Coding and categories of the variables used in the analysis.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"997",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Tachycardia",title:"Tachycardia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Heart rates are normally controlled by a natural pacemaker, the sinus node, and normal heart rhythm is called sinus rhythm. Tachycardia is defined as a faster heart rhythm than normal sinus rhythm. Tachycardias can cause symptoms such as palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath and fatigue, which reduce the quality of life. Fast tachycardias can cause hemodynamic collapse and sudden cardiac death. The causes, mechanisms, and origins of tachycardias are various. The diagnosis of tachycardias is made by electrocardiograms and electrophysiological testing. Tachycardias can be managed and treated by pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. This book covers these concerns from basic and clinical points of view and will lead to a further understanding and improvement in the clinical outcomes of tachycardias.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0413-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6936-9",doi:"10.5772/1504",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"tachycardia",numberOfPages:214,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1a5908b405f4ffb028f51f29863469d0",bookSignature:"Takumi Yamada",publishedDate:"March 30th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/997.jpg",numberOfDownloads:27703,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:59,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 25th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 22nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 29th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 29th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 26th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"68148",title:"Prof.",name:"Takumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",slug:"takumi-yamada",fullName:"Takumi Yamada",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68148/images/2753_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Takumi Yamada is currently Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the United States of America. He was born in Tottori, Japan. He graduated from Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya University and was trained in Japan. His specialty is pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of cardiac arrhythmias. He has more than 150 scientific publications including book chapters. He is an internationally recognized authority in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. He is a regular lecturer at several international cardiology and electrophysiology meetings. He has served as a book editor, and an associate editor and reviewer for 20 major international cardiology and electrophysiology journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Alabama at Birmingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"986",title:"Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology",slug:"clinical-cardiac-electrophysiology"}],chapters:[{id:"34332",title:"Accurate Detection of Paediatric Ventricular Tachycardia in AED",doi:"10.5772/25943",slug:"accurate-detection-of-paediatric-ventricular-tachycardia-in-aed",totalDownloads:2780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"U. Irusta, E. Aramendi, J. Ruiz and S. Ruiz de Gauna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34332",authors:[{id:"21955",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Ruiz",slug:"jesus-ruiz",fullName:"Jesus Ruiz"},{id:"51500",title:"Dr.",name:"Sofia",surname:"Ruiz De Gauna",slug:"sofia-ruiz-de-gauna",fullName:"Sofia Ruiz De Gauna"},{id:"57451",title:"Dr.",name:"Unai",surname:"Irusta",slug:"unai-irusta",fullName:"Unai Irusta"},{id:"57452",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabete",surname:"Aramendi",slug:"elisabete-aramendi",fullName:"Elisabete Aramendi"}],corrections:null},{id:"34333",title:"Surgical Maze Procedures for Atrial Arrhythmias in Univentricular Hearts, from Maze History to Conversion-Fontan",doi:"10.5772/27954",slug:"surgical-maze-procedures-for-atrial-arrhythmias-in-univentricular-hearts-from-maze-history-to-conver",totalDownloads:3006,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Charles Kik and Ad J.J.C. Bogers",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34333",authors:[{id:"72184",title:"Prof.",name:"Ad",surname:"Bogers",slug:"ad-bogers",fullName:"Ad Bogers"},{id:"72190",title:"Mr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Kik",slug:"charles-kik",fullName:"Charles Kik"}],corrections:null},{id:"34334",title:"Definition, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tachycardia",doi:"10.5772/25718",slug:"definition-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-tachycardia",totalDownloads:2375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anand