Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5222",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cannabinoids in Health and Disease",title:"Cannabinoids in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge of cannabinoid\nactivity in human physiology and points out the importance of endocannabinoid system\nfor the maintenance of human health and treatment of diseases. Each chapter\nhas been organized with the aim to cover basic concepts in the modulation of endocannabinoid system in both physiological and pathological conditions, thanks to\nthe integration of data from experimental animal models and clinical observations.\nA special focus has been put on the medical use of cannabinoids and on the targeting\nof endocannabinoid system as new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and\ntreatment of human diseases. Taken together, this book targets a wide audience of\nbasic and clinical scientists, teachers and students interested in gaining a better understanding in the field of cannabinoids.",isbn:"978-953-51-2430-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2429-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4198-3",doi:"10.5772/61595",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease",numberOfPages:258,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"d684a703afd17dc97d18480a982e5316",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",publishedDate:"June 15th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5222.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18332,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:103,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 28th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 19th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 22nd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 6th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",middleName:null,surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Rosaria Meccariello obtained a degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Naples Federico II, Italy, and a PhD in Comparative Endocrinology from\r\nthe University of Padova, Italy. Currently, she is Associate Professor of Biology at\r\nthe Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences at the University of Naples\r\n'Parthenope,” Italy. She has published more than 130 papers in peer-reviewed international journals, books, proceedings and abstract books. She has experience as\r\na reviewer for international journals and has served as an editor for scientific books,\r\nspecial issues and e-books. Dr. Meccariello is an expert in biology of reproduction,\r\nspermatogenesis, the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, central and local activity\r\nof GnRH, endocannabinoid and kisspeptin systems, and epigenetics.",institutionString:"University of Naples Parthenope",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"244717",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosanna",middleName:null,surname:"Chianese",slug:"rosanna-chianese",fullName:"Rosanna Chianese",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Rosanna Chianese received her degree in biology from the University of Naples Federico II, Italy, in 2004. In 2006, she carried out a training at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA, during her PhD studies in comparative endocrinology (University of Padova, Italy). For the biennium 2009/2011, she obtained a research fellowship for the project 'Mesothelioma and biomarkers” at the Second University of Naples (SUN), Italy. Currently, she is an assistant professor at the Department of Experimental Medicine, SUN. She has experience as reviewer for international journals and since 2005, she has published 25 articles in international journals, 1 book chapter for InTech and 22 abstracts for national and international conferences. Dr. Chianese also teaches face-to-face cellular biology course at SUN.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"992",title:"Pharmacology",slug:"complementary-medicine-pharmacology"}],chapters:[{id:"50857",title:"The Endocannabinoid System in Human Physiology",doi:"10.5772/63818",slug:"the-endocannabinoid-system-in-human-physiology",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rosanna Chianese and Rosaria Meccariello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50857",authors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],corrections:null},{id:"50674",title:"Endocannabinoid Signaling in Neural Circuits of the Olfactory and Limbic System",doi:"10.5772/63214",slug:"endocannabinoid-signaling-in-neural-circuits-of-the-olfactory-and-limbic-system",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The endocannabinoid system with cannabinoid receptors, specifically cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), and their endogenous activators, the endocannabinoids, has emerged as an important neuromodulator system. Our understanding of the endocannabinoid system has significantly advanced in limbic system areas such as the hippocampus and the amygdala. However, the study of this signaling system in the olfactory pathway is still in its infancy. Here, we review the role of endocannabinoids as signaling molecules in activity-dependent regulation of dynamically changing neural networks in the limbic and olfactory system and the relevance of the endocannabinoid system for synaptic plasticity. We highlight the prospects for cannabinoid-based therapies in the treatment of various brain disorders and the role of endocannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. An increased understanding of cannabinoid signaling has the potential to pave the way for developing cannabis-related substances as medications.",signatures:"Thomas Heinbockel, Ze-Jun Wang, Edward A. Brown and Paul T.\nAustin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50674",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"},{id:"185616",title:"Dr.",name:"Ze-Jun",surname:"Wang",slug:"ze-jun-wang",fullName:"Ze-Jun Wang"},{id:"185617",title:"Mr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Brown",slug:"edward-brown",fullName:"Edward Brown"},{id:"185618",title:"Mr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Austin",slug:"paul-austin",fullName:"Paul Austin"}],corrections:null},{id:"50651",title:"The Potential Therapeutic Role of the Cannabinoid System in Neurological Disorders of the Basal Ganglia: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/63375",slug:"the-potential-therapeutic-role-of-the-cannabinoid-system-in-neurological-disorders-of-the-basal-gang",totalDownloads:1518,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cannabinoid pharmacology has been explored as a therapeutic option for handling pathologies and conditions of varying nature. In regard to neurological disorders, cannabinoid chemistry has been explored for the regulation of hyperkinetic symptoms, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, and neurodegeneration, a collective goal of many preclinical studies. The enhancement and improvement of the endogenous cannabinergic responses of the human body in both physiological and pathological conditions, together with the overall consequential effects of the modulation of its elements, are currently under strict scrutiny and undeniably possess incalculable value that might support the hypothesis aiming to improve the endocannabinoid tone with therapeutic purposes. Therefore, this chapter reviews the mechanisms known to be present in the course of several disorders of the basal ganglia, as well as the available treatments exploring this novel approach.",signatures:"Gabriela Aguilera and Abel Santamaría",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50651",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50651",authors:[{id:"178440",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abel",surname:"Santamaria",slug:"abel-santamaria",fullName:"Abel Santamaria"},{id:"184809",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Aguilera",slug:"gabriela-aguilera",fullName:"Gabriela Aguilera"}],corrections:null},{id:"50166",title:"Cannabinoids and Motor Control of the Basal Ganglia: Therapeutic Potential in Movement Disorders",doi:"10.5772/62438",slug:"cannabinoids-and-motor-control-of-the-basal-ganglia-therapeutic-potential-in-movement-disorders",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cannabinoid receptors in the brain appear to be intimately involved in the motor control. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are densely located in the basal ganglia (BG), a forebrain system that integrates cortical information to coordinate motor activity regulating signals. In fact, the administration of plant-derived, synthetic or endogenous cannabinoids produces several effects on motor function. These effects are paralleled to changes in the levels of different neurotransmitters in the BG, including GABA, dopamine and glutamate, all of which are important players in movement control.",signatures:"Teresa Morera-Herreras, Cristina Miguelez, Asier Aristieta, María Torrecilla, José Ángel Ruiz-Ortega and Luisa Ugedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50166",authors:[{id:"178735",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Morera-Herreras",slug:"teresa-morera-herreras",fullName:"Teresa Morera-Herreras"},{id:"179364",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Torrecilla",slug:"maria-torrecilla",fullName:"Maria Torrecilla"},{id:"179365",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Miguelez",slug:"cristina-miguelez",fullName:"Cristina Miguelez"},{id:"179366",title:"Dr.",name:"Asier",surname:"Aristieta",slug:"asier-aristieta",fullName:"Asier Aristieta"},{id:"179367",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Angel",surname:"Ruiz-Ortega",slug:"jose-angel-ruiz-ortega",fullName:"Jose Angel Ruiz-Ortega"},{id:"179368",title:"Prof.",name:"Luisa",surname:"Ugedo",slug:"luisa-ugedo",fullName:"Luisa Ugedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"50856",title:"Therapeutic Potential of Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids by Targeting at Glycine Receptors",doi:"10.5772/63360",slug:"therapeutic-potential-of-nonpsychoactive-cannabinoids-by-targeting-at-glycine-receptors",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The glycine receptors (GlyRs) have been identified as major inhibitory neurotransmission receptors in the brain since the mid of last century. Unfortunately, no therapeutic agent has been developed from targeting these receptors. Accumulating evidence has suggested that GlyRs are one primary target for exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids in the central nervous system. Cannabinoids enhance the function of GlyRs in various neurons in the brain. However, this line of research has been largely ignored since little is known about the molecular mechanism and behavioral implication of cannabinoid modulation of GlyRs. Recent studies using various experimental approaches have explored molecular insights into cannabinoid-GlyR interaction and shed light on the molecular basis of nonpsychoactive cannabinoid modulation of GlyRs. Emerging evidence has suggested that cannabinoid modulation of GlyRs can contribute to some of the cannabis-induced therapeutic effects. In this chapter, I discuss recent development in studies of mechanism and therapeutic potential of cannabinoid modulation of GlyR subunits. This research direction shows considerable promise toward the development of novel therapeutic agents acting at defined modulatory sites of GlyRs in the treatment of various chronic pain, neuromotor disorders, and other GlyR deficiency diseases.",signatures:"Li Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50856",authors:[{id:"179194",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",surname:"Zhang",slug:"li-zhang",fullName:"Li Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50397",title:"Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases",doi:"10.5772/62498",slug:"dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases",totalDownloads:2533,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play critical role in human health and have to be provided by food. In the brain, PUFAs are also precursors of endocannabinoids. The aim of this chapter is to review the existing literature on how dietary PUFAs impact on the endocannabinoid system in the brain and what are the consequences for brain function and dysfunction. In this chapter, we will first describe how PUFAs enter the brain, what are their metabolism processes and roles in brain function. We will describe the pathways from PUFAs to endocannabinoid production. Then, we will review the literature on how dietary ω-6/ω-3 ratio impacts the endocannabinoid system, in terms of endocannabinoid levels, proteins and endocannabinoid-dependent synaptic plasticity. In the next part, we will describe what we know about the interactions between PUFAs and endocannabinoids in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we will conclude on the possible implications of the interactions between dietary PUFAs and endocannabinoids in the normal and pathological brain. In particular, we will discuss how dietary PUFAs, as homeostatic regulators of endocannabinoids, can constitute interesting therapeutic strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders with endocannabinoids impairment.",signatures:"Clémentine Bosch-Bouju and Sophie Layé",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50397",authors:[{id:"178351",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophie",surname:"Layé",slug:"sophie-laye",fullName:"Sophie Layé"}],corrections:null},{id:"50549",title:"The Endocannabinoid-Like Derivative Oleoylethanolamide at the Gut–Brain Interface: A “Lipid Way” to Control Energy Intake and Body Weight",doi:"10.5772/63147",slug:"the-endocannabinoid-like-derivative-oleoylethanolamide-at-the-gut-brain-interface-a-lipid-way-to-con",totalDownloads:1893,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last three decades, we witnessed a concomitant major increase in lifespan and a worldwide increasing incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Disruption of energy homeostasis and systemic inflammation appear as common traits of these epidemic human diseases. The conventional endocannabinoid (eCB) system encompasses two G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), their endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-AG), and the enzymes essential for eCB biosynthesis and hydrolytic inactivation. Nonetheless, the family of eCB-like derivatives is growing constantly including other N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) that do not bind canonical CB receptors rather other orphan G-protein–coupled receptors or peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors (PPARs). Here, we focus on the recent knowledge gathered on one such PPAR endocannabinoid ligand, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), from the identification of its synthesis in the small intestine to its anorexiant function with particular emphasis on our discovery of the main brain neurotransmitters system involved in its satiating effects.",signatures:"Maria Beatrice Passani and Roberto Coccurello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50549",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50549",authors:[{id:"178510",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Coccurello",slug:"roberto-coccurello",fullName:"Roberto Coccurello"}],corrections:null},{id:"50317",title:"Cannabinoid CB1/CB2 Receptors in the Heart: Expression, Regulation, and Function",doi:"10.5772/62822",slug:"cannabinoid-cb1-cb2-receptors-in-the-heart-expression-regulation-and-function",totalDownloads:2075,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Endocannabinoids exert their actions in the heart and vessels, at least in part, by stimulating the cannabinoid CB1 and the CB2 receptor subtypes which belong to a group of seven transmembrane-spanning receptors and are coupled to Gi/o-proteins. Activation of cardiovascular CB1 receptors leads to depressed cardiac contractility and hypotension. Conversely, in most studies, the CB1 receptor antagonists are cardioprotective against ischemia–reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, and cardiomyopathies. Evidence to date indicates that CB2 receptor activation is cardioprotective. CB2 receptor-mediated effects such as anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis may be in part opposite to the actions of the CB1 receptor. The aim of this review is to up-date on recent experimental findings and controversies on the role of endocannabinoid system in the myocardial injury with emphasis on pathophysiological processes such as left ventricular remodeling, cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction. Recent experimental studies employing genetic deficiency of CB1 and CB2 receptors and endocannabinoid anandamide metabolizing enzymes are reviewed. Moreover, the protective mechanisms which are mediated by cannabinoid receptors during ischemic preconditioning as well as in the early and late phase after myocardial infarction are discussed in the context of possible therapeutic implications.",signatures:"Elena Kaschina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50317",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50317",authors:[{id:"32266",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Kaschina",slug:"elena-kaschina",fullName:"Elena Kaschina"}],corrections:null},{id:"50351",title:"The Role for the Endocannabinoid System in Cardioprotection and Myocardial Adaptation",doi:"10.5772/62485",slug:"the-role-for-the-endocannabinoid-system-in-cardioprotection-and-myocardial-adaptation",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Results from different studies showing CB2 receptor-associated cardioprotective action are still fairly controversial and no single specific mechanism could be identified. Several groups investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in cellular systems and function of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells. While some studies are limited in their translational relevance, a few recent studies describe a myocardial ischemia and reperfusion scenario in a fashion comparable to the clinical situation. Recent studies provided evidence for involvement of the CB2 receptor–endocannabinoid axis in prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis including modulation of antioxidative enzymes and contractile elements expression. CB2 receptor has further been shown to specifically modulate the inflammatory response and macrophage function after myocardial ischemia. These effects have an impact on the subsequent myocardial remodeling, where the CB2 receptor modulates function of myofibroblasts, collagen production and limitation of myocardial infarction size. Recent experimental and clinical data showed the association of the endocannabinoid system in myocardial hypertrophy. In conclusion, increasing amount of evidence supports a crucial role of the endocannabinoid system in cardioprotection and myocardial remodeling, while some of them even suggest model-independent systemic effects in adaptation of cardiomyocytes or components of the extracellular matrix.",signatures:"Oliver Dewald and Georg D. Duerr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50351",authors:[{id:"178354",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",surname:"Dewald",slug:"oliver-dewald",fullName:"Oliver Dewald"},{id:"185056",title:"Dr.",name:"Georg",surname:"Duerr",slug:"georg-duerr",fullName:"Georg Duerr"}],corrections:null},{id:"50593",title:"Cannabinoids: Drug or Medication?",doi:"10.5772/63172",slug:"cannabinoids-drug-or-medication-",totalDownloads:1930,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims at exploring the use and misuse of cannabinoids as it has become a major societal issue. In the first section, we describe the historical use of cannabis as a natural cure in ancient civilizations. We then explore the current use of cannabinoids in medicine, which includes innovative strategies for treating various diseases such as multiple sclerosis or cancer‐induced pain. In the second section, we consider how the discovery and characterization of the endocannabinoid system have increased knowledge of this system's mode of action. Consumption of cannabis for recreational use however is a significant public health issue today. Scientific advances are confronted with the adverse health effects that are demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies based on the psychotic and addictive properties of this compound. In the third section, we therefore provide an overview of the recent findings on the endocannabinoid system using animal models with proposed molecular mechanisms and potential interactions with other neuromodulatory systems like the opioid system. Finally, through alternative strategies to current treatments with both phyto‐ and synthetic cannabinoids, we try to reconcile the beneficial aspects of the use of cannabinoids for medication and the aspects associated with addictive properties.",signatures:"Léa Giron and Katia Befort",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50593",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50593",authors:[{id:"179154",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",surname:"Befort",slug:"katia-befort",fullName:"Katia Befort"},{id:"179388",title:"MSc.",name:"Léa",surname:"Giron",slug:"lea-giron",fullName:"Léa Giron"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6079",title:"Spermatozoa",subtitle:"Facts and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d4488814a6ea68efcd3544209c9e4d2",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7995",title:"Epigenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33c1f5868ce0c29fbde6eafdc50af702",slug:"epigenetics",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4625",title:"Complementary Therapies for the Body, Mind and Soul",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48cd88cd7a6ffb4ade0088448e5ac56b",slug:"complementary-therapies-for-the-body-mind-and-soul",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64730",slug:"erratum-spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",title:"Erratum - Spectrum Decision Framework to Support Cognitive Radio Based IoT in 5G",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64730.