Potential plant-bioactive compounds that interact with microtubules as microtubule-destabilizing agents for cancer therapy.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5470",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Child and Adolescent Mental Health",title:"Child and Adolescent Mental Health",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In the present volume, we collected state-of-the-art chapters on diagnosis, treatment, and social implications. The first section describes diagnostic processes. It describes a reevaluation of projective techniques, a new clinical tool in psychotraumatology, the foundations of the framing technique, and an overview on integrative approaches. The second section focuses on new developments in the field with special emphasis on culture-specific contexts. From parenting of adolescents in India to the influence of poverty on mental health issues in Mexico, as well as the use of marijuana and Internet addiction, some of the most important fields are highlighted. The third section concentrates on therapy. It shows how to react to bullying and reviews the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents.",isbn:"978-953-51-3190-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3189-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4832-6",doi:"10.5772/63037",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"child-and-adolescent-mental-health",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4c9efb06aad3521aa0be6f7135b5fe22",bookSignature:"Martin H. Maurer",publishedDate:"May 24th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5470.jpg",numberOfDownloads:20938,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 13th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 13th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",middleName:"H.",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95060/images/system/95060.jpeg",biography:"Martin H. Maurer graduated from medical school at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and McGill University, Montréal, Canada, in 1999 – receiving his MD in 1999. As a post-doctoral fellow in 2003 at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA, he concentrated on neurological diseases and was appointed Assistant Professor of Physiology in 2005 and Associate Professor of Physiology in 2007 at the University of Heidelberg. From 2007-08, he was a research group leader in the biotech industry. In 2009-10, he did clinical work in pediatrics, and from 2011 until present in child and adolescent psychiatry. He is now at the Mariaberg Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Gammertingen, Germany, and at a private practice in Stuttgart, Germany. He is Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal The Application of Clinical Genetics.",institutionString:"Heidelberg University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Heidelberg University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1054",title:"Neurobiology",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-neurobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"54469",title:"Draw, Write, Speak, Play: The Role of Projection in Diagnosis and Therapy of Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/67578",slug:"draw-write-speak-play-the-role-of-projection-in-diagnosis-and-therapy-of-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:3656,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, I will (1) review the concept and function of projective mechanisms on a psychodynamic basis. In this section, I will outline the relation of projection to the unconscious, its use in innerpsychic dynamics, and the underlying mechanisms for its use in psychotherapy like creativity, imagination, and symbolization; (2) give an overview over the use of projective methods for testing and diagnosis in the psychological sciences; and (3) exemplify the use of projective methods in diagnostics and psychotherapy of children and adolescents. I will present current methods based on drawing, verbally describing and imaginating, and playing arts, focusing on sand play therapy and miniature figure play.",signatures:"Martin H. Maurer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54469",authors:[{id:"95060",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin Henrik",surname:"Maurer",slug:"martin-henrik-maurer",fullName:"Martin Henrik Maurer"}],corrections:null},{id:"54625",title:"A Qualitative Tool for Detecting and Approaching Psychological Trauma in Children Victims of the 2009 Italian Earthquake",doi:"10.5772/67364",slug:"a-qualitative-tool-for-detecting-and-approaching-psychological-trauma-in-children-victims-of-the-200",totalDownloads:1332,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Expressive therapies are considered effective intervention modalities with children who have experienced traumatic events such as natural disasters. Particularly, drawing consent to trauma affected children to convey the complexity of traumatic feelings by giving them a shape and a sense. But the efficacy of art therapies with children exposed to natural disasters, has not been research proved. This chapter present an exploratory and pilot study on the use of the specific technique “Test de trois dessins: avant, pendant et avenir” (Three Pictures Test: Past, Present, and Future), which may accomplish the double function of diagnostic instrument, for detecting the presence of psychological trauma, and therapeutic technique, for facilitating recovery from psychological distress, with children exposed to natural disasters. The graphic tool has been employed with children victims of the Italian earthquake which affected the region of Abruzzi, on the 6th April 2009. The case studies analysis illustrates the efficacy of the test in both detecting the presence and the extent of the psychological trauma, and in enhancing the trauma recovery process. Further researches need to be done in order to validate the use of the “Three Pictures Test: Past, Present, and Future” as a validated technique with children experiencing disasters.",signatures:"Francesca Giordano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54625",authors:[{id:"190360",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Giordano",slug:"francesca-giordano",fullName:"Francesca Giordano"}],corrections:null},{id:"54044",title:"Can Frames Make Change? Using Communications Science to Translate the Science of Child Mental Health",doi:"10.5772/67340",slug:"can-frames-make-change-using-communications-science-to-translate-the-science-of-child-mental-health",totalDownloads:1354,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Mental illness in children is on the rise in the United States, but research shows that the American public does not understand the science of child mental health—what it is and what supports and disrupts it. To build public understanding of child mental health and support for the systemic solutions needed to promote it, the FrameWorks Institute developed a “core story”—a master narrative—that advocates and experts in the field can use to communicate about the issue more effectively. This research is built on interviews with experts and members of the public, cognitive analyses of frames commonly used in media stories about the issue, and surveys of frame elements such as values and metaphors. Findings show that two values—Prosperity and Ingenuity—lifted support for policies related to child mental health. The Levelness Explanatory Metaphor, which compares child mental health to the levelness of a table, is also effective.",signatures:"Nat Kendall‐Taylor and Allison Stevens",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54044",authors:[{id:"190986",title:"Ms.",name:"Allison",surname:"Stevens",slug:"allison-stevens",fullName:"Allison Stevens"},{id:"191393",title:"Dr.",name:"Nat",surname:"Kendall-Taylor",slug:"nat-kendall-taylor",fullName:"Nat Kendall-Taylor"}],corrections:null},{id:"54165",title:"Integrative Approach to Child and Adolescent Mental Health",doi:"10.5772/67556",slug:"integrative-approach-to-child-and-adolescent-mental-health",totalDownloads:1367,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prevalence of mental disorders between children and adolescents is 10–20% worldwide. Research has shown that most mental disorders begin at childhood and adolescence. Neurodevelopmental disorders are classified by which the development of the central nervous system is disturbed and are associated with varying degrees of consequences in one’s mental, emotional, physical, and economic states. Recently, research in mental health, neurobiology, and early childhood development supported the case for early intervention and prevention. The causes of mental disorders in children and adolescents are not currently known, but research suggests that a combination of factors that include heredity, biology, psychological trauma, spiritual well-being, and environmental stress might be involved. There are many factors that play into child and adolescent mental health and disorders; therefore, individualized, personalized, and integrative approaches are necessary in therapeutic interventions and prevention. Thus, by ensuring that the needed mental health care competencies are made available in each primary health care team and by assuring fully integrated mental health and other types of health care, primary health care teams would best provide early, efficient, effective, and optimal recovery-based care.",signatures:"Seungpil Jung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54165",authors:[{id:"189654",title:"Dr.",name:"Seungpil",surname:"Jung",slug:"seungpil-jung",fullName:"Seungpil Jung"},{id:"195108",title:"Prof.",name:"Keun-Mi",surname:"Lee",slug:"keun-mi-lee",fullName:"Keun-Mi Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"53127",title:"Parenting Adolescents in India: A Cultural Perspective",doi:"10.5772/66451",slug:"parenting-adolescents-in-india-a-cultural-perspective",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Contemporary parenting has witnessed a multitude of adaptations over the past decade across various cultural settings. Adolescent attachment patterns with parents have been explored in varying cultural contexts. These attachment patterns have been extensively studied in the light of adolescence as a turbulent phase of development. This chapter offers a systematic review of the cultural factors influencing parenting, with a theoretical analysis specific to adolescents within the Indian context. Based on the exploration of these cultural influences on parenting, the chapter further explores the relevance of mindfulness-based approaches within the Indian culture, with an applicability of a model of mindful parenting specifically with adolescents in India. The conceptualization of mindfulness-based approaches stems from both Eastern and Western cultures, which have significant influences on parenting of adolescents. The components of mindful parenting have shown applicability within the dynamic context of parental-adolescent attachment patterns, especially considering the culture-specific concept of interdependence in a collectivistic culture like India. Such findings have potential implications for the formulation of parenting strategies toward the future of adolescent mental health in the country.",signatures:"Roshni Sondhi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53127",authors:[{id:"190983",title:"Ms.",name:"Roshni",surname:"Sondhi",slug:"roshni-sondhi",fullName:"Roshni Sondhi"}],corrections:null},{id:"52578",title:"Poverty and Mental Health Outcomes in Mexican Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/65513",slug:"poverty-and-mental-health-outcomes-in-mexican-adolescents",totalDownloads:1508,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the adaptive and resilience processes in adolescents from different marginalizing communities. The theoretical and empirical foundations of the ecological‐transactional perspective of adolescent