Deshmukh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34334",authors:[{id:"64296",title:"Dr.",name:"Anand",surname:"Deshmukh",slug:"anand-deshmukh",fullName:"Anand Deshmukh"}],corrections:null},{id:"34335",title:"Ryanodine Receptor Channelopathies: The New Kid in the Arrhythmia Neighborhood",doi:"10.5772/25800",slug:"ryanodine-receptor-channelopathies-the-new-kid-in-the-arrhythmia-neighborhood",totalDownloads:2254,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"María Fernández-Velasco, Ana María Gómez, Jean-Pierre Benitah and Patricia Neco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34335",authors:[{id:"64594",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Gomez",slug:"ana-gomez",fullName:"Ana Gomez"},{id:"71604",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Fernandez-Velasco",slug:"maria-fernandez-velasco",fullName:"Maria Fernandez-Velasco"},{id:"71606",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",surname:"Benitah",slug:"jean-pierre-benitah",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Benitah"},{id:"71607",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Neco",slug:"patricia-neco",fullName:"Patricia Neco"}],corrections:null},{id:"34336",title:"The Effects of Lidocaine on Reperfusion Ventricular Fibrillation During Coronary Artery - Bypass Graft Surgery",doi:"10.5772/25726",slug:"the-effects-of-lidocaine-on-reperfusion-ventricular-fibrillation-during-coronary-artery-bypass-graft",totalDownloads:3619,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ahmet Mahli and Demet Coskun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34336",authors:[{id:"64326",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Mahli",slug:"ahmet-mahli",fullName:"Ahmet Mahli"},{id:"71592",title:"Dr.",name:"Demet",surname:"Coskun",slug:"demet-coskun",fullName:"Demet Coskun"}],corrections:null},{id:"34337",title:'Tachycardia as "Shadow Play"',doi:"10.5772/25411",slug:"tachycardia-as-shadow-play-",totalDownloads:2066,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrey Moskalenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34337",authors:[{id:"63235",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Moskalenko",slug:"andrey-moskalenko",fullName:"Andrey Moskalenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"34338",title:"Metabolic Modulators to Treat Cardiac Arrhythmias Induced by Ischemia and Reperfusion",doi:"10.5772/26894",slug:"metabolic-modulators-to-treat-cardiac-arrhythmias-induced-by-ischemia-and-reperfusion",totalDownloads:3006,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Moslem Najafi and Tahereh Eteraf-Oskouei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34338",authors:[{id:"68189",title:"Dr.",name:"Moslem",surname:"Najafi",slug:"moslem-najafi",fullName:"Moslem Najafi"},{id:"71207",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahereh",surname:"Eteraf-Oskouei",slug:"tahereh-eteraf-oskouei",fullName:"Tahereh Eteraf-Oskouei"}],corrections:null},{id:"34339",title:"Mechanisms of Ca2+-Triggered Arrhythmias",doi:"10.5772/25906",slug:"mechanisms-of-ca2-triggered-arrhythmias",totalDownloads:2728,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Simon Sedej and Burkert Pieske",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34339",authors:[{id:"64928",title:"Prof.",name:"Simon",surname:"Sedej",slug:"simon-sedej",fullName:"Simon Sedej"},{id:"65654",title:"Prof.",name:"Burkert",surname:"Pieske",slug:"burkert-pieske",fullName:"Burkert Pieske"}],corrections:null},{id:"34340",title:"Heart Rate Variability: An Index of the Brain-Heart Interaction",doi:"10.5772/25763",slug:"heart-rate-variability-an-index-of-the-brain-heart-interaction",totalDownloads:5870,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ingrid Tonhajzerova, Igor Ondrejka, Zuzana Turianikova, Kamil Javorka, Andrea Calkovska and Michal Javorka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34340",authors:[{id:"64469",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Tonhajzerova",slug:"ingrid-tonhajzerova",fullName:"Ingrid Tonhajzerova"},{id:"118980",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Ondrejka",slug:"igor-ondrejka",fullName:"Igor Ondrejka"},{id:"118981",title:"Mrs.",name:"Zuzana",surname:"Turianikova, Ing",slug:"zuzana-turianikova-ing",fullName:"Zuzana Turianikova, Ing"},{id:"118983",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Javorka",slug:"kamil-javorka",fullName:"Kamil Javorka"},{id:"118984",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Calkovska",slug:"andrea-calkovska",fullName:"Andrea Calkovska"},{id:"118985",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",surname:"Javorka",slug:"michal-javorka",fullName:"Michal Javorka"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4584",title:"Abnormal Heart Rhythms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81532d7ef92dec2fed90a8c7ea7a051c",slug:"abnormal-heart-rhythms",bookSignature:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63299",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco R.",surname:"Breijo-Marquez",slug:"francisco-r.