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64730",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64730",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64730",chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:null,book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:null,book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10904",leadTitle:null,title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Fusarium is a large cosmopolitan genus of ascomycete fungi that are among the most important toxigenic plant pathogens causing seed and soil-borne diseases in a wide variety of agricultural crops worldwide. Fusarium species are broadly distributed in soil, root and plant tissues, and other organic substrates. Almost all species are able to generate mycotoxins, as secondary metabolites, that cause different physiological responses in plants. This book provides an overview of recent research on Fusarium species in the fields of metabolites, pathogenicity, plant-pathogen interactions, and management strategies in agricultural practices.",isbn:"978-1-83968-736-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-735-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-737-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95213",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",numberOfPages:110,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:573,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 8th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi is a highly experienced plant pathologist with particular expertise related to disease management, plant-pathogen interactions, and biological control.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/100573/images/system/100573.png",biography:"Dr. Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi is a highly experienced plant pathologist with expertise in disease management, plant-pathogen interactions, and biological control. He received an MSc in Plant Pathology with a specialization in the genetic diversity of plant-pathogenic fungi. He earned a Ph.D. in Molecular Plant Pathology from the Estonian University of Life Sciences. He continued as a postdoctoral researcher in plant protection at Ghent University (UGent), Belgium. Dr. Mirmajlessi has been contributing as a reviewer and editorial board member for a number of scientific journals. He has also published several research articles in various international peer-reviewed journals. Currently, he is a senior research associate at the Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, UGent, Belgium.",institutionString:"Ghent University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Ghent University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"151",title:"Pure Microbiology",slug:"pure-microbiology"}],chapters:[{id:"79683",title:"Fusarium Wilt: A Destructive Disease of Banana and Their Sustainable Management",slug:"fusarium-wilt-a-destructive-disease-of-banana-and-their-sustainable-management",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"423044",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ram",surname:"Niwas",slug:"ram-niwas",fullName:"Ram Niwas"},{id:"424857",title:"Dr.",name:"Gireesh",surname:"Chand",slug:"gireesh-chand",fullName:"Gireesh Chand"},{id:"424858",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramesh Nath",surname:"Gupta",slug:"ramesh-nath-gupta",fullName:"Ramesh Nath Gupta"}]},{id:"79480",title:"Potato Dry Rot Caused by Fusarium spp. and Mycotoxins Accumulation and Management",slug:"potato-dry-rot-caused-by-em-fusarium-em-spp-and-mycotoxins-accumulation-and-management",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"425420",title:"Prof.",name:"Huali",surname:"Xue",slug:"huali-xue",fullName:"Huali Xue"},{id:"429049",title:"Ms.",name:"Zhimin",surname:"Yang",slug:"zhimin-yang",fullName:"Zhimin Yang"}]},{id:"79069",title:"Fusarium Soilborne Pathogen",slug:"fusarium-soilborne-pathogen",totalDownloads:85,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"423031",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Leonce",surname:"Dusengemungu",slug:"leonce-dusengemungu",fullName:"Leonce Dusengemungu"}]},{id:"79176",title:"Current Status of Fusarium and Their Management Strategies",slug:"current-status-of-em-fusarium-em-and-their-management-strategies",totalDownloads:168,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"422984",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Bahadur",slug:"amar-bahadur",fullName:"Amar Bahadur"}]},{id:"79705",title:"Fusarium Disease of Maize and Its Management through Sustainable Approach",slug:"fusarium-disease-of-maize-and-its-management-through-sustainable-approach",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"424199",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Zerald",surname:"Tiru",slug:"zerald-tiru",fullName:"Zerald Tiru"},{id:"435431",title:"Dr.",name:"Arka Pratim",surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"arka-pratim-chakraborty",fullName:"Arka Pratim Chakraborty"},{id:"436686",title:"Dr.",name:"Parimal",surname:"Mandal",slug:"parimal-mandal",fullName:"Parimal Mandal"},{id:"436688",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayon",surname:"Pal",slug:"ayon-pal",fullName:"Ayon Pal"},{id:"436689",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjoy",surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"sanjoy-sadhukhan",fullName:"Sanjoy Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"79720",title:"Importance of the Natural Incidence of the Fusarium Genus in Food Crops Established in Northern México",slug:"importance-of-the-natural-incidence-of-the-em-fusarium-em-genus-in-food-crops-established-in-norther",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"226125",title:"Dr.",name:"Rigoberto",surname:"Rosales-Serna",slug:"rigoberto-rosales-serna",fullName:"Rigoberto Rosales-Serna"},{id:"423632",title:"MSc.",name:"María Gabriela",surname:"Ramírez-Valadez",slug:"maria-gabriela-ramirez-valadez",fullName:"María Gabriela Ramírez-Valadez"},{id:"423633",title:"MSc.",name:"Maihualy",surname:"Martínez-Fernández",slug:"maihualy-martinez-fernandez",fullName:"Maihualy Martínez-Fernández"},{id:"423634",title:"MSc.",name:"Saúl",surname:"Santana-Espinoza",slug:"saul-santana-espinoza",fullName:"Saúl Santana-Espinoza"},{id:"435231",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio César",surname:"Ríos-Saucedo",slug:"julio-cesar-rios-saucedo",fullName:"Julio César Ríos-Saucedo"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8954",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac0eb3328820cca42cb7d6cdbfca4ec2",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi and Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8954.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"66238",title:"Further Therapeutic Options in Heavily Pretreated Colorectal Cancer Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85027",slug:"further-therapeutic-options-in-heavily-pretreated-colorectal-cancer-patients",body:'
1. Introduction
To this date, management of heavily pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, who present with good performance status and adequate organ function reserve, constituted a challenge for oncologists. However, two anticancer therapies dedicated for this specific group of patients became available nowadays. One of them is regorafenib, an oral inhibitor of protein kinases associated with angiogenesis. Another one is trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102), an orally administered combination of a thymidine-based nucleic acid analog, and tipiracil hydrochloride, a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor. Treatment with both anticancer agents contributed to a significant improvement of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in randomized III phase studies of Caucasian (CORRECT and TERRA) and Asian patients (CONCUR and RECOURSE). Recently, clinical benefits associated with administration of both drugs and good tolerability thereof were also confirmed in an observational study, REGOTAS. The aim of currently ongoing trials is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of regorafenib and TAS-102 combined with other anticancer drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. While preliminary results of some of those studies seem promising, more evidence is needed to formulate any clinically relevant conclusions.
Another treatment option in metastatic colorectal cancer is re-induction of previously used chemotherapy with oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based regimens. Importantly, the time elapsed since completion of the primary treatment to the re-induction should not be shorter than 9 months. Finally, patients with metastatic colorectal cancer can receive chemotherapy with mitomycin C plus capecitabine. This generally neglected treatment option seems particularly reasonable in the case of countries in which regorafenib and trifluridine/tipiracil have been registered but are not reimbursed.
The aim of this review paper is to discuss the therapeutic options that could be used in metastatic colorectal cancer patients after three or more lines of systemic therapy.
2. Regorafenib
Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) is a low-molecular-weight diphenylurea multikinase inhibitor of VEGFR1-3, c-KIT, TIE-2, PDGFR-β, FGFR-1, RET, RAF-1, BRAF, and p38 MAP kinase for oral administration. This agent has been registered for patients with pretreated metastatic colorectal cancers and refractory gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) [1, 2]. Regorafenib is administered at 160 mg daily (q.d.) for 3 weeks of each 4-week cycle (3 week on, 1 week off), until disease progression or drug intolerance, whichever first.
2.1 Trials
In a registration phase III trial, CORRECT (regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer), 760 patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive regorafenib or placebo. The majority of patients were Caucasians (the study included only 111 Asians). Median OS turned out to be significantly longer in the regorafenib group than in the placebo group (6.4 vs. 5.0 months) [3]. In another randomized double-blind phase III trial, CONCUR, 204 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after at least two lines of systemic therapy were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive regorafenib or placebo. All patients were Asians. Median OS in the regorafenib arm and placebo arm was 8.8 and 6.3 months, respectively. The results of this trial confirmed previous observations about the regorafenib efficacy. Toxicity profiles of regorafenib in both studies mentioned above were essentially similar [4]. However, these promising findings were not confirmed in another trial, PREVIUM, including patients with KRAS- or BRAF-positive metastatic colorectal cancer treated previously with FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab; median OS and median PFS in this group were 3.3 and 2.2 months, respectively [5].
2.2 Predictive markers
According to Komori et al., colorectal cancer patients who showed early decrease in carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (Ca19-9) levels had significantly longer PFS after regorafenib than individuals in whom this marker remained elevated (3.7 vs. 2.0 months). Multivariate analysis confirmed that early decrease in Ca19-9 level was a significant independent predictor of better response to regorafenib [6].
The authors of the CORRECT study analyzed an association between mutational status of the tumor and survival. The study demonstrated that the presence of KRAS-wild type and PIK3CA-wild type in primary tumor was a biomarker of PFS benefit [7]. In another study, conducted by Ma et al., the lack of EGFR expression turned out to be associated with longer PFS and OS (14 vs. 2.5 months and 19.7 vs. 9.6 months, respectively). While the presence of KRAS-wild type correlated with longer OS, no significant association was found between this biomarker and PFS [8]. Furthermore, multivariate analysis documented prognostic value of tumor’s location in the right or left side of the abdominal cavity, with better prognosis observed in the case of the left-sided malignancies [8].
RECIST 1.1 is an established instrument to assess a response to anticancer treatment based on radiologically determined cumulative diameter of target lesions. Cavitation of lung metastases assessed on CT scans at the baseline and at 8 weeks of regorafenib therapy seems to be a novel radiological predictor of PFS [9].
2.3 Toxicity
Adverse event (AE) profile of regorafenib is similar as in the case of other tyrosine multikinase inhibitors, and the AEs of this agent are generally manageable. The most common non-hematological toxicity, which may worsen patient’s quality of life, is hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) (54%) [10, 11, 12]. Hence, many patients who experienced this AE may require treatment modification [10]. Interestingly, the incidence of HFSR seems to vary by primary tumor type. According to literature, HFSR symptoms can be found in up to 50% of regorafenib-treated patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 60.2% of individuals with GIST, and 46.6% of persons with metastatic colorectal cancer [11]. The second most common AE in regorafenib-treated patients is arterial hypertension. Based on the data from five clinical trials, the overall incidence of arterial hypertension in regorafenib-treated patients can be estimated at 44.4% and the incidence of high-grade (G3 and higher) hypertension at 12.5%. Similar to HFSR, the risk of this AE seems to vary according to tumor type [13].
Treatment with regorafenib may also contribute to all-grade hepatotoxicity (bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP elevation), an AE observed in approximately one-third of patients treated with this anticancer agent [14].
Other AEs frequently associated with regorafenib treatment are oral mucositis, fatigue, nausea, weight loss, and diarrhea [12, 15]. All-grade anorexia was shown to occur more often in patients who had been previously treated with tyrosine multikinase inhibitors. On the other hand, patients from this group less commonly presented with a high-grade AST elevation [12].
The incidence of hematologic toxicities, such as thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutropenia, and leukopenia, varies between 22% (thrombocytopenia) and 13% (leukopenia). However, high-grade (G3 or higher) hematologic toxicities are relatively rarely observed in regorafenib-treated patients [16].
2.4 Regorafenib combined with other anticancer agents
In a phase I study, regorafenib combined with an anti-VEGF inhibitor, cetuximab, provided a clinical benefit, defined as the presence of stable disease or partial response. However, these promising preliminary findings need to be verified in future studies [17].
Combination therapy with regorafenib and FOLFIRI produced highly promising results, with overall disease control rate (DCR), median PFS, and median OS equal to 58.5%, 6.0 and 12.0 months, respectively [8]. An objective response rate to regorafenib combined with modified FOLFOX (mFOLFOX6) as the first-line treatment was no better than that observed in historical controls, with 85.4% DCR and median PFS of 8.5 months [18]. Negative results, specifically the lack of either OS or PFS benefit, were obtained in a study investigating the efficacy and toxicity of regorafenib plus ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway [19].
3. Trifluridine/tipiracil hydrochloride
TAS-102 is a new oral anti-metabolite drug, a 1:0.5 mixture of a thymidine-based nucleoside analog, alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorothymidine (trifluridine: FTD), and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (tipiracil hydrochloride: TPI) [20, 21, 22, 23]. FTD inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), the key enzyme involved in DNA synthesis, whereas trifluridine incorporates into DNA via phosphorylation and initiates DNA fragmentation [20, 21, 22]. TPI enhances the exposure to FTD, improves its bioavailability, and increases the durability of response to this agent [24, 25]. Pre-exposure to 5-FU was shown to enhance FTD incorporation into DNA and to increase antitumor activity of this agent, as shown by lesser viability and proliferation of cancer cells [26]. TAS-102 proved to be effective in GI malignancies with inherent or acquired resistance to 5-FU, as well as in 5-FU-sensitive tumors [20, 21]. TAS-102 has recently been approved as the third-line treatment for adults with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer, patients with contraindications to currently available standard chemotherapy and biological therapy in the EU and USA, and individuals with unresectable advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer in Japan. The standard regimen is 35 mg/m2 twice a day on days 1–5 and 8–12 of each 28-day cycle [24, 27].
3.1 Trials
The efficacy and safety of TAS-102 were a subject of a double-blind randomized phase II trial including Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either TAS-102 or placebo arm. Median OS in the TAS-102 arm turned out to be longer than in the placebo arm (9.0 vs. 6.6 months). The most common AEs were hematologic toxicities, with grade 3 or 4 of neutropenia found in 50% of TAS-102-treated patients [28].
In a randomized double-blind phase III registration trial, TERRA, Asian patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who previously received at least two lines of systemic treatment were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either TAS-102 or placebo group. The study confirmed the efficacy of TAS-102 in Asian population. Median OS in the TAS-102 arm was significantly longer than in the placebo group (7.8 vs. 7.1 months). Moreover, the TAS-102-treated patients had significantly lower mortality risk and significantly longer median survival follow-up time [29].