development as a framework for understanding the adaptive processes and resilience in contextual adversity is reviewed, with the recognition of risk and protective factors at multiple levels and ecological settings. Under this perspective, the authors provide data supporting the predictive role of stressful life events, coping, and family functioning in adaptive and nonadaptive outcomes in adolescents living in diverse contexts of high‐risk communities in Mexico City. These findings may contribute to early intervention programs based on empirical evidence with adolescents and families living in disadvantages communities in schools and in clinical settings.",signatures:"Blanca Estela Barcelata‐Eguiarte and Maria Elena Márquez‐Caraveo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52578",authors:[{id:"191559",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Blanca",surname:"Barcelata-Eguiarte",slug:"blanca-barcelata-eguiarte",fullName:"Blanca Barcelata-Eguiarte"},{id:"194280",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elena",surname:"Márquez-Caraveo",slug:"maria-elena-marquez-caraveo",fullName:"Maria Elena Márquez-Caraveo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52182",title:"Marijuana, Experience of Temporality, and School Performance from a Qualitative and Quantitative Approach",doi:"10.5772/65058",slug:"marijuana-experience-of-temporality-and-school-performance-from-a-qualitative-and-quantitative-appro",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study aims at knowing how low marijuana doses affect cognitive ability in postprimary students. The objective of the quantitative research was to analyze the results of neuropsychological and Neuro-SPECT tests comparing schoolchildren who smoke marijuana with those who do not, with emphasis on the effects on cognitive functions involved in learning. We wanted to assess the effects on the cerebral function of marijuana-only users. It was a comparative study based on the total sample of 565 school adolescents coming from four schools in the metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile. All were interviewed in order to select a sample that was stratified by sex, class and consumption of marijuana. The following two groups were made: 40 marijuana-only users and 40 nonusers. We took as a reference a study performed by the authors in 2007, in which the correlation between the consumption of marijuana and effects on cognitive functions involved in scholastic learning were established. The findings show statistically significant differences in the following areas: subgenual bilateral hypoperfusion, more marked on the left side (Brodmann area 25), frontal bilateral hypoperfusion (Brodmann’s areas 10 and 32), front cingulate gyrushypoperfusion (Brodmann area 24) and hypoperfusion of Brodmann area 36 that projects to the hippocampus. The results are highly matched with the neuropsychological tests given in the sense that, like with the 2007 study, significant differences are found between the two groups as far as the tests measuring cognitive functions are concerned. A qualitative research: we wanted to investigate the experience of time in high school students who regularly smoke marijuana, given that this substance has effects on the prefrontal lobe and on the hippocampus, brain areas related to the ability to plan tasks (executive function) and to memory. Moreover, adolescence is a delicate stage in regard to planning of the future. At the same time, the idea was to understand and make use of the concepts of temporariness and anticipation, which as a general rule will be handled only by philosophical theories. Our guiding principle is the ability to “anticipate oneself,” proposed by Sutter, a phenomenological psychiatrist. Data were analyzed from the autobiographies of the students through the hermeneutical phenomenological method developed by Lindseth, based on Ricoeur. Results allow answering the question of the study about the temporary experiencing of the young abusive marijuana consumer. The results showed poverty in the temporary dimensions referring to the past and the future, while in the report, it is more developed in the present moment. They appear detained in a more childish stage, in which the present predominates, and the future seemed not to be united with the past, which impresses as if it were “avoided.” What has been (past) does not link with what is wanted to be, so, elements of the past have no relation with future project.",signatures:"Anneliese Dörr, Sandra Viani and María Elena Gorostegui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52182",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52182",authors:[{id:"190982",title:"Dr.",name:"Anneliese",surname:"Dörr",slug:"anneliese-dorr",fullName:"Anneliese Dörr"},{id:"193752",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Elena",surname:"Gorostegui",slug:"maria-elena-gorostegui",fullName:"Maria Elena Gorostegui"}],corrections:null},{id:"53535",title:"Internet Addiction Disorder",doi:"10.5772/66966",slug:"internet-addiction-disorder",totalDownloads:3537,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Internet addiction (IA) was introduced as a new disorder in mid-1990s. Since then, there is growing concern about the addictive nature of the Internet. This chapter is a comprehensive review of published seminal, research and review papers, meta-analyses and book chapters/books on IA in adolescents. The conceptualization of IA, epidemiology, phenomenology, screening, diagnoses, treatment and prevention are discussed with relevant references. The concept of IA is at fetal level with no consensus on definition, norms or clinical criteria. Asian countries such as China and South Korea are affected most. A multination meta-analysis estimated an overall prevalence of 6% for IA. Most of the research identifies IA in gaming, gambling, social networking and cybersex. A few assessment tools have been used with no comparability or cultural sensitivity. Diagnostic criteria are proposed based on those used for substance abuse and pathological gambling. The treatments are mainly psychological with a lot of emphasis on cognitive behavior therapy. The Internet is a very versatile and useful tool for children and adolescents, and it is not advisable to ban it totally. The review highlights education of them on sensible Internet use and supports inclusion of IA in international disease classifications.",signatures:"Pabasari Ginige",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53535",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53535",authors:[{id:"190433",title:"Dr.",name:"Pabasari",surname:"Ginige",slug:"pabasari-ginige",fullName:"Pabasari Ginige"}],corrections:null},{id:"53391",title:"Peer Bullying in Schools: A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Program",doi:"10.5772/66701",slug:"peer-bullying-in-schools-a-cognitive-behavioral-intervention-program",totalDownloads:3713,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Students face few problems in schools. Some of these conflicts may be defined with the bullying concept. The concept of bullying is defined as “to repetitively expose a student/students to negative effects of another student or students.” “Negative effects” includes students getting disturbed as well as getting hurt from the same kind of negative behavior; it also may be done by attempting to hurt someone, deliberately harming someone verbally or physically. Bullying behavior should include an “inequivalent power” between opponents and this needs to be “permanent” and “intentional.” Bullying at school affects lots of students around the schools who witness bullying behavior in different dimensions; thus, it is an important problem that needs to be prevented. While some of the studies encompass interventions toward the whole school system, some studies were conducted by determining separate groups and working on those. In this paper, first, some whole school approach–based prevention programs and the effectiveness of these programs and then intervention programs for groups, which are provided to reduce and intervene bullying, will be explained. Second, cognitive behavioral therapy and its use in preventing bullying will be briefly explained. Finally, the context of a cognitive‐behavioral based peer bullying intervention program.",signatures:"Füsun Gökkaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53391",authors:[{id:"191465",title:"Dr.",name:"Füsun",surname:"Gökkaya",slug:"fusun-gokkaya",fullName:"Füsun Gökkaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"55336",title:"Use of Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68994",slug:"use-of-antidepressants-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Depression is a serious disorder that can cause significant problems in mood, thinking, and behavior at home, in school, and with peers. It is estimated that major depressive disorder (MDD) affects about 5% of adolescents. Research has shown that, as in adults, depression in children and adolescents is treatable. Certain antidepressant medications, called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can be beneficial to children and adolescents with MDD. Certain types of psychological therapies also have been shown to be effective. However, our knowledge of antidepressant treatments in youth, though growing substantially, is limited compared to what we know about treating depression in adults. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public warning in October 2004 about an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior (suicidality) in children and adolescents treated with SSRI antidepressant medications. However, SSRI medications are considered to have an improvement over older antidepressant medications and they have been shown to be safe and effective for adults. In this chapter we provide an updated and well-documented review of the current scientific evidence on this topic.",signatures:"Isabel Hernández-Otero, Carlos Gómez Sánchez-Lafuente and\nCecilia Hernández González",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55336",authors:[{id:"190837",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Hernandez-Otero",slug:"isabel-hernandez-otero",fullName:"Isabel Hernandez-Otero"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"543",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a986185a49802e1e3beaf6cdc6dde8d",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",bookSignature:"Martin H. 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\r\n\tDespite being common dermatological disorders, angioedema and urticaria have been poorly understood throughout history. The real cause of developing their unpredictable debilitating symptoms has remained a mystery among doctors and scientists for years. However, the past decade was a turning point in uncovering the pathophysiology of these entities and discovering new treatments for cases that are resistant to conventional therapy. This book will discuss the most recent breakthroughs in the molecular mechanism of angioedema and urticaria, while providing updates on the newest possible etiologies and causes of these conditions, including hereditary angioedema with or without C1 inhibitor deficiency, FXII-related malfunctions, and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Moreover, the book intends to underline the latest treatments that have revolutionized the management of these diseases, with a focus on the different rising therapies in resistant cases, especially the newest monoclonal antibodies. This will update dermatologists and physicians on the myriad options we can use in cases that were once considered impossible to treat.
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Since tumor cells lose many of the regulatory pathways of the normal cells, they continue to divide without control. Chemotherapeutic drugs try to solve these abnormalities, but sometimes the toxicity of allopathic treatments creates a significant problem.