-breijo-marquez",fullName:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3528",title:"Cardiac Surgery",subtitle:"A Commitment to Science, Technology and Creativity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95973b4f0e34524407c79ddb123a0d09",slug:"cardiac-surgery-a-commitment-to-science-technology-and-creativity",bookSignature:"Miguel Angel Maluf and Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106872",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Maluf",slug:"miguel-maluf",fullName:"Miguel Maluf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3815",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe6dad804d0257a3922593b7861a1b74",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias-mechanisms-pathophysiology-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3815.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5216",title:"Update on Essential Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f462a8fbbf6a1af402d2689a50a9670",slug:"update-on-essential-hypertension",bookSignature:"Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73775",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizbeth",surname:"Salazar-Sanchez",slug:"lizbeth-salazar-sanchez",fullName:"Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3289",title:"Cardiac Defibrillation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"37b5f2758b30dc35fb41750fa68d2725",slug:"cardiac-defibrillation",bookSignature:"Damir Erkapic, Tamas Bauernfeind",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156236",title:"Dr.",name:"Damir",surname:"Erkapic",slug:"damir-erkapic",fullName:"Damir Erkapic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5533",title:"The Role of the Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiologist in the Management of Congestive Heart Failure",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72992f70d4e3ffcae4aa03439ea54954",slug:"the-role-of-the-clinical-cardiac-electrophysiologist-in-the-management-of-congestive-heart-failure",bookSignature:"John Kassotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5533.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146888",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Kassotis",slug:"john-kassotis",fullName:"John Kassotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6536",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60225e652fdad9957fb2bad71795510f",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3259",title:"Pulmonary Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30532bf64aeb50b027e54b102bfeae6c",slug:"pulmonary-hypertension",bookSignature:"Jean M. Elwing and Ralph J. Panos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165463",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Elwing",slug:"jean-elwing",fullName:"Jean Elwing"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67216",slug:"corrigendum-to-open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",title:"Corrigendum to: Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67216.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67216",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67216",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67216",chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12062",leadTitle:null,title:"Public Transportation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c045089da37d46be1ee7e5e74f93cc93",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12062.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 28th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 7th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37443",title:"Immunophenotypic Characterization of Normal Bone Marrow Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/38523",slug:"immunophenotypic-characterization-of-normal-bone-marrow-stem-cells",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37443.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/37443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/37443",totalDownloads:4070,totalViews:235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:56,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 22nd 2011",dateReviewed:"December 9th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 13th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/37443",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/37443",book:{id:"1578",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives"},signatures:"Paula Laranjeira, Andreia Ribeiro, Sandrine Mendes, Ana Henriques, M. Luisa Pais and Artur Paiva",authors:[{id:"117744",title:"Prof.