In a double-blind phase III registration trial, RECOURSE, 800 patients from Europe, North America, and Asia were randomly assigned to receive TAS-102 or placebo. PFS for the TAS-102 and placebo arm was 2.0 and 1.7 months, respectively. Patients from the TAS-102 arm had significantly longer median OS and significantly longer median time to worsening performance status (7.1 and 5.7 months, respectively) than individuals from the placebo arm (5.3 and 4.0 months, respectively). One-year OS rates for the TAS-102 and placebo arm were 27 and 18%, respectively [30]. Those promising results were further confirmed on a subgroup analysis; median OS for TAS-102-treated patients from the USA, Japan, EU, and Spain ranged between 6.5 and 7.8 months as compared with 4.3–6.7 months for the respective placebo arms, whereas median PFS in the TAS-102 and placebo groups amounted to 2.0–2.8 and 1.7–1.8 months, respectively [31, 32].
3.2 Predictors
Genetic polymorphisms in homologous recombination pathway seem to be a predictor of therapeutic response in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with TAS-102. According to Suenaga et al., TAS-102-treated patients with a combination of ENT1 rs760370, MATE1 rs2289669, and OCT2 rs316019 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes involved in trifluridine metabolism and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor excretion had significantly longer PFS and OS [33]. Also, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes involved in homologous recombination, such as ATM and XRCC3, could be predictive and prognostic markers in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with TAS-102. The TAS-102-treated patients who carried any G allele in ATM rs609429 polymorphism had significantly longer OS and nonsignificantly longer PFS than carriers of the C/C variant. Also, the presence of any A allele in XRCC3 rs861539 polymorphism was shown to be associated with significantly longer OS and PFS in TAS-102-treated patients [34].
Patients with ≥ grade 2 chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count <1500/mm3) at 1 month (CIN-1-month) of TAS-102 therapy had longer median PFS (3.0 vs. 2.4 months) and OS (14.0 vs. 5.6 months) than those without the neutropenia. The presence of neutropenia at 1 month of TAS-102 treatment and higher baseline CEA levels were identified as independent predictors of OS [35]. In another study, grade 3 or 4 CIN-1-month was shown to be associated with longer PFS than grade 0-2 CIN-1-month (4.3 vs. 2.0 months). Moreover, G3 or G4 neutropenia during the first cycle of TAS-102 therapy turned out to be associated with significantly higher DCR (72.2%) than grade 0–2 neutropenia (72.2 vs. 30.9%) [36]. Finally, a significant association was found between baseline creatinine clearance rate of less than 57.1 mL/min prior to TAS-102 administration and the incidence of G3 or G4 neutropenia after introduction of this agent [37].
Also, longer time elapsed since the onset of the first-line therapy to disease progression (more than 18 months) seems to be a predictor of better response to TAS-102 therapy. In one study, median PFS in TAS-102-treated patients with the time to progression exceeding 18 months was longer than in those who received the first-line therapy ≤18 months before (7 vs. 5 months) [38]. These findings were later confirmed in a meta-analysis conducted by Chen et al. [39].
Kwakman et al. identified KRAS-wild type tumor, good performance status (PS0 or PS1), and normal serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase as independent predictors of better response to TAS-102 treatment. All these factors correlated positively with longer OS. Patients with KRAS-wild type tumors had longer median OS than those with KRAS-mutated malignancies (6.9 vs. 4.9 months), and median OS in persons with ECOG PS0–1 turned out to be longer than in individuals with worse performance status (5.9 vs. 3.2 months) [40]. However, in a meta-analysis involving the data of 1318 patients who received TAS-102, OS was significantly longer than in the study mentioned above, regardless the KRAS mutation status. Furthermore, the treatment response was not influenced by the number of metastatic sites (1, 2, or more) [39]. Also, in a subgroup analysis of patients participating in the RECOURSE trial, neither OS nor PFS correlated with the KRAS status, as well as with patients’ age and ethnicity [31].
ECOG performance status (PS0 or PS1), the number of metastatic sites (1 or 2), and the time elapsed since the diagnosis of the first metastasis (18 months or longer) were identified as prognostic factors in the RECOURSE trial; however, none of those factors turned out to be a predictor of therapeutic response [30].
3.3 Toxicity
Hematologic toxicities, including leukopenia, neutropenia, and anemia, and gastrointestinal toxicities, such as nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and the loss of appetite, as well as fatigue of various grade, were the most frequent side effects observed in patients treated with trifluridine/tipiracil [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. The most common grade 3/4 toxicity was myelosuppression (neutropenia, anemia, febrile neutropenia) [46]. In turn, cardiac ischemia seems to be one of the rarest AEs observed during the therapy with TAS-102, which implies that this agent might constitute a reasonable option for patients with cardiovascular contraindications for 5-FU treatment [47].
Based on available evidence, TAS-102 seems to be a convenient, manageable, and safe agent to be used in daily clinical practice.
According to the data from the RECOURSE and J003 trials, severe AEs (SAEs) occurred in 27.7% of patients treated with TAS-102. In more than 50% of the patients, the toxicity necessitated a delay or interruption of TAS-102 therapy or dose reduction [41]. However, the incidence of SAEs and AEs leading to treatment discontinuation in TAS-102 and placebo arms was essentially similar, and fatal AEs turned out to be more common in the placebo group [41]. Furthermore, in an open-label expanded-access program, TAS-102 had similar safety profiles in older (≥65 years) and younger (<65 years) patients [48].
Finally, the occurrence of AEs had no significant impact on the quality of life and performance status of patients participating in the RECOURSE trial, even in those in whom TAS-102 had to be discontinued because of its toxicity [49].
3.4 TAS-102 combined with other anticancer drugs
In preclinical studies, TAS-102 combined with cytotoxic drugs (oxaliplatin, irinotecan) showed enhanced activity against recurrent and chemo-naïve colorectal cancers [50, 51]. Also, the regimes including TAS-102 and targeted therapies (cetuximab, panitumumab) or antiangiogenic agents (nintedanib, bevacizumab) were shown to be effective against colorectal cancer in preclinical studies [52, 53].
One phase I/II study demonstrated a promising efficacy and moderate toxicity of TAS-102 plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic and refractory colorectal cancer [54].
The aim of currently ongoing TRiflUridine/tipiracil in Second-line sTudY phase II/III study, the results of which will be available in 2022, is to determine DCR, response rate (RR), OS, PFS, safety profile, and time to treatment failure of trifluridine/tipiracil plus bevacizumab and irinotecan, fluoropyrimidine plus bevacizumab as the second-line treatments in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who failed to respond to the first-line oxaliplatin-based therapy [55].
4. Regorafenib vs. TAS-102
An indirect comparison of regorafenib and TAS-102 based on published evidence from PubMed, Cochrane, and other databases suggests that these two agents did not differ in terms of PFS and OS benefit. However, regorafenib seems to produce all-grade toxicity more often than TAS-102 [56]. The most common forms of grade ≥3 toxicity found in regorafenib-treated patients were hepatotoxicity and palmar-plantar erythema, whereas individuals who received TAS-102 most often suffered from neutropenia [57, 58]. The similar efficacy of regorafenib and TAS-102 was confirmed in REGOTAS study (regorafenib vs. TAS-102 as salvage-line in patients with colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapies: a multicenter observational study, UMIN 000020416) which showed no significant differences in OS and PFS of patients treated with one of those agents [59].
A subgroup analysis conducted within the framework of a retrospective study of Asian patients demonstrated that regorafenib was significantly more efficacious in individuals younger than 65 years, whereas TAS-102 provided greater OS benefit in persons aged 65 years or older [60]. Those findings are consistent with the results of the REGOTAS trial in which regorafenib-treated patients ≥65 years of age, with modified Glasgow Prognostic Score equal to 2 (GPS 2), had shorter OS and PFS than individuals who received TAS-102 [59]. The same study identified modified GPS before later-line chemotherapy as the strongest predictor of OS in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [59].
Nothing has been known about the efficacy and toxicity of TAS-102 in patients treated previously with regorafenib since publication of Kotani et al.’s study. In the latter study, median PFS in patients treated with regorafenib prior to TAS-102 implementation was 2.0 months as compared with 2.1 months in individuals with no history of regorafenib treatment, and median OS in these two groups was 4.7 and 6.2 months, respectively [61]. The toxicity of TAS-102, assessed based on the incidence of at least grade 3 side effects, was similar regardless of the study group [61]. The treatment sequence analysis demonstrated that TAS-102-treated patients had longer PFS and OS after a fluoropyrimidine-based therapy-free interval, 3.1 and 17.7 months, respectively, as compared with 2.2 and 8.1 months, respectively, in persons in whom TAS-102 was implemented immediately after the fluoropyrimidine-based therapy. However, no similar association was found between the efficacy of regorafenib and the time elapsed since fluoropyrimidine-based treatment discontinuation [62].
The prognosis seems to be also influenced by the sequence of regorafenib and TAS-102 administration. Median OS in patients who received crossover treatment with regorafenib followed by TAS-102 was 11.5 months, as compared with 7.6 months in individuals in whom first TAS-102 and then regorafenib were implemented [57].
5. Re-challenge chemotherapy
Another therapeutic option in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer is re-challenge chemotherapy/re-initiation chemotherapy. Re-challenge chemotherapy is defined as the re-introduction of previously used chemotherapy with oxaliplatin or irinotecan-based regimens at least 9 months after the end of the initial exposure. Re-challenge chemotherapy constitutes an important option in patients who still present with good performance status and organ function reserve, especially in those in whom the initial chemotherapy was discontinued before progression of the disease (e.g., due to cumulative toxicities) [63, 64, 65]. Such approach did not shorten the period of the best supportive care and, more importantly, might prolong OS [65]. According to Chambers et al., clinical benefit rate (defined as the proportion of patients with partial response or stable disease) after re-challenge chemotherapy was 75.5% and time to progression equaled 6.5 months [63]. Moreover, re-challenge chemotherapy after regorafenib treatment seems to be a good strategy in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. According to literature, PFS after re-challenge chemotherapy varied between 0.5 and 3.5 months, and 6-month OS reached up to 27.3%. In some researchers’ opinion, regorafenib could resensitize cancer patients to previously given chemotherapy, but this hypothesis still needs to be verified empirically [66].
Some authors reported the use of re-initiation chemotherapy or second re-challenge chemotherapy after the development of resistance, but none of these approaches is a standard of oncological treatment [63, 64].
6. Combination of capecitabine and mitomycin C (MMC)
MMC is a cytotoxic antibiotic which shows moderate efficacy when used as monotherapy in colorectal cancer patients. Upregulation of intra-tumoral thymidine phosphorylase, an enzyme converting capecitabine to 5-FU, is the primary mechanism through which MMC acts synergistically to capecitabine [67]. According to literature, overall response rate in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who received MMC (6 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 every 3 weeks) plus capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1–14, followed by a 7-day treatment-free interval) ranged between 15.2 and 55.5% [68, 69, 70, 71, 72]. The majority of patients received previously two, three, or even four lines of anticancer therapy. Median PFS varied between 1.7 and 5.4 months [68, 69, 70, 71, 74] and median OS between 5.4 and 13 months [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74]. While those results might be considered disappointing, it should be emphasized that all patients were pretreated with many lines of systemic therapy and had metastases in multiple locations.
With no doubt, the combination therapy with capecitabine and MMC is dedicated primarily for patients with cumulative side effects after previous treatment and/or contraindications to targeted therapies [70]. Furthermore, capecitabine plus MMC constitutes a good option of the best supportive care in patients who still maintain good performance status and organ efficiency, especially in countries in which regorafenib and TAS-102 have been registered but are not reimbursed.
Toxicity of capecitabine plus MMC combination is mild, acceptable, and easily manageable, and no significant hematological AEs have been reported thus far [71, 73, 74]. The main non-hematological AEs documented in patients treated with this regimen are palmar-plantar erythema, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue [71, 73, 74].
7. Conclusions
Regorafenib and trifluridine/tipiracil have been authorized for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, as the third or further therapy line. The patients are eligible for one of those treatments if they present with good performance status and adequate bone marrow, liver, and kidney function; hence, aside from clinical and molecular biomarker status, also those factors should be considered during patient qualification. While the toxicity of both anticancer agents is manageable, appropriate control of side effects requires clinical vigilance and good medication compliance. In some clinical situations, re-induction/re-challenge of previously given chemotherapy with oxaliplatin or irinotecan-based regimens and/or switching to mitomycin C plus capecitabine might be a reasonable option.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"metastatic colorectal cancer, regorafenib, trifluridine/tipiracil, re-challenge chemotherapy, mitomycin C plus capecitabine",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66238.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66238.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66238",totalDownloads:701,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:31,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 2nd 2018",dateReviewed:"February 7th 2019",datePrePublished:"March 20th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",dateFinished:"March 20th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In this paper, currently available systemic treatment options (regorafenib, trifluridine/tipiracil, re-challenge chemotherapy, mitomycin C plus capecitabine) for pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer are discussed and compared in terms of their efficacy and safety profiles. Treatment of these patients has remained a challenge for oncologists. The evidence from clinical trials is encouraging. Knowledge of response biomarkers and/or prognostic factors may be helpful in the identification of patients who could benefit most from the treatment. Adequate medication compliance can be achieved due to awareness of toxicity risk among both physicians and cancer patients and appropriate prevention and management of adverse events.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66238",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66238",book:{id:"7963",slug:"multidisciplinary-approach-for-colorectal-cancer"},signatures:"Aneta L. Zygulska",authors:[{id:"287981",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Zygulska",fullName:"Aneta Zygulska",slug:"aneta-zygulska",email:"zygulska@poczta.onet.pl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Regorafenib",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Trials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Predictive markers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Toxicity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Regorafenib combined with other anticancer agents",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Trifluridine/tipiracil hydrochloride",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Trials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Predictors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3 Toxicity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.4 TAS-102 combined with other anticancer drugs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. Regorafenib vs. TAS-102",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Re-challenge chemotherapy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Combination of capecitabine and mitomycin C (MMC)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Strumberg D, Schultheis B. Regorafenib for cancer. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2012;21:879-889. DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.684752'},{id:"B2",body:'Crona DJ, Keisler MD, Walko CM. Regorafenib: A novel multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor for colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2013;47:1685-1696. DOI: 10.1177/1060028013509792'},{id:"B3",body:'Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, Siena S, Falcone A, Ychou M, et al. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): An international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9863):303-312. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61900-X'},{id:"B4",body:'Li J, Qin S, Xu R, Yau TC, Ma B, Pan H, et al. Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2015;16:619-629. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70156-7'},{id:"B5",body:'Garcia-Alonso P, Benavides M, Falco E, Munoz A, Gomez A, Sastre J, et al. Single-agent regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with any RAS or BRAF mutation previously treated with FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab (PREVIUM trial). The Oncologist. 2018;23:1271-e128. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0316'},{id:"B6",body:'Komori A, Taniguchi H, Hamauchi S, Masuishi T, Kito Y, Narita Y, et al. Serum CA19-9 response is an early predictive marker of efficacy of regorafenib in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2017;93:329-335. DOI: 10.1159/000479280'},{id:"B7",body:'Tabernero J, Lenz HJ, Siena S, Soobrero A, Falcone A, Ychou M, et al. Analysis of circulating DNA and protein biomarkers to predict the clinical activity of regorafenib and assess prognosis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: A retrospective, exploratory analysis of the CORRECT trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2015;16:937-948. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00138-2'},{id:"B8",body:'Ma CJ, Huang CW, Chang TK, Tsai HL, Su WC, Yeh YS, et al. Oncologic outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer with regorafenib with FOLFIRI as a third- or fourth-line setting. Translational Oncology. 2018;12(3):502-512. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.12.003'},{id:"B9",body:'Ricotta R, Verrioli A, Ghezzi S, Porcu L, Grothey A, Falcone A, et al. Radiological imaging markers predicting clinical outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma treated with regorafenib: Post hoc analysis of the CORRECT phase III trial (RadioCORRECT study). ESMO Open. 2017;1(6):e000111. DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2016-000111'},{id:"B10",body:'McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reaction: Practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Annals of Oncology. 2015;26:2017-2026. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv244'},{id:"B11",body:'Belum VR, Wu S, Lacouture ME. Risk of hand-foot skin reaction with the novel multikinase inhibitor regorafenib: A meta-analysis. Investigational New Drugs. 2013;31:1078-1086. DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9977-0'},{id:"B12",body:'Yin X, Yin Y, Shen C, Chen H, Wang J, Cai Z, et al. Adverse events risk associated with regorafenib in the treatment of advanced solid tumors: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. OncoTargets and Therapy. 2018;11:6405-6414. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S156760'},{id:"B13",body:'Wang Z, Xu J, Nie W, Huang G, Tang J, Guan X. Risk of hypertension with regorafenib in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2014;70:225-231. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1598-1'},{id:"B14",body:'Zhao B, Zhao H. Incidence and risk of regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity. Oncotarget. 2017;8:84102-84111. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21106'},{id:"B15",body:'Grothey A, George S, van Cutsem E, Blay JY, Sobrero A, Demetri GD. Optimizing treatment outcomes with regorafenib: Personalized dosing and other strategies to support patient care. The Oncologist. 2014;19:669-680. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0059'},{id:"B16",body:'Zhao B, Zhao H. Incidence and risk of hematologic toxicities in cancer patients treated with regorafenib. Oncotarget. 2017;8:93813-93824. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21217'},{id:"B17",body:'Subbiah V, Khawaja MR, Homg DS, Amini B, Yungfang J, Liu H, et al. First-in-human trial of multikinase VEGF inhibitor regorafenib and anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab in advanced cancer patients. JCI Insight. 2017;2:90380. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90380'},{id:"B18",body:'Argiles G, Saunders MP, Rivera F, Sobrero A, Benson A 3rd, Guillen Ponce C, et al. Regorafenib plus modified FOLFOX6 as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: A phase II trial. European Journal of Cancer. 2015;51:942-949. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.02.013'},{id:"B19",body:'Fogelman D, Cubillo A, Garcia-Alfonso P, Miron MLL, Nemunaitis J, Flora D, et al. Randomized, double-blind, phase two study of ruxolitinib plus regorafenib in patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Medicine. 2018;7:5382-5393. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1703'},{id:"B20",body:'Emura T, Murakami Y, Nakagawa F, Fukushima M, Kitazato K. A novel antimetabolite, TAS-102 retains its effect on FU-related resistant cancer cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2004;13:545-549'},{id:"B21",body:'Emura T, Suzuki N, Yamaguchi M, Ohshimo H, Fukushima M. A novel combination antimetabolite, TAS-102, exhibits antitumor activity in FU-resistant human cancer cells through a mechanism involving FTD incorporation in DNA. International Journal of Oncology. 2004;25:571-578'},{id:"B22",body:'Miyamoto Y, Lenz HJ, Baba H. A novel antimetabolite: TAS-102 for metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016;9:355-365. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1133285'},{id:"B23",body:'Zaniboni A, Bertocchi P, Barni S, Petrelli F. TAS-102 (Lonsurf) for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. A concise review. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2016;15:292-297. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2016.06.003'},{id:"B24",body:'Burness CB, Duggan ST. Trifluridine/tipiracil: A review in metastatic colorectal cancer. Drugs. 2016;76:1393-1402. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0633-9'},{id:"B25",body:'Lenz HJ, Stintzing S, Loupakis F. TAS-102, a novel antitumor agent: A review of the mechanism of action. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2015;41:777-783. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.06.001'},{id:"B26",body:'Baba T, Kokuryo T, Yamaguchi J, Yokoyama Y, Uehara K, Ebata T, et al. Pre-exposure to fluorouracil increased trifluridine incorporation and enhanced its anti-tumor effect for colorectal cancer. Anticancer Research. 2018;38:1427-1434'},{id:"B27",body:'Peeters M, Cervantes A, Moreno Vera S, Taieb J. Trifluridine/tipiracil: An emerging strategy for the management of gastrointestinal cancers. Future Oncology. 2018;14:1629-1645. DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0147'},{id:"B28",body:'Yoshino T, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K, Nishina T, Komatsu Y, Baba H, et al. TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2012;13:993-1001. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70345-5'},{id:"B29",body:'Xu J, Kim TW, Shen L, Sriuranpong V, Pan H, Xu R, et al. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) monotherapy in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: The TERRA study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018;36:350-358. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.74.3245'},{id:"B30",body:'Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, Yoshino T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Mizunuma N, et al. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372:1909-1919. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414325'},{id:"B31",body:'Van Cutsem E, Mayer RJ, Laurent S, Winkler R, Gravalos C, Benavides M, et al. The subgroups of the phase III RECOURSE trial of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) versus placebo with best supportive care in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer. 2018;90:63-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.10.009'},{id:"B32",body:'Longo-Munoz F, Argiles G, Tabernero J, Cervantes A, Gravalos C, Pericay C, et al. Efficacy of trifluridine and tipiracil (TAS-102) versus placebo, with supportive care, in a randomized, controlled trial of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer from Spain: Results of a subgroup analysis of the phase 3 RECOURSE trial. Clinical & Translational Oncology. 2017;19:227-235. DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1528-7'},{id:"B33",body:'Suenaga M, Schirripa M, Cao S, Zhang W, Yang D, Dadduzio V, et al. Potential role of polymorphisms in the transporter genes ENT1 and MATE1/OCT2 in predicting TAS-102 efficacy and toxicity in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer. 2017;86:197-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.08.033'},{id:"B34",body:'Suenaga M, Schirripa M, Cao S, Zhang W, Yang D, Murgioni S, et al. Genetic variants of DNA repair-related genes predict efficacy of TAS-102 in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2017;28:1015-1022. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx035'},{id:"B35",body:'Kasi PM, Kotani D, Cecchini M, Shitara K, Ohtsu A, Ramanathan RK, et al. Chemotherapy induced neutropenia at 1-month mark is a predictor of overall survival in patients receiving TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: A cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:467. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2491-y'},{id:"B36",body:'Hamauchi S, Yamazaki K, Masuishi T, Kito Y, Komori A, Tsushima T, et al. Neutropenia as a predictive factor in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with TAS-102. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16:51-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2016.07.005'},{id:"B37",body:'Yasue F, Kimura M, Usami E, Iwai M, Kawachi S, Mitsuoka M, et al. Risk factors contributing to the development of neutropenia in patients receiving oral trifluridine-tipiracil (TAS-102) chemotherapy for advanced/recurrent colorectal cancer. Die Pharmazie. 2018;73:178-181. DOI: 10.1691/ph.2018.7908'},{id:"B38",body:'Skuja E, Gerina-Berzina A, Hegmane A, Zvirbule Z, Vecvagare E, Purkalne G. Duration of previous treatment as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with trifluridine/tipiracil. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 2018;8:699-702. DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1600'},{id:"B39",body:'Chen D, Wu YS, lin H, Wang Y, Li L, Zhang T. Efficacy and safety of TAS-102 in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Management and Research. 2018;10:2915-2924. DOI: 10.2147/CMAR.S174584'},{id:"B40",body:'Kwakman JJM, Vink G, Vestjens JH, Beerepoot LV, de Groot JW, Jansen RL, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of trifluridine/tipiracil in metastatic colorectal cancer: Real-life data from the Netherlands. International Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018;23:482-489. DOI: 10.1007/s10147-017-1220-0'},{id:"B41",body:'Falcone A, Ohtsu A, Van Cutsem E, Mayer RJ, Buscaglia M, Bendell JC, et al. Integrated safety summary for trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102). Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2018;29:89-96. DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000554'},{id:"B42",body:'Lee JJ, Chu E. Adherence, dosing, and managing toxicities with trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102). Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16:85-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.01.003'},{id:"B43",body:'White T, Larson H, Minnella A, Hochster HS. Metastatic colorectal cancer: Management with trifluridine/tipiracil. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2017;21:E30-E37. DOI: 10.1188/17.CJON.E30-E37'},{id:"B44",body:'Kasper S, Kisro J, Fuchs M, Muller C, Schulz-Abelius A, Karthaus M, et al. Safety profile of trifluridine/tipiracil monotherapy in clinical practice: Results of the German compassionate-use program for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:1124. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5063-5'},{id:"B45",body:'Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Varadhachary G, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, et al. Phase I clinical study of three times a day oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Investigation. 2008;26:794-799. DOI: 10.1080/07357900802087242'},{id:"B46",body:'Bendell JC, Rosen LS, Mayer RJ, Goldman JW, Infante JR, Benedetti F, et al. Phase 1 study of oral TAS-102 in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2015;76:925-932. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2850-4'},{id:"B47",body:'Vaflard P, Ederhy S, Torregrosa C, Andre T, Cohen R, Lopez-Trabada D. Fluoropyrimidines cardiac toxicity: 5-Fluorouracil, capecitabine, compound S-1 and trifluridine/tipiracil. Bulletin du Cancer. 2018;105:707-719. DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2018.05.005'},{id:"B48",body:'Mayer RJ, Hochster HS, Cohen SJ, Winkler R, Makris L, Grothey A. Safety of trifluridine/tipiracil in an open-label expanded-access program in elderly and younger patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2018;82:961-969. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3686-5'},{id:"B49",body:'Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, Garcia-Carbonero R, Komatsu Y, Pastorino A, Peeters M, et al. Proxies of quality of life in metastatic colorectal cancer: Analyses in the RECOURSE trial. ESMO Open. 2017;2:e000261. DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000261'},{id:"B50",body:'Nukatsuka M, Nakagawa F, Takechi T. Efficacy of combination chemotherapy using a novel oral chemotherapeutic agent, TAS-102, with oxaliplatin on human colorectal and gastric cancer xenografts. Anticancer Research. 2015;35:4605-4615'},{id:"B51",body:'Nukatsuka M, Nakagawa F, Saito H, Sakata M, Uchida J, Takechi T. Efficacy of combination chemotherapy using a novel oral chemotherapeutic agent, TAS-102, with irinotecan hydrochloride on human colorectal and gastric cancer xenografts. Anticancer Research. 2015;35:1437-1445'},{id:"B52",body:'Tsukihara H, Nakagawa F, Sakamoto K, Ishida K, Tanaka N, Okabe H, et al. Efficacy of combination chemotherapy using a novel oral chemotherapeutic agent, TAS-102, together with bevacizumab, cetuximab, or panitumumab on human colorectal cancer xenografts. Oncology Reports. 2015;33:2135-2142. DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3876'},{id:"B53",body:'Suzuki N, Nakagawa F, Matsuoka K, Takechi T. Effect of a novel oral chemotherapeutic agent containing a combination of trifluridine, tipiracil and the novel triple angiokinase inhibitor nintedanib, on human colorectal cancer xenografts. Oncology Reports. 2016;36:3123-3130. DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5208'},{id:"B54",body:'Kuboki Y, Nishina T, Shinozaki E, Yamazaki K, Shitara K, Okamoto W, et al. TAS-102 plus bevacizumab for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard therapies (C-TASK FORCE): An investigator-initiated, open-label, single-arm, multicentre, phase 1/2 study. The Lancet Oncology. 2017;18:1172-1181. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30425-4'},{id:"B55",body:'Yoshino T, Oki E, Nozawa H, Eguchi-Nakajima T, Taniguchi H, Morita S, et al. Open rationale and design of the TRUSTY study: A randomised, multicentre, open-label phase II/III study of trifluridine/tipiracil plus bevacizumab versus irinotecan, fluoropyrimidine plus bevacizumab as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer progressive during or following first-line oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. ESMO Open. 2018;3:e000411. DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000411'},{id:"B56",body:'Abrahao ABK, Ko YJ, Berry S, Chan KKW. A comparison of regorafenib and TAS-102 for metastatic colorectal cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2018;17:113-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.10.016'},{id:"B57",body:'Sueda T, Sakai D, Kudo T, Sugiura T, Takahashi H, Haraguchi N, et al. Efficacy and safety of regorafenib or TAS-102 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard therapies. Anticancer Research. 2016;36:4299-4306'},{id:"B58",body:'Masuishi T, Taniguchi H, Hamauchi S, Komori A, Kito Y, Narita Y, et al. Regorafenib versus trifluridine/tipiracil for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: A retrospective comparison. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16:e15-e22. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2016.07.019'},{id:"B59",body:'Tsuchihashi K, Ito M, Moriwaki T, Fukuoka S, Taniguchi H, Takashima A, et al. Role of predictive value of the modified Glasgow prognostic score for later-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2018;17:e687-e697. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.07.004'},{id:"B60",body:'Moriwaki T, Fukuoka S, Taniguchi H, Takashima A, Kumekawa Y, Kajiwara T, et al. Propensity score analysis of regorafenib versus trifluridine/tipiracil in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy (REGOTAS): A Japanese society for cancer of the colon and rectum multicenter observational study. The Oncologist. 2018;23:7-15. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0275'},{id:"B61",body:'Kotani D, Shitara K, Kawazoe A, Fukuoka S, Kuboki Y, Bando H, et al. Safety and efficacy of trifluridine/tipiracil monotherapy in clinical practice for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Experience at a single institution. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2016;15:e109-e115. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.11.005'},{id:"B62",body:'Unseld M, Drimmel M, Siebenhuner A, Gleiss A, Bianconi D, Kieler M, et al. Optimizing treatment sequence for late-line metastatic colorectal cancer patients using trifluridine/tipiracil and regorafenib. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 2018;17:274-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.05.012'},{id:"B63",body:'Chambers AE, Frick J, Tanner N, Gerkin R, Kundranda M, Dragovich T. Chemotherapy re-challenge response rate in metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2018;9:679-686. DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.04.08'},{id:"B64",body:'Vogel A, Hofheinz RD, Kubicka S, Arnold D. Treatment decisions in metastatic colorectal cancer—Beyond first and second line combination therapies. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2017;59:54-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.04.007'},{id:"B65",body:'Takeuchi N, Koike K, Yoshida S, Kudo A, Sekiguchi N, Nakayama A, et al. Treatment of metastatic refractory colorectal cancer following regorafenib failure. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 2017;7:308-312. DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1307'},{id:"B66",body:'Bertocchi P, Aroldi F, Prochilo T, Meriggi F, Beretta GD, Zaniboni A. Chemotherapy rechallenge after regorafenib treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: Still hope after the last hope? Journal of Chemotherapy. 2017;29:102-105. DOI: 10.1080/1120009X.2016.1247205'},{id:"B67",body:'Sawada N, Ishikawa T, Fukase Y, Nishida M, Yoshikubo T, Ishitsuka H. Induction of thymidine phosphorylase activity and enhancement of capcitabine efficacy by taxol/taxotere in human cancer xenografts. Clinical Cancer Research. 1998;4:1013-1019'},{id:"B68",body:'Vdorljak E, Omrcen T, Boban M, Hrepic D. Capecitabine and mitomycin-C in the therapy of pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Single center retrospective study with 36 patients. Journal of BUON. 2008;13:513-518'},{id:"B69",body:'Chong G, Dickson JLB, Cunningham D, Norman AR, Rao S, Hill ME, et al. Capecitabine and mitomycin C as third-line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to fluorouracil and irinotecan. British Journal of Cancer. 2005;93:510-514'},{id:"B70",body:'Rimassal L, Gullo G, Carnaghi C, Abbadessa G, Zuradelli M, Tronconi MC, et al. Chemotherapy with mitomycin C and capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer pretreated with irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Tumori. 2006;92:285-289'},{id:"B71",body:'Scartozzi M, Falcone A, Fucci F, Braconi C, Pierantoni C, Cavanna L, et al. Capecitabine and mitomycin C may be an effective treatment option for third-line chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer. Tumori. 2006;92:384-388'},{id:"B72",body:'Saif MW, Kaley K, Brennan M, Garcon MC, Rodriguez G. Mitomycin-C and capecitabine (MIXE) as salvage treatment in patients with refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer: A retrospective study. Anticancer Research. 2013;33:2743-2746'},{id:"B73",body:'Ferrarotto R, Machado K, Mak MP, Shah N, Takahashi TK, Costa FP, et al. Multicenter, multinational analysis of mitomycin C in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer. 2012;48:820-826'},{id:"B74",body:'Zygulska AL, Krzemieniecki K. Salvage chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer with the combination of capeitabine and mitomycin C. Neoplasma. 2015;62:793-797'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Aneta L. Zygulska",address:"zygulska@poczta.onet.pl",affiliation:'
Department of Oncology, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7963",type:"book",title:"Multidisciplinary Approach for Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Multidisciplinary Approach for Colorectal Cancer",slug:"multidisciplinary-approach-for-colorectal-cancer",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Keun-Yeong Jeong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7963.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-400-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-399-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-043-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"258919",title:"Dr.",name:"Keun-Yeong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",slug:"keun-yeong-jeong",fullName:"Keun-Yeong Jeong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1078"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"69843",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: Multidisciplinary Colorectal Cancer - First Steps to Encompass Various Strategies for Preventing and Treating Colorectal Cancer",slug:"introductory-chapter-multidisciplinary-colorectal-cancer-first-steps-to-encompass-various-strategies",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Keun-Yeong Jeong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"258919",title:"Dr.",name:"Keun-Yeong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Keun-Yeong Jeong",slug:"keun-yeong-jeong"}]},{id:"65867",type:"chapter",title:"Effectivity and Modulating Pathways for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Diet, Body Fatness, Physical Activity, and Supplementation",slug:"effectivity-and-modulating-pathways-for-the-prevention-of-colorectal-cancer-diet-body-fatness-physic",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Susanna Maria Kassier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"283979",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Kassier",fullName:"Susanna Maria Kassier",slug:"susanna-maria-kassier"},{id:"291239",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Kassier",fullName:"Susanna Maria Kassier",slug:"susanna-maria-kassier"}]},{id:"66688",type:"chapter",title:"A Genetic Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Progression",slug:"a-genetic-perspective-on-colorectal-cancer-progression",totalDownloads:1037,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lenuce Ribeiro Aziz Ydy, Willian Ricardo Camarço-Silva and Wilson Vilela Medeiros-Filho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"287670",title:"M.D.",name:"Lenuce",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro Aziz Ydy",fullName:"Lenuce Ribeiro Aziz Ydy",slug:"lenuce-ribeiro-aziz-ydy"},{id:"288653",title:"Prof.",name:"Willian Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Camarço-Silva",fullName:"Willian Ricardo Camarço-Silva",slug:"willian-ricardo-camarco-silva"},{id:"297329",title:"Mr.",name:"Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Vilela Medeiros-Filho",fullName:"Wilson Vilela Medeiros-Filho",slug:"wilson-vilela-medeiros-filho"}]},{id:"65815",type:"chapter",title:"Targeted Photodynamic Therapy as Potential Treatment Modality for the Eradication of Colon Cancer",slug:"targeted-photodynamic-therapy-as-potential-treatment-modality-for-the-eradication-of-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:1067,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Cherie Ann Kruger and Heidi Abrahamse",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"60947",title:"Prof.",name:"Heidi",middleName:null,surname:"Abrahamse",fullName:"Heidi Abrahamse",slug:"heidi-abrahamse"},{id:"284190",title:"Dr.",name:"Cherie",middleName:null,surname:"Kruger",fullName:"Cherie Kruger",slug:"cherie-kruger"}]},{id:"67551",type:"chapter",title:"Immunoscore and Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer: What’s New?",slug:"immunoscore-and-microbiome-in-colorectal-cancer-what-s-new-",totalDownloads:616,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Filipa Macedo, Nuno Bonito, Adhemar Longatto-Filho and Sandra F. Martins",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67527",title:"Prof.",name:"Adhemar",middleName:null,surname:"Longatto-Filho",fullName:"Adhemar Longatto-Filho",slug:"adhemar-longatto-filho"},{id:"288142",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:"F.",surname:"Martins",fullName:"Sandra Martins",slug:"sandra-martins"},{id:"294939",title:"Dr.",name:"Filipa",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Filipa Macedo",slug:"filipa-macedo"},{id:"296550",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"Bonito",fullName:"Nuno Bonito",slug:"nuno-bonito"}]},{id:"66238",type:"chapter",title:"Further Therapeutic Options in Heavily Pretreated Colorectal Cancer Patients",slug:"further-therapeutic-options-in-heavily-pretreated-colorectal-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:701,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aneta L. Zygulska",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"287981",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Zygulska",fullName:"Aneta Zygulska",slug:"aneta-zygulska"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"655",title:"Colorectal Cancer Biology",subtitle:"From Genes to Tumor",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9395fca282ee086f4d33451bca1eadbc",slug:"colorectal-cancer-biology-from-genes-to-tumor",bookSignature:"Rajunor Ettarh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",surname:"Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28087",title:"Colorectal Cancer: It Starts and It Runs",slug:"colorectal-cancer-it-starts-and-it-runs",signatures:"Rajunor Ettarh",authors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",middleName:null,surname:"Ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh"}]},{id:"28088",title:"Germline Genetics in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility and Prognosis",slug:"germline-genetics-in-colorectal-cancer-susceptibility-and-prognosis",signatures:"Amanda Ewart Toland",authors:[{id:"69289",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Toland",fullName:"Amanda Toland",slug:"amanda-toland"}]},{id:"28089",title:"The Role of Modifier Genes in Lynch Syndrome",slug:"the-role-of-modifier-genes-in-lynch-syndrome",signatures:"Rodney J. Scott, Stuart Reeves and Bente Talseth-Palmer",authors:[{id:"72472",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodney",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",fullName:"Rodney Scott",slug:"rodney-scott"}]},{id:"28090",title:"Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"cytokine-gene-polymorphisms-in-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"Spaska Stanilova",authors:[{id:"69749",title:"Prof.",name:"Spaska",middleName:null,surname:"Stanilova",fullName:"Spaska Stanilova",slug:"spaska-stanilova"}]},{id:"28091",title:"Glutathione-S-Transferases in Development, Progression and Therapy of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"glutathione-s-transferases-in-development-progression-and-therapy-of-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"Tatyana Vlaykova, Maya Gulubova, Yovcho Yovchev, Dimo Dimov, Denitsa Vlaykova Petjo Chilingirov and Nikolai Zhelev",authors:[{id:"72851",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaykova",fullName:"Tatyana Vlaykova",slug:"tatyana-vlaykova"},{id:"81227",title:"Prof.",name:"Maya",middleName:null,surname:"Gulubova",fullName:"Maya Gulubova",slug:"maya-gulubova"},{id:"81233",title:"Prof.",name:"Yovcho",middleName:null,surname:"Yovchev",fullName:"Yovcho Yovchev",slug:"yovcho-yovchev"},{id:"81235",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimo",middleName:null,surname:"Dimov",fullName:"Dimo Dimov",slug:"dimo-dimov"},{id:"81239",title:"Dr.",name:"Petjo",middleName:null,surname:"Chilingirov",fullName:"Petjo Chilingirov",slug:"petjo-chilingirov"},{id:"127726",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Zhelev",fullName:"Nikolai Zhelev",slug:"nikolai-zhelev"},{id:"127727",title:"Dr.",name:"Denitsa",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaykova",fullName:"Denitsa Vlaykova",slug:"denitsa-vlaykova"}]},{id:"28092",title:"Distinct Pathologic Roles for Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Colorectal Cancer Progression",slug:"distinct-pathologic-roles-for-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-in-colorectal-cancer-progression",signatures:"Toshinari Minamoto, Masanori Kotake Mitsutoshi Nakada, Takeo Shimasaki, Yoshiharu Motoo and Kazuyuki Kawakami",authors:[{id:"43162",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakada",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Nakada",slug:"mitsutoshi-nakada"},{id:"43163",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshinari",middleName:null,surname:"Minamoto",fullName:"Toshinari Minamoto",slug:"toshinari-minamoto"},{id:"117140",title:"Dr.",name:"Masanori",middleName:null,surname:"Kotake",fullName:"Masanori Kotake",slug:"masanori-kotake"},{id:"117141",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeo",middleName:null,surname:"Shimasaki",fullName:"Takeo Shimasaki",slug:"takeo-shimasaki"},{id:"117142",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Motoo",fullName:"Yoshiharu Motoo",slug:"yoshiharu-motoo"},{id:"117144",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakami",fullName:"Kazuyuki Kawakami",slug:"kazuyuki-kawakami"}]},{id:"28093",title:"Molecular Traits of the Budding Colorectal Cancer Cells",slug:"molecular-traits-of-the-budding-colorectal-cancer-cells",signatures:"Boye Schnack Nielsen",authors:[{id:"77680",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",fullName:"Nielsen",slug:"nielsen"}]},{id:"28094",title:"Lipid Peroxidation in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Bad and Good News",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-in-colorectal-carcinogenesis-bad-and-good-news",signatures:"Stefania Pizzimenti, Cristina Toaldo, Piergiorgio Pettazzoni, Eric Ciamporcero, Mario Umberto Dianzani and Giuseppina Barrera",authors:[{id:"77421",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Pizzimenti",fullName:"Stefania Pizzimenti",slug:"stefania-pizzimenti"},{id:"80831",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Barrera",fullName:"Giuseppina Barrera",slug:"giuseppina-barrera"},{id:"81569",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Toaldo",fullName:"Cristina Toaldo",slug:"cristina-toaldo"},{id:"81574",title:"MSc.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Ciamporcero",fullName:"Eric Ciamporcero",slug:"eric-ciamporcero"},{id:"81575",title:"MSc.",name:"Piergiorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Pettazzoni",fullName:"Piergiorgio Pettazzoni",slug:"piergiorgio-pettazzoni"},{id:"81576",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario Umberto",middleName:null,surname:"Dianzani",fullName:"Mario Umberto Dianzani",slug:"mario-umberto-dianzani"}]},{id:"28095",title:"Growth Factors and the Redox State as New Therapeutic Targets for Colorectal Cancer",slug:"growth-factors-and-the-redox-state-as-new-therapeutic-targets-for-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"Teodoro Palomares, Marta Caramés, Ignacio García-Alonso and Ana Alonso-Varona",authors:[{id:"76044",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodoro",middleName:null,surname:"Palomares",fullName:"Teodoro Palomares",slug:"teodoro-palomares"},{id:"122808",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Caramés",fullName:"Marta Caramés",slug:"marta-carames"},{id:"122809",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alonso",fullName:"Ignacio García-Alonso",slug:"ignacio-garcia-alonso"},{id:"122810",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso-Varona",fullName:"Ana Alonso-Varona",slug:"ana-alonso-varona"}]},{id:"28096",title:"Human Tip60 (NuA4) Complex and Cancer",slug:"human-tip60-nua4-complex-and-cancer",signatures:"Hiroshi Y. Yamada",authors:[{id:"73407",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",fullName:"Hiroshi Yamada",slug:"hiroshi-yamada"}]},{id:"28097",title:"Characterization of the Cell Membrane During Cancer Transformation",slug:"characterization-of-the-cell-membrane-during-cancer-transformation",signatures:"Barbara Szachowicz-Petelska, Izabela Dobrzyńska, Stanisław Sulkowski and Zbigniew A. Figaszewski",authors:[{id:"78361",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Figaszewski",fullName:"Zbigniew Figaszewski",slug:"zbigniew-figaszewski"},{id:"78379",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Szachowicz-Petelska",fullName:"Barbara Szachowicz-Petelska",slug:"barbara-szachowicz-petelska"},{id:"78745",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzynska",fullName:"Izabela Dobrzynska",slug:"izabela-dobrzynska"},{id:"78746",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw",middleName:null,surname:"Sulkowski",fullName:"Stanislaw Sulkowski",slug:"stanislaw-sulkowski"}]},{id:"28098",title:"Emergent Concepts from the Intestinal Guanylyl Cyclase C Pathway",slug:"emergent-concepts-from-the-intestinal-guanylyl-cyclase-c-pathway",signatures:"Mehboob Ali and Giovanni M. Pitari",authors:[{id:"81321",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Pitari",fullName:"Giovanni Pitari",slug:"giovanni-pitari"}]},{id:"28099",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Lymphatic Metastasis",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-lymphatic-metastasis",signatures:"M.C. Langheinrich, V. Schellerer, K. Oeckl, M. Stürzl, E. Naschberger and R.S. Croner",authors:[{id:"81912",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland S",middleName:null,surname:"Croner",fullName:"Roland S Croner",slug:"roland-s-croner"}]},{id:"28100",title:"Modulation of Tumor Angiogenesis by a Host Anti-Tumor Response in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"modulation-of-tumor-angiogenesis-by-a-host-anti-tumor-response-in-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"N. Britzen-Laurent, V.S. Schellerer, R.S. Croner M. Stürzl1 and E. Naschberger",authors:[{id:"81912",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland S",middleName:null,surname:"Croner",fullName:"Roland S Croner",slug:"roland-s-croner"},{id:"75889",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Stürzl",fullName:"Michael Stürzl",slug:"michael-sturzl"},{id:"81886",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Naschberger",fullName:"Elisabeth Naschberger",slug:"elisabeth-naschberger"},{id:"81910",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Britzen-Laurent",fullName:"Nathalie Britzen-Laurent",slug:"nathalie-britzen-laurent"},{id:"81911",title:"Dr",name:"Vera",middleName:"S.",surname:"Schellerer",fullName:"Vera Schellerer",slug:"vera-schellerer"}]},{id:"28101",title:"Adaptive and Innate Immunity, Non Clonal Players in Colorectal Cancer Progression",slug:"adaptive-and-innate-immunity-non-clonal-players-in-colorectal-cancer-progression",signatures:"Lucia Fini, Fabio Grizzi and Luigi Laghi",authors:[{id:"72871",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Laghi",fullName:"Luigi Laghi",slug:"luigi-laghi"},{id:"135413",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Grizzi",fullName:"Fabio Grizzi",slug:"fabio-grizzi"},{id:"135414",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Fini",fullName:"Lucia Fini",slug:"lucia-fini"}]},{id:"28102",title:"The Role of Infectious Agents in Colorectal Carcinogenesis",slug:"the-role-of-infectious-agents-in-colorectal-carcinogenesis",signatures:"Hytham K.S. Hamid and Yassin M. Mustafa",authors:[{id:"72268",title:"Dr.",name:"Hytham",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",fullName:"Hytham Hamid",slug:"hytham-hamid"},{id:"151036",title:"Dr.",name:"Yassin M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",fullName:"Yassin M. Mustafa",slug:"yassin-m.-mustafa"}]},{id:"28103",title:"Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus Induce the Development of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"streptococcus-bovis-gallolyticus-induce-the-development-of-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"A.S. Abdulamir, R.R. Hafidh and F. Abu Bakar",authors:[{id:"78680",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulamir",fullName:"Ahmed Abdulamir",slug:"ahmed-abdulamir"},{id:"78690",title:"Dr.",name:"Rand",middleName:null,surname:"Hafidh",fullName:"Rand Hafidh",slug:"rand-hafidh"},{id:"78691",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:null,surname:"Abu Bakar",fullName:"Fatimah Abu Bakar",slug:"fatimah-abu-bakar"}]},{id:"28104",title:"Intestinal Host-Microbiome Interactions",slug:"intestinal-host-microbiome-interactions",signatures:"Harold Tjalsma and Annemarie Boleij",authors:[{id:"81488",title:"Dr.",name:"Harold",middleName:null,surname:"Tjalsma",fullName:"Harold Tjalsma",slug:"harold-tjalsma"},{id:"81495",title:"MSc",name:"Annemarie",middleName:null,surname:"Boleij",fullName:"Annemarie Boleij",slug:"annemarie-boleij"}]},{id:"28105",title:"Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Prognostic Factor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer After Radical Surgical Treatment",slug:"tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes-as-prognostic-factor-of-early-recurrence-and-poor-prognosis-of-colore",signatures:"Vaclav Liska, Ondrej Daum, Petr Novak, Vladislav Treska, Ondrej Vycital, Jan Bruha, Pavel Pitule and Lubos Holubec",authors:[{id:"69417",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Liska",fullName:"Vaclav Liska",slug:"vaclav-liska"}]},{id:"28106",title:"Fluorescent Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"fluorescent-biomarker-in-colorectal-cancer",signatures:"E. Kirilova, I. Kalnina, G. Kirilov and G. Gorbenko",authors:[{id:"70291",title:"Dr",name:"Inta",middleName:null,surname:"Kalnina",fullName:"Inta Kalnina",slug:"inta-kalnina"},{id:"126823",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kirilova",fullName:"Elena Kirilova",slug:"elena-kirilova"},{id:"126824",title:"Dr.",name:"G.",middleName:null,surname:"Gorbenko",fullName:"G. Gorbenko",slug:"g.-gorbenko"},{id:"128250",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgii",middleName:null,surname:"Kirilov",fullName:"Georgii Kirilov",slug:"georgii-kirilov"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3851",title:"Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:"Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Approaches to Early Detection and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"047e84bc385b452417fde8f3d96394be",slug:"pancreatic-cancer-insights-into-molecular-mechanisms-and-novel-approaches-to-early-detection-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Kelly McCall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69494",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly D.",surname:"McCall",slug:"kelly-d.-mccall",fullName:"Kelly D. McCall"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5394",title:"Updates in Liver Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a502cea22e6d113a70f609c947235665",slug:"updates-in-liver-cancer",bookSignature:"Hesham Mohamed Abdeldayem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",surname:"Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6341",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0980aba87ca523d4b6224cfa2d44beeb",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere and Ion Rogoveanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6341.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-streba",fullName:"Costin Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6626",title:"Gastric Cancer",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05109614e450de698cd6a6af930fc4f8",slug:"gastric-cancer-an-update",bookSignature:"Hajime Orita, Hiroshi Maekawa and Michael Gibson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6626.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83561",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Orita",slug:"hajime-orita",fullName:"Hajime Orita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6740",title:"Advances in Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"500360b038bf8561a30993b0ccb6de91",slug:"advances-in-pancreatic-cancer",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66160",title:"A Cooperative Game Using the P300 EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84621",slug:"a-cooperative-game-using-the-p300-eeg-based-brain-computer-interface",body:'
1. Introduction
A brain-computer interface (BCI) offers a noninvasive means of enabling a human to send messages and commands directly from his or her brain to a computer without moving, by wearing a simple scalp probe (a set of electrodes or sensors) [1, 2, 3, 4]. This noninvasive technology differs from invasive, surgical approaches that can cause irreversible damage to brain tissue.