The cytoskeleton constitutes the supporting framework of the cell, and it is composed of three types of cytosolic filaments: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. The entire cytoskeletal network is a dynamic structure which regulates the cell structure, and it is involved in many cellular functions such as movement, transport, or cell division [1]. The cytoskeleton is one of the main therapeutic targets in cancer cells [2].
Various cancer therapies use plant-derived bioactive products. There are four classes of plant-derived anticancer drugs currently used in oncotherapy: vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine), epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide and teniposide), taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel), and camptothecin derivatives (camptothecin and irinotecan) [3]. To date, new generations of vinca alkaloids, camptothecins, and epothilones as well as a novel class of taxanes have been developed. Some of these are in clinical use, others in clinical trials.
The major inconvenience in using antimicrotubule agents in oncotherapy is that these compounds cause significant side effects such as neutropenia and neurotoxicity and because of their limited efficacy as single agents [3].
This review describes the main natural compounds identified in the last year as potential anticancer agents, which have cell cytoskeleton as therapeutic target. We focus on the interactions of plant-derived anticancer drugs with all three types of cytosolic filaments: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. In addition, we summarize the most recent advances in the understanding of the molecular aspects of these interactions.
Some critical aspects of cardiac side effects of cancer chemotherapy are also discussed, focusing on cardiac cytoskeleton and protective effects of plant-derived compounds.
Microtubules are dynamic structures involved in different cellular processes including cell division, where they are the most important constituents of the mitotic spindle apparatus during the M phase of cell division [4]. They are polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, characterized by high dynamics of polymerization/depolymerization, resulting in the elongation or shrinkage of the filaments. Polymerization of microtubules occurs when α- and β-tubulin monomers bind to a GTP at the nucleotide exchangeable site (E-site) in β-tubulin and the non-exchangeable site (N-site) in α-tubulin. Once GTP is hydrolyzed, it becomes non-exchangeable, which matches the addition of the next tubulin dimer to the plus (+) end of the microtubule. Upon depolymerization, the GTP cap is detached, allowing the microtubules depolymerize releasing the α-/β-tubulin heterodimers into the cytoplasm. Subsequently, the GDP attached to another free β-tubulin and can exchange to GTP at the E-site, before another polymerization cycle begins [4, 5].
Dynamic instability is regulated by a number of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which bind to stabilize the microtubules [6]. MAP phosphorylation induces its dissociation leading to microtubule instability. Some cytokines have a critical role in the regulation of MAPs and microtubule dynamics, such as controlling centromere localization Cdc2 kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK, controlling cell migration JNK, and the main serine/threonine phosphatases, type 1 (PP1) and type 2A (PP2A) [7–10].
The dynamic ability of microtubules to polymerize and depolymerize is essential for cellular division and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Due to their crucial roles in dividing cells, microtubules have been considered a major target for cancer therapy. Microtubule-interacting plant-derived biomolecules, namely, antimitotics, can be classified into two main groups based on their apparent mechanisms of action: microtubule-destabilizing agents act as tubulin polymerization inhibitors, and microtubule-stabilizing agents act as tubulin polymerization promoters [11].
Vinca alkaloids and colchicines prevent the polymerization of tubulin and promote the depolymerization of microtubules.
Vinca alkaloids are a series of biologically active agents isolated from
The vinca alkaloids are dimeric compounds consisting of two multi-ringed subunits, vindoline and catharanthine, linked by a carbon-carbon bridge [16]. They act by binding specifically to β-tubulin and block its ability to polymerize with α-tubulin into microtubules, thus disrupting the mitotic spindle. This blocks mitosis and kills actively dividing cells. The results indicate that vinorelbine and vinflunine affect microtubule dynamics differently from vinblastine and proved to be weak binders [17].
Vincristine is used in the treatment of hematological and lymphatic neoplasms, whereas vinblastine in breast cancer, testicular cancer, choriocarcinoma, and vindesine in non-small cell lung cancer or breast cancer. Vinorelbine is useful for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer, and vinflunine has been used in the treatment of bladder, non-small-cell lung, and breast cancers [17].
Similar to Vinca alkaloids, colchicine extracted from plants of the genus
Novel microtubule-destabilizing plant-bioactive compounds are summarized in Table 1.
Active substance/herbal formulation | Mechanism of action | Therapeutic use | References |
---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids isolated from | —Modulate microtubule depolymerization by activating mitotic spindle checkpoint —Bind at α- β interfacial site of tubulin | Breast cancer | [24] |
Artelastin isolated from the wood bark of | —Radial structure disorganization of the microtubule network —Kinetochores are not affected | Breast cancer | [25] |
Podoverine A isolated from | —Mitotic arrest and inhibition of microtubule polymerization by targeting the vinca-binding site on tubulin | Renal cancer Breast cancer | [26] |
Plinabulin chemical probe KPU-244-B3 | —Binds in the boundary region between α- and β-tubulin near the colchicine-binding site —Induce tubulin depolymerization | Fibrosarcoma | [27] |
2′-Hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxy-5′,6′-naphthochalcone | —Disruption of microtubular networks by inhibition of tubulin polymerization —Failure of mitotic spindle formation and blocking mitosis at the prometaphase or metaphase-anaphase transition | Colon cancer | [28] |
Aqueous extract of ginger | —Disruption of interphase microtubule network of A549 and HeLa cells —Inhibition of temperature-dependent reassembly of cold-treated depolymerized microtubule of A549 and HeLa cells | Cervical carcinoma Lung carcinoma | [29] |
Safranal | —Inhibition of tubulin assembly (IC50 was obtained at 72.19 µM) —Binds between α- and β-tubulin closer to alpha-tubulin and hydrogen bond with Gly 142 —Hydrophobic interactions play critical roles for safranal molecule stabilization in binding site | Cancer therapy | [30] |
Isochaihulactone | —Inhibition of tubulin polymerization in a concentration-dependent manner in A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells —Cause G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner | Lung cancer | [31] |
Carnosol | —Modulation of autophagic markers microtubule- associated protein 1A/1B light-chain 3 I (LC3 I) to microtubule- associated protein 1A/1B light-chain 3 II (LC3 II) and p62 in MDA-MB-231 cells | Breast cancer | [32] |
Angelica shikokiana methanol extract (AME) | —AME and all isolated compounds inhibited tubulin polymerization —Angelicin and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were the most active compounds —Phenolic compounds and furanocoumarins showed binding affinity to colchicine-binding site —Quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, and methyl chlorogenate exhibited the strongest activity against histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) and the highest affinity to trichostatin A-binding site. | Human hepatocellular carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), colorectal carcinoma, human epithelioma, and human breast adenocarcinoma | [33] |
Alkaloids from beach spider Lily ( | —Interrupt polymerization of microtubules in Hep-G2 cells | Hepatocarcinoma | [34] |
DYZ-2-90 | —Binds to microtubules and rapidly induces tubulin depolymerization | Colorectal cancer | [35] |
Indicine N-oxide (INO) | —200 µM induced a mitotic block of about 22% in HeLa cells; 300 µM concentration-induced depolymerization of interphase microtubular network —The effect was similar to the depolymerizing effects of the drugs such as colchicine and vinblastine, although the concentration used here was 1000-fold higher than those drugs —Binds to the tubulin dimer through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions —INO does not make any interactions with the amino acid residues on the tubulin dimer that were reported to be interacting with the taxol or colchicine, but INO-binding site partially overlaps with the griseofulvin-binding site (docking) | Cervical cancer | [36] |
Potential plant-bioactive compounds that interact with microtubules as microtubule-destabilizing agents for cancer therapy.
Taxanes are the main class of microtubule-stabilizing agents, which prevent the depolymerization of microtubules and promote the polymerization of tubulin to microtubules.
One of the most important plant compounds in the fight against cancer was discovered in the bark of
Initially obtained from
Docetaxel has a 1.9-fold higher affinity for the site than paclitaxel and induces tubulin polymerization at a 2.1-fold lower critical tubulin concentration. The effect on the cell cycle is different: paclitaxel inhibits the cell cycle traverse at the G2/M phase junction [42], while docetaxel produces its maximum cell-killing effect against cells in the S phase [43].
To decrease the toxicity and enhance delivery and distribution, new taxane formulations of micelles were investigated, including nanoparticles, emulsions, and liposomes [44]. Com-pounds such as Abraxane, CT-2103, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-paclitaxel are examples of new taxanes with higher activity than paclitaxel in taxane-resistant cancers, as well as in tumors that have been unresponsive to paclitaxel [16].