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Paiva",fullName:"Artur Paiva",slug:"artur-paiva",email:"artpaiva@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"138594",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Laranjeira",fullName:"Paula Laranjeira",slug:"paula-laranjeira",email:"1979paula@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"138596",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Andreia Ribeiro",slug:"andreia-ribeiro",email:"andreia.marques.ribeiro@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"138597",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",fullName:"Sandrine Mendes",slug:"sandrine-mendes",email:"sandrine.sm@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"138785",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",fullName:"Ana Henriques",slug:"ana-henriques",email:"ana_fhen@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"138788",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Luísa",middleName:null,surname:"Pais",fullName:"M. Luísa Pais",slug:"m.-luisa-pais",email:"lpais@histocentro.min-saude.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1578",type:"book",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Recent Perspectives",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 13th 2012",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0626-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5303-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"403"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37421",type:"chapter",title:"What Flow Cytometry can Tell Us About Marine Micro-Organisms – Current Status and Future Applications",slug:"what-flow-cytometry-can-tell-about-marine-microrganisms-current-status-and-future-applications",totalDownloads:2949,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"A. Manti, S. Papa and P. Boi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118302",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Manti",fullName:"Anita Manti",slug:"anita-manti"}]},{id:"37422",type:"chapter",title:"Identification and Characterisation of Microbial Populations Using Flow Cytometry in the Adriatic Sea",slug:"identification-and-characterisation-of-microbial-populations-using-flow-cytometry-in-the-adriati",totalDownloads:2108,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Danijela Santic and Nada Krstulovic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110423",title:"Dr.",name:"Danijela",middleName:null,surname:"Šantić",fullName:"Danijela Šantić",slug:"danijela-santic"},{id:"115530",title:"Prof.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"Krstulović",fullName:"Nada Krstulović",slug:"nada-krstulovic"}]},{id:"37423",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry as a Powerful Tool for Monitoring Microbial Population Dynamics in Sludge",slug:"flow-cytometry-as-a-powerful-tool-for-monitoring-microbial-population-dynamics-in-sludge",totalDownloads:2666,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Audrey Prorot, Philippe Chazal and Patrick Leprat",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116290",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Prorot",fullName:"Audrey Prorot",slug:"audrey-prorot"}]},{id:"37424",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry Applications in Food Safety Studies",slug:"flow-cytometry-applications-in-food-safety-studies",totalDownloads:2460,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Antonello Paparella, Annalisa Serio and Clemencia Chaves Lopez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114721",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Paparella",fullName:"Antonello Paparella",slug:"antonello-paparella"},{id:"116805",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Serio",fullName:"Annalisa Serio",slug:"annalisa-serio"},{id:"116807",title:"Dr.",name:"Clemencia",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves Lopez",fullName:"Clemencia Chaves Lopez",slug:"clemencia-chaves-lopez"}]},{id:"37425",type:"chapter",title:"Estimation of Nuclear DNA Content and Determination of Ploidy Level in Tunisian Populations of Atriplex halimus L. by Flow Cytometry",slug:"estimation-of-nuclear-dna-content-and-determination-of-ploidy-level-intunisian-populations-of-at",totalDownloads:3102,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kheiria Hcini, David J. Walker, Elena Gonzalez, Nora Frayssinet, Enrique Correal and Adok S. Bouzid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114911",title:"Dr.",name:"Hcini",middleName:null,surname:"Kheiria",fullName:"Hcini Kheiria",slug:"hcini-kheiria"}]},{id:"37426",type:"chapter",title:"Yeast Cell Death During the Drying and Rehydration Process",slug:"yeast-cell-death-during-drying-and-rehydration-process",totalDownloads:2350,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boris Rodriguez-Porrata, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Gema Lopez-Matinez, Angela Reisenbichler, Maria Bauer, Frank Madeo and Ricardo Cordero-Otero",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115207",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Cordero-Otero",fullName:"Ricardo Cordero-Otero",slug:"ricardo-cordero-otero"}]},{id:"37427",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Flow Cytometry in the In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Tolerance/Anergy Induction by Immunocamouflage",slug:"use-of-flow-cytometry-in-the-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-analysis-of-tolerance-anergy-induction-by-immu",totalDownloads:2291,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Duncheng Wang, Wendy M. Toyofuku, Dana L. Kyluik and Mark D. Scott",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41038",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:"D.",surname:"Scott",fullName:"Mark Scott",slug:"mark-scott"},{id:"80480",title:"Ms.",name:"Dana L.",middleName:null,surname:"Kyluik",fullName:"Dana L. Kyluik",slug:"dana-l.