In this paper, we present a BCI-based cooperative game, Brainio Bros 300. The BCI uses the P300 brain wave [5, 6, 7, 8, 9], a typical electrophysiological response to internal and external event-related potential (ERP) stimuli, measured using an EEG. The P300 wave has proven relatively easy to use for a variety of control-signaling purposes in much recent practical research.
When a human experiences interest in any kind of target, there is a measurable brain activity response. It is known that when a subject recognizes a specified photograph among a series of randomly presented photographs (i.e., the “ah!” response), P300 can be measured around the top of the head. Regardless of the type of stimulus (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc.), P300 appears around 300 ms after the stimulus, which makes it a very useful brain feature that can be used by healthy or handicapped people for controlling an external device or communicating with the environment in real time. Notable applications of a P300 BCI include previous engineering studies in which a locomotive robot [10] and wheelchair [11] were controlled. Some neuroscientific experimental studies have also been conducted using “brain painting” [12, 13] for patient rehabilitation. A P300 BCI has also been used with virtual reality spaces [14] and as an interface for Twitter and Second Life [15].
Simple BCI games can also be useful for helping a user to control his or her brain activity. Games controlled using EEG signals have been designed to improve the power and duration of concentration, increase the speed and accuracy of brain waves, and improve cognitive function [16]. BCI-based games appear in both medical- and entertainment-focused varieties. Medical applications include games that use a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) to improve the concentration power necessary to control a BCI [17]. Here, SSVEPs refer to the brain signals induced by using a pattern reversal stimulus (i.e., the use of a checkerboard pattern to stimulate vision) or a flash stimulus (i.e., the use of a flickering light source such as an LED to stimulate vision). Medical games to promote the speedy generation of BCI commands, thus improving the user experience, have also been developed [18]. In the entertainment realm, games have been developed using a number of signals, including P300, to play popular games such as Pong and Tetris and to control a dancing robot [19, 20, 21, 22]. Most such games depend on the player’s degree of concentration [22].
In this research, we developed Brainio Bros 300 as a game controlled cooperatively by two people using P300-generating color discrimination. The two users advance together through the game, one as the “player” and the other as the “supporter” providing assistance. The player controls the game character by using a keyboard’s arrow keys to navigate through a series of colored blocks, while the supporter removes blocks obstructing the player’s path by thinking of the appropriate color via the P300 BCI. By cooperating, the participants can reach the end of the game. We assumed that players would be able-bodied, while supporters could include people with severe disabilities.
2. Brainio Bros 300 cooperative game
This section describes the Brainio Bros 300 game, with the discussion divided into two parts: the P300 BCI used and the components and design of the cooperative game.
2.1 P300-based brain-computer interface
We used a new, portable wireless EEG cap called g.Unicorn EEG (g.tec medical engineering, Austria), as shown in Figure 1, for recording brain activity in real time. For our experimental paradigm, we adapted the P300 speller idea to our problem by using MATLAB/Simulink to develop the game-based BCI. Ten dry electrodes were used to record EEG signals at a sampling frequency of 256 Hz. The electrodes were placed according to the international 10–20 system, using the Fz (forehead), Cz (crown), P3, Pz, P4, PO7, Oz, and PO8 (all at the back of the head) locations, with references placed at A2 (earlobe) and Fz (forehead), as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1.
Calibration of the EEG experiment using the g.Unicorn EEG cap for a P300-based BCI.
Figure 2.
Electrode positions of the eight channels.
Before the cooperative game begins, the first user (designated as the “supporter”) had to put on the EEG cap and perform calibration for sending color commands. We developed a program enabling the user to calibrate six colors: red, blue, green, yellow, purple, and white. The six colors were randomly arranged into two rows of three, with each box flickering 30 times between a photograph of a human face and a color. The subject choses a color and counted in their head how many times that color was displayed. Because research results have indicated that flickering photographs of famous people increases calibration accuracy by increasing the amplitude of the P300 wave, we used images of widely recognizable people, such as Albert Einstein and President Donald Trump. The procedures of the calibration and game phases are detailed below:
Calibration phase
Select the colors to be used in calibration, as illustrated in Figure 3. For example, red, blue, green, and yellow can be displayed in order, as shown in the figure under “Item selections.”
Begin calibration.
The system directs the user to look at “red.”
The colors randomly flicker. The user mentally adds to the count every time he or she sees the color red. After red has flickered 30 times, the system is configured to stop.
The system records the speed of the response every time the color red was flashed and the EEG information.
This process continues three–five more times for all the other colors. Each color takes 20 s, for a total of around 2 min.
Game phase
As colors are randomly flashed on the screen, the user looks at the color he or she wants to select and mentally counts its flashes. We used 20 flashes for a balance between selection accuracy and enjoyability of the game.
The system guesses which color the user selected according to how the EEG changes. The EEG readings at these moments are measured, and the instants at which the low-frequency stimuli are displayed are averaged as the trigger.
Figure 3.
Calibration screen for our P300 experimental paradigm.
The information on the selected color was sent by a UDP broadcast on port 1000 and received by a Unity application. As seen in Figure 3, the selected colors were also shown under “Written text,” but this was not actually used in the game.
2.2 Brainio Bros 300 design
The Brainio Bros 300 cooperative game was developed in Unity 2018 and runs on the Windows 10 operating system. It is a game in the style of Nintendo’s Super Mario Bros., in which the player maneuvers a character through various obstacles to reach a goal flag and complete the stage. Along the way, the player encounters blocks that are too high to clear and points where it is impossible to pass, but the player and supporter work together to complete the game.
The game contains blocks of five colors: red, blue, green, yellow, and purple. Figure 4 illustrates a green block obstructing the player, preventing him or her from advancing. In such situation, the player communicates an instruction to the supporter (e.g., “green’s in the way” or “destroy green”), and the supporter then thinks of the color green. By doing so, the green block in the game can be destroyed, as shown in Figure 5. The game was designed so that it cannot be completed without the player and supporter cooperating.
Figure 4.
Obstructed by the green block.
Figure 5.
After destroying the green block.
Because the game would not be enjoyable with only one obstruction, multiple blocks of different colors are placed in one spot, as shown in Figure 4, requiring the player to consider which color to destroy. The game was also designed to offer multiple courses, allowing the player to choose his or her own course. For example, Figure 6 shows a case of two paths. If the red block is destroyed, the player can advance via the blue block, whereas if the blue block is destroyed, the player can jump onto the red block and continue onward.
Figure 6.
Start screen with two ways of advancing.
The game was designed to destroy (i.e., hide) only the one color currently recognized by the BCI, so that only one color could be destroyed at a time. For example, if a red block is first destroyed and then a green block, the game displays the destroyed red block again. Figure 7 shows a case of the player unable to advance with only a blue block displayed, while Figure 8 shows the result with the blue block destroyed, causing the red blocks to reappear. The game was designed as indicated by these images, so that, even though there are no blocks beyond the blue block, destroying the blue block causes the red blocks to reappear, allowing the player to advance.
Figure 7.
Unable to reach the blue block.
Figure 8.
Blue block destroyed, causing red blocks to reappear.
This system, with the combined limitations of using only five colors and allowing only one color to be destroyed at a time, gives the player manual control over which blocks are destroyed. Because an unintended color can be destroyed, it is possible to destroy the player character’s foothold. When the character falls, however, it returns to the start point, from where the player can continue the game.
The game also features obstacles in which blocks move horizontally or vertically. Such blocks were programmed in advance to behave as such in the game in advance. We included such features to prevent the game from becoming a monotonous experience for the users. A flag is beyond all the obstacles. When the character touches the flag, the game is completed.
3. Game experiment
For experiments using an EEG capable of measuring the P300 brain wave, it is extremely difficult at present to prepare an environment supporting easy calibration for many subjects. For example, even preparing only one EEG device capable of measuring P300 requires a considerable cost, and it takes time to perform the calibration. Therefore, this paper considers the possibilities of games for use with such a BCI by focusing on evaluating the Brainio Bros 300 game.
Specifically, we evaluated Brainio Bros 300 in terms of the user’s impression of the game and its usefulness. For our methodology, we used the Wizard of Oz (WOZ) approach. A WOZ system involves a user interacting with a person acting as a computer system (i.e., the “wizard”), allowing for effective simulation of a real system [23].
For Brainio Bros 300, although the supporter wore the EEG device, the game was actually controlled with a keyboard. We thus conducted an evaluation experiment with the supporter as a reference.
The experiment was conducted with 25 students at Future University Hakodate: 19 men and 6 women. Of these students, 12 were designated as supporters and 13 as players. The supporters consisted of 8 men and 4 women, while the players consisted of 11 men and 2 women. The average age of the whole group was 20.76 years, with average ages of 20.75 and 20.77 years for the supporter and player groups, respectively.
To use the WOZ approach, we created an experimental system using keyboard input to destroy blocks as a substitute for the P300 BCI component of Super Brainio Bros 300. In this system, pressing the “R,” “G,” “B,” “Y,” or “C” keys caused the red, green, blue, yellow, or purple blocks, respectively, to be destroyed. For the ease of distinguishing which key corresponded to which color, we applied a sticker of each color to its corresponding key.
We also created a post-experiment questionnaire to evaluate the users’ impressions and opinions of the usefulness of Super Brainio Bros 300. Table 1 lists the details of the questionnaire, which included questions using the semantic differential (SD) method, a five-point scale method, and free responses. For the five-point scale, the responses consisted of “strongly agree,” “agree,” “neither,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree.” The questions are listed with abbreviated forms in the table.
Table 1.
Questionnaire details.
Table 2 lists the details of each condition for the SD method and the reasons for its selection. Each condition showing a positive impression is filled in gray. On the questionnaire form, the positive and negative responses were distributed between the left and right sides as a counterbalancing measure. The SD method used a seven-stage evaluation, with responses consisting of “extremely” (positive or negative), “very” (positive or negative), “a little” (positive or negative), and “neither.”
Table 2.
Details of the conditions used for the SD method, together with the reasons for their use.
We also used a keyboard, display, notebook PC, desk, chair, and EEG headset as experimental materials, arranged as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Arrangement of the experimental materials.
We next describe the experimental procedure. The total experiment time was around 30 minutes. The first step was to gather all the subjects in a room and form them into pairs. The participants were instructed to pair with someone they did not know, where possible. As there was an odd number of participants, resulting in one excess player, a researcher acted as the supporter for that player and did not fill out a questionnaire. After pairing the participants, we explained the experiment to the whole group. This included explanations of the following: (1) an overview of the game (a game controlled by brain waves, requiring the player and supporter to cooperate to reach the goal), (2) the role of the player (to control the character by using the keyboard), (3) the role of the supporter (to assist the player by using brain waves), (4) the control method, and (5) an image of the game screen. The players were then taken into separate rooms containing the experimental materials. Each player was seated in the chair indicated by “Player’s chair” in Figure 9 and asked to wait until the supporter arrived.
After the players had been moved, we explained to the supporters that this experiment used the WOZ approach, that brain waves were not actually used, and that they would advance through the game by using the keyboard. The supporters were asked to wear the EEG headset and appear to the player as if they were controlling the game through brain waves. The supporters were then taken to the separate rooms in which the players were waiting, and each was seated in the “Supporter’s chair” shown in Figure 9. As soon as we had confirmed that the player and supporter were both seated, a brief explanation was once again provided to both of them. At this time, the participants were instructed to communicate regarding the color of the block when the player wanted a certain block cleared, when the supporter was trying to clear a block, and so on.
After this instruction, the participants began playing the game. After they had completed it, they returned to the room where the initial explanation had been provided, and they filled out the questionnaires. Once they had completed the questionnaires, the experiment was over. At this point, they were instructed not to reveal the details of the experiment.
Finally, we explain our analysis methods for the experimental data. For the SD method in which pairs of words were displayed side by side (e.g., easy vs. difficult) to assess the impression of the participants, they were asked to assign a score in the range of −3 and 3, with 0 representing “neither”, −3 representing “extremely leaning to the left word”, and 3 representing “extremely leaning to the right word”. We then compiled descriptive statistics and plotted a semantic profile.
Next, the five-point scale was tallied with “strongly agree” as 5 points, “agree” as 4 points, “neither” as 3 points, “disagree” as 2 points, and “strongly disagree” as 1 point. After compiling descriptive statistics for this data, we performed a chi-square test.
Finally, for the free responses, we counted experiences and keywords shared among participants and collected them into overall viewpoints. We also collected strongly held minority opinions as necessary.
4. Results
Table 3 and Figure 10 give the results of the SD method. Table 3 lists the average for each question for each participant role, as well as the difference between the groups. The fields shown in gray indicate a response that implies a positive impression. The left/right distribution of the response fields is the same as on the questionnaire sheet provided to the participants. Averages and average differences with an absolute value greater than 1 are also shown in gray. We also conducted semantic profiling based on the results, as shown in Figure 10.
Table 3.
SD method results.
Figure 10.
Semantic profile of the SD method.
From the group differences indicated by this table and graph, we observed no great differences between the impressions of the supporters and players. The average values in gray show that “substantial,” “cooperative,” “enjoyable,” “happy,” “cute,” “friendly,” and “lively” were evaluated highly by both players and supporters, with “cooperative” evaluated particularly highly. Moreover, the players highly evaluated “satisfying” and “new.”
Because all the data fell within one standard deviation, we could conclude that it was a good set of low-variance data. In the grayed averages, we also see that both supporters and players rated “Was it interesting?” and “Interacting with a child” highly. Players alone rated “Game design” and “Would recommend” highly.
Table 4 and Figure 11 show the five-point scale responses, organized by the participants’ roles, in terms of averages and standard deviations (Table 4) and percentages (Figure 11). Table 4 shows averages greater than 4 in gray. In addition, Table 5 lists the sums of the percentages of “strongly agree” and “agree” responses to each question, as well as the results of the chi-square test. The percentages in gray indicate values above 80%, while the statistical significances in gray indicate a significant statistic at the 5% significance level. The analysis shows that “Would you recommend it?” had a significant result at the 5% level, while the results of the remaining six questions were significant at a significance level of 10%.
Table 4.
Averages and standard deviations for the five-point scale method.
Figure 11.
Percentage results for the five-point scale method.
Table 5.
Percentage sums of the players’ “strongly agree” and “agree” responses and chi-square test results.
Finally, we will discuss the participants’ free responses, including particularly common responses and useful minority opinions. First, out of the people who responded that “it was interesting”, 9 out of the 12 supporters and 8 out of the 13 players gave “cooperative play” as a reason.
For “Other future uses,” 6 out of 12 supporters offered “use as an icebreaker” as a response, as did 4 out of 13 players. In addition, notable minority opinions included “use in brain training,” “communication with foreigners,” and “prevention of dementia in the elderly.”
As for “Points for improvement,” 2 out of 12 supporters mentioned the addition of more complex features and the ability to actually play using brain waves. Of the 13 players, 2 mentioned the ability to use items and the appearance of enemies in the game as points for improvement. Additionally, one minority opinion suggested the capability of the player, too, to use brain waves to control the game.
Finally, for “Any other opinions or feelings,” many supporters and players mentioned that the game was interesting and fun.
5. Discussion
We conducted an impression evaluation of the Brainio Bros 300 cooperative game and its usefulness. First, the results of the SD method showed that the players evaluated the game as “full,” “cooperative,” “enjoyable,” “happy,” “cute,” “friendly,” “lively,” “satisfying,” and “new,” with “cooperative” evaluated particularly highly. On the five-point scale, the game was evaluated highly in terms of both the players’ average values and the combined percentages of “strongly agree” and “agree” for the questions of “Interesting,” “Communicating with a child,” “Game design,” and “Would recommend,” with “Would recommend” showing a particularly strong correlation. Finally, the opinion that the cooperative aspect of play was interesting was particularly widely expressed in the free responses.
One of the biggest advantages of Brainio Bros 300 is the capability for the player, who does not have to wear an EEG cap, to play together with the supporter, who does wear an EEG cap. We believe that playing cooperative games using a P300 BCI could be of significant benefit to people with major disabilities such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), enabling them to play with able-bodied children, family members, and friends, thus deepening connections and communication.
The use of a P300 BCI is an easy-to-measure, noninvasive method. It can also be controlled with a high degree of accuracy without the need for detailed user training in advance. Training the P300 BCI command categories does not take a great deal of time. Most patients, including almost all able-bodied people and even people with severe paralysis, can use a P300 BCI. It also offers a goal-oriented control signal that is particularly suited to situations that do not require a continuous control signal.
On the other hand, one of the game’s limitations is as follows. The P300 BCI is one of the fastest of the currently usable BCIs, but it is still very slow compared to normal input devices such as mice and game controllers. In the current Brainio Bros 300 system, the player must wait for the colors to flash before having the supporter select a color.
With the development of a decoding algorithm that could detect the P300 brain wave to a high degree of accuracy after only one attempt, a command could be sent to the game every second. The results could then be adjusted according to feedback following categorization. For example, in the event of a mistaken command, the response time could be minimized by testing the supporter again. This should also allow the result to be checked once per second. Although Brainio Bros P300 is a game in which players and supporters cooperate, it takes time for a supporter to erase blocks by using P300 control as compared to standard games. Moreover, as it is a game in which two people cooperate, it differs from a competitive game based on speed. For this reason, a player and a supporter must play together and possibly become friends.
We believe that, in the future, if it is possible to reduce the number of flashes while maintaining the current level of accuracy and to increase the number of commands (controllable dimensions), this type of game would be usable in the real world and present an extremely promising interface.
Some problems with using a P300 BCI are that real-time P300 detection can sometimes be inaccurate, as it is easily affected by a number of human sensory phenomena such as attentional blinking, repetition blindness, and change blindness [24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. It is also possible for motivation to impact BCI performance [29], causing the EEG signal pattern to change according to the attention level, fatigue, state of mind, learning, and unsteadiness [1]. A P300 BCI might also not be an effective method for people who cannot control their line of sight [30]. It is thus important to work carefully, given the potential impacts of participants’ state of mind and attention to the problem.
6. Conclusion
In this BCI-based game research, we developed a real-time game, Brainio Bros 300, a cooperative game using a P300 BCI to facilitate two users (a player, who controls the character in the game and does not wear an EEG cap, and a supporter, who uses his or her brain activity to communicate) working together to achieve one goal. We evaluated participants’ impressions of the game and its usefulness and considered the viability of the P300 BCI interface.
In the future, we would like to use noninvasive measurement to investigate more deeply the brain mechanism during a cooperative video game.
Acknowledgments
This research was a first place winner, IEEE Brain Winner, and BR41N.IO SfN Winner at the IEEE SMC2018 BCI Hackathon. On receipt of these awards, we would like to express our gratitude to g.tec and to all the organizers, as well as all the students, who assisted with our experiment.
\n',keywords:"P300, brain computer interface, EEG, cooperative game, game for people with major disabilities, game design",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66160.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66160.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66160",totalDownloads:1053,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:5,dateSubmitted:"October 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"January 22nd 2019",datePrePublished:"April 18th 2019",datePublished:"December 4th 2019",dateFinished:"March 14th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In this paper, we present a cooperative game, Brainio Bros 300, using a brain-computer interface (BCI). The game is cooperatively controlled by two people using P300-generating color discrimination. The two users advance through the game together, one as the “player” and the other as the “supporter” providing assistance. We assumed that players would be able-bodied, while supporters would include people with severe disabilities. Through experiments using human subjects, we evaluated the subjects’ impressions of the game and its usefulness. The results of the impression evaluation showed that the subjects generally had good impressions, and there were many opinions that such cooperative games are interesting. We also discuss the possibilities of using the P300 BCI.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66160",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66160",signatures:"Kaoru Sumi, Keigo Yabuki, Thomas James Tiam-Lee, Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem, Quentin Ferre, Shogo Hirai and Teruto Endo",book:{id:"7701",type:"book",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78923-884-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-883-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-526-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"281030",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaoru",middleName:null,surname:"Sumi",fullName:"Kaoru Sumi",slug:"kaoru-sumi",email:"kaoru.sumi@acm.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"290439",title:"Mr.",name:"Keigo",middleName:null,surname:"Yabuki",fullName:"Keigo Yabuki",slug:"keigo-yabuki",email:"g2117050@fun.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"290440",title:"Mr.",name:"Thomas James",middleName:null,surname:"Tiam-Lee",fullName:"Thomas James Tiam-Lee",slug:"thomas-james-tiam-lee",email:"g3117002@fun.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"290441",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelkader Nasreddine",middleName:null,surname:"Belkacem",fullName:"Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem",slug:"abdelkader-nasreddine-belkacem",email:"belkacem011@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"290442",title:"Mr.",name:"Quentin",middleName:null,surname:"Ferre",fullName:"Quentin Ferre",slug:"quentin-ferre",email:"quentin.ferre@outlook.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"290443",title:"Mr.",name:"Shogo",middleName:null,surname:"Hirai",fullName:"Shogo Hirai",slug:"shogo-hirai",email:"g2117041@fun.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"290444",title:"Mr.",name:"Teruto",middleName:null,surname:"Endo",fullName:"Teruto Endo",slug:"teruto-endo",email:"s1612216@st.tohtech.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Brainio Bros 300 cooperative game",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 P300-based brain-computer interface",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Brainio Bros 300 design",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Game experiment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Wolpaw J, Birbaumer N, McFarland D, Pfurtscheller G, Vaughan T. Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002;113:767-791'},{id:"B2",body:'Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA. Enhancing nervous system recovery through neurobiologics, neural interface training, and neurorehabilitation. Neuroprosthetics. 2016;10:584. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00584. PMC 5186786. PMID 28082858'},{id:"B3",body:'Vidal JJ. Toward direct brain-computer communication. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering. 1973;2(1):157-180. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105. PMID 4583653'},{id:"B4",body:'Vidal J. Real-time detection of brain events in EEG. IEEE Proceedings. 1977;65(5):633-641. DOI: 10.1109/PROC.1977.10542'},{id:"B5",body:'Piccione F, Giorgi F, Tonin P, et al. P300-based brain computer interface: Reliability and performance in healthy and paralysed participants. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2006;117(3):531-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.07.024. PMID 16458069'},{id:"B6",body:'Donchin E, Spencer KM, Wijesinghe R. The mental prosthesis: Assessing the speed of a P300-based brain–computer interface. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. 2000;8(2):174-179. DOI: 10.1109/86.847808'},{id:"B7",body:'Nijboer F, Sellers EW, Mellinger J, et al. A P300-based brain–computer interface for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2008;119:1909-1916. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.034. PMC 2853977. PMID 18571984'},{id:"B8",body:'Sutton S, Tueting P, Zubin J, John E. Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential. Science. 1967;155:1436-1439'},{id:"B9",body:'Farwell L, Donchin E. Talking off the top of your head: Toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1988;70:510-523'},{id:"B10",body:'Bell CJ, Shenoy P, Chalodhorn R, Rao RPN. Control of a humanoid robot by a noninvasive brain-computer interface in humans. Journal of Neural Engineering. 2008;5:214'},{id:"B11",body:'Iturrate I, Antelis JM, Kubler A, Minguez J. A noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair based on a P300 neurophysiological protocol and automated navigation. IEEE Education Society. 2009;25:614-627'},{id:"B12",body:'Kübler A, Halder S, Furdea A, Hösle A. Brain painting—BCI meets art. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Brain-Computer Interface Workshop and Training Course. Graz: University of Graz; 2008. pp. 361-366'},{id:"B13",body:'Muenssinger JI, Halder S, Kleih SC, Furdea A, Raco V, Hoesle A, et al. Frontiers: Brain painting: First evaluation of a new brain-computer interface application with ALS-patients and healthy volunteers. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2010;4. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00182'},{id:"B14",body:'Edlinger G, Holzner C, Groenegress C, Guger C, Slater M. Goal-oriented control with brain-computer interface. Found. Augmented Cogn. Neuroergon. Oper. Neurosci. 5638:732-740'},{id:"B15",body:'Edlinger G, Guger C. Social environments, mixed communication and goal-oriented control application using a brain-computer interface. Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Users Diversity. 2011;6766:545-554'},{id:"B16",body:'Wolpaw JR, Wolpaw EW. Brain-Computer Interface: Principles and Practice. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press; 2012'},{id:"B17",body:'Lalor EC, Kelly SP, Finucane C, et al. Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment. Eurasip Journal on Applied Signal Processing. 2005, 2005;(19):3156-3164'},{id:"B18",body:'Marshall D, Coyle D, Wilson S, Callaghan M. Games, gameplay, and BCI: The state of the art. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games. 2013;5(2):82-99'},{id:"B19",body:'Finke A, Lenhardt A, Ritter H. The mindgame: A P300-based brain-computer interface game. Neural Networks. 2009;22(9):1329-1333'},{id:"B20",body:'Tangermann M, Krauledat M, Grzeska K, et al. Playing pinball with non-invasive BCI. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2009;21:1641-1648'},{id:"B21",body:'Wang Q, Sourina O, Nguyen MK. Fractal dimension based neurofeedback in serious games. The Visual Computer. 2011;27(4):299-309'},{id:"B22",body:'Kaufmann T, Schulz S, Grünzinger C, Kübler A. Flashing characters with famous faces improves ERP-based brain-computer interface performance. Journal of Neural Engineering. 2011;8:056016. DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/5/056016'},{id:"B23",body:'Bella M, Hanington B. Universal Methods of Design. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers; 2012. p. 204'},{id:"B24",body:'Fazel-Rezai R. Human error in P300 speller paradigm for brain-computer interface. In: The 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Lyon: IEEE EMBS; 2007. pp. 2516-2519'},{id:"B25",body:'Fazel-Rezai R. P300-based speller brain-computer interface. In: Naik GR, editor. Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering. Austria: IN-TECH; 2009. pp. 137-148'},{id:"B26",body:'Citi L, Poli R, Cinel C, Sepulveda F. P300-based BCI mouse with genetically-optimized analogue control. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2008;16:51-61'},{id:"B27",body:'Jin J, Horki P, Brunner C, Wang X, Neuper C, Pfurtscheller G. A new P300 stimulus presentation pattern for EEG-based spelling systems. Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical Engineering. 2010;55:203-210'},{id:"B28",body:'Townsend G, Lapallo B, Boulay C, Krusienski D, Frye G, Hauser C, et al. A novel P300-based brain-computer interface stimulus presentation paradigm: Moving beyond rows and columns. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010;121:1109-1120'},{id:"B29",body:'Kleih S, Kaufmann T, Zickler C, Halder S, Leotta F, Cincotti F, et al. Out of the frying pan into the fire—The P300 based BCI faces real world challenges. Progress in Brain Research. 2012;194:27-46'},{id:"B30",body:'Brunner P, Joshi S, Briskin S, Wolpaw J, Bischof H, Schalk G. Does the ‘P300’ speller depend on eye gaze? Journal of Neural Engineering. 2010;7:056013'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Kaoru Sumi",address:"kaoru.sumi@acm.org",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7701",type:"book",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78923-884-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-883-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-526-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"297513",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Mariotti",email:"nicole.mariotti@unito.it",fullName:"Nicole Mariotti",slug:"nicole-mariotti",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"68297",title:"Emerging Photovoltaic Technologies and Eco-Design—Criticisms and Potential Improvements",slug:"emerging-photovoltaic-technologies-and-eco-design-criticisms-and-potential-improvements",abstract:"An efficient waste management for emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies is not mature yet. The problematic aspects along with the possible failure’s identification have a pivotal role in modelling the future end-of-life management strategies. The identification of substances of concern (e.g. high cost, low availability, and high toxicity) and valuable materials is a key point to better define the research priorities to improve the eco-design of these technologies. The ultimate goal is to promote the disposal processes which enhance the repair, refurbishment, and recover opportunities and so the profitability of recycling. These studies can also prompt the investigation of innovative materials which are more cost-effective and/or coming from renewable resources or secondary raw materials. Forecasting the waste management technologies for the emerging photovoltaics is highly challenging. In this context, our purpose is to provide an overview of the critical elements and understand the appropriate corrective improvements towards more sustainable technologies.",signatures:"Nicole Mariotti, Matteo Bonomo and Claudia Barolo",authors:[{id:"196427",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Barolo",fullName:"Claudia Barolo",slug:"claudia-barolo",email:"claudia.barolo@unito.it"},{id:"297513",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicole",surname:"Mariotti",fullName:"Nicole Mariotti",slug:"nicole-mariotti",email:"nicole.mariotti@unito.it"},{id:"306941",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Bonomo",fullName:"Matteo Bonomo",slug:"matteo-bonomo",email:"matteo.bonomo@unito.it"}],book:{id:"8919",title:"Reliability and Ecological Aspects of Photovoltaic Modules",slug:"reliability-and-ecological-aspects-of-photovoltaic-modules",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"192759",title:"Dr.",name:"Hervé Joël",surname:"Tchognia Nkuissi",slug:"herve-joel-tchognia-nkuissi",fullName:"Hervé Joël Tchognia Nkuissi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192759/images/11592_n.jpg",biography:"Hervé J. Tchognia Nkuissi received his Ph.D. in Materials Science at the University of Yaoundé I in Cameroon in 2016 after completing his Ph.D. studies at the Hassan II University of Casablanca in Morocco thanks to the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) doctoral mobility scholarship. He worked on the synthesis and the characterization of inorganic materials for solar energy conversion. Between September 2020 and November 2021, he carried out his postdoctoral studies at the Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Imagérie et de l’Informatique (ICUBE), University of Strasbourg (France) on Organic photovoltaics within the framework of the Franco-German “Make Our Planet Great Again (MOPGA)” research initiative. The goal was replacing the usual fullerene acceptor derivative (PC71BM) by non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) and blending them with several electron-donor polymers to reach a 15% Power Conversion Efficiency and to approach a device lifetime of 15 years. His works have been the subject of more than twenty scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals including a book and 2 chapter books and have been presented in many international conferences in Europe, Africa and, online. In 2013, he has been awarded best PhD student oral contribution prize during the regional workshop on Materials Science for Solar Energy Conversion, Cape Town, South Africa. Currently, he is Assistant Professor at the School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of Ngaoundéré (Cameroon). His main research field is the design of semiconducting materials for photovoltaic applications, the fabrication of OPVs and OFETs, the numerical simulations of solar cells, Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of photovoltaic materials… \nEmail: hervetchognia@gmail.com",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ngaoundéré",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"196427",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Barolo",slug:"claudia-barolo",fullName:"Claudia Barolo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"292274",title:"Dr.",name:"Rüştü",surname:"Eke",slug:"rustu-eke",fullName:"Rüştü Eke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"295602",title:"Dr.",name:"Fransisco",surname:"Konan",slug:"fransisco-konan",fullName:"Fransisco Konan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"295603",title:"Prof.",name:"Bouchaib",surname:"Hartiti",slug:"bouchaib-hartiti",fullName:"Bouchaib Hartiti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"297256",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",surname:"Kharseh",slug:"mohamad-kharseh",fullName:"Mohamad Kharseh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297256/images/8358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chalmers University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},{id:"297319",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurentiu",surname:"Fara",slug:"laurentiu-fara",fullName:"Laurentiu Fara",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"297321",title:"Mr.",name:"Dan",surname:"Craciunescu",slug:"dan-craciunescu",fullName:"Dan Craciunescu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"298383",title:"Prof.",name:"Holger",surname:"Wallbaum",slug:"holger-wallbaum",fullName:"Holger Wallbaum",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"302650",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Marie",surname:"Ndjaka",slug:"jean-marie-ndjaka",fullName:"Jean-Marie Ndjaka",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17575}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12563},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11930",title:"Reliability-Based Design in Structure and Geotechnical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63cb9ce2478d12b0649b47deaab8ab56",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Faham Tahmasebinia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11930.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11892",title:"Facial Nerve Palsy - A Practitioner’s Guide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3022a85c51fe3ba1d2cc2a5de4e66072",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Pratap Sanchetee, Dr. Kirti Sachdev and Dr. Rajeswari R.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11892.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206518",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratap",surname:"Sanchetee",slug:"pratap-sanchetee",fullName:"Pratap Sanchetee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11935",title:"Oil Spills",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ef4f1400c5e99e53d93847aaf92216b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11935.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof.Dr. Maged",surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11998",title:"Biocomposites - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8bc7ffd7544fff1901301c787e64fada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11998.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc4022af925c0883636e0819008971ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Premlata Kumari and Dr. Amit Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177041",title:"Dr.",name:"Premlata",surname:"Kumari",slug:"premlata-kumari",fullName:"Premlata Kumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11520",title:"Direct Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11921",title:"Web Development for User Interface, Data Visualization, and Visual Analytics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"03f436c075bce593edf126475e69a478",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tommy Dang and Dr. Vung Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"335450",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",surname:"Dang",slug:"tommy-dang",fullName:"Tommy Dang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12196",title:"Sepsis - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3590e6f6047122bd96d1d57da29c4054",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lixing Huang, Dr. Youyu Zhang and Dr. Lingbin Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12196.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:128},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:435},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1006",title:"Overdiagnosis",slug:"overdiagnosis",parent:{id:"176",title:"Diagnostics",slug:"diagnostics"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:52,numberOfWosCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1006",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"4550",title:"Mammography Techniques and Review",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5c55c2a96540e859bc4223517f8e0b9",slug:"mammography-techniques-and-review",bookSignature:"Fabiano Cavalcanti Fernandes, Lourdes Mattos Brasil and Renato da Veiga Guadagnin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82912",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiano",middleName:"Cavalcanti",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"fabiano-fernandes",fullName:"Fabiano Fernandes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2103",title:"Mammography",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb582e03f42f22ea5c9c452147b9fd42",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Nachiko Uchiyama and Marcelo Zanchetta do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2103.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82546",title:"Dr.",name:"Nachiko",middleName:null,surname:"Uchiyama",slug:"nachiko-uchiyama",fullName:"Nachiko Uchiyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"31631",doi:"10.5772/31176",title:"Effects of Health Belief and Cancer Fatalism on the Practice of Breast Cancer Screening Among Nigerian Women",slug:"effects-of-health-belief-and-cancer-fatalism-on-the-practice-of-breast-cancer-screening-among-nigeri",totalDownloads:3896,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Adenike Akhigbe and Kingsley Akhigbe",authors:[{id:"85924",title:"Dr.",name:"Adenike",middleName:null,surname:"Akhigbe",slug:"adenike-akhigbe",fullName:"Adenike Akhigbe"},{id:"93231",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",middleName:"Oalei",surname:"Akhigbe",slug:"kingsley-akhigbe",fullName:"Kingsley Akhigbe"}]},{id:"31639",doi:"10.5772/30519",title:"MIDAS – Mammographic Image Database for Automated Analysis",slug:"midas-mammographic-image-database-for-automated-analysis",totalDownloads:3468,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Fabiano Fernandes, Rodrigo Bonifácio, Lourdes Brasil, Renato Guadagnin and Janice Lamas",authors:[{id:"82912",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiano",middleName:"Cavalcanti",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"fabiano-fernandes",fullName:"Fabiano Fernandes"},{id:"91703",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Brasil",slug:"lourdes-brasil",fullName:"Lourdes Brasil"},{id:"91704",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagnin",slug:"renato-guadagnin",fullName:"Renato Guadagnin"},{id:"91705",title:"Dr.",name:"Janice",middleName:null,surname:"Lamas",slug:"janice-lamas",fullName:"Janice Lamas"},{id:"92993",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Bonifacio",slug:"rodrigo-bonifacio",fullName:"Rodrigo Bonifacio"}]},{id:"31628",doi:"10.5772/31292",title:"Choice, Trust and Risk - The Policy Context and Mammography Screening",slug:"choice-trust-and-risk-the-policy-context-and-mammography-screening",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Karen Willis",authors:[{id:"86457",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Willis",slug:"karen-willis",fullName:"Karen Willis"}]},{id:"31642",doi:"10.5772/32912",title:"Metrological Assessment of a CAD System for the Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Digital Mammography",slug:"metrological-assessment-of-a-cad-system-for-the-early-diagnosis-of-breast-cancer-in-digital-mammogra",totalDownloads:1656,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Arianna Mencattini and Marcello Salmeri",authors:[{id:"93181",title:"Prof.",name:"Arianna",middleName:null,surname:"Mencattini",slug:"arianna-mencattini",fullName:"Arianna Mencattini"},{id:"93183",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Salmeri",slug:"marcello-salmeri",fullName:"Marcello Salmeri"}]},{id:"31643",doi:"10.5772/32945",title:"Computerized Image Analysis of Mammographic Microcalcifications: Diagnosis and Prognosis",slug:"computerized-image-analysis-of-mammographic-microcalcifications-diagnosis-and-prognosis",totalDownloads:1992,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Anna N. Karahaliou, Nikolaos S. Arikidis, Spyros G. Skiadopoulos, George S. Panayiotakis and Lena I. Costaridou",authors:[{id:"93311",title:"Prof.",name:"Lena",middleName:null,surname:"Costaridou",slug:"lena-costaridou",fullName:"Lena Costaridou"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"47912",title:"Ultrasound Axillary Imaging",slug:"ultrasound-axillary-imaging",totalDownloads:2957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"4550",slug:"mammography-techniques-and-review",title:"Mammography Techniques and Review",fullTitle:"Mammography Techniques and Review"},signatures:"Nastasia Serban",authors:[{id:"84055",title:"Dr.",name:"Serban",middleName:null,surname:"Nastasia",slug:"serban-nastasia",fullName:"Serban Nastasia"}]},{id:"48328",title:"Aid System to Evaluation of Breast Calcification by Case-Based Reasoning According to BI-RADS Category",slug:"aid-system-to-evaluation-of-breast-calcification-by-case-based-reasoning-according-to-bi-rads-catego",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"4550",slug:"mammography-techniques-and-review",title:"Mammography Techniques and Review",fullTitle:"Mammography Techniques and Review"},signatures:"Fatima G.G. Elpidio, Lourdes M. Brasil and Janice M. Lamas",authors:[{id:"91703",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Brasil",slug:"lourdes-brasil",fullName:"Lourdes Brasil"},{id:"173358",title:"M.D.",name:"Fátima",middleName:null,surname:"Elpidio",slug:"fatima-elpidio",fullName:"Fátima Elpidio"}]},{id:"31646",title:"Fat Necrosis",slug:"fat-necrosis",totalDownloads:10870,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Sergi Ganau, Lidia Tortajada, Fernanda Escribano, F. Javier Andreu and Melcior Sentís",authors:[{id:"83214",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergi",middleName:null,surname:"Ganau",slug:"sergi-ganau",fullName:"Sergi Ganau"}]},{id:"48348",title:"An Electrical Impedance Mammographic Scheme — Norms and Pathology",slug:"an-electrical-impedance-mammographic-scheme-norms-and-pathology",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"4550",slug:"mammography-techniques-and-review",title:"Mammography Techniques and Review",fullTitle:"Mammography Techniques and Review"},signatures:"Alexander Karpov, Andrey Kolobanov and Marina Korotkova",authors:[{id:"172504",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Karpov",slug:"alexander-karpov",fullName:"Alexander Karpov"}]},{id:"31628",title:"Choice, Trust and Risk - The Policy Context and Mammography Screening",slug:"choice-trust-and-risk-the-policy-context-and-mammography-screening",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"2103",slug:"mammography-recent-advances",title:"Mammography",fullTitle:"Mammography - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Karen Willis",authors:[{id:"86457",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Willis",slug:"karen-willis",fullName:"Karen Willis"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1006",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 26th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80388",title:"Social Resilience in Local Food Systems: A Foundation for Food Security during a Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101998",signatures:"Tanya Zerbian, Mags Adams and Neil Wilson",slug:"social-resilience-in-local-food-systems-a-foundation-for-food-security-during-a-crisis",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80098",title:"Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality. A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101742",signatures:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",slug:"bundling-weather-index-insurance-with-microfinance-trekking-the-long-road-between-expectations-and-r",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:12,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80484",title:"The Use of Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) to Study Ivermectin-Mediated Molecular Pathway Changes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102092",signatures:"Na Li and Xianquan Zhan",slug:"the-use-of-stable-isotope-labeling-with-amino-acids-in-cell-culture-silac-to-study-ivermectin-mediat",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79031",title:"Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, Functional Assays and Long-Term Culture Associated Alterations of Cellular Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100286",signatures:"Chenghai Li",slug:"isolation-and-expansion-of-mesenchymal-stem-stromal-cells-functional-assays-and-long-term-culture-as",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78960",title:"Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100382",signatures:"Sangeeta Ballav, Ankita Jaywant Deshmukh, Shafina Siddiqui, Jyotirmoi Aich and Soumya Basu",slug:"two-dimensional-and-three-dimensional-cell-culture-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78812",title:"Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99146",signatures:"Harikrishnareddy Rachamalla, Anubhab Mukherjee and Manash K. Paul",slug:"nanotechnology-application-and-intellectual-property-right-prospects-of-mammalian-cell-culture",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78274",title:"A Brief Concept of Cell Culture: Challenges, Prospects and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99387",signatures:"Md. Salauddin",slug:"a-brief-concept-of-cell-culture-challenges-prospects-and-applications",totalDownloads:179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:190,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",annualVolume:11968,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",annualVolume:11969,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMsbQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-21T09:31:55.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"300124",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Shahady",fullName:"Thomas Shahady",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002kuIgmQAE/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:32:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lynchburg College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/297513",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"297513"},fullPath:"/profiles/297513",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()