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from
Taccalonolides are plant steroids possessing a C2–C3 epoxide group and an enol-lactone isolated from
Recent study shows that the dietary flavonoid fisetin binds to tubulin and stabilizes microtubules with binding characteristics far superior than paclitaxel. It induces upregulation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2 and microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-4 and increases α-tubulin acetylation, an indicator of microtubule stabilization [50].
Actin filaments are composed of globular actin (G-actin) which polymerizes into filamentous (F) actin and participates in many important cellular processes including cell division and cytokinesis, cell signaling, vesicle and organelle movement, cell junction establishment, and maintenance.
Like microtubules, actin microfilaments can change rapidly their structure in response to external stimuli. Actin polymerization is stimulated by nucleating factors such as the Arp2/3 complex, which mimics a G-actin dimer in order to stimulate actin polymerization [51]. Actin binds ATP to stabilize microfilament formation and hydrolysis [52]. The growth of microfilaments is regulated by thymosin, which binds G-actin to lead the polymerizing process, whereas profilin binds G-actin and catalyzes the exchange of ADP to ATP, promoting monomeric addition to the plus end of F-actin [53].
During cytokinesis, disruption of actin polymerization can effect cellular structure. Cytoki-nesis inhibitors such as cytochalasin B disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, and the cell is unable to divide [54] but is still able to initiate another mitotic event, continuing to form nuclei and eventually becoming enlarged and multinucleated [55, 56]. Cell lines derived from bladder, kidney, and prostate carcinomas become multinucleated when grown in cytochalasin B-supplemented medium, whereas cells from corresponding normal tissue remain mono- or binucleate under comparable conditions [55]. These particular features make tumor cells ideal targets for chemotherapy, as they have reduced cytoskeletal integrity and multiple nucleation and increased mitochondrial activity [57].
Actin filaments are also of substantial importance to cancer cell migration. Cancer cell migration can convert between mesenchymal and amoeboid types. This latter can occur, e.g., when cells are exposed to protease inhibitors [58] and thereby mesenchymal cancer cell invasion is repressed by specific targeting of protease function. Inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling promotes the formation of multiple competing microfilament-derived lamellipodia that suppress amoeboid migration of tumor cells [59]. Tumor cells unable to move through amoeboid migration will switch to mesenchymal migration [60]. However, tumor cells exposed to protease inhibitors will move mainly through amoeboid migration. Using microfilament disrupting RhoA/ROCK inhibitors in combination with protease inhibitors would simultaneously block both types of cell migration.
Phytomedicine developed actin-targeted potential drugs, designed for cancer therapy (Table 2).
Active substance/herbal formulation | Mechanism of action | Therapeutic use | References |
---|---|---|---|
Resveratrol | —50 µM resveratrol decreases Rac and Cdc42 signaling to the actin cytoskeleton —5 µM resveratrol increases Rac signaling to the actin cytoskeleton | Breast cancer | [61] |
Oleuropein | —Disrupt actin filaments in a dose-dependent manner | Sarcoma | [62] |
Alkaloid mixture derived from | —Altered normal distribution pattern of F-actin filaments | Liver cancer | [63] |
Deoxyelephantopin (DET) | —Affects the actin cytoskeleton network and downregulates calpain-mediated proteolysis of several actin-associated proteins —Inhibition of proteolysis of actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins identified by differential proteomic profiling | Lung metastasis of mammary adenocarcinoma | [64] |
Cucurbitacin E | —Disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton —Increases the filamentous or polymerized actin fraction | Prostate carcinoma cells | [65] |
Cucurbitacin E | —Damaged F-actin without affecting beta-tubulin | 95D lung cancer cells | [66] |
Cucurbitacin I | —Induced the co-aggregation of actin with phospho-myosin II by stimulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway and inhibition of LIM-kinase | HeLa cells | [67] |
Cucurbitacin B | —Induced rapid and improper polymerization of the F-actin network | Myeloid leukemia cells | [68] |
Jasplakinolide (JAS) | —Rearranged the actin cytoskeleton —JAS has a phalloidin-like action —Distribution of actin filaments was different from that induced by cytochalasin D | Cancer cells | [69] |
—Inhibits growth and induce actin polymerization | Bladder cancer cells | [70] | |
4-Hydroxycoumarin | —Disorganized the actin cytoskeleton correlated with reductions in cell adhesion to four extracellular matrix proteins and inhibition of random motility | Melanoma cell line B16–F10 | [71] |
Plant-bioactive compounds which interact with actin for cancer therapy.
Along with microfilaments and microtubules, intermediate filaments are the other component of the cytoskeleton that can be exploited in the clinical treatment of cancer. All intermediate filaments have a central alpha-helical domain that is composed of four protofibrils separated by three linker regions [72]. The N- and C-terminus segments of intermediate filaments are non-alpha-helical regions of polypeptide sequences, associated with head to tail into protofilaments that pair up laterally into protofibrils; four of these protofibrils form an intermediate filament.
Whereas microfilaments and microtubules are actin or tubulin polymers, intermediate filaments are composed of 50 different proteins classified into six types based on similarities in amino acid sequence [72]. In regard to potential chemotherapeutic targets, the most promising intermediate filaments are keratins, nestin, and vimentin.
Keratin and cytokeratin are intermediate filaments found in the cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. There are twenty different keratin polypeptides (K1–K20) identified and classified into type I (K9–K20) and type II (K1–K8) intermediate filaments [73]. Keratins of importance to cancer therapy are keratin 8 (K8) and keratin 18 (K18), the most common and characteristic members of intermediate filaments expressed in single-layer epithelial tissues [74, 75]. Oncogenes, which activate Ras signaling, stimulate expression of K18 through transcription factors [76]. However, aberrant K8 and K18 expression has been noticed in particularly invasive carcinomas [77, 78]. K18 was found to be a substrate of the cysteine-aspartic proteases during epithelial apoptosis [77].
Based on aberrant keratin expression found in many cancers, these intermediate filaments present a novel chemotherapeutic target that need to be investigated.
Crude acetone extract of
Vimentin functions as a regulator in cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an important change during tumor progression where cells detached from their original tissue become highly motile and invasive. Studies have shown that quercetin prevented epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced EMT, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells by suppressing the expression of vimentin and N-cadherin [80]. Genistein, an isoflavone found in soybeans, fava beans, and lupine, has been shown to downregulate mesenchymal markers ZEB1, slug, and vimentin and therefore cause reversal of EMT in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells [81]. Similarly, this flavonoid was able to decrease protein expression of vimentin, cathepsin D, and MMP-2 and thus suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration capacity of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells [82]. Other natural compounds, like silibinin, induced the morphological reversal of mesenchymal phenotype to epithelial phenotype through downregulation of vimentin and MMP-2 and upregulation of cytokeratin-18 [83]. Moreover, silibinin meglumine, a water-soluble form of milk thistle silymarin, impedes the EMT in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells by upregulation of the relative mRNA expression of CDH1 (E-cadherin) accompanied by downregulation of vimentin [84]. Berberine, a plant alkaloid present in various plants like
Piplartine, a biologically active component from
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), the main bioactive compound present in cruciferous vegetables, decreases breast and prostate tumor growth inhibition through vimentin suppression [87]. Cucurbitacin E induced disruption of vimentin cytoskeleton in prostate carcinoma cells, while microtubules were unaffected [65]. The natural product withaferin A (WFA) exhibits antitumor activity by binding to vimentin and covalently modifying its cysteine residue, which is present in the highly conserved helical coiled coil 2B domain [88]. Penduletin and casticin, flavonoids from the Brazilian plant
Cardiotoxicity is the most serious side effect of antitumoral anthracyclines, which include adriamycin, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, daunorubicin, or epirubicin [90]. The main cause of toxicity is their effect on the cardiac cytoskeleton, consisting of myofibrils disarray [91], including both structural and functional changes: troponin I and troponin C phosphorylation mediated by a doxorubicin-induced protein kinase C activation [92, 93] and decrease of troponin I, and changes of α-actin, creatine kinase, and myosin light-chain 2 expression [93]. In other studies, degradation of cardiac cytoskeletal proteins, including titin [94] and dystrophin [95], was observed. Recently, changes in the cardiac distribution of desmin have been detected, with areas of decreased expression in the cytoplasm and protein aggregation after mitoxantrone treatment [96, 97]. The use of plant bioactives might protect against the oxidative stress caused by anthracycline drugs, including cytoskeleton injuries. Our group recently demonstrated that the flavonoid chrysin inhibits mitoxantrone-triggered cardiomyocyte apoptosis via multiple pathways, including decrease of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 expression along with preservation of the desmin disarray [96].
Plant-derived bioactive molecules constitute promising tools for the treatment of cancer. The application of plant bioactives in the treatment of cancer has resulted in increased therapeutic efficacy through targeting the cytoskeleton and prevention of cytoskeletal injuries due to chemotherapy side effects. Research results testify both the evolution of knowledge coming from pharmacognosy and the great possibilities of future progress by means of a rational approach of natural product-based drug discovery or new pharmaceutical formulations.