-kyluik"},{id:"114353",title:"Dr.",name:"Duncheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Duncheng Wang",slug:"duncheng-wang"},{id:"114354",title:"Ms.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku"}]},{id:"37428",type:"chapter",title:"Multiplexed Cell-Counting Methods by Using Functional Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots",slug:"multiplexed-cell-counting-methods-by-using-functional-nanoparticles-and-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:2150,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hoyoung Yun, Won Gu Lee and Hyunwoo Bang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113918",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Yun",fullName:"Hoyoung Yun",slug:"hoyoung-yun"},{id:"117442",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyunwoo",middleName:null,surname:"Bang",fullName:"Hyunwoo Bang",slug:"hyunwoo-bang"},{id:"137629",title:"Prof.",name:"Won Gu",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Won Gu Lee",slug:"won-gu-lee"}]},{id:"37429",type:"chapter",title:"Implementation of a Flow Cytometry Strategy to Isolate and Assess Heterogeneous Membrane Raft Domains",slug:"implementation-of-a-flow-cytometry-strategy-to-assess-and-isolate-heterogeneous-membrane-raft-do",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Morgan F. Khan, Tammy L. Unruh and Julie P. Deans",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112340",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Deans",fullName:"Julie Deans",slug:"julie-deans"}]},{id:"37430",type:"chapter",title:"Broad Applications of Multi-Colour Time-Resolved Flow Cytometry",slug:"broad-applications-of-time-resovled-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ben J. Gu and James S. Wiley",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111916",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",fullName:"Ben Gu",slug:"ben-gu"},{id:"142282",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Wiley",fullName:"James Wiley",slug:"james-wiley"}]},{id:"37431",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Flow Cytometry in the Studies of Microparticles",slug:"flow-cytometry-in-the-studies-of-microparticles",totalDownloads:4755,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka, Jarek Baran, Rafal Szatanek and Maciej Siedlar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111140",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Baj-Krzyworzeka",fullName:"Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka",slug:"monika-baj-krzyworzeka"},{id:"117145",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarek",middleName:null,surname:"Baran",fullName:"Jarek Baran",slug:"jarek-baran"},{id:"117147",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafal",middleName:null,surname:"Szatanek",fullName:"Rafal Szatanek",slug:"rafal-szatanek"},{id:"147006",title:"Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Siedlar",fullName:"Maciej Siedlar",slug:"maciej-siedlar"}]},{id:"37432",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry-Based Analysis and Sorting of Lung Dendritic Cells",slug:"flow-cytometry-based-analysis-and-sorting-of-lung-dendritic-cells",totalDownloads:8999,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Svetlana P. Chapoval",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70021",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana P.",middleName:null,surname:"Chapoval",fullName:"Svetlana P. Chapoval",slug:"svetlana-p.-chapoval"}]},{id:"37433",type:"chapter",title:"Stem Cell Characterization",slug:"stem-cells-characterization",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arash Zaminy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110619",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",middleName:null,surname:"Zaminy",fullName:"Arash Zaminy",slug:"arash-zaminy"}]},{id:"37434",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometric Sorting of Cells from Solid Tissue – Reagent Development and Application",slug:"flow-cytometric-sorting-of-cells-from-solid-tissue-reagent-development-and-application",totalDownloads:3621,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"P. S. Canaday and C. Dorrell",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"109644",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Dorrell",fullName:"Craig