fullName:"Mircea Ruba"}],corrections:null},{id:"54834",title:"Fault Detection and Isolation of Nonlinear Systems with Generalized Hamiltonian Representation",doi:"10.5772/68084",slug:"fault-detection-and-isolation-of-nonlinear-systems-with-generalized-hamiltonian-representation",totalDownloads:1379,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of fault diagnosis in a class of nonlinear system is considered. Systems that can be written in the so‐called Generalized Hamiltonian Representation (which is equivalent to an Euler‐Lagrange representation) are studied, and a model‐based observer approach for this class of systems is developed. The main advantage of the proposed approach is the facility to design the required observers, which take advantage of the system structure given by the Hamitonian representation. In order to show the proposed schema, a model of a permanent magnet synchronous machine is revised and the fault diagnosis schema presented. Simulation results confirm the effectivity of the proposed schema.",signatures:"Luis Humberto Rodriguez-Alfaro, Efrain Alcorta-Garcia, Cornelio\nPosadas-Castillo and David Alejandro Diaz-Romero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54834",authors:[{id:"191626",title:"Prof.",name:"Efrain",surname:"Alcorta-Garcia",slug:"efrain-alcorta-garcia",fullName:"Efrain Alcorta-Garcia"},{id:"191943",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Humberto",surname:"Rodriguez Alfaro",slug:"luis-humberto-rodriguez-alfaro",fullName:"Luis Humberto Rodriguez Alfaro"},{id:"191944",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornelio",surname:"Posadas Castillo",slug:"cornelio-posadas-castillo",fullName:"Cornelio Posadas Castillo"},{id:"191946",title:"Prof.",name:"David Alejandro",surname:"Diaz Romero",slug:"david-alejandro-diaz-romero",fullName:"David Alejandro Diaz Romero"}],corrections:null},{id:"54400",title:"Process Monitoring Using Data-Based Fault Detection Techniques: Comparative Studies",doi:"10.5772/67347",slug:"process-monitoring-using-data-based-fault-detection-techniques-comparative-studies",totalDownloads:2123,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Data based monitoring methods are often utilized to carry out fault detection (FD) when process models may not necessarily be available. The partial least square (PLS) and principle component analysis (PCA) are two basic types of multivariate FD methods, however, both of them can only be used to monitor linear processes. Among these extended data based methods, the kernel PCA (KPCA) and kernel PLS (KPLS) are the most well-known and widely adopted. KPCA and KPLS models have several advantages, since, they do not require nonlinear optimization, and only the solution of an eigenvalue problem is required. Also, they provide a better understanding of what kind of nonlinear features are extracted: the number of the principal components (PCs) in a feature space is fixed a priori by selecting the appropriate kernel function. Therefore, the objective of this work is to use KPCA and KPLS techniques to monitor nonlinear data. The improved FD performance of KPCA and KPLS is illustrated through two simulated examples, one using synthetic data and the other using simulated continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) data. The results demonstrate that both KPCA and KPLS methods are able to provide better detection compared to the linear versions.",signatures:"Mohammed Ziyan Sheriff, Chiranjivi Botre, Majdi Mansouri, Hazem\nNounou, Mohamed Nounou and Mohammad Nazmul Karim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54400",authors:[{id:"21281",title:"Prof.",name:"Hazem",surname:"Nounou",slug:"hazem-nounou",fullName:"Hazem Nounou"},{id:"21282",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed N.",surname:"Nounou",slug:"mohamed-n.-nounou",fullName:"Mohamed N. Nounou"},{id:"191340",title:"Mr.",name:"M. Ziyan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"m.-ziyan-sheriff",fullName:"M. Ziyan Sheriff"},{id:"191341",title:"Mr.",name:"Chiranjivi",surname:"Botre",slug:"chiranjivi-botre",fullName:"Chiranjivi Botre"},{id:"191343",title:"Dr.",name:"Majdi",surname:"Mansouri",slug:"majdi-mansouri",fullName:"Majdi Mansouri"},{id:"191345",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Nazmul",surname:"Karim",slug:"m.-nazmul-karim",fullName:"M. Nazmul Karim"}],corrections:null},{id:"55395",title:"Noninvasive Methods for Condition Monitoring and Electrical Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors",doi:"10.5772/67245",slug:"noninvasive-methods-for-condition-monitoring-and-electrical-fault-diagnosis-of-induction-motors",totalDownloads:1531,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of noninvasive methods to diagnose stator winding insulation faults of an induction motor. Further, a novel noninvasive method is proposed to diagnose the root cause of winding failure due to unbalanced voltage to avoid catastrophic failure. Therefore, a winding function approach is utilized to derive an analytical expression for stator winding distribution and magnetomotive force (MMF). This tactic qualifies the conductor segment that generates MMF, and it also helps to analyze a healthy current spectrum. One can easily observe higher order harmonics in current spectrum; therefore, a new series of rotor harmonics is introduced to diagnose unbalanced supply. The locus of these harmonics is dependent on the poles, rotor bars, and slip. Due to the rapid complexity in industrial plants, it is inconceivable to continue human inspection to diagnose the faults. Thus, to avoid human inspection, in addition to new series of rotor harmonic, a fully automatic method based on neural network is proposed. This method not only diagnoses unbalanced voltage but it also recognize the percentage of unbalanced voltage by use of feed-forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained by back propagation. Finally, the experimental results shows the validation of this research work proposed method.",signatures:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh, Nursyarizal Mohd Nor, Taib Ibrahim,\nSheikh Tahir Bakhsh, Muhammad Irfan and Hanita Binti Daud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55395",authors:[{id:"192401",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aman",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"muhammad-aman-sheikh",fullName:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh"},{id:"2264",title:"Mr.",name:"Nursyarizal",surname:"Mohd Nor",slug:"nursyarizal-mohd-nor",fullName:"Nursyarizal Mohd Nor"},{id:"193010",title:"Dr.",name:"Taib",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"taib-ibrahim",fullName:"Taib Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"54720",title:"Detection and Analysis of Petroleum Equipment Faults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68227",slug:"detection-and-analysis-of-petroleum-equipment-faults",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The method fitness‐for‐service (FFS) provides the means by which the operator of a technical system can decide: It can continue to work safely, reducing of working parameters or stopping the equipment and reparation it. A case study concerning a natural gas pipeline is introduced. It brings some applicative aspects: the introduction of the failure probability as an indicator; the reduction of the degree of conservatism; a maintenance program based on pipeline intelligent gauge.",signatures:"Mihail Minescu and Ion Pana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54720",authors:[{id:"194974",title:"Prof.",name:"Minescu",surname:"Mihail",slug:"minescu-mihail",fullName:"Minescu Mihail"},{id:"194975",title:"Prof.",name:"Pana",surname:"Ion",slug:"pana-ion",fullName:"Pana Ion"}],corrections:null},{id:"55233",title:"Automated Fault Detection System for Wind Farms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68844",slug:"automated-fault-detection-system-for-wind-farms",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the pollution and health hazards of nonrenewable resource-based energy generation systems, now focus is on the use of renewable resources. This chapter aims as providing an automated fault-detection system for increasing the robustness of offshore located wind farms. The method is based on the use of flexible threshold for calculation of the collected sample values. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is designed for the automatic real-time fault detection system named as FIS-based fault detection system (FFDS) for offshore wind farms. The method uses the concept of combination-summation (CS) and flow-directions to determine the extent of fault occurrence in the wind farm. Based on the working conditions of the wind farm, preventive or corrective measures are suggested to the remote observer. The performance of these methods is evaluated on MATLAB.",signatures:"Deepshikha Agarwal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55233",authors:[{id:"190942",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepshikha",surname:"Agarwal",slug:"deepshikha-agarwal",fullName:"Deepshikha Agarwal"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"103",title:"Sliding Mode Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5693e6e3680ceffd1e4f39d81a142db8",slug:"sliding-mode-control",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/103.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"88",title:"Robust Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec78377d126114b991fd47c1e75c30d7",slug:"robust-control-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/88.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3688",title:"Systems Structure and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"systems_structure_and_control",bookSignature:"Petr Husek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3688.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"134681",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Husek",slug:"petr-husek",fullName:"Petr Husek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2286",title:"Frontiers in Advanced Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43dae6480e55f2985ce8c4a1860e6dca",slug:"frontiers-in-advanced-control-systems",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2286.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"183",title:"Recent Advances in Robust Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications in Robotics and Electromechanics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1537e544940ecd76fe2211e50f5881d",slug:"recent-advances-in-robust-control-theory-and-applications-in-robotics-and-electromechanics",bookSignature:"Andreas Mueller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/183.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30836",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Müller",slug:"andreas-muller",fullName:"Andreas Müller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"513",title:"Challenges and Paradigms in Applied Robust Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dbf6fa81341f15a510fbf598a0539791",slug:"challenges-and-paradigms-in-applied-robust-control",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"512",title:"Recent Advances in Robust Control",subtitle:"Novel Approaches and Design Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec6eec7e1046ed9f47b45c567a69c2f7",slug:"recent-advances-in-robust-control-novel-approaches-and-design-methods",bookSignature:"Andreas Mueller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/512.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30836",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Müller",slug:"andreas-muller",fullName:"Andreas Müller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1941",title:"Applications of Nonlinear Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80902b0f516643e79c5d70dffba05722",slug:"applications-of-nonlinear-control",bookSignature:"Meral Altinay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119998",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",surname:"Altınay",slug:"meral-altinay",fullName:"Meral Altınay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5823",title:"Recent Developments in Sliding Mode Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1075a2f87196085bae2babfac6bc3d52",slug:"recent-developments-in-sliding-mode-control-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5823.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9287",title:"Control Theory in Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c584de5f40193b636833aa812dab9d5",slug:"control-theory-in-engineering",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu, Ali Saghafinia, Xian Du and Sohom Chakrabarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterial",title:"Corrigendum to: Risk Assessment and Health, Safety, and Environmental Management of Carbon Nanomaterials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80612.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80612",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80612",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80612",chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11844",leadTitle:null,title:"Quartz - From Mineral Deposits to Industry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tCurrently, both in science and in industry, quartz has numerous applications that continue to grow in line with technological development. In the same way, the specifications that are considered in the mineral raw material markets are diversified, from very restrictive quality, for high-tech artifacts, to the most eclectic for abrasives and glass-ceramic applications. In the same way, the diversity of contaminations that are accepted in the different industrial batches are very varied and imply a great diversity of application and behavior tests in transformation routines.
\r\n\r\n\tFrom the outset, natural sources are more suitable for some applications, but in any case, it is necessary to ensure deposits with large monomineralic masses, as homogeneous and pure as possible, which allow viable mining in both quantity and quality. These conditions tend to occur mainly in granitic pegmatitic deposits and in metamorphic or hydrothermal quartz veins. Furthermore, more and more ornamental varieties of quartz enter architecture, design, and jewelry.
\r\n\r\n\tIt is proposed here to present a holistic view of quartz from its descriptive mineralogy to industrial applications, including the origin and characteristics of the different types of mineral deposits and the physicochemical performance tests that distinguish the quartz batches for different forms of application with consequences for the marketing of the corresponding raw materials.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-194-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-979-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-195-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"02ae4594c55841890c13fee4aea6574c",bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Leal Gomes",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11844.jpg",keywords:"Symmetry, Morphology, Structure, Twinning, Crystal Chemistry, Polymorphism, Physical Properties, Phase Diagrams, Diversity of Quartz Sources, Diversity of Mining Interventions, Beneficiation Processes, Industrial Quartz",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 4th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 3rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 21st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in Geology with over 40 years of experience, more than 80 Journal Papers published, and a member of the Portuguese Geological Society - Geochemistry Group, and the Portuguese Association of Geologists.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"461236",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leal Gomes",slug:"carlos-leal-gomes",fullName:"Carlos Leal Gomes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/461236/images/system/461236.png",biography:"Dr. Gomes was born in 1959, Angola. Graduated Geology at Oporto University, 1982. Has been a Minho University teacher since 1982 and a Minho University Professor since 1994. Was awarded his Ph.D. degree in1994, at Minho University. In the last 26 years, he has done at least one annual mission for the study of geology, prospecting, and mining in Portuguese-speaking countries (Brazil, Mozambique, and Angola) supporting several mining companies based there.",institutionString:"University of Minho",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Minho",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"24011",title:"Robust Control of Sensorless AC Drives Based on Adaptive Identification",doi:"10.5772/20784",slug:"robust-control-of-sensorless-ac-drives-based-on-adaptive-identification",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/24011.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24011",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24011",totalDownloads:2389,totalViews:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:8,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 10th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 21st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/24011",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/24011",book:{id:"183",slug:"recent-advances-in-robust-control-theory-and-applications-in-robotics-and-electromechanics"},signatures:"Birou M.T. Iulian",authors:[{id:"40507",title:"Prof.",name:"Iulian M.T.",middleName:null,surname:"BIROU",fullName:"Iulian M.T. BIROU",slug:"iulian-m.t.-birou",email:"birou@edr.utcluj.ro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"183",type:"book",title:"Recent Advances in Robust Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications in Robotics and Electromechanics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Robust Control - Theory and Applications in Robotics and Electromechanics",slug:"recent-advances-in-robust-control-theory-and-applications-in-robotics-and-electromechanics",publishedDate:"November 21st 2011",bookSignature:"Andreas Mueller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/183.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-421-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6078-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"30836",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",slug:"andreas-muller",fullName:"Andreas Müller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"717"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23998",type:"chapter",title:"Parametric Robust Stability",slug:"parametric-robust-stability",totalDownloads:2727,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"César Elizondo-González",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57527",title:"Dr.",name:"César",middleName:null,surname:"Elizondo-González",fullName:"César Elizondo-González",slug:"cesar-elizondo-gonzalez"}]},{id:"23999",type:"chapter",title:"Robustness of Feedback Linear Time-Varying Systems: A Commutant Lifting Approach",slug:"robustness-of-feedback-linear-time-varying-systems-a-commutant-lifting-approach",totalDownloads:1935,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seddik M. Djouadi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37228",title:"Dr.",name:"Seddik",middleName:"M.",surname:"Djouadi",fullName:"Seddik Djouadi",slug:"seddik-djouadi"}]},{id:"24000",type:"chapter",title:"A Sum of Squares Optimization Approach to Robust Control of Bilinear Systems",slug:"a-sum-of-squares-optimization-approach-to-robust-control-of-bilinear-systems",totalDownloads:1567,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eitaku Nobuyama, Takahiko Aoyagi and Yasushi Kami",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28754",title:"Prof.",name:"Eitaku",middleName:null,surname:"Nobuyama",fullName:"Eitaku Nobuyama",slug:"eitaku-nobuyama"},{id:"29717",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kami",fullName:"Yasushi Kami",slug:"yasushi-kami"},{id:"40837",title:"Mr.",name:"Takahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Aoyagi",fullName:"Takahiko Aoyagi",slug:"takahiko-aoyagi"}]},{id:"24001",type:"chapter",title:"Spatially Sampled Robust Repetitive Control",slug:"spatially-sampled-robust-repetitive-control",totalDownloads:2148,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cheng-Lun Chen and George T.-C. Chiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26775",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng-Lun",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Cheng-Lun Chen",slug:"cheng-lun-chen"},{id:"26777",title:"Prof.",name:"George T.-C.",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",fullName:"George T.-C. Chiu",slug:"george-t.-c.-chiu"}]},{id:"24002",type:"chapter",title:"An Iterative Approach to the Fixed-Order Robust H∞ Control Problem Using a Sequence of Infeasible Controllers",slug:"an-iterative-approach-to-the-fixed-order-robust-h-control-problem-using-a-sequence-of-infeasible-con",totalDownloads:1448,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yasushi Kami and Eitaku Nobuyama",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28754",title:"Prof.",name:"Eitaku",middleName:null,surname:"Nobuyama",fullName:"Eitaku Nobuyama",slug:"eitaku-nobuyama"},{id:"29717",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kami",fullName:"Yasushi Kami",slug:"yasushi-kami"}]},{id:"24003",type:"chapter",title:"Optimizing the Tracking Performance in Robust Control Systems",slug:"optimizing-the-tracking-performance-in-robust-control-systems",totalDownloads:2201,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hossein Oloomi and Bahram Shafai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28327",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:"M.",surname:"Oloomi",fullName:"Hossein Oloomi",slug:"hossein-oloomi"},{id:"40246",title:"Prof.",name:"Bahram",middleName:null,surname:"Shafai",fullName:"Bahram Shafai",slug:"bahram-shafai"}]},{id:"24004",type:"chapter",title:"Robust Adaptive Position/Force Control of Mobile Manipulators",slug:"robust-adaptive-position-force-control-of-mobile-manipulators",totalDownloads:1807,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tatsuo Narikiyo and Michihiro Kawanishi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28587",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Narikiyo",fullName:"Tatsuo Narikiyo",slug:"tatsuo-narikiyo"},{id:"31886",title:"Prof.",name:"Michihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kawanishi",fullName:"Michihiro Kawanishi",slug:"michihiro-kawanishi"}]},{id:"24005",type:"chapter",title:"Positioning Control of One Link Arm with Parametric Uncertainty Using the QFT Method",slug:"positioning-control-of-one-link-arm-with-parametric-uncertainty-using-the-qft-method",totalDownloads:1689,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Takayuki Kuwashima, Jun Imai and Masami Konishi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33662",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Imai",fullName:"Jun Imai",slug:"jun-imai"},{id:"33675",title:"Dr.",name:"Masami",middleName:null,surname:"Konishi",fullName:"Masami Konishi",slug:"masami-konishi"},{id:"38029",title:"Mr",name:"Takayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kuwashima",fullName:"Takayuki Kuwashima",slug:"takayuki-kuwashima"}]},{id:"24006",type:"chapter",title:"Robust Visual Servoing of Robot Manipulators Based on Passivity",slug:"robust-visual-servoing-of-robot-manipulators-based-on-passivity",totalDownloads:1893,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A. Luis Rodríguez and Yu Tang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29094",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Tang",slug:"tang"},{id:"40851",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:"Luis",surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Angel Rodriguez",slug:"angel-rodriguez"}]},{id:"24007",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling of Bound Estimation Laws and Robust Controllers for Robot Manipulators Using Functions and Integration Techniques",slug:"modelling-of-bound-estimation-laws-and-robust-controllers-for-robot-manipulators-using-functions-and",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Recep Burkan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38271",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Burkan",fullName:"Burkan",slug:"burkan"}]},{id:"24008",type:"chapter",title:"Missile Cooperative Engagement Formation Configuration Control Method",slug:"missile-cooperative-engagement-formation-configuration-control-method",totalDownloads:3159,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Changzhu Wei, Yi Shen, Xiaoxiao Ma, Naigang Cui and Jifeng Guo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23705",title:"Prof",name:"Naigang",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Naigang Cui",slug:"naigang-cui"},{id:"44921",title:"Dr.",name:"Changzhu",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Changzhu Wei",slug:"changzhu-wei"},{id:"57637",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Yi Shen",slug:"yi-shen"},{id:"57638",title:"Dr.",name:"Jifeng",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Jifeng Guo",slug:"jifeng-guo"},{id:"87358",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Young",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Sang-Young Park",slug:"sang-young-park"},{id:"120300",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaoxiao",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Xiaoxiao Ma",slug:"xiaoxiao-ma"}]},{id:"14975",type:"chapter",title:"Robust Modeling and Control Issues of Parallel Manipulators with Actuation Redundancy",slug:"robust-modeling-and-control-issues-of-parallel-manipulators-with-actuation-redundancy",totalDownloads:1885,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andreas Mueller",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30836",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",fullName:"Andreas Müller",slug:"andreas-muller"}]},{id:"24009",type:"chapter",title:"Robust High Order Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors",slug:"robust-high-order-sliding-mode-control-of-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motors",totalDownloads:2569,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Huangfu Yigeng, S. Laghrouche, Liu Weiguo and A. Miraoui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29515",title:"Dr.",name:"Yigeng",middleName:null,surname:"Huangfu",fullName:"Yigeng Huangfu",slug:"yigeng-huangfu"},{id:"31921",title:"Dr.",name:"LIU",middleName:null,surname:"Weiguo",fullName:"LIU Weiguo",slug:"liu-weiguo"},{id:"31927",title:"Dr.",name:"Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Laghrouche",fullName:"Salah Laghrouche",slug:"salah-laghrouche"},{id:"31928",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdellatif",middleName:null,surname:"Miraoui",fullName:"Abdellatif Miraoui",slug:"abdellatif-miraoui"}]},{id:"24010",type:"chapter",title:"Sliding Controller of Switched Reluctance Motor",slug:"sliding-controller-of-switched-reluctance-motor",totalDownloads:2957,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Tahour",fullName:"Ahmed Tahour",slug:"ahmed-tahour"},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui"}]},{id:"24011",type:"chapter",title:"Robust Control of Sensorless AC Drives Based on Adaptive Identification",slug:"robust-control-of-sensorless-ac-drives-based-on-adaptive-identification",totalDownloads:2389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Birou M.T. Iulian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40507",title:"Prof.",name:"Iulian M.T.",middleName:null,surname:"BIROU",fullName:"Iulian M.T. BIROU",slug:"iulian-m.t.-birou"}]},{id:"24012",type:"chapter",title:"A Robust Decoupling Estimator to Identify Electrical Parameters for Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors",slug:"a-robust-decoupling-estimator-to-identify-electrical-parameters-for-three-phase-permanent-magnet-syn",totalDownloads:2885,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paolo Mercorelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13488",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Mercorelli",fullName:"Paolo Mercorelli",slug:"paolo-mercorelli"}]},{id:"24013",type:"chapter",title:"LMI Robust Control of PWM Converters: An Output-Feedback Approach",slug:"lmi-robust-control-of-pwm-converters-an-output-feedback-approach",totalDownloads:2674,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Carlos Olalla, Abdelali El Aroudi, Ramon Leyva and Isabelle Queinnec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26591",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"El Aroudi",fullName:"El Aroudi",slug:"el-aroudi"},{id:"28275",title:"Dr",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Olalla",fullName:"Carlos Olalla",slug:"carlos-olalla"},{id:"30964",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Queinnec",fullName:"Isabelle Queinnec",slug:"isabelle-queinnec"},{id:"30965",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Leyva",fullName:"Ramon Leyva",slug:"ramon-leyva"}]},{id:"24014",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis, Dimensioning and Robust Control of Shunt Active Filter for Harmonic Currents Compensation in Electrical Mains",slug:"analysis-dimensioning-and-robust-control-of-shunt-active-filter-for-harmonic-currents-compensation-i",totalDownloads:1689,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Andrea Tilli, Lorenzo Marconi and Christian Conficoni",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40955",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tilli",fullName:"Andrea Tilli",slug:"andrea-tilli"},{id:"40963",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Marconi",fullName:"Lorenzo Marconi",slug:"lorenzo-marconi"},{id:"40964",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Conficoni",fullName:"Christian Conficoni",slug:"christian-conficoni"}]},{id:"24015",type:"chapter",title:"Passivity Based Control for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors",slug:"passivity-based-control-for-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motors",totalDownloads:2448,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Achour Abdelyazid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26806",title:"Dr.",name:"Achour",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelyazid",fullName:"Achour Abdelyazid",slug:"achour-abdelyazid"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"512",title:"Recent Advances in Robust Control",subtitle:"Novel Approaches and Design Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec6eec7e1046ed9f47b45c567a69c2f7",slug:"recent-advances-in-robust-control-novel-approaches-and-design-methods",bookSignature:"Andreas Mueller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/512.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30836",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Müller",slug:"andreas-muller",fullName:"Andreas Müller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23241",title:"Robust Stabilization by Additional Equilibrium",slug:"robust-stabilization-by-additional-equilibrium",signatures:"Viktor Ten",authors:[{id:"31681",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktor",middleName:null,surname:"Ten",fullName:"Viktor Ten",slug:"viktor-ten"}]},{id:"23242",title:"Robust Control of Nonlinear Time-Delay Systems via Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Models",slug:"robust-control-of-nonlinear-time-delay-systems-via-takagi-sugeno-fuzzy-models",signatures:"Hamdi Gassara, Ahmed El Hajjaji and Mohamed Chaabane",authors:[{id:"25659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El Hajjaji",fullName:"Ahmed El Hajjaji",slug:"ahmed-el-hajjaji"},{id:"25899",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamdi",middleName:null,surname:"Gassara",fullName:"Hamdi Gassara",slug:"hamdi-gassara"},{id:"86341",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chaabane",fullName:"Mohamed Chaabane",slug:"mohamed-chaabane"}]},{id:"23243",title:"Observer-Based Robust Control of Uncertain Fuzzy Models with Pole Placement Constraints",slug:"observer-based-robust-control-of-uncertain-fuzzy-models-with-pole-placement-constraints",signatures:"Pagès Olivier and El Hajjaji Ahmed",authors:[{id:"25659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"El Hajjaji",fullName:"Ahmed El Hajjaji",slug:"ahmed-el-hajjaji"},{id:"33892",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Pages",fullName:"Olivier Pages",slug:"olivier-pages"}]},{id:"23244",title:"Robust Control Using LMI Transformation and Neural-Based Identification for Regulating Singularly-Perturbed Reduced Order Eigenvalue-Preserved Dynamic Systems",slug:"robust-control-using-lmi-transformation-and-neural-based-identification-for-regulating-singularly-pe",signatures:"Anas N. Al-Rabadi",authors:[{id:"23457",title:"Prof.",name:"Anas N.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rabadi",fullName:"Anas N. Al-Rabadi",slug:"anas-n.-al-rabadi"}]},{id:"23245",title:"Neural Control Toward a Unified Intelligent Control Design Framework for Nonlinear Systems",slug:"neural-control-toward-a-unified-intelligent-control-design-framework-for-nonlinear-systems",signatures:"Dingguo Chen, Lu Wang, Jiaben Yang and Ronald R. Mohler",authors:[{id:"25705",title:"Dr.",name:"Dingguo",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Dingguo Chen",slug:"dingguo-chen"},{id:"39047",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaben",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jiaben Yang",slug:"jiaben-yang"},{id:"39048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald R.",middleName:null,surname:"Mohler",fullName:"Ronald R. Mohler",slug:"ronald-r.-mohler"},{id:"81969",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lu Wang",slug:"lu-wang"}]},{id:"23246",title:"Robust Adaptive Wavelet Neural Network Control of Buck Converters",slug:"robust-adaptive-wavelet-neural-network-control-of-buck-converters",signatures:"Hamed Bouzari, Miloš Šramek, Gabriel Mistelbauer and Ehsan Bouzari",authors:[{id:"26456",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzari",fullName:"Hamed Bouzari",slug:"hamed-bouzari"},{id:"67809",title:"Prof.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"Šrámek",fullName:"Miloš Šrámek",slug:"milos-sramek"},{id:"67811",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Mistelbauer",fullName:"Gabriel Mistelbauer",slug:"gabriel-mistelbauer"},{id:"67813",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Ehsan",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzari",fullName:"Ehsan Bouzari",slug:"ehsan-bouzari"}]},{id:"23247",title:"Quantitative Feedback Theory and Sliding Mode Control",slug:"quantitative-feedback-theory-and-sliding-mode-control",signatures:"Gemunu Happawana",authors:[{id:"25698",title:"Prof.",name:"Gemunu",middleName:null,surname:"Happawana",fullName:"Gemunu Happawana",slug:"gemunu-happawana"}]},{id:"23248",title:"Integral Sliding-Based Robust Control",slug:"integral-sliding-based-robust-control",signatures:"Chieh-Chuan Feng",authors:[{id:"29268",title:"Dr.",name:"Chieh-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Chieh-Chuan Feng",slug:"chieh-chuan-feng"}]},{id:"23249",title:"Self-Organized Intelligent Robust Control Based on Quantum Fuzzy Inference",slug:"self-organized-intelligent-robust-control-based-on-quantum-fuzzy-inference",signatures:"Ulyanov Sergey",authors:[{id:"27528",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Ulyanov",fullName:"Sergey Ulyanov",slug:"sergey-ulyanov"}]},{id:"23250",title:"New Practical Integral Variable Structure Controllers for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems",slug:"new-practical-integral-variable-structure-controllers-for-uncertain-nonlinear-systems",signatures:"Jung-Hoon Lee",authors:[{id:"28439",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung-Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jung-Hoon Lee",slug:"jung-hoon-lee"}]},{id:"23251",title:"New Robust Tracking and Stabilization Methods for Significant Classes of Uncertain Linear and Nonlinear Systems",slug:"new-robust-tracking-and-stabilization-methods-for-significant-classes-of-uncertain-linear-and-nonlin",signatures:"Laura Celentano",authors:[{id:"25609",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Celentano",fullName:"Laura Celentano",slug:"laura-celentano"}]},{id:"23252",title:"Robust Feedback Linearization Control for Reference Tracking and Disturbance Rejection in Nonlinear Systems",slug:"robust-feedback-linearization-control-for-reference-tracking-and-disturbance-rejection-in-nonlinear-",signatures:"Cristina Ioana Pop and Eva Henrietta Dulf",authors:[{id:"28626",title:"Mrs",name:"Cristina Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Pop",fullName:"Cristina Ioana Pop",slug:"cristina-ioana-pop"},{id:"80553",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva Henrietta",middleName:null,surname:"Dulf",fullName:"Eva Henrietta Dulf",slug:"eva-henrietta-dulf"}]},{id:"23253",title:"Robust Attenuation of Frequency Varying Disturbances",slug:"robust-attenuation-of-frequency-varying-disturbances",signatures:"Kai Zenger and Juha Orivuori",authors:[{id:"43522",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Zenger",fullName:"Kai Zenger",slug:"kai-zenger"},{id:"47312",title:"MSc.",name:"Juha",middleName:null,surname:"Orivuori",fullName:"Juha Orivuori",slug:"juha-orivuori"}]},{id:"23254",title:"Synthesis of Variable Gain Robust Controllers for a Class of Uncertain Dynamical Systems",slug:"synthesis-of-variable-gain-robust-controllers-for-a-class-of-uncertain-dynamical-systems",signatures:"Hidetoshi Oya and Kojiro Hagino",authors:[{id:"43599",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Oya",fullName:"Hidetoshi Oya",slug:"hidetoshi-oya"},{id:"43600",title:"Prof.",name:"Kojiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hagino",fullName:"Kojiro Hagino",slug:"kojiro-hagino"}]},{id:"23255",title:"Simplified Deployment of Robust Real-Time Systems Using Multiple Model and Process Characteristic Architecture-Based Process Solutions",slug:"simplified-deployment-of-robust-real-time-systems-using-multiple-model-and-process-characteristic-ar",signatures:"Ciprian Lupu",authors:[{id:"26439",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciprian",middleName:null,surname:"Lupu",fullName:"Ciprian Lupu",slug:"ciprian-lupu"}]},{id:"23256",title:"Partially Decentralized Design Principle in Large-Scale System Control",slug:"partially-decentralized-design-principle-in-large-scale-system-control",signatures:"Anna Filasová and Dušan Krokavec",authors:[{id:"18818",title:"Prof.",name:"Dusan",middleName:null,surname:"Krokavec",fullName:"Dusan Krokavec",slug:"dusan-krokavec"},{id:"22287",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Filasova",fullName:"Anna Filasova",slug:"anna-filasova"}]},{id:"23257",title:"A Model-Free Design of the Youla Parameter on the Generalized Internal Model Control Structure with Stability Constraint",slug:"a-model-free-design-of-the-youla-parameter-on-the-generalized-internal-model-control-structure-with-",signatures:"Kazuhiro Yubai, Akitaka Mizutani and Junji Hirai",authors:[{id:"26866",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yubai",fullName:"Kazuhiro Yubai",slug:"kazuhiro-yubai"},{id:"44278",title:"Mr.",name:"Akitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Mizutani",fullName:"Akitaka Mizutani",slug:"akitaka-mizutani"},{id:"44279",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Hirai",fullName:"Junji Hirai",slug:"junji-hirai"}]},{id:"23258",title:"Model Based μ-Synthesis Controller Design for Time-Varying Delay System",slug:"model-based-synthesis-controller-design-for-time-varying-delay-system",signatures:"Yutaka Uchimura",authors:[{id:"28174",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Uchimura",fullName:"Yutaka Uchimura",slug:"yutaka-uchimura"}]},{id:"23259",title:"Robust Control of Nonlinear Systems with Hysteresis Based on Play-Like Operators",slug:"robust-control-of-nonlinear-systems-with-hysteresis-based-on-play-like-operators",signatures:"Jun Fu, Wen-Fang Xie, Shao-Ping Wang and Ying Jin",authors:[{id:"2926",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Wen-Fang Xie",slug:"wen-fang-xie"},{id:"42477",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Jun Fu",slug:"jun-fu"},{id:"43167",title:"Prof.",name:"Shao-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shao-Ping Wang",slug:"shao-ping-wang"},{id:"120563",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Ying Jin",slug:"ying-jin"}]},{id:"23260",title:"Identification of Linearized Models and Robust Control of Physical Systems",slug:"identification-of-linearized-models-and-robust-control-of-physical-systems",signatures:"Rajamani Doraiswami and Lahouari Cheded",authors:[{id:"28398",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajamani",middleName:null,surname:"Doraiswami",fullName:"Rajamani Doraiswami",slug:"rajamani-doraiswami"},{id:"37808",title:"Prof.",name:"Lahouari",middleName:null,surname:"Cheded",fullName:"Lahouari Cheded",slug:"lahouari-cheded"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2286",title:"Frontiers in Advanced Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43dae6480e55f2985ce8c4a1860e6dca",slug:"frontiers-in-advanced-control-systems",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2286.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3688",title:"Systems Structure and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"systems_structure_and_control",bookSignature:"Petr Husek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3688.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"134681",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Husek",slug:"petr-husek",fullName:"Petr Husek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5496",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d27af6f557a4c54b28af7072dc3fcb6",slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-detection",bookSignature:"Mustafa Demetgul and Muhammet Ünal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19106",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Demetgul",slug:"mustafa-demetgul",fullName:"Mustafa Demetgul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5823",title:"Recent Developments in Sliding Mode Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1075a2f87196085bae2babfac6bc3d52",slug:"recent-developments-in-sliding-mode-control-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5823.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"88",title:"Robust Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec78377d126114b991fd47c1e75c30d7",slug:"robust-control-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/88.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"183",title:"Recent Advances in Robust Control",subtitle:"Theory and Applications in Robotics and Electromechanics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1537e544940ecd76fe2211e50f5881d",slug:"recent-advances-in-robust-control-theory-and-applications-in-robotics-and-electromechanics",bookSignature:"Andreas Mueller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/183.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30836",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Müller",slug:"andreas-muller",fullName:"Andreas Müller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73130",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Wine Aging with Oak Chips",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93529",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-wine-aging-with-oak-chips",body:'The use of wood shavings in wine production has been documented in France since the nineteenth century. It was an unusual, but well-known, practice to improve the sensory characteristics of some wines using untoasted chips of oak wood or service trees [1]. The modern use of wood fragments in winemaking began in new winemaking countries in the early 1960s [2]. In 1993, the United States regulated the use of such products in oenology. In Europe, their use was opposed until the early 2000s, but finally in 2006, Regulation (EC) No. 1507/2006 of the Commission authorized the use of pieces of oak wood in oenology, enabling European producers to compete in a rapidly evolving world market. The new EU Delegated Regulation 2019/934 [3] currently regulates the use of oak wood chips in oenology, which are used for several technological purposes. The main objective is the release of desirable compounds, mainly aromas and polyphenolics, from the wood fragments into the wine during aging.
The main reason supporting the increased use of wood chips in wine production was essentially economic. The cost of wood chips is considerably lower than that of wooden casks. The production of wood fragments involves industrial-type technologies and therefore, is much cheaper than the artisanal processing of barrels. In addition, the wood, although from the same botanical species, in the case of barrels, is obtained from the most valuable part of the trunk, whereas woody fragments are usually recovered from less valuable parts or remnants of
Nowadays, wood fragments represent an opportunity for wine producers to diversify their product in order to satisfy different market needs. From a technological point of view, the oenologist can choose the size of the wood pieces, the duration of the contact with the wine and the moment of application.
On the other hand, the same reasons that supported the spread of wood chips in wine production also prevented its acceptance from a regulatory point of view. Indeed, as mentioned above, there is a cost-reduction associated with the use of oak wood chips, obtained by giving a woody touch to the wine without the need to use barrels; however, without proper regulation, this could lead to fraud. If such wine is offered as barrel-aged wine [4, 5], the false use of quality indications on its label represents counterfeiting, which is detrimental to consumers and legitimate producers. Therefore, the challenge to distinguish between wines obtained using one refinement technique or another is particularly crucial, even if complicated by the multiplicity of variables involved. However, it is equally clear that, due to the need of control for both consumer protection and quality assessment, the continuous improvement of investigation methods is essential, either analytical or sensory, that allow distinguishing wines aged in barrels from those treated with chips or alternative woods.
The current European legislation stipulates that the wood used in winemaking must come exclusively from the
The oak wood chips employed for oenological use are small pieces of wood with dimensions ranging from a minimum of 2 mm (sometimes called granulates, tabacs or wood rice) up to about 20 mm (sometimes called shavings,
Currently, the market offers numerous alternatives to classic wood fragments. They are frequently larger products than typical chips, able to simulate aging in barrels more effectively. Commercially, they are called cubes, beans, blocks, dominoes, segments and so on. Xoakers are wooden spheres of small dimensions, measuring a few centimeters in diameter. The doses are variable, generally between 2 and 4 g/L. The infusion time varies from 1 to 6 months.
Oak staves, ministaves, and sticks are wooden slats or cylinders of variable size from a few centimeters to a meter long, width range of 25–75 mm and a thickness variable between 7 and 18/22 mm. Commercially, they are denominated in a variety of ways, but all these products share the same oenological objective, which is to optimally simulate aging in barrel. The recommended doses for the smaller ones are 1–5 g/L for about 6–12 months of contact time. Sometimes doses are reported as wood area/wine volume.
Products with dimensions less than 2 mm are not permitted by European legislation [3] but can be used by New World manufacturers and take the commercial name of dust or flour. The small size of the wood considerably increases the exchange surface with the wine and consequently, the extraction processes of aromatic compounds and tannins are very rapid (15 days to 4 months). The cost of the treatment is therefore extremely low due to the low cost of the product and the limited quantities that are used. Oak powders have the advantage of being able to be pumped together with the wine during racking operations; however, it is much more difficult to remove from wine than chips or staves. The doses vary between 0.5 and 2 g/L of wine.
All these products can be used at different stages of winemaking and for various purposes. Generally, untoasted fresh chips or low toasted wood chips are used in the early stages of winemaking in order to allow color stabilization improving the anthocyanin extraction in young wines and their color characteristics during wine stabilization [9]. Toasted products can be used both during the alcoholic fermentation and after the end of malolactic fermentation.
The use of alternative products assumes that a huge array of variables must be considered including the type of wood, the size and shape of fragments, the mode of wood seasoning, the grade of toasting, the moment of use during winemaking, duration and the timing of contact as well as the interaction with yeasts and bacteria involved in winemaking. The main technological variables are examined below.
Commonly, the wood used for alternative products is obtained from remnants of the barrel-making process, especially in the production of granulates or chips. This is not a negligible part of oak wood, but almost 50–75% of the total production, depending on the method used for barrel stave production, that is, traditional via splitting or by sawdust. Oak wood is otherwise obtained from trees with small diameters or presenting some physical defects [10]. Sometimes, for example, for high-quality alternative staves, the wood is the same as that used to produce barrels. In all cases, to obtain a high-quality product, it is necessary to pay particular attention to the seasoning phases that should occur in the best possible conditions [1]. Seasoning is a fundamental process useful in eliminating excess water present in the wood from 70% to about 14–18% [11]; it can be carried out naturally, alternatively, by forced drying.
During natural seasoning, the wooden planks are stacked outdoors in the open air for a variable period, which depends on the thickness, and ranges from about 2–3 years. Slats are periodically moistened to remove, via leaching, the excess astringent and bitter compounds, such as tannins and coumarins, present in the wood [12, 13]. Furthermore, the presence of unpleasant compounds is attenuated, primarily
Artificial seasoning allows cost containment and a considerable reduction in processing time. However, natural seasoning leads to a greater accumulation of odorous compounds in the wood, in particular, volatile phenols, phenolic aldehydes, furanic compounds, and
After seasoning, it is necessary to eliminate residual sapwood and bark that have a very different composition to heartwood, which is the most precious part of the wood. Oak wood is then processed to reduce it to the most appropriate size and is eventually toasted. During toasting, numerous transformations take place such as, the partial degradation of the wood polyosides that leads, in turn, to the formation of numerous odorous compounds. At the same time, a large portion of the tannins undergoes degradation, with the extent depending upon the degree of toasting. Unlike the production of barrels, the toasting of alternative products is, generally, an easy, automatic process. The technological solutions for their toasting are varied and include: direct contact of the pieces of wood with a suitably heated surface; by means of a suitably heated air jet; by irradiation with IR rays, which does not allow deep toasting of the pieces; by direct contact with a flame, used almost exclusively for the production of alternative staves. Two main benefits must be considered: the first is reducing production costs; the second is standardization in terms of quality. The toasting degree of the alternative products follows that for wooden barrels; therefore, they can be distinguished as untoasted or with a light, medium or high (heavy) toasting level. However, this classification does not represent an absolute reference as the technologies used by individual companies may differ considerably [19].
From an oenological point of view, the oak heartwood is the wood of major interest. Its chemical composition includes three large groups of compounds. The first one consists of certain polymers constituting the cell wall and the median lamella of the vegetal cells with supporting functions. The second group is composed of several extractable substances accumulated during the natural transformation from sapwood to heartwood, as well as tannin deposits which protect against plant parasites. The third group includes, in smaller quantities, several compound residues of cellular metabolism: amino acids, fatty acids, terpene compounds, carotenoids, and various minerals [20, 21].
From a quantitative point of view, the main components of oak heartwood are cellulose (40–45% of dry weight), hemicellulose (20–25%) and lignin (25–30%) and, overall, they represent by weight, the predominant portion of the wood. These polymers form a three-dimensional structure, trapping cellulose in an insoluble and rigid matrix of lignin and hemicellulose, which gives the wood its typical technological characteristics.
Chemically, cellulose is a crystalline homopolymer consisting of units of glucose 1,4-β-bonded, which has an average molecular weight of 106 Da corresponding to 10,000–15,000 monosaccharide units. Hemicellulose is a complex polymer that may contain pentoses (β-d-xylose, α-l-arabinose), hexoses (β-d-mannose, β-d-glucose, α-d-galactose), and uronic acids [22]. Structurally, it has two roles: binding cellulose microfibers and strengthening the cell wall. It is worth noting that both the concentration and structure of this polymer differ between sapwood and wood. Finally, lignin, which from a structural point of view is a
Finally, both the rate of growth and botanical origin affect strongly the chemical-physical characteristics of the wood. Slow growth leads to fine grains, less dense wood, which is of greater resilience and, most of all, richer in extractable compounds, whereas rapid growth leads to the formation of medium or coarse grain woods. As regards botanical origin the main differences concern the tannin content, generally higher in the heartwood of European origin and the volatile compounds (lactones, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids), usually more abundant in
β-methyl-γ-octalactone is included among the minority aromatic compounds, but it has a crucial role from a sensory point of view. This is a natural lactone present in fresh oak wood, and it is characterized by intense notes of coconut, celery, and pastry with a very low perception threshold. Also called whiskey lactone or oak lactone, because it was discovered in the 1970s for the first time in whiskey and shortly thereafter in the oak wood used for their processing [24, 25], oak lactone is formed from the cyclization of 3-methyl-4-hydroxyoctanoic acid. This compound is present in oak wood as a glycoconjugate precursor namely, galloylglucoside, glucoside, and a rutinoside derivative [26, 27] and can undergo hydrolysis during both seasoning and toasting operations or during the maturation of the wine in contact with the oak wood.
From a structural point of view, oak lactone is a molecule with two chiral carbons, therefore, four different optical configurations are possible. Only two stereoisomers of oak lactone are present in oak wood [28], the “
Generally, this compound is more abundant in American oak wood. A recent work showed that wines macerated with
Among the aromatic compounds from fresh oak wood that have a significant impact on the aroma of wine can be included eugenol, which is characterized by typical clove notes and is present in small quantities, especially in sapwood [34]. Another important group of naturally occurring compounds is that of norisoprenoids [35]. These compounds originate from the degradation of carotenoids and xanthophylls present in the wood. Some of them have very low perception thresholds and perfumes that vary from floral to balsamic (see Section 3.4).
The degradation of wood polymers under an inert atmosphere proceeds gradually following the increase of temperature [36]. The decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose takes place at 200–380°C and 250–380°C, respectively, while lignin decomposition occurs over the range of 180–900°C. Moreover in normal cooperage conditions, the degradation of cellulose occurs with great difficulty and the sensory impact of its derivatives remains negligible [22]. On the contrary, hemicellulose is more susceptible to hydrolysis, which can occur during both toasting and wine aging, and leads to an increase in the total content of galactose, fructose or xylose [37], up to a few hundred mg/L. From a microbiological point of view, this aspect should be considered carefully for the development of undesired microflora in wines, taking into account the ability of some spoilage microorganism, namely
Other compounds, namely maltol and cyclotene, originating from hemicellulose degradation [22], are characterized by specific caramel notes. Like furanic aldehydes, they have a limited impact on empyreumatic notes of wine aged using oak wood, because of their high perception threshold. Sugar condensation products such as DDMP (2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4(H)-pyran-4-one), HDMF (4-hydroxy-2,5- dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one) and DHM (dihydromaltol), derived from glucose and proline condensation, seem to have a greater impact on the toasty/caramel aroma [40].
Finally, the thermodegradation of lignin leads to the formation of several key aromatic compounds including aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols (mainly monomethoxylated and dimethoxylated derivatives), aromatic aldehydes (benzoic aldehydes), and syringyl-derived compounds. Various factors such as the moisture of the wood, the intensity of the heat applied, the presence of other polymers such as cellulose can influence the chemical yield of these reactions [41]. Specially, the toasting intensity is the factor that most influences the final composition of these compounds in wine. Low/medium levels of heating lead to the formation of cinnamic and benzoic aldehydes as synapic aldehyde, coniferyl aldehyde, vanillin, and siringaldehyde. Among these, vanillin has an important aromatic impact thanks to its recognizable scent and low perception threshold [39]. More intense toasting levels lead to the formation of volatile phenols such as phenol, cresol isomers, guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, eugenol, isoeugenol and propiovanillone, some of them characterized by a low perception threshold and clear spiced or smoky notes.
Finally, some heterocyclic compounds present in small quantities, such as pyrazine, pyrrole pyridine, and triazole derivatives have been identified in toasted wood extracts. These compounds could be generated by Maillard’s reaction during the toasting operations [42].
The type of alternative wood has an important influence on the diffusion kinetics of aromatic compounds. Generally volatile compound accumulation is faster using wood chips than staves, on the other hand, staves lead to a greater accumulation of aromas, in all cases, the extraction seems to be complete after 3–12 months of aging [10, 43].
The botanical origin of wood has great importance in defining the transfer of aromatic compounds namely, oak lactone to wine. Wines aged in contact with American oak chips showed a significant increase of
The aging time was related to a higher content of esters [44]; the type of wood pieces was correlated to
The accumulation of phenols depends on the degree of toasting but, in general, a higher accumulation of these compounds occurs in wines aged with staves compared with those aged with chips [45]. For guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol and eugenol, the maximum accumulation has been registered between 6 and 12 months.
The main variations during wine aging involve furan aldehydes; these changes are certainly decisive for wine quality. During the first months of storage, a high accumulation of furan aldehydes is observed [45], more remarkable in aging with staves than with chips; then their content decreases sharply, similar to that occurring in wines aged in
Yeasts can also transform furfural to 2-furanmethanethiol (2-FMT), through the addition of hydrogen sulfide present during fermentation to furfural [49]. 2-FMT, with a very low perception threshold (0.4 ng/L) and its distinguishable odor of coffee [50], is the key aroma compound of the
The “extractable fraction” of wood represents up to 10–15% of dry heartwood. Certainly, ellagitannins are the most abundant components in this fraction and, together with other compounds, are the source of many of the interesting sensory characteristics found in aged wines [53]. Eight ellagitannins have been identified in traditional oak species: castalagin, vescalagin, granidin, and roburins (A, B, C, D, and E), with the two most abundant compounds being the stereoisomers, vescalagin and castalagin [53, 54, 55]. Ellagitannins are transferred to the wine during aging, contributing to sensations of bitterness and astringency and behaving as antioxidants due to their capacity to consume oxygen [15, 53, 54, 55]. Moreover, ellagitannins directly affect wine color via reactions with anthocyanins forming red orange anthocyanin-ellagitannin complexes that are much more stable over time than free anthocyanins [55]. They often also occur in association with flavonoids to form flavano-ellagitannin derivatives (such as acutissimin A and acutissimin B) detected in aged wine and are also involved in tannin condensation [54]. Variation in ellagitannin concentration in the same wood, due to the different cooperage processes has been reported in various papers [53]; focusing on ellagitannin and alternative products, a recent study [56] performed with model wine showed that French oak chips released significantly higher amounts of ellagitannins than American oak chips at any toasting level. Their release by oak chips decreased as the toasting level increased in the French oak but this trend was not so clear in American oak.
Oxidation, condensation and polymerization reactions, in which phenolic compounds are involved, are oxygen dependent. During the aging of the wine in barrels, oxygen intake may promote, disappearance of reduction off-flavors and reduction of vegetal characteristics, but also color intensity and stabilization. This process, in barrels, is not a controlled process, but depends on wood characteristics. On the contrary, a monitored oxygenation process in stainless steel tanks can control the changes in the phenolic structure and aroma of the wine by managing oxygen-requiring reactions [57, 58].
Oxygenation of wine, which is defined as the diffusion of air or oxygen into the wine, is an authorized oenological practice in the International Code of Oenological Practices of the OIV [59]. Micro-oxygenation (MOX), consisting of dispensing micro quantities of oxygen in a controlled way, was developed in France by Patrick Ducournau at the beginning of the 1990s, then Ducournau and Laplace registered a patent for the MOX method [60, 61]. Several researches have experimented MOX combined with the application of oak alternative products with the purpose to simulate the evolution and stabilization of the phenolic compounds that spontaneously takes place in barrel.
The formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol oxidation during wine MOX favors the creation of ethyl bridges between flavanols and between flavanols and anthocyanins leading to an increase of both color intensity and color stability [62]. Ellagitannins contributes to the formation of ethylidene-bridged anthocyanin-tannin adducts through the formation of hydroperoxy radicals [63]. Moreover, MOX generally favors the formation of pyranoanthocyanins rising from the reaction of anthocyanins with small molecules, namely acetaldehyde. These compounds are likely to contribute to the red/orange hues observed in red wines during aging [64]. Acetaldehyde can also form bridges between tannin molecules, creating macromolecular structures that precipitate, leading to a decrease in astringency [65].
In general, MOX in combination with ellagitannins increased color intensity, even after 5 months of bottle aging due to increase of polymeric pigments including ethylidene-bridged compounds. These compounds contributed to the red and violet color range, but reduced hue levels, due to larger contributions to the 520 nm range [66] as shown for the treatment MOX with added tannin.
The oxygen consumption rate was clearly related to the level of released ellagitannins. Therefore, oak chips should be chosen considering their potential to release ellagitannins, not only because they can have a direct impact on the flavor and body of the wine, but also as they can protect against oxidation. Moreover, the origin and size of the oak chips seem to influence results when their addition is combined with MOX technique. The effect of American, French and Spanish oak chips or staves on in combination with MOX during red wine aging was researched; wine treated with staves (larger pieces of wood) and also aged with French oak products consumed more oxygen [67]. Finally, grape variety and especially MOX had more influence on phenolic composition and wine color than the type of oak chips which did not modify the chromatic characteristics of the red wines [68].
Various isoprenoid compounds and derivatives have been isolated and described in oak wood. Among them terpenes are compounds with a very low perception threshold and remarkable olfactory pleasantness; however their contribution of wood to wine is rather limited [69]. On the contrary, the presence of carotenoids is an important factor to consider for barrel production. The content of carotenoids in oak wood is found to be generally low and considerably variable between samples, depending mainly on the color of the piece of wood. Pinkish woods are mostly considered for barrel making being significantly richer in carotenoids than other colored woods. In particular, the molecules responsible for the pinkish hue of woods are found to be principally β-carotene and lutein [70]. Carotenoid compounds are highly sensitive to oxygen, light and temperature.
Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (PY/GC/MS) used on samples of French oak, to simulate the heating of barrels demonstrated that the thermal degradation products obtained after pyrolysis of β-carotene and lutein respectively were essentially norisoprenoids and sesquiterpenes [71]. During the natural seasoning the wood barrels are exposed to light and oxidation, then to heat during toasting and new aromatic compounds could be produced. With regard the norisoprenoids, over 30 different highly odorous compounds derived from the degradation of carotenoids, have been highlighted in oak wood, among which the main ones are 3-oxo-a-ionol, and dehydrovomifoliol [35]. American oak wood seems to be richer in norisoprenoids than that of European origin, while numerous compounds are common to both oak and grapes.
Finally, several pyrazines and pyridine derivatives have been detected in toasted oak wood [72]. Among them 2,5-disubstituted pyrazines seem to be responsible for rancid butter off-flavor [73]. Moreover 2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine is linked to “corky,” potato, green hazelnut, and dusty odor [74]. However this compound, synthesized by some proteobacteria, degrades at temperatures above 220° C, consequently the wood toasting reduces significantly its content.
Other extractable compounds present in smaller quantities in oak wood are amino acids, fatty acids and minerals.
Several research studies have highlighted the effects of the application of wood fragments on the sensory profile of wines. Some findings on the topic are reported below.
Generally, the oak-chip treatment favors the polymerization of anthocyanins and tannins, leading to a reduction of monomers in wines. In a research involving two Italian red wines, Aglianico and Montepulciano, after 1 year of aging, the content of polymeric phenols in both red wines was about 40% higher in oak-treated samples compared with the control wines. This effect, however, strongly depends on grape variety and on the polyphenolic profile of each cultivar. The same oak chip-treated samples showed attenuation of floral and fruity descriptors and the introduction of oak notes (woody, vanilla, spicy notes, and black pepper), accompanied by a higher astringency. After 1 year of aging, the flavor complexity decreased, especially the spicy notes and astringency, which were even more reduced in the oak-treated samples than in the control wines [75].
The sensory profile of wine also depends on the phase of the winemaking process at which the oak chips are added, as well as on the oak chip dose. A study on the red wine Bobal [76] showed that the wines with oak wood chips added during alcoholic fermentation had a similar sensory profile to control wines with olfactory attributes of red fruits, liquorice, pepper, leather, tobacco, and cassis, but with some woody notes. On the other hand, wines with oak chips added during malolactic fermentation showed higher intensities for the oak descriptors than wines with the oak chips added when the malolactic fermentation had finished. The intensity of woody attributes was higher when the chips were added in higher doses (6 g/L).
Another experiment with white wines, Verdejo, showed the different effects of medium-toasted oak chips added during the alcoholic fermentation or aging stage [75]. With respect to the control (no chips were added), oak-treated wines showed a decrease of the descriptors fresh, green apple, fruity, tropical fruit, and citric and higher intensities for “ripe fruit” and “sweet” and for new attributes like coconut, sweet spices, woody (oak), and toasty in the oak chip-treated wines. Specifically, the wines with oak chips added during the alcoholic fermentation presented a lower content of volatile oak-extractable compounds, thus intensity of wood-related sensory attributes, but higher concentrations of fermentative volatile substances than the new wines aged with oak chip. The toasting status of oak chips (toasted or not toasted) seemed to be more relevant than the origin of oak in a study carried out on Chardonnay wine [77]. The differences highlighted among wines with added oak chips of different origin, did not influence the preference of the panel. On the other hand, the level of toasting was more important than the origin of the oak chips (German or French) [78] . Finally, the quantity of oak chips can have greater impact than the origin of the oak [79]. The sensory profile of the white wines
Nevertheless, other research results have shown sensory differences attributed to the origin of the oak chips [31]. The wines (Romanian red wines Fetească neagră) aged in contact with American oak chips had a higher intensity of vanilla, toasty and cacao aromas compared with the wines aged using French oak chips, which had a higher intensity of smoky, licorice, and toasty aromas. The degree of toasting of the wood chips or staves also influenced aromas in the same Romanian red wine [44]. A woody attribute was more evident in wines aged with oak pieces with a low degree of toasting, whereas medium plus toasted wood increased the fruity aroma descriptors.
With the aim of simulating the effect of an oak barrel, the wood pieces can be added to wine in combination with micro-oxygenation [80]. This technique (oak chips or staves combined with micro-oxygenation) can produce wines with sensory characteristics very similar to those of products aged in new American and French oak barrels for 6 months [57].
As previously described, the quantity of oak chips, their dimensions and shape, their degree of toasting, contact time, and the stage of the winemaking process of their application can influence the sensory characteristics of the wine in numerous ways. Moreover, traditional refinement in wooden containers can lead to different results based on factors such as the time of contact, the use of new woods or used barrels, the period and frequency of an eventual
From a sensory point of view, wines refined with chips in steel containers are not clearly different from those long preserved in new barrels [81]. On the other hand, young wines made with chips are almost sensorially indistinguishable from those stored in new barrels for short periods (about 3 months); both are characterized by light
The sensory differences between wines aged in wood barrels or with oak wood fragments do not always reflect significant differences regarding consumer preference [83]. In a survey on consumer preferences, a large disparity of preferences was found among the participants that traditionally consume quality wines. A large proportion of respondents (55%) said that they would not buy wines produced using oak wood chips, whereas others declared that they would buy them only if, after tasting they had perceived the same quality as the wines in wood barrels. However, young people seemed to be less traditional and more open to buy a wine produced using oak wood fragments. Another online survey [84] involving Australian wine consumers reached similar conclusions.
Finally, the use of oak wood fragments could be an interesting alternative to barrels in emerging wine countries, such as Mexico [85] or Brazil [86], due to their lower costs. Nevertheless, before using oak wood in winemaking, local producers should investigate the preferences of their potential consumers.
The challenge of explaining the sensory differences described previously from a chemical point of view, is not easy. Considerable works have addressed the chemical characterization of wines aged with alternative products. However, only some of these studies have directly compared the composition of a barrel-aged wine and that of a wine in contact with wood oak fragments [45, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91]. Nevertheless, it is equally clear that, because of the need of control for consumer protection and quality assessment, it is essential to develop methods of investigation that allow distinguishing wines arising from barrel aging from those that used alternative woods. To our knowledge, the main techniques that have been used so far for this purpose are: (i) methods examining differences in phenolic composition (based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or on classical phenolics determination) and color analyses; (ii) chromatographic techniques investigating.
Variances in xylovolatiles and other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), mostly Gas chromatography (GC) and GC–Mass Spectrometry-based (GC-MS); (iii) infrared spectroscopy (IR) for discriminating wines through an overall chemometric approach, mainly through NIR (near infrared) and MIR (Mid infrared) spectroscopy; and (iv) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based methods. Most of the following research work is based on studies carried out by coupling 2 or more of the abovementioned techniques, and treating the composite data sets through multivariate statistical analyses [5].
A primary work in 2004 analyzed changes in phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, aldehydes, and the color of wine aged for 5 months in order to determine the influence of the type of aging and oak wood origin used for storage. A discriminant analysis was performed with the aging system as the discriminant factor, using over 66 samples. Wines aged in wood barrels differed considerably in their characteristics with respect to wines aged with wood chips. Based on the obtained model, 94 and 83% of the samples aged in barrel and chips, respectively, were correctly assigned [88]. A further, comprehensive study was carried out to discriminate wine aged in wood barrels from those aged with alternative products, both during the wood contact period and bottling stage [89]. During the first 6 months of aging, wines treated with wood staves obtained characteristics that were halfway between wines with chips and those aged in wood barrels [89]. However, as the wood contact period increased so did the differences between wines stored in traditional and alternative systems (staves or chips): after a 2-year bottling period, the wines from the three systems became unique enough to tell them apart. Discriminant analysis revealed the most meaningful variables: the yellow color component, anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, vitisin A and sum of
The factorial analysis performed during the investigation of both phenolic and sensory profile of red wines aged in wood barrels (French and American) and wines aged with oak wood chips, [81] highlighted several differences; wines aged with wood chips showed characteristics closer to the wines aged in wood barrels for 3 months. Moreover, total and polymeric anthocyanins, together with acetylated and glucoside anthocyanins and pigments from the direct condensation of anthocyanin flavonol, seem to be the main variables able to differentiate wines [81]. Authors also pointed out the strong effect of grape variety on the discriminant variables associated with “alternative” or “traditional” wines.
A recent study [91], aimed to characterize the flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenolic composition of wines in contact with wood barrels, chips and staves during a 12-month aging period has hypothesized that the effect of wood on the phenolic composition was mostly associated with the original and intrinsic characteristics of each grape variety. Therefore, this work concluded that the extraction of phenolic compounds from oak wood during wine aging is closely related to the wood format, to grape variety and aging time. Consistent with papers previously presented, the study confirmed that the final effect of wood on wine is not related only to the transference of polyphenols from wood, but also to structural modifications of grape polyphenols.
As a matter of fact, GC-MS is successfully used for the characterization and quantitative determination of volatile and semi-volatile compounds directly issued from oak wood [92, 93].
Among the many research studies using GC-MS in order to distinguish wines aged with alternative products or barrels, the work presented by Triacca et al. [94] stands out for the number of samples analyzed. A database made up of 352 new barrel wines, 665 used barrel wines and 600 chip wines, was created in order to verify compliance with laws and regulations prohibiting the use of chips in Switzerland. Wood-related volatiles (xylovolatiles) were elaborated using chemometrics techniques (logistic regression analysis). The authors were able to assign new unknown samples, with good certainty, to the chips or barrel group [94].
A research study carried out in 2008 [95] reported the influence on aroma compounds of adding oak wood chips either in stainless steel tanks or in used barrels, comparing these wines with those aged in new barrels. Both the size of the oak chips and the contact time were considered. To separate the samples according to wood format, three discriminant functions were obtained (81.5% correct classification). Wines in new wood barrels were separated from wines with wood chips, and lactones and 5-methylfurfural were the variables with the highest discriminant power. In a recent comprehensive study [90], 75 volatile compounds were determined by applying GC-MS and flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to a wide set of wines with differing aging processes. The authors found that compounds directly related to wood have greater discriminative power for separating wines aged in barrels from those macerated with oak fragments, but no single compound permits flawless classification. Therefore, they studied the overall effect of the addition of oak fragments on a set of 231 samples and compared them to those same wines aged in oak barrels. Thus, they developed a set of criteria that enables distinguishing, with a high degree of accuracy. The application of these criteria allowed the correct classification in over 90% of cases. It was found that out of the 75 analyzed compounds, those which best enable discrimination are the following: oak lactone isomers, vanillin, acetovanillone, syringaldehyde, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, eugenol, methyl vanillate, and ethyl vanillate. Vanillin, acetovanillone, and syringaldehyde are the compounds that were present in higher concentrations in wines fermented or macerated with wood fragments than in wines aged in barrels. Eugenol (significantly higher) and oak lactone isomers are the compounds that explain the variance in wines aged in barrels. The authors also point out that the extraction of wood-derived compounds is affected by many factors such as the age of the barrel, the application during fermentation or maceration and the dose. Nevertheless, the vanillin + acetovanillone/eugenol ratio was an essential marker for discrimination.
A more recent study [96] focused on the characterization of xylovolatile aromatic compounds using GC-MS of wines aged in barrels and those produced using oak chips. Approximately 200 Italian wines aged using oak chips or wood barrels were analyzed and 60 xylovolatile compounds were identified. Wines aged in barrels had a higher concentration of ethylvanillate, 4-ethylphenols, eugenol and whiskey-lactones than wines aged with chips, which were characterized by a generally higher concentration of furanic compounds and hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives. The presence of 4-ethylphenols at higher concentrations in barrel-aged wines indicated that there is still, in general, a higher risk of contamination from
On the other hand, other work has demonstrated that discrimination based on VOCs is not always easy and generalized patterns are hard to establish [97]. The analytical profile of the wood-related volatiles would be expected to exhibit large variations, precluding the detection of a generalized pattern in several cases. Moreover, the aging of red and white wines would certainly follow quite different evolution routes, in terms of the enrichment in wood-related volatiles.
An innovative approach recently proposed in some papers [32, 45] couples VOC analyses with other analytic techniques to overcome the problems described above. Indeed, most previous studies investigating the influence of the type and length of the aging process have dealt with a particular subgroup of compounds (volatile or phenolic), which has recently been considered to be a limiting condition to obtain a more comprehensive view of the subject [45]. Therefore, a study carried out in 2008 on Spanish wines [45] followed the evolution of both aromatic and phenolic composition of wine during the contact time with oak wood: chips and staves, with and without micro-oxygenation. These aging procedures were compared with the traditional oak barrel aging method. Two canonical discriminant analyses were carried out to classify the different treatments based on the volatile compounds from oak wood and low-molecular weight phenols. A good separation was achieved between the three treatments (chips, staves and barrels) for both groups of compounds. In the case of VOCs, 100% of cases were correctly classified. Wines aged in barrels were correlated with a high concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 5-methylfurfural; wines in contact with staves were correlated with a high content of vanillin and
The main aim of another research was to evaluate the same wine after 10 years in bottles when aged in barrels and when treated with alternative products and oxygen, by means of volatile compound quantitation and color analyses [32]. Overall, the traditionally aged wines suffered a smaller decrease in color intensity, hue, significance of reds and blues, followed by wines treated with staves + MOX and chips + MOX. Furthermore, the highest concentration of
It is worth noting that the GC-MS technique and VOCs analyses have been used in several studies on wood alternatives, although without direct comparison with barrel aging, investigating various technological implications: the impact of time of the addition of chips during winemaking [98, 99]; the effect of wood toasting degree and contact time with oak fragments [31, 44]; and the geographical origin of oak wood from which alternative products are issued [77, 100].
In the last decade, vibrational spectroscopy, namely infrared-based techniques (IR), supported by chemometric methods, was found to be a powerful technique because of its widespread use in analytical laboratories, its versatility and low economic impact. Moreover, IR technology requires minimal sample processing prior to analysis [5].
Certainly, IR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis has been used for the determination of oak volatile compounds [101, 102, 103] and for classifying barrels [104]. Subsequently, in recent years, this method has been proposed for discriminating wines aged in different types of wood containers and for different time periods [96, 105, 106], taking advantage on PLS-based calibration between GC-MS and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR).
The first publication appeared in 2012 [107], which investigated two different levels of information on fusion of NIR spectra and midinfrared (MIR) spectra from red wines aged in different ways. A total of 96 red wines, including wines aged in oak barrels, wines aged in stainless steel tanks with oak chips and without, were analyzed. Discriminant models of the three different aged wines were established, and the FDA method was applied to build the classification models of three different aged wines using the NIR, MIR and the merged spectra, reaching up to 98% correct classification with the latter. The results suggest that the spectral fusion of NIR and MIR is a promising technology for discriminating different aged wines.
A recent paper aimed to identify if spectroscopic techniques allow discriminating wines aged with alternative oak products (chips and staves) from different oak woods (American, French and Spanish) and floating micro-oxygenation (20 μg/L), compared with those aged in barrels, after 10 years of bottling [108]. The spectral information and analysis were performed in an FTIR-ATR (Fourier-transform IR-Attenuated Total Reflection). The results indicated that with this technique it is possible to clearly separate the wines aged by the three systems (chips, staves, and barrels) in the case of American oak. In the case of French oak, wines aged with chips were clearly differentiated for wines from a single grape variety and with similar oenological features.
The most recent paper on this topic [96] analyzed approximately 90 red wines issued from the same wine appellation in Italy, including commercial barrel-aged wines and wines aged using different types of commercial oak chips. Wines were analyzed in transmittance using NIR. In order to test if combined explanatory variables made it possible to discriminate treatments, an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was carried out. Several factors were considered, including the aging process, the type of oak used for aging (wood
It is worth noting that IR spectroscopy has been used in other studies on wine aging, although without direct comparison between wood alternatives and barrel aging. For instance, FT-IR and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques combined with multivariate analysis were used to obtain regression models to study the aging level of high-quality Sherry wines [106]. Moreover, [105] wines aged in barrels made from different wood species and in stainless steel tanks, were analyzed. A complete differentiation of the samples was achieved according to grape variety, the container type and the aging time based on two spectral regions of their FT-IR spectra. The overall significance of these studies is still provisional because of the restricted data sets and the inhomogeneity of spectral ranges analyzed in the different papers. However, the results show the potential of IR spectroscopy and chemometric analysis for discriminating wines issued from different aging processes. In this regard, identifying discriminating algorithms and creating robust databases is a necessary condition to obtain a method that can be used routinely in a laboratory for quickly acquiring specific information about the type of wood used for wine aging.
Finally, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for analysis, quality control and authentication of wines. The main advantage of non-targeted wine analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy is the ability to collect, relatively simply and fastly, a huge amount of compositional information relating to a single sample [109]. Unlike other analytical techniques, however, it requires complex instrumentation and specialized personnel to be realized, but thanks to its versatility and reproducibility, this analytical technique seems to be very promising for the purposes described in this chapter.
In modern winemaking, oak products alternative to barrels are useful and flexible tools for wineries, enabling them to meet the needs of an increasingly wide and varied market. The compounds from oak wood impart a typical aromatic profile to wine and contribute to the increased polyphenolic patrimony of the final wine. Recently, the use of wood fragments has expanded, and new formats of alternative products have been added to those already known, significantly improving wine quality and dramatically increasing the opportunities of choice. Major advantages associated with the use of these products concern the reduction of both costs and production times. Furthermore, it enables the possibility of obtaining standardized wines whose compositional and sensory characteristics are very close to those defined in the phase of product design; in addition, the reduction of microbiological risks associated with the use of barrels is not negligible. Among the factors that most influence the sensory quality of the final wine, the dose of oak chips, the level of toasting and the moment of application must be considered. The different geographical and botanical origin of the chips seems to secondarily affect the result.
From a sensory point of view, it is not easy to distinguish products obtained by aging with chips from those obtained traditionally. Considering the consumer preference between oak chips and barrel wines, the variability among tasters is very high depending on the age and experience (e.g., young tasters and experienced tasters) and winemakers could take in consideration the specific preferences of different consumer groups. The distinction of the two different products is therefore mainly possible through laboratory investigation techniques: analytical methods allow expanding the compositional differences between the two products both for commercial purposes, but also for the control of fraudulent activities if necessary. Among the analytical techniques used, the spectroscopic ones are certainly those that, combined with multivariate statistics techniques, allow to obtain the best results in this field.
The possibility of refining wines with chips, staves or other alternative products, does not therefore oppose the use of barrels, but represents an additional option and a further opportunity for winemakers to obtain high-quality products. The two types of wines can today coexist in the wine global market, appreciated by different segments of consumers.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13388},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33638}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11514",title:"Vision Sensors - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6da8427ef3062c142b4e9650a5fed534",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11514.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11520",title:"Direct Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11521",title:"Internal Combustion Engines - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99cc881bcb3efe05085f2728ccbeab6b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Akaehomen Akii Ibhadode",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11521.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"253342",title:"Prof.",name:"Akaehomen",surname:"Ibhadode",slug:"akaehomen-ibhadode",fullName:"Akaehomen Ibhadode"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11526",title:"Mass Production in the Industry 4.0 Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"082678c3d4e60a3ac282f3f2309379d4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tamás Bányai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11526.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11527",title:"Six Sigma and Quality Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11535",title:"Recent Research Trends in Sustainable Energy Conversion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a29db15e41fcfcb6d49fa1ecc670318",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Arunkumar Chandrasekhar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11535.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11538",title:"Updates on Supercapacitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"defe620d92b00d7a1b12b939941b7528",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zoran M. Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11538.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11539",title:"Thermal Power Plants - Modeling, Control, and Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c3acd9b5f01439c18515d73d41b830d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paweł Madejski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11539.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:64},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"148",title:"Applied Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology-applied-microbiology",parent:{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"},numberOfBooks:27,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:878,numberOfWosCitations:955,numberOfCrossrefCitations:921,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1970,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"148",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7f3f66e22e16c3751989918a43b3210",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",slug:"human-microbiome",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e692b520263526cca2b37092c3e8d0b4",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9294",title:"Fluorescence Methods for Investigation of Living Cells and Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a97a566a3a19eb9e0c9ba61042bb06c5",slug:"fluorescence-methods-for-investigation-of-living-cells-and-microorganisms",bookSignature:"Natalia Grigoryeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239430",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:"Yu.",surname:"Grigoryeva",slug:"natalia-grigoryeva",fullName:"Natalia Grigoryeva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8422",title:"Metagenomics",subtitle:"Basics, Methods and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82c6409553747ffccd6075f9420e3175",slug:"metagenomics-basics-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8422.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6967",title:"Prebiotics and Probiotics",subtitle:"Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11781d6b1c070edcf204518e632033be",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Elena Franco-Robles and Joel Ramírez-Emiliano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219102",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Robles",slug:"elena-franco-robles",fullName:"Elena Franco-Robles"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:27,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62553",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79371",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7315,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:89,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"39599",doi:"10.5772/50046",title:"Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"encapsulation-technology-to-protect-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:12448,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"María Chávarri, Izaskun Marañón and María Carmen Villarán",authors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"},{id:"151613",title:"MSc.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Marañon",slug:"izaskun-maranon",fullName:"Izaskun Marañon"},{id:"151621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villarán",slug:"ma-carmen-villaran",fullName:"Mª Carmen Villarán"}]},{id:"39607",doi:"10.5772/50121",title:"Recent Application of Probiotics in Food and Agricultural Science",slug:"recent-application-of-probiotics-in-food-and-agricultural-science",totalDownloads:10168,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:77,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"Danfeng Song, Salam Ibrahim and Saeed Hayek",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"150202",title:"Dr.",name:"Danfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"danfeng-song",fullName:"Danfeng Song"},{id:"151025",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",slug:"saeed-hayek",fullName:"Saeed Hayek"}]},{id:"49246",doi:"10.5772/61300",title:"Chitosan as a Biomaterial — Structure, Properties, and Electrospun Nanofibers",slug:"chitosan-as-a-biomaterial-structure-properties-and-electrospun-nanofibers",totalDownloads:4720,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin; chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, after cellulose. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. El- Zairy",authors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"},{id:"175694",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"El- Zairy",slug:"enas-el-zairy",fullName:"Enas El- Zairy"}]},{id:"51065",doi:"10.5772/63499",title:"Role of the Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment",slug:"role-of-the-biofilms-in-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:6849,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:61,abstract:"Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality and human health. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. These data are crucial to improve the performance, robustness and stability of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies.",book:{id:"5197",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",title:"Microbial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Shama Sehar and Iffat Naz",authors:[{id:"180364",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffat",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"iffat-naz",fullName:"Iffat Naz"},{id:"183345",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",middleName:null,surname:"Sehar",slug:"shama-sehar",fullName:"Shama Sehar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:9260,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7315,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:89,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4416,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5418,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"72109",title:"Antibiotic Resistance in Biofilm",slug:"antibiotic-resistance-in-biofilm",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Biofilms can be found on several living and nonliving surfaces, which are formed by a group of microorganisms, complex assembly of proteins, polysaccharides, and DNAs in an extracellular polymeric matrix. By forming a biofilm, bacteria protect themselves from host defense, disinfectants, and antibiotics. Bacteria inside biofilm are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents than planktonic forms since bacteria that are unresisting to antimicrobial agents in any way can turn resistant after forming a biofilm. Low penetration of antibiotics into the biofilm, slow reproduction, and the existence of adaptive stress response constitute the multiphased defense of the bacterium. This antibiotic resistance, which is provided by biofilm, makes the treatments, which use effective antibiotic doses on the bacterium in planktonic shape, difficult. Biofilm formation potential of bacteria appears as an important virulence factor in ensuring the colonization on the living tissues or medical devices and makes the treatment difficult. The aim of this chapter is to overview the current knowledge of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in biofilms.",book:{id:"8967",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms"},signatures:"Sadık Dincer, Fatima Masume Uslu and Anil Delik",authors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"},{id:"315992",title:"MSc.",name:"Fatıma Masume",middleName:null,surname:"Uslu",slug:"fatima-masume-uslu",fullName:"Fatıma Masume Uslu"},{id:"315993",title:"MSc.",name:"Anıl",middleName:null,surname:"Delik",slug:"anil-delik",fullName:"Anıl Delik"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"148",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81704",title:"Quorum Sensing Inhibition Based Drugs to Conquer Antimicrobial Resistance",slug:"quorum-sensing-inhibition-based-drugs-to-conquer-antimicrobial-resistance",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104125",abstract:"Quorum sensing is the cell to cell communication mechanism in microorganism through signalling molecules. Regulation of virulence factor, sporulation, proteolytic enzymes production, biofilm formation, auto-inducers, cell population density are key physiological process mediated through quorum-sensing (QS) signalling. Elevation of innate immune system and antibiotic tolerance of pathogens is highly increased with perspective of quorum-sensing (QS) activity. Development of novel drugs is highly attractive scenario against cell-cell communication of microbes. Design of synthetic drugs and natural compounds against QS signal molecules is vital combat system to attenuate microbial pathogenicity. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), quorum quenchers (QQs), efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) act against multi-drug resistance strains (MDR) and other pathogenic microbes through regulation of auto-inducers and signal molecule with perceptive to growth arrest both in-vitro and in-vivo. QQs, QSIs and EPIs compounds has been validated with various animal models for high selection pressure on therapeutics arsenal against microbe’s growth inhibition. Promising QSI are phytochemicals and secondary metabolites includes polyacetylenes, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, quinones.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic - Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Kothandapani Sundar, Ramachandira Prabu and Gopal Jayalakshmi"},{id:"82372",title:"Unlocking the Potential of Ghost Probiotics in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance",slug:"unlocking-the-potential-of-ghost-probiotics-in-combating-antimicrobial-resistance",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104126",abstract:"Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern that requires immediate attention. Major causes of development of antimicrobial resistance in microbial cells are overuse of antimicrobials along the food chain especially in livestock, in preventing infections as well as misuse of antimicrobials by patients. Probiotics could be a viable alternative to antibiotics in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Probiotic strains can act as a complement to antimicrobial therapy, improving antimicrobial function and enhancing immunity. However, there are safety concerns regarding the extensive use of live microbial cells especially in immunocompromised individuals; these include microbial translocation, inhibition of other beneficial microorganisms and development of antimicrobial resistance, among other concerns. Inevitably, ghost probiotics have become the favored alternative as they eliminate the safety and shelf-life problems associated with use of probiotics. Ghost probiotics are non-viable microbial cells (intact or broken) or metabolic products from microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts have biologic activity in the host and confer health benefits. Ghost probiotics exert biological effects similar to probiotics. However, the major drawback of using ghost probiotics is that the mechanism of action of these is currently unknown, hence more research is required and regulatory instruments are needed to assure the safety of consumers.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic - Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Abigarl Ndudzo, Sakhile Ndlovu, Nesisa Nyathi and Angela Sibanda Makuvise"},{id:"82178",title:"Managing Antimicrobial Resistance beyond the Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship: The Role of One Health",slug:"managing-antimicrobial-resistance-beyond-the-hospital-antimicrobial-stewardship-the-role-of-one-heal",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104170",abstract:"Infections caused by micro-organisms affect the health of people and animals, causing morbidity and mortality, with Asia and Africa as the epicenters. Some of the infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging in nature. Examples include viral hepatitis, Lassa fever, Ebola, yellow fever, tuberculosis, covid-19, measles, and malaria, among others. Antimicrobials have been playing an important role in the treatment of infections by these microbes. However, there has been a development of resistance to these antimicrobials as a result of many drivers. This write-up used secondary data to explore the management of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) beyond the hospital antimicrobial resistance steward using the one health concept. The findings showed AMR to be a transboundary, multifaceted ecosystem problem affecting both the developed and developing countries. It is also one of the top ten global public health threats facing mankind. Globally, AMR will cost over US$100 trillion in output loss by 2050, about 700,000 deaths a year, and 4,150,000 deaths in Africa by 2050. About 2.4 million people could die in high-income countries between 2015 and 2050 without a sustained effort to contain AMR. The drivers of AMR are beyond the hospital and hospital AMR stewardship. Therefore, the need for one health concept to manage it.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic - Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Istifanus Anekoson Joshua, Mathew Bobai and Clement Sokfa Woje"},{id:"81918",title:"Machine Learning for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Drug Development",slug:"machine-learning-for-antimicrobial-resistance-research-and-drug-development",totalDownloads:52,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104841",abstract:"Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence which combines sophisticated algorithms and data to develop predictive models with minimal human interference. This chapter focuses on research that trains machine learning models to study antimicrobial resistance and to discover antimicrobial drugs. An emphasis is placed on applying machine learning models to detect drug resistance among bacterial and fungal pathogens. The role of machine learning in antibacterial and antifungal drug discovery and design is explored. Finally, the challenges and prospects of applying machine learning to advance basic research on and treatment of antimicrobial resistance are discussed. Overall, machine learning promises to advance antimicrobial resistance research and to facilitate the development of antibacterial and antifungal drugs.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic - Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Shamanth A. Shankarnarayan, Joshua D. Guthrie and Daniel A. Charlebois"},{id:"81891",title:"Alternatives to Antibiotics in Semen Extenders Used in Artificial Insemination",slug:"alternatives-to-antibiotics-in-semen-extenders-used-in-artificial-insemination",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104226",abstract:"Antimicrobial resistance is a serious global threat requiring a widespread response. Both veterinarians and medical doctors should restrict antibiotic usage to therapeutic use only, after determining the sensitivity of the causal organism. However, the addition of antibiotics to semen extenders for animal artificial insemination represents a hidden, non-therapeutic use of antimicrobial substances. Artificial insemination for livestock breeding is a huge global enterprise with hundreds of million sperm doses prepared annually. However, reporting of antimicrobial resistance in semen is increasing. This review discusses the consequences of bacteria in semen samples, as well as the effect of antimicrobial substances in semen extenders on bacteria in the environment and even on personnel. Alternatives to antibiotics have been reported in the scientific literature and are reviewed here. The most promising of these, removal of the majority of bacteria by colloid centrifugation, is considered in detail, especially results from an artificial insemination study in pigs. In conclusion, colloid centrifugation is a practical method of physically removing bacteria from semen, which does not induce antibiotic resistance. Sperm quality in stored semen samples may be improved at the same time.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic - Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Jane M. Morrell, Pongpreecha Malaluang, Aleksandar Cojkic and Ingrid Hansson"},{id:"81699",title:"Efflux Pumps among Urinary E. coli and K. pneumoniae Local Isolates in Hilla City, Iraq",slug:"efflux-pumps-among-urinary-e-coli-and-k-pneumoniae-local-isolates-in-hilla-city-iraq",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104408",abstract:"Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infections affecting humans. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were common enterobacteria engaged with community-acquired UTIs. Efflux pumps were vital resistance mechanisms for antibiotics, especially among enterobacteria. Overexpression of an efflux system, which results in a decrease in antibiotic accumulation, is an effective mechanism for drug resistance. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, small multidrug resistance (SMR), and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) families, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), and the resistance-nodulation- cell division (RND) family are the five superfamilies of efflux systems linked to drug resistance. This chapter highlights the results of studying the prevalence of efflux pump genes among local isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Hilla City, Iraq. class RND AcrAB-TolC, AcrAD-TolC, and AcrFE-TolC genes detected by conventional PCR of E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively. The result revealed approximately all studied efflux transporter were found in both E. coli and K. pneumoniae in different percentages. Biofilm formation were observed in 50(100%) of K. pneumoniae and 49(98%) of E. coli isolates were biofilm former and follow: 30(60%), 20(40%) were weak, 12(24%), 22(44%) were moderate and 7(14%) and 8(16%) were Strong biofilm former for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic - Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Hussein Al-Dahmoshi, Sahar A. Ali and Noor Al-Khafaji"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:13},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12213",title:"New Advances in Photosynthesis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12213.jpg",hash:"2eece9ed4f67de4eb73da424321fc455",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},subseries:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",annualVolume:11397,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania",institution:{name:"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tanzania"}}},{id:"70530",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",middleName:"Campos",surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Márcio Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRm0AQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-08-01T12:34:46.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Feira de Santana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"