The basis of an electronic game is nothing more than a set of rules to be assimilated and through the repetition of their actions, the player can master the proposed challenges printed in the game mechanics and so advance through the stages, improving your skills, with the objective of winning the final challenge. According to Coelho and Nunes [1], in education, games have two functions: a playful and an educational one.
Playfulness refers to moments of leisure and fun, while education is portrayed through the acquisition of knowledge of the game content and understanding of the player’s world. Games also provide the development of social skills, attention, concentration, logical reasoning, and others. The Serious Games (or Serious Games) bring the proposal to evolve and expand the concept of Educational Games. With a focus on training and management applied through game mechanics, they aim to deal with issues relevant to society, with the aim of generating effects outside the virtual domains, adding value to the player’s individual knowledge in the real world.
The Serious Games (or Serious Games) bring the proposal to evolve and expand the concept of Educational Games. With a focus on training and management applied through game mechanics, they aim to deal with issues relevant to society, with the objective of generating effects outside the virtual domains, adding value to the player’s individual knowledge in the real world.
Due to this, initiatives such as Games for Health [2, 3] and Games for Change [4] emerged, linked to this end and which also contribute to a promising field in the field of research, Game Studies [5]. With the popularization of digital games and the aging of the generations that grew up playing this product from the entertainment industry, this market trend tends to increase more and more, according to Vasconcellos et al. [6]. It is noteworthy that the theme of Games and Health is relatively new in academic events, such as SBGames—Brazilian Symposium on Games and Digital Entertainment, which at the end of 2022 will reach its 21st edition. Since 2016, a Workshop has been held internally in the area of Health, which last year became an official track for the dissemination of research and the development of games in this area [7]. At an international level, we have the International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health—SEGAH, which has been in operation since 2012, is in its 10th edition, and is an event affiliated with the IEEE [8].
According to the document from the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, by Gonzalez et al. [9], training in Basic Life Support (BLS) generates individual specific skills that can be forgotten in a short time. Due to the lack of opportunities to make use of the procedures, or even the absence of constant practices, this knowledge has an average expiration time of 3–6 months. Therefore, there is a real need to generate maintenance of this knowledge, through simplified training for laypeople, in order to increase the durability of the retention of this knowledge in people’s minds. The games can be used at any time, without an appointment, date, or place, just having a computer, a game console, or a mobile device and the willingness to practice. By applying game mechanics that have rules and that, in order to be mastered, need to be repeated in a dedicated way, the use of digital games helps in memorization, fixation, or recall of dormant knowledge. Thus, the union of learning BLS procedures with electronic games is a possibility to help spread this important knowledge, capable of saving many lives.
The motivation for this study comes from the interest of the author in games, together with the possibility of contributing to the research of the doctoral student in Nursing Maicon Nogueira [10], as there is a mutual interest in the union of these areas of research. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the production of academic publications related to health, focused on CPR in the last 5 years from the bases of SBGames, IEEE, Portal da Capes, and Google Academic, in order to identify and analyze the characteristics presented, to get an overview of what has been done in the area.
After this introduction, this chapter is structured where Section 2 brings the theoretical foundation of our objective and its relevance. Section 3 addresses the methodology used to compose this study with the selected articles chosen. Section 4 shows a variety of results that could help us to understand the extension of this theme and how others are approaching it, finally, Section 5 concludes this analysis followed by all the references used in this work.
According to Derryberry (2008), what separates serious games from the rest of games is the focus on a specific and intentional learning result to achieve serious, measurable, and continuous performance and behavior changes [11, 12]. The repertoire of computing strategies for medical education is becoming more comprehensive, with the introduction of virtual learning applications (e-learning), based on games, gamification, and via mobile devices. A variety of serious games is being used more often in health education, bearing in mind that health care students are young and technology-savvy. The increased interest in games is evidenced by the growing number of reports and systematic reviews on the use of games in education. According to Bergeron [13], Serious Games is understood as an interactive computer application, with or without a certain connected hardware component, which has a challenging objective, is fun to play, has some scoring concepts, and adds a skill to the user, knowledge or attitude that can be applied in the real world. Games are called serious when they have a pedagogical purpose [14].
Basic Life Support (BLS) consists of a set of steps and maneuvers performed sequentially, which include immediate assessment and intervention in each phase of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), identified as follows: C—circulation (evaluation of signs of circulation and performance chest compressions), A—airway opening (assessment and correct positioning of the airways), B—breathing (assessment of respiratory movements and performance of ventilation), and D—early defibrillation. These recommendations are based on the guidelines of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and the international scientific consensus of the American Heart Association (AHA) [10].
Carrying out systematic mapping of the literature, according to Kitchenham and Charters [15], requires the creation and completion of a protocol, which consists of detailed planning, which comes with the collection of all the necessary data to conduct the construction of the review. The steps to be performed are these:
Define research questions
Define search keywords
Define the sources (bases) to be consulted
Define the types of works that will be part of the research
Define work languages
Define the quality criteria for primary studies
Define the search string
Define inclusion and exclusion criteria
List included and excluded articles
Start the process of filling out the data extraction form, which will be carried out for each of the selected articles
Conduct analysis of results: grouping, comparing, and critically discussing related works
Define the existing indicators, metrics, criteria, and gaps
In addition to creating the protocol file, a tool to support the management of literature reviews was used. The chosen one was the national START (State of the Art through Systematic Review), authored by UFSCar/LAPES, in version 3.0.3 beta [16].
Following Kitchenham and Charters’s study [15], and in order to find material related to the proposed topic, the following research questions were created:
Q1: How have serious games been used to teach CPR protocols?
Q2: How effective are serious games in teaching CPR?
Q3: What is the state of the art of serious health-focused games for teaching CPR?
Q4: What platforms are used to experience the games?
To continue the research procedure and obtain the answers to the questions, the keywords listed below were defined:
Keyword | Synonym |
---|---|
Serious games | |
CPR | |
Resuscitation cardiopulmonary | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
BLS |
Based on these keywords, the following search string was defined at first: “serious games” OR “serious games” AND “RCP” OR “cardiopulmonary resuscitation” As the search return appeared to be too broad (187 items in the Google Scholar and 221 in Capes Journals), in addition to presenting several articles not related to the research interest, the string was redone.
The new string took the following form: (“serious games” OR “serious games”) AND (“RCP” OR “cardiopulmonary resuscitation” OR “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation” OR “CPR”) AND (“SBV” OR “basic life support” OR “BLS” OR “Basic life support”), returning 110 items in Google Scholar.
On the Capes Journal Portal, the string had to be adapted, as it presented incompatibility with the previous format, obtaining the following form: (serious games) OR (serious games) AND CPR OR BLS OR ((Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) AND (basic life support)), returning 176 items. After some observations in the listed articles, it was noticed that certain terms should be excluded from the string, as they have the same acronym of BSL and CPR, they were integrated in the search result.
Then, after a new adjustment to the string, this format was agreed to: (serious games) OR (serious games) AND CPR OR BLS OR ((Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) AND (NOT (Common-Pool Resource)) AND (NOT (biomedical laboratory) science))), with the option to return only peer-reviewed journals, which resulted in 76 items.
The databases that returned in the search performed within the Capes Portal were PubMed, Scopus, Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database, Directory of Open Access Journals—DOAJ, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Sage Journals, ERIC, and ACM Digital Library.
A private search was also performed in the IEEE database, which returned 21 items with the adapted string: (“All Metadata”: “serious games”) AND (“All Metadata”: “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation”) OR (“All Metadata”: “CPR training”) OR (“All Metadata”: “basic life support”).
Finally, in the SBGames repository, which are the Annals of the Symposium, the search was performed manually, having found four items that included the chosen keywords. And this result was manually entered into START. BIBTEX files were also generated with the results of each search performed in the databases (Portal da Capes, Google Academic, and IEEE) to be inserted in an automated way in the support tool for the management of systematic literature reviews.
Searches were carried out between February and July 2021, through the academic registration valid on the CAPES portal and the mapping database, extracted during this period, and the final selection of chosen studies was systematized through MS Excel spreadsheet, which later also contributes to the elaboration of the graphs for this work. Also, during this period, learning the technique of Systematic Mapping was contemplated, through the subject of Scientific Methodology, which was administered by Professor Viviane Santos, collaborator of this work.