Dorrell",slug:"craig-dorrell"},{id:"147566",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Canaday",fullName:"Pamela Canaday",slug:"pamela-canaday"}]},{id:"37435",type:"chapter",title:"Experimental Conditions and Mathematical Analysis of Kinetic Measurements Using Flow Cytometry – The FacsKin Method",slug:"experimental-conditions-and-mathematical-analysis-of-kinetic-measurements-using-flow-cytometry-t",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ambrus Kaposi, Gergely Toldi, Gergoo Meszaros, Balazs Szalay, Gabor Veress and Barna Vasarhelyi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46707",title:"Dr.",name:"Gergely",middleName:null,surname:"Toldi",fullName:"Gergely Toldi",slug:"gergely-toldi"},{id:"46708",title:"Dr.",name:"Barna",middleName:null,surname:"Vásárhelyi",fullName:"Barna Vásárhelyi",slug:"barna-vasarhelyi"},{id:"117687",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrus",middleName:null,surname:"Kaposi",fullName:"Ambrus Kaposi",slug:"ambrus-kaposi"},{id:"117689",title:"Dr.",name:"Gergő",middleName:null,surname:"Mészáros",fullName:"Gergő Mészáros",slug:"gergo-meszaros"},{id:"117691",title:"Dr.",name:"Balázs",middleName:null,surname:"Szalay",fullName:"Balázs Szalay",slug:"balazs-szalay"},{id:"138587",title:"MSc.",name:"Gábor",middleName:null,surname:"Veress",fullName:"Gábor Veress",slug:"gabor-veress"}]},{id:"37436",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Cellular Signaling Events by Flow Cytometry",slug:"analysis-of-cellular-signaling-events-by-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2081,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jacques A. Nunes, Guylene Firaguay and Emilie Coppin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115191",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:"A",surname:"Nunès",fullName:"Jacques Nunès",slug:"jacques-nunes"},{id:"115196",title:"Ms.",name:"Guylène",middleName:null,surname:"Firaguay",fullName:"Guylène Firaguay",slug:"guylene-firaguay"},{id:"115198",title:"Mrs.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Coppin",fullName:"Emilie Coppin",slug:"emilie-coppin"}]},{id:"37437",type:"chapter",title:"Gamma Radiation Induces p53-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest in Bone Marrow Cells",slug:"gamma-radiation-induces-p53-mediated-cell-cycle-arrest-in-bone-marrow-cells",totalDownloads:3018,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrea A. F. S. Moraes, Lucimar P. França, Vanina M. Tucci-Viegas, Fernanda Lasakosvitsch, Silvana Gaiba, Fernanda L. A. Azevedo, Amanda P. Nogueira, Helena R. C. Segreto, Alice T. Ferreira and Jeronimo P. Franca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117395",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanina Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Tucci-Viegas",fullName:"Vanina Monique Tucci-Viegas",slug:"vanina-monique-tucci-viegas"},{id:"117472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerônimo Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Jerônimo Pereira De França",slug:"jeronimo-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117474",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Gaiba",fullName:"Silvana Gaiba",slug:"silvana-gaiba"},{id:"117624",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucimar Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Lucimar Pereira De França",slug:"lucimar-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117630",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lasakosvitsch Castanho",fullName:"Fernanda Lasakosvitsch Castanho",slug:"fernanda-lasakosvitsch-castanho"},{id:"117636",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",fullName:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza Moraes",slug:"andrea-aparecida-fatima-souza-moraes"},{id:"117749",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira",fullName:"Amanda Pedro Nogueira",slug:"amanda-pedro-nogueira"},{id:"117756",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena Regina Comodo",middleName:null,surname:"Segreto",fullName:"Helena Regina Comodo Segreto",slug:"helena-regina-comodo-segreto"}]},{id:"37438",type:"chapter",title:"Early Events in Apoptosis Induction in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes",slug:"early-events-in-apoptosis-induction-in-polymorphonuclear-leukocytes",totalDownloads:2038,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Annelie Pichert, Denise Schlorke, Josefin Zschaler, Jana Fleddermann, Maria Schonberg, Jorg Flemmig and Jurgen Arnhold",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115238",title:"Prof.",name:"Juergen",middleName:null,surname:"Arnhold",fullName:"Juergen Arnhold",slug:"juergen-arnhold"}]},{id:"37439",type:"chapter",title:"New Insights into Cell Encapsulation and the Role of Proteins During Flow Cytometry",slug:"flow-cytometry-analysis-of-complex-protein-matrices",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sinead B. Doherty and A. Brodkorb",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115921",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinéad",middleName:null,surname:"Doherty",fullName:"Sinéad Doherty",slug:"sinead-doherty"},{id:"117575",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Brodkorb",fullName:"André Brodkorb",slug:"andre-brodkorb"}]},{id:"37440",type:"chapter",title:"Median Effect Dose and Combination Index Analysis of Cytotoxic Drugs Using Flow Cytometry",slug:"median-effect-dose-and-combination-index-analysis-of-cytotoxic-drugs-using-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2579,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Tomas Lombardo, Laura Anaya, Laura Kornblihtt and Guillermo Blanco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116056",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco",fullName:"Guillermo Blanco",slug:"guillermo-blanco"},{id:"138190",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomás",middleName:null,surname:"Lombardo",fullName:"Tomás Lombardo",slug:"tomas-lombardo"},{id:"138192",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Anaya",fullName:"Laura Anaya",slug:"laura-anaya"},{id:"138193",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Kornblihtt",fullName:"Laura Kornblihtt",slug:"laura-kornblihtt"}]},{id:"37441",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry Analysis of Intracellular Protein",slug:"flow-cytometry-analysis-and-determination-of-intracellular-protein",totalDownloads:7589,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Irena Koutna, Pavel Simara, Petra Ondračkova and Lenka Tesarrova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117064",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Koutna",fullName:"Irena Koutna",slug:"irena-koutna"}]},{id:"37442",type:"chapter",title:"Biological Effects Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation in Human Fibroblasts",slug:"biological-effects-induced-by-ultraviolet-radiation-in-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:4377,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Silvana Gaiba, Vanina M. Tucci-Viegas, Lucimar P. Franca, Fernanda Lasakosvitsch, Fernanda L. A. Azevedo, Andrea A. F. S. Moraes, Alice T. Ferreira and Jeronimo P. Franca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117395",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanina Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Tucci-Viegas",fullName:"Vanina Monique Tucci-Viegas",slug:"vanina-monique-tucci-viegas"},{id:"117472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerônimo Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Jerônimo Pereira De França",slug:"jeronimo-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117474",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Gaiba",fullName:"Silvana Gaiba",slug:"silvana-gaiba"},{id:"117624",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucimar Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Lucimar Pereira De França",slug:"lucimar-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117630",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lasakosvitsch Castanho",fullName:"Fernanda Lasakosvitsch Castanho",slug:"fernanda-lasakosvitsch-castanho"},{id:"117636",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",fullName:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza Moraes",slug:"andrea-aparecida-fatima-souza-moraes"}]},{id:"37443",type:"chapter",title:"Immunophenotypic Characterization of Normal Bone Marrow Stem Cells",slug:"immunophenotypic-characterization-of-normal-bone-marrow-stem-cells",totalDownloads:4070,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paula Laranjeira, Andreia Ribeiro, Sandrine Mendes, Ana Henriques, M. Luisa Pais and Artur Paiva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117744",title:"Prof.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Paiva",fullName:"Artur Paiva",slug:"artur-paiva"},{id:"138594",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Laranjeira",fullName:"Paula Laranjeira",slug:"paula-laranjeira"},{id:"138596",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Andreia Ribeiro",slug:"andreia-ribeiro"},{id:"138597",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",fullName:"Sandrine Mendes",slug:"sandrine-mendes"},{id:"138785",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",fullName:"Ana Henriques",slug:"ana-henriques"},{id:"138788",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Luísa",middleName:null,surname:"Pais",fullName:"M. Luísa Pais",slug:"m.-luisa-pais"}]},{id:"37444",type:"chapter",title:"Ethanol Extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. Induces G0/G1 Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells Through c-myc and Mitochondria-Dependent Caspase Signaling Pathways",slug:"ethanol-extract-of-tripterygium-wilfordii-hook-f-induces-g0-g1-phase-arrest-and-apoptosis-in-hum",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jai-Sing Yang, Yun-Peng Chao, Li-Jen Lin, Wen-Wen Huang, Jing-Gung Chung, Shu-Fen Peng, Chi-Cheng Lu, Jo-Hua Chