\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"17",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Herbicides and Environment",title:"Herbicides and Environment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Herbicides are much more than just weed killers. They may exhibit beneficial or adverse effects on other organisms. Given their toxicological, environmental but also agricultural relevance, herbicides are an interesting field of activity not only for scientists working in the field of agriculture. It seems that the investigation of herbicide-induced effects on weeds, crop plants, ecosystems, microorganisms, and higher organism requires a multidisciplinary approach. Some important aspects regarding the multisided impacts of herbicides on the living world are highlighted in this book. I am sure that the readers will find a lot of helpful information, even if they are only slightly interested in the topic.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-476-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4531-8",doi:"10.5772/550",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"herbicides-and-environment",numberOfPages:762,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Andreas Kortekamp",publishedDate:"January 8th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/17.jpg",numberOfDownloads:131889,numberOfWosCitations:255,numberOfCrossrefCitations:47,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:249,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:16,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:551,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 9th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 9th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 8th 2010",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"14108",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Kortekamp",slug:"andreas-kortekamp",fullName:"Andreas Kortekamp",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14108/images/2370_n.jpg",biography:"Curriculum vitae\n\nAndreas Kortekamp, PhD, was born in 1970 in Germany. After the first education steps and civilian service, he studied biology at the University of Karlsruhe and got his PhD in natural sciences in 2001. He has worked as a visiting scientist at the University of Kaiserslautern, University of Halle, and at the Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated plants (now Julius-Kühn-Institute) during his postdoctoral studies, and as assistant professor at the University of Hohenheim. \nSince 2009 Dr. Kortekamp is the head of the mycology and bacteriology department at the State Service Center Rheinpfalz for Research, Teaching and Consulting in Viticulture, Horticulture and Rural Development. He has served on the editorial board and as a reviewer of several international journals and is a member in several national and international scientific societies. Dr. Kortekamp teaches biochemistry, plant pathology, and viticulture at the graduate level. He is mainly interested in plant diseases, especially diseases of grapevine, mycology, microbiology, plant physiology, and in the effect of agrochemicals on crop plants.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"842",title:"Biodiversity",slug:"biodiversity"}],chapters:[{id:"12580",title:"Herbicides: the Face and the Reverse of the Coin. 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Due to its low complexity, small physical size, low manufacturing cost, low interference and high time-domain resolution, it is widely used in communication systems, microwave imaging, remote sensing and radar.
In 2012, federal communications commission (FCC) has allocated 7.5 GHz-wide frequency band that ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for UWB applications [4]. In UWB systems, antennas can be considered as the key component that affects the system performance. The performance and quality of UWB antennas are mostly analyzed in the frequency domain. For narrow-band systems, traditional frequency domain parameters (such as gain, group delay time, etc.) are enough to assess the performance of the antenna. However, in the ultra-wideband applications, these parameters are not sufficient to demonstrate the performance of the antenna. Besides frequency domain analysis, a time-domain analysis is required to characterize the transient behavior of UWB antennas for pulsed operations [5]. The antenna’s transient response is the quantity for the characterization of the signal distortion and correlation of the radiated pulse in the time domain [6, 7]. The time-dispersion characteristic of the antenna is one of the most important factors that should be considered in ultra-wideband applications since antennas with smaller time dispersion will have a better energy-focusing property and anti-interference performance. Antenna with larger dispersion leads to a less stable phase center and increases the interference in UWB communications based on pulse radio [8]. Consequently, this will result in time spreading of pulses and make signal transmission less predictable and less reliable in sensor system. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the antenna and radio propagation performance. This analysis should be performed not only in the main beam direction of the antenna but also in an arbitrary angular direction. By calculating the correlation between the transmitted signal and radiated signal in an arbitrary angular direction, the angular region where the pulse is preserved can be determined.
In order to radiate a short pulse with low distortion, the antenna needs to efficiently operate over a broad bandwidth and be non-dispersive, with a stable phase center at all frequencies. One of the most widely employed solutions for broadband planar, directive antenna is tapered slot antenna. With its relatively small physical size, low cost, easy integration with the circuit board and almost stable radiation properties within its band, exponentially tapered slot antenna, which is also known as Vivaldi antenna, became a good candidate for UWB communication, radar and microwave imaging applications [9, 10]. Recent works have aimed to increase its radiation performance by physically modifying its structure. A parasitic elliptical patch is inserted in the slot aperture for radiation stability and directivity improvement at high frequencies [11]. In [12], to reduce side- and back-lobe levels, extend the bandwidth and increase the main lobe gain, an exponential slot edge is added to the structure. In [13], a double slot structure is proposed in the Vivaldi antenna, to enhance the directivity and radiation performance, whereas double antipodal structure having corrugated edges and the semicircle director is presented in [14] for the same purpose. Vivaldi antenna is modified by incorporating corrugations on the edges of the exponential tapered slots and periodic grating elements consisting of metallic strips on the slot area in [15] to increase gain, especially at the lower end of the frequency band.
Time-domain characteristics of standard Vivaldi antennas are investigated and proved to be weakly dispersive in [16]. In [17], the time-domain radiation properties of the Vivaldi antenna are analyzed with angular dependence with respect to the signal transmitted at the main beam direction. In literature, time-domain characteristics of the modified Vivaldi antennas are not considered so far. With this work, effects of the physical modification on the Vivaldi structure will be observed in the time domain. If the modifications made to improve frequency-domain parameters would benefit time-domain parameters, they will be investigated, and potentials of these antennas to be used as basic element for non-distorted radiated link are discussed.
Pulse-preserving capabilities of modified Vivaldi antennas given in Figure 1 are measured in terms of two parameters: the pulse width extension and the fidelity factor. In addition, the results are compared with that of the standard Vivaldi antennas. Their time-domain performance is quantified by their respective standard deviations from the width of the ideal signal that has constant value. Standard Fourier transform relationship is used to recover time-domain waveforms. Although this chapter concentrates on Vivaldi structures operating in 3.1–10.6 GHz, the analysis is also applicable to any UWB antenna.
Modified Vivaldi antennas with (a) corrugation and (b) corrugation and strip.
This chapter is organized as follows: In the next Section, time-domain analysis and the procedure for the analysis of the angular distortion of radiated pulses are presented. In Section 3, the modified Vivaldi antennas are introduced and their frequency-domain performance is demonstrated. Measurement setup and time-domain analysis results of the antennas are given in Section 4. Section 5 concludes the whole chapter.
Despite the wide frequency of the radiation, the transmitted UWB waveform is dispersive. This is one major difference from narrow-band circumstances. When the signal is transmitted through a UWB antenna, the antenna output signal contains the input signal and its derivatives with varying delays, caused mainly by the resonances in the radiator structure. Frequency-dependent variations of antenna characteristics and reflection coefficients, and RF circuitry, are considered as the sources of waveform dispersion [18]. When
Impulse response of a link,
where the angle
The main parameters for the evaluation of the pulse characteristics in the time domain are obtained from the transient response of the antenna [5]. The peak value of the antenna impulse response,
The angular dependency of
where
The correlation coefficient between the received pulse and transmitted pulse demonstrates the amount of pulse distortion which the antenna induced. The fidelity factor,
where
The Vivaldi antenna is one of the classical ultra-wideband antennas with many applications [8]. It is a traveling-wave, end-fire antenna and due to its completely planar structure, it can be easily integrated in UWB sensor circuit. It has almost symmetric radiation patterns in the E and H planes. Theoretically, with its exponentially tapered slot, the Vivaldi antenna has an unlimited range of operating frequencies. However, in practice, it is constrained by the physical dimensions such as taper dimensions, the slot line width and transition from the feed line.
The structure of the standard Vivaldi antenna together with its dimensions is shown in Figure 2a. The proposed Vivaldi antenna consists of a microstrip feed line, microstrip line to slot line transition and the radiating structure. It is designed to operate efficiently as the transmitter and receiver in the unlicensed band of 3.1–10.6 GHz (7.5 GHz bandwidth). The slot curve of the Vivaldi antenna is the exponential function, which is expressed as
UWB Vivaldi antennas with its dimensions: (a) top view of Vivaldi; (b) top view of Vivaldi with corrugation; (c) top view of Vivaldi with corrugation and strip; (d) bottom view.
One of the bottlenecks of the conventional Vivaldi antenna is its relatively low directivity, especially at lower frequencies of the band. The lower frequency response of Vivaldi antennas with satisfactory impedance match and effective radiation is usually improved by increasing the aperture size. Another solution is introducing variable length slots to effectively increase the aperture of the antenna [15, 20]. It is shown that by incorporating a corrugated profile on the sides of exponential flaring, more suitable characteristics, especially for microwave imaging applications (i.e., higher gain, broader bandwidth), can be obtained compared to standard Vivaldi designs [21].
Performance of these antennas is widely discussed in the frequency domain. Time-domain analysis of these antennas is also needed since these antennas are considered as a good choice for microwave imaging applications [21]. With this aim, Vivaldi antenna with corrugations is designed to operate at UWB frequencies. It has the same size and uses the same material as the standard Vivaldi. The dimensions of the Vivaldi with corrugations are given in Figure 2b. The edge of Vivaldi is symmetrically corrugated by slots along the y-axis. The corrugations are rectangular slots with varying lengths. Design parameters of the corrugations are the distance between slots, the width of slots and the length of slots. The width of slots and distance between the rectangular slots of corrugation remain same. The length of the slots decreases gradually toward the flaring. Simulations proved that increasing the number of slots improves the radiation characteristics of the designed antenna by triggering extra resonances and modifying the direction of the current on the edges. The corrugations on the edges of the flaring act like a resistive loading. These corrugations are useful to concentrate the wave toward the slot area and contribute to the end-fire radiation patterns. The design parameters of the corrugation are optimized as 1 mm, 1 and 20–14.5 mm, respectively.
Besides adding corrugations on the edges of the flaring, adding grating elements on the slot area in the direction of the antenna axis is another technique to enhance the gain of the antenna. These elements work as directive elements and contribute to the radiation in the end-fire direction. With the combination of both the corrugations and grating elements, the gain of the antenna increases significantly in the end-fire direction [15].
The third design for the Vivaldi antennae is achieved by adding three metallic strips on the slot area as demonstrated in Figure 2c. Design parameters of the grating elements that are located to the flaring are the distance between strips, the width of strips and the length of strips. They are optimized as 3, 0.3 and 8 mm, respectively. All of the three Vivaldi designs use the same exponential tapering and balun. To match the antenna over a wide frequency band, a microstrip line to slot line transition and feed balun is designed as shown in Figure 2d. The selected reference axis system is also presented. The overall size of the antenna is not affected by the techniques used to increase the gain and improve the radiation patterns of the antenna in bore sight direction; therefore, the overall size of the antenna remains compact.
To demonstrate the pulse distortion properties of the modified Vivaldi antennas, the prototypes have been manufactured with printed circuit board technology. The prototypes are shown in Figures 1 and 3 (Vivaldi with corrugation and Vivaldi with corrugation and strip in Figure 1, standard Vivaldi in Figure 3). The scattering parameters of the antenna are measured using an Agilent vector network analyzer. The reflection behavior of each antenna has been investigated in terms of
Fabricated Vivaldi antenna (a) top view; (b) back view.
Measured return loss of Vivaldi antennas.
Simulated gain variations of the antennas are given in Figure 5. The realized gain of the modified antennas improves significantly throughout the frequency band compared to standard Vivaldi. Existence of the corrugations and grating elements maximizes the radiation in the bore sight direction. With the corrugations added, at the lower frequencies of the band, both of the modified Vivaldi antennas have higher gain compared to standard Vivaldi antenna. Moreover, Vivaldi with corrugation and strip has a 0.2 dB more gain than Vivaldi with corrugation at the whole frequency band. With these results, the positive effect of the existence of corrugation and metallic strips is observed in the frequency domain. However, since the antennas are aimed to be used for UWB applications, their time-domain performance should also be investigated.
Simulated gain variations of Vivaldi antennas.
Time-domain analysis of modified Vivaldi antennas is performed and compared with that of standard Vivaldi antenna. A link composed of two identical Vivaldi antennas has been experimentally characterized. The measurements were performed with the same setup. The transmit-receive antenna link measurement setup demonstration for E-plane is shown in Figure 6. The antennas were placed at about 20 cm of distance. In Figure 7, measurement setup is shown for E and H planes. In Figure 8, the amplitudes of
Demonstration of the measurement setup.
Measurement setup for the characterization of the antenna link (a) E-plane; (b) H-plane.
Measured insertion loss of the antennas.
The procedure for the measurement of
The link between the transmitting and receiving antennas can be characterized in terms of its complex transfer function:
where
where
where
Comparison between the impulse response and an ideal delayed pulse in E-plane (a)
The half power width of the reference signal is 0.119 ns. When the antenna is at bore sight, half power width of the pulse for standard Vivaldi is measured as 0.011 ns wider than that of the reference signal. Similarly, the pulse is 0.076 and 0.03 ns wider for Vivaldi with corrugation and Vivaldi with corrugation and strip, respectively. The pulse is visible in the inset (Figure 9a). The pulses widen for larger values of
Similarly, a comparison in H-plane (
Comparison between the impulse response and an ideal delayed pulse in H-plane (a)
Based on the comparison between the impulse response of link and ideal delayed signal, one can clearly establish the presence of pulse widening. To quantify the amount of widening, pulse analysis with respect to
Half power width of the measured pulse (a) E-plane; (b) H-plane.
Secondary pulse signal that has its maximum reach to half power of the main beam is generated by the link after
Pulse extension ratio of the measured pulse in (a) E-plane; (b) H-plane.
The pulse extension ratio of Vivaldi with corrugation is below 65% in
Most of the energy carried by the pulse is stored around the peak of the impulse. The correlation coefficient between the received pulse and transmitted pulse quantifies the similarity between transmitted and received signal. For the 3.1–10.6 GHz band, the fidelity factor of the link between two identical antennas is shown in Figure 13 for E- and H-planes. The fidelity variation obtained from the measured
Fidelity factor variations of the pulses (a) E-plane; (b) H-plane.
In this chapter, the analysis procedure for the pulse-preserving properties of impulse-radiating antennas is defined. The analysis procedure is applied to a widely used UWB antenna, namely Vivaldi antenna. Vivaldi antennas are popular in UWB applications due to its complete planar structure which enables it to be easily integrated to UWB sensor circuit. However, Vivaldi antenna has relatively low directivity, especially at lower frequencies of the band. The lower frequency response of Vivaldi antennas may be improved by increasing the aperture size of the antenna. In the cases where physical size matters slots are added on the edges of exponential flaring to effectively increase the aperture of the antenna. The corrugated profile results in more suitable characteristics (i.e., higher gain, higher directivity, broader bandwidth). Besides adding slots on the edges of the flaring, adding grating elements on the slot area in the direction of the antenna axis is another technique to enhance the gain of the antenna. With the combination of both the corrugations and grating elements, the gain of the antenna increases significantly in the end-fire direction. Although these modified Vivaldi antennas are used in many UWB applications, their time-domain performance is not observed. With this contribution, pulse-preserving capabilities of modified Vivaldi antennas based on measurements are observed. Two parameters are used to quantify the capability of the antenna. First one is the pulse width extension that defines the broadening of the signal at its half power. Since most of the energy is stored around the peak of the pulse, this parameter is useful to demonstrate the pulse-preserving capability of the antenna but not sufficient. The second parameter is the fidelity factor that measures the correlation between the transmitted and received pulse. The performance of the modified Vivaldi antennas is also analyzed in different angular directions with respect to the main beam. Among the Vivaldi structures observed, Vivaldi antenna with corrugation and strip is proved to be potentially suited for both pulsed and harmonic broad-band instruments.
This work was supported by Research Fund of the Yıldız Technical University (Project Number: FBA-2017-3071).
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These heuristics are essentially based on a commonly used scheduling theory in Jackson’s extended heuristic. We present basic structural properties of the solutions delivered by Jackson’s heuristic and then illustrate how one can exploit them to build efficient heuristics.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Nodari Vakhania",authors:[{id:"202585",title:"Prof.",name:"Nodari",middleName:null,surname:"Vakhania",slug:"nodari-vakhania",fullName:"Nodari Vakhania"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56264",title:"Heuristics Techniques for Scheduling Problems with Reducing Waiting Time Variance",slug:"heuristics-techniques-for-scheduling-problems-with-reducing-waiting-time-variance",totalDownloads:1709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In real computational world, scheduling is a decision making process. 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The paper will describe both approaches in different domain problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Aleksandra Swiercz",authors:[{id:"203032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Swiercz",slug:"aleksandra-swiercz",fullName:"Aleksandra Swiercz"}]},{id:"55594",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. 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Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55704",title:"Advanced Particle Filter Methods",slug:"advanced-particle-filter-methods",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a set of algorithmic methods based on particle filter heuristics. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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