This item was also developed based on Kitchenham and Charters [15] with the formulation of the following definitions below, presented in Table 1:
Criteria | Results |
---|---|
Being within the time frame of the last 5 years (2016–2021) | IC-01 |
Belonging to the disciplines of nursing, computer science, and medicine (specifically on the Capes Portal) | IC-02 |
Contain relationship with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | IC-03 |
Academic works in English and Brazilian Portuguese | IC-04 |
Be from the physical sports spectrum (games) | EC-01 |
Contain the term Common-Pool Resource or Cascaded Pose Regression (CPR) | EC-02 |
Contain biomedical laboratory science (BLS) | EC-03 |
Not be a gamified implementation (digital game) | EC-04 |
List of chosen criteria.
In order to exclude erroneous terms that would invalidate the search results within the consulted databases, this list of criteria was created. In particular, the terms Common-Pool Resource/Cascaded Pose Regression (CPR) and Biomedical Laboratory Science (BLS) were included because they have the same abbreviation as the terms Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Basic Life Support (BLS), respectively.
To obtain the works that contained the object of study of interest to the researchers in this review, the criteria were as follows: (a) whether the study uses volunteers to test the software’s teaching efficiency; (b) whether the study is specifically about basic life support with a focus on CPR; and (c) if there are details on how the software was built, with information such as platform, the tool used, as well as additional hardware.
Two researchers from this study were delegated to do the peer review, in the final choice. In addition to the complete reading of the individual selected, the researchers discussed each article, with the aim of both being in agreement on the fulfillment of the established criteria.
Figure 1, which is the PRISMA flow above, shows all stages of the study selection process until reaching the definition of the chosen works, which were 35 and are listed in Table 2:
Chapter selection process (prepared by the authors).
Year of publication | Amount | Published works |
---|---|---|
2021 | 01 | A16—[17] “Comparative Effectiveness of Simulation versus Serious…” |
2020 | 10 | A07—[18] “Hands 2 Help: Educational “Serious Game” for teaching…” A08—[19] “Use of the serious game as an innovative educational strategy…” A11—[20] “Comparing Basic Life Support Serious Gaming Scores With…” A12—[21] “Developing a virtual simulation game for nursing…” A14—[22] “Precourse Preparation Using a Serious Smartphone Game on…” A19—[23] “A Pilot Study of CPR Quality Comparing an Augmented…” A20—[24] “Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cardiopulmonary…” A22—[25] “Virtual Reality simulation technology for cardiopulmonary” A33—[26] “A Serious Game on the First-Aid Procedure in…” A34—[27] “Exploring User Needs in the Development…” |
2019 | 10 | A03—[28] “Proposal to build a serious game as an instrument for…” A05—[29] “Building a Health Game for Basic Life Support: Teaching…” A13—[30] “FASim: A 3D Serious Game for the First Aid Emergency” A15—[31] “Comparative evaluation of video-based online course versus…” A17—[32] “Virtual Reality Simulation Technology for Cardiopulmonary…” A21—[33] “Feasibility of an augmented reality cardiopulmonary…” A26—[34] “Holo-BLSD—A Holographic Tool” A29—[35] “Gamifying autonomous CPR training” A30—[36] “Comparing the effects on learning outcomes” A35—[37] “From experiencing to critical thinking: a contextual…” |
2018 | 03 | A04—[38] “Developing a Digital Game for Building First Aid Basics” A09—[39] “CPRforblind: A video game to introduce cardiopulmonary…” A31—[40] “Data analytics of mobile serious games” |
2017 | 05 | A06—[41] “Simulators for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation:…” A23—[42] “Affordable Hi-fidelity VR based CPR simulator” A24—[43] “Development and Evaluation of a Corrective” A28—[44] “A Serious Game For cardiopulmonary” A32—[45] “Designing an Engaging and Informative Application…” |
2016 | 06 | A01—[6] “Health in Academic Gaming Literature: an analysis…” A02—[46] “Serious Game developed in Health: Integrative Literature…” A10—[47] “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training by Avatars:…” A18—[48] “Success factors for serious games to enhance learning:…” A25—[49] “Relieve A markless Assistant” A27—[50] “A Game Designed to Promote the Cardiopulmonary” |
Number of articles per publication year.
The process of filling out the protocol generated an extensive file, of more than 100 pages, the result of data collection carried out with the START tool [16], cataloging information such as title, abstract, authors, keywords, journal, year, publication link, and others comments. After the complete reading, the comprehension of the selected works is also included.
A synthesized document was built in Microsoft Excel to solidify the information of interest to this study, found in the reading of each article. These were the items: (1) if there is the identification of the application of artificial intelligence techniques (yes or no); (2) year of publication of the material; (3) platform used (PC, mobile devices, virtual or augmented reality glasses and other peripherals); (4) existence of volunteers in the study (yes or no); and (5) country that carried out the survey. There was space for extra information such as type of peripheral, manufacturer, and tool/language used to create the software.
Due to the use of a tool to support the management of systematic reviews (START), it was possible to obtain the word cloud graph according to the chosen studies, with a sampling of the words that were most present in the titles (Figure 2).
Cloud of words by the title of selected works.
In the following section of results and analysis, it is possible to check the graphs that were generated with this information. Out of curiosity, it is worth mentioning that among the excluded works, even with the generated search string, there were themes a little out of contexts, such as a study on fictions such as “Boys Love” [51] and collective consciousness [52].
When analyzing the relationship between the origin of publications and quantity, Figure 3 shows that most of the selected works are of European origin.
Number of publications by continent.
Another interesting observation is the representation by region, with 11 works from Europe (Denmark, Spain, Netherlands, England, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden), six in Asia (India, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, and Taiwan), four in North America (Canada, United States), three in the Middle East (Iran and Turkey), two in Africa (South Africa and Algeria) and, finally, one work in Oceania (Australia), respectively. Brazil is the only representative of South America, with nine works highlighted.
In Figure 4, which shows the number of publications per year, it is possible to note that the years 2019 and 2020 were the most productive for the topic, with a total of 20 works, eight of which for mobile devices. Perhaps because studies on games are increasingly in evidence, accompanied by the popularization of smartphones, which favors and encourages the emergence of new applications. According to an annual study by the company NewZoo, released in May this year, the number of active users on this device specifically reached the amount of 3.8 billion around the world, with a growth of 6% compared to the previous year. And a 56% share of that audience is found in the Asia-Pacific region [53].
Number of publications per year.
It was possible to observe that in Figure 5, referring to the platforms used in the selected studies, there is almost a tie between the option of implementation on PC and on mobile devices (smartphones and tablets). One of the chances that the PC is among the most chosen is due to the convenience of generating builds in the default configuration of most game development tools. Mobile devices, on the other hand, follow slightly in the lead as they are the platform with the greatest ease of access among users, even game development tools do not offer build generation by default. And according to another study by NewZoo, the global gaming market is dominated by mobile devices, with 52% of revenue [54].
Platforms used in selected studies.
In third place, there are the Virtual Reality Glasses (VR), with nine studies, representing almost 21%. They appear to be gaining in popularity, particularly in the European, Asian, and North American regions. The models that appeared in this selection were HTC Vive [55], Rift Glasses, and Go Glasses [56]. There were also three studies with the MS HoloLens [57], which makes use of mixed reality. These are modern and very interesting technologies, but they have a high market value, increasing costs, and access for the vast majority of users.
Anyway, it’s worth opening a parenthesis here to detail VR devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs). The HTC Vive was used in the works A17—Canada [32] and A22—Italy [25]. Both also made use of complementary peripherals, the HTC Trackers [58], to improve the experiment’s effectiveness, as shown in Figure 6 below. Just like the Unity3D software [60] was chosen for the development of the applications.
HTC Vive Kit [
HTC Vive has a total of 70 sensors spread out in its set (glasses and controls), allowing the user to perform fluid and high-precision movements. However, for good functioning, the device needs to be calibrated for each new user, especially if there is a difference in height. It is classified as PC VR (tethered VR) as it is dependent on a rugged computer for its operation [61, 62]. It is still possible to expand the number of sensors, by inserting HTC Trackers in the set [58].
The model used in both studies (A17—Figure 7/A22—Figure 8) was the first version from 2016, which arose from a partnership between North American Valve and Taiwanese HTC. Currently, the manufacturer already has other models on the market, such as Vive Flow, Vive Pro, Vive Focus, and Vive Cosmos [55].
HTC vive kit and trackers used on study A17 [
Study A22 [
Following the details of the models found in the selection of studies, we have two variants of Facebook property: the Oculus Rift, which was used in study A23—India [42]; and the Oculus Go, in study A34—Australia [27]. The Rift model was the manufacturer’s debut product, having been launched in 2016. It is a tethered VR type, comes with a sensor called Constellation, which needs to be placed in front of the user to enable tracking of the position, both sitting and sitting foot. Optionally, it can be used together with two peripherals for inserting hands in the environment, called Oculus Touch. It also has native Xbox console controller support for Windows only [63]. In study A23, only the HMD was used, with no complementary accessories.
In contrast, the other model, the Oculus Go used in study A34, is classified as an all-in-one (standalone VR) type. It does not need a powerful computer to work, as it is self-sufficient: it contains all the hardware components required to work, without the need for additional accessories, such as the aforementioned trackers [62]. But it has hand controls (Oculus Go hand controllers) for handling menus and other interactions.
The Unreal Game Engine [64] was chosen for the development of the application in the A34 study, as it allows the use of textures, has editing capacity, great customization power, in addition to providing a final product with high visual and realistic quality [27]. According to Hillman (2019), the development environment in this software has support for the most important VR platforms, with a unified set of tools that uses consistent procedures for the interaction between components [65].
Finally, among the HMDs devices, we have the Microsoft HoloLens, having been used in three of the selected studies: A19 [23] and A21 [33], both of American origin (USA); and in the European A26—Italy [34]. This device was introduced to the market in March 2016. But it acts a little differently from its competitors, making use of augmented reality (AR), by projecting for the user through the glasses on the device, information, and 3D digital graphics, overlaid on the image viewed in the real world [57].
And here comes the concept of mixed reality (MxR). He appears to be somewhat confused at first, but Bekele (2021) presents a study that details the nuances between these definitions [66]. The HoloLens is also considered a wearable device, as it allows the user to use it as a complementary accessory: as smart glasses, being called Augmented Reality Smart Glasses (ARSGs) [67].
Studies A19 and A21 only mention the use of the device, without providing further details about its application. By contrast, study A26 details his experiment, serious game modeling, and application in detail. It is also the only one who mentions the tool used for development, which was Unity3D. A common detail for the three studies was the use of a mannequin to assist in immersing the simulation for the user.
Following the analysis of peripherals used in the selected studies, Microsoft’s motion sensor, Kinect [68], remains tied with Arduino, with two incidences each. Probably because of the difficulty of access and the cost involved. To use Kinect, you must have an Xbox 360 console [69] or an XOne. It is also possible to perform implementations on the PC, but it has the extra cost of acquiring the device [43, 49].
Arduino [59] is hardware with the characteristic of open source and low cost to implement. Provides great freedom for the developer. In the studies mentioned, it was used together with VR, mobile, and PC devices [24, 25].
The Nintendo Wii Balance Board [70] was used in one studies of Japanese origin. The implementation was in conjunction with MS Kinect and the PC [43]. And finally, the option without platform registration/citation, with six incidences.
Figure 9 clearly shows the number of studies that have the participation of volunteers in order to validate the experiment: 74% yes and 25% no. This was one of the criteria for selection of studies and identification of qualities, item (a) of Section 3.4 this work. Therefore, the importance of this criterion for validating the software developed for any study is noted.
Presence of volunteers in the study.
As listed in Section 3.4 (criteria for selection of studies and identification of qualities) of this chapter, three quality criteria were defined. The first refers to letter (a) if the study uses volunteers to test the efficiency of teaching the software. Figure 6 shown in the previous item brings this answer and 26 articles make use of this guideline. The second refers to letter (b) if the study is specifically about basic life support with a focus on CPR. Yes, the 35 selected studies deal specifically with this theme, and only five of them are indirect, presenting different approaches, but still, the CPR theme is present. The third refers to letter (c) if there are details on how the software was built, with information such as platform, the tool used, as well as additional hardware. Yes, these data were included, and it is possible to check the information generated in the figures and graphs in this article.
Another interesting information raised was that eight studies [22, 24, 25, 32, 34, 44, 45, 50] explained in their texts the use of the Unity3D game engine [60], a well-known tool as a game engine and quite popular among game developers.
There were also mentions of other technologies such as MS Visual Studio [43, 71] for programming in the C# language, the use of the Japanese RPG Maker VX game engine [37, 72], and the robust Unreal Game Engine [64], software owned by Epic Games.
Some articles presented simulators as a serious gaming resource. Define the difference between simulators and serious games, what is a simulator and what is a game. If it’s a simulator, is it considered a game too?
Other articles addressed the competition of learning using online videos and serious games, where the effectiveness was greater when using videos, but volunteers reinforced that learning with games was more interesting. But games are software that uses multimedia resources (audio, video, and images), there is even a genre that applies this resource in the game: the visual novels. The popularization of games focused on RCP, which is of this genre, would not be more interesting for the target audience? [73].
Twenty-nine (29) works mentioned the platform used. A tie-in incidences between the PC and mobile devices was registered. What will be the ideal platform to implement serious health games? Each platform has its own advantages and disadvantages, including in-game features and mechanics. Or would the focus be on reaching all of them? But the more cross-platform the game is, the higher production costs will be involved, which can make the creation of the software unfeasible.
It is worth mentioning that Pavkov et al. (2017) present a comparison between five game engines, aimed at the development of serious games. With the advantages and disadvantages of each, the study proposes a criterion in order to facilitate the choice of the tool by the future developer [74]. In contrast, Cowan and Kapralos (2017) argue that it is common for educators to need to hire well-skilled developers to assist in programming serious game projects [75]. The authors even recommend other game engines not identified here in this study, for those who aspire to develop games but lack programming knowledge.
Another interesting observation is that nine studies were registered that present games aimed at VR devices. It shows an interesting trend, but for developing countries with scarce financial resources for research (aka Brazil), unfortunately, this is a difficult trend to follow here. In addition to limiting the target audience too much, VR devices have a high market value compared to other platforms such as PC or smartphones, which makes production even more impossible.
On the other hand, studies that mentioned the use of Microsoft Kinect and Nintendo Balance Board devices (A24 and A25) may become meaningless, as both peripherals left the manufacturing line, no longer being marketed [76].
Conducting this systematic mapping raised some interesting points to be mentioned. One was to note that there is no academically validated research regarding existing commercial implementations of serious CPR-focused games. A quick search of game app stores such as Steam for PC and Google Play for Android mobile devices reveals a plethora of health-oriented games (Heath Games). Some even had great commercial success, with millions of units sold.
It is remarkable the fact that a commercial game has a greater appeal for playfulness/entertainment, dispensing with realistic educational rigor, with concepts to be worked on and solidified. But it is an undeniable fact that they are much more popular among the general consumer public, compared to serious games, mostly with academic backgrounds.
Another interesting perception for future works would be a literary, integrative, or systematic review focused on some of the platforms identified in the research, such as only mobile devices, only consoles, VR devices, or PC.
It was also possible to notice the need for curation of games available in digital stores. In order to get a guide or perhaps a list of health game recommendations. Not just with a commercial view, but with academic validation.
Finally, it was noted the need for more systematic reviews and mappings within the area, not only focused on CPR, but on other aspects that Health Games may have examples.
The selected works were of great value for the understanding of this study, of how a systematic mapping is developed, with all its detailed and careful process that must be carried out.
Next, the answers for each research question mentioned in item 3.1 follow:
Q1: How have serious games been used to teach CPR protocols? In carrying out this work, it was possible to verify that serious games have been used with different approaches, such as through PCs, mobile devices, and HDMs. Auxiliary peripherals (MS Kinect, Nintendo Balance Board, and Arduino) were also used to obtain better results for the user in immersing the simulations.
Q2: How effective are serious games in teaching CPR? In the 26 studies (74.3%) that used volunteers to validate the results, it was possible to notice that the use of games for learning generates engagement, providing a deepening in thinking (deep thinking), as can be seen in the reports of the consulted students to validate the A35 job, for example. Because games have the characteristic of playfulness, being “playing” to carry out the activity, in a virtual environment controlled by rules, the involvement in the activity to achieve the best result, undoubtedly generates an increase in interest among users. And the studies that used VR as the main device have the potential to be even more immersive, due to the characteristics of the device.
Q3: What is the state of the art of serious health-focused games for teaching CPR? It is believed that this work made a portion of contribution to the academic community in trying to potentially answer this question.
Q4: What platforms are used to experience the games? This detail can be seen in its entirety in item 4.
To improve this work, the evaluation criteria must be revised, listing weights for each one, in order to have numerical data to define the quality of the selected articles. Review some criteria and perhaps define further details between them. Also expand the number of databases searched, for those who know how to find more jobs in the South American region.
It was also possible to notice that the area of the Serious Games focused on health is relatively new when observing the age of the relevant events in the area: SBGames will complete 20 editions by the end of this year, but only 5 years ago it has a track dedicated to the theme; SEGAH is reaching its 9th edition. This fact opens up great possibilities for studies and research that have not yet been carried out, as the field is relatively new.
It was also possible to note that there is still a lot of room for research using new technologies, such as VR glasses, Microsoft Kinect, which have only one study each.
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The fundamentals of surface water hydrodynamics, including water properties, hydrodynamic processes, Cartesian coordinate-based governing equations, and boundary and initial conditions were reviewed. The fate and transport of contaminants in surface water were introduced. Based on aforementioned theory and principles, two hydrodynamic-water quality models were developed for studying a lake and a river, respectively. A stratified 3D model was used to investigate the circulation and E. coli transport in the nearshore region of Lake Michigan. The modeling results show that stratified phenomenon exists in the near region, and a 3D model is necessary even though a previous 2D model works well for the shallow water environment. A 2D depth-averaged water quality model was developed to estimate the fate and transport of four contaminants in the San Joaquin River of California. 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The models were based on meteorological data from the nearest stations and calibrated with current measurement, temperature, or water-level data. The results show good agreement between measured and simulated velocities and/or temperature at certain depth. This study found that the major driving forces of the hydrodynamic pattern were different in the three lakes. Hydrodynamic simulations showed that Bukit Merah and Durian Tunggal reservoirs were more sensitive to wind-driven motion. Floodplain lakes, such as Bera Lake, are more sensitive to flood inflow by the main river during the monsoon season. Convective motion driven by water temperature gradient was important for Bukit Merah and Bera Lake.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Zati Sharip, Shahirwan Aman Shah, Aminuddin Jamin and Juhaimi\nJusoh",authors:[{id:"186369",title:"Dr.",name:"Zati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharip",slug:"zati-sharip",fullName:"Zati Sharip"},{id:"220302",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahirwan",middleName:null,surname:"Aman Shah",slug:"shahirwan-aman-shah",fullName:"Shahirwan Aman Shah"},{id:"220303",title:"Mr.",name:"Aminuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Jamin",slug:"aminuddin-jamin",fullName:"Aminuddin Jamin"},{id:"220304",title:"Mr.",name:"Juhaimi",middleName:null,surname:"Jusoh",slug:"juhaimi-jusoh",fullName:"Juhaimi Jusoh"}]},{id:"71359",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90652",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]},{id:"65487",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82825",title:"Sustainable and Resilient Water and Energy Futures: From New Ethics and Choices to Urban Nexus Strategies",slug:"sustainable-and-resilient-water-and-energy-futures-from-new-ethics-and-choices-to-urban-nexus-strate",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A safe, secure and affordable water future—for life, health, economy—are foundational outcomes from a new form of ethics for water stewardship and energy management. Current business as usual in water and energy systems have not led to sustainable, healthy nor resilient pathways for urban and rural communities alike. Today, an estimated 400 million people live in cities with significant water shortages. This is while 25% of water is currently lost before even used in urban areas (up to 60% in some cities) due to aging infrastructure. In addition, on average, only 10% of wastewater is treated before returning to water bodies in developing countries. By 2040, more than 66% of the world’s populations could suffer from severe water shortages; and by 2050, an 80% increase in urban water demand (over current levels) may result in one billion city dwellers and 36% (one in three) of cities expected to face water crises. A crisis is often a catalyst for innovation and this chapter is a call to cities to enable strategic responses—moving away from legacy ‘siloed’ infrastructures, over-allocated water resources and emerging ethical dilemmas to integrated water- and energy-related urban nexus strategies.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Josh Sperling and Will Sarni",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58856",title:"The Effects of Climate Change on Rural-Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—The Cases of Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger",slug:"the-effects-of-climate-change-on-rural-urban-migration-in-sub-saharan-africa-ssa-the-cases-of-democr",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Water is essential for the existence of living organisms including humans. Water is needed in farms to grow crops, firms and manufacturing industry to produce products and services. This chapter examines water resources availability and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in climate change perspective using vector auto-regression (VAR) time series analysis. Water is known to be unevenly distributed among countries and continents around the world, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa; the water availability varies between member countries and regions in the individual country, water supply systems experience enormous pressure to make water accessible to people in both rural and urban communities. Water security remains to be an integral part of the SSA’s effort to achieve food security and supply, halve poverty and eradicate hunger. This chapter more importantly aims to investigate impact of rainfall and temperature issues––that are climate change proxy variables––on water security and people movement in three Sub-Saharan African countries that are Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger. This article assesses some possible causes of migration from rural to urban area using VAR and granger causality tests; this process involves four variables namely Rural Migration ‘MR’, Urban Migration ‘MU’, Rainfall ‘Rain’ and Temperature ‘Temp’. The model predicts rainfall and temperature across 10 years and examines how these changes impact water availability and people movement in relevant countries. This study finds that some countries are experiencing water security challenges upon which large numbers migrate to urban areas. The study reveals that variations in rainfall and temperature have compounded people movements from rural areas. It is noted that the agricultural production in SSA have not improved over time and in fact, it has further decreased due to the move away from rural areas by many farmers.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Omar Moalin Hassan and Gurudeo Anand Tularam",authors:[{id:"148090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurudeo",middleName:null,surname:"Tularam",slug:"gurudeo-tularam",fullName:"Gurudeo Tularam"},{id:"208956",title:"Mr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Moalin Hassan",slug:"omar-moalin-hassan",fullName:"Omar Moalin Hassan"}]},{id:"73528",title:"Characteristics and Assessment of Groundwater",slug:"characteristics-and-assessment-of-groundwater",totalDownloads:785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Groundwater system is very vital to humanity and the ecosystem. Aquifers are determined based on the absence or presence of water table positioning, that is, confined, unconfined, leaky aquifers and fractured aquifers. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the characteristic and assessment of groundwater within the scope of vertical distribution of GW, types of the aquifer system, types of SW-GW interface, and SW-GW interaction at both local and regional scales. The properties of the aquifer depend on the physical characteristics of the materials (porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific storage, and hydraulic conductivities) which are determined by techniques like resistivity surveys and pumping tests followed by remote sensing and geographic information system for better information on the groundwater system. Furthermore, understanding the SW-GW interactions through available methods (seepage meter, heat tracer, and environmental tracer) is useful in watershed management, that is, risk management and assessment of the aquifer system.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Naseem Akhtar, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir, Mohd Talha Anees, Abdul Qadir and Mohamad Shaiful Yusuff",authors:[{id:"201647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Anees",slug:"mohd-talha-anees",fullName:"Mohd Talha Anees"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"},{id:"324417",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Naseem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"naseem-akhtar",fullName:"Naseem Akhtar"},{id:"328134",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Shaiful",middleName:null,surname:"Yusuff",slug:"mohammad-shaiful-yusuff",fullName:"Mohammad Shaiful Yusuff"},{id:"328135",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Qadir",slug:"abdul-qadir",fullName:"Abdul Qadir"}]},{id:"73757",title:"Groundwater Recharges Technology for Water Resource Management: A Case Study",slug:"groundwater-recharges-technology-for-water-resource-management-a-case-study",totalDownloads:574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The irregularity in monsoon has severely affected the water availability at surface and sub-surface systems. Diminishing surface and sub-surface availability has not only decreased the water availability, but it additionally affected the ecosystem and increased disastrous situations like floods and droughts, resulting problems of stress on groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is a technique by which infiltrated water passes through the unsaturated region of groundwater and joins the water table. It is based upon soil type, land use land cover, geomorphology, geophysical and climate (viz. rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.) characteristics of a region. Over the years, due to variations in weather pattern and overexploitation of aquifers groundwater recharge has decreased and groundwater level has reduced in the most parts of the country. This has led to severe water deficit problems in several parts of the country. This can be solved by different direct and indirect methods of groundwater recharge technology. This technology can reduce the wastage of water and enhance groundwater availability for uses in different sector like irrigation, domestic and industrial uses.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Jatoth Veeranna and Pawan Jeet",authors:[{id:"325776",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan",middleName:null,surname:"Jeet",slug:"pawan-jeet",fullName:"Pawan Jeet"},{id:"328200",title:"Mr.",name:"Jatoth",middleName:null,surname:"Veeranna",slug:"jatoth-veeranna",fullName:"Jatoth Veeranna"}]},{id:"62709",title:"Sustainability of Irrigation in Uzbekistan: Implications for Women Farmers",slug:"sustainability-of-irrigation-in-uzbekistan-implications-for-women-farmers",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter focuses on a discussion of how global efforts to align local irrigation management with the good governance principles affect the lives of the rural poor, specifically women. Drawing in empirical data collected in post-soviet Uzbekistan, I illuminate unexpected effects of an apparently well-intended irrigation project on those categories of farmers whose connections to state apparatus of agricultural commerce of cotton were weak. Using fieldwork data from a village largely affected by desiccation of Aral Sea, I describe the everyday struggles by these people, who are mostly women, engage to make their living and provide subsistence to their families in situation of economic trauma, environmental disaster, and massive outmigration of male population. This analysis puts forward the local voices of real people whose lives are being restructured by sustainability oriented actions. Such perspective is often missed in scholarly and professional literature. These findings are hoped to assist policy developers in formulating irrigation programs in ways that would embrace sustainability both in terms of environmental and social justice.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Elena Kim",authors:null},{id:"71359",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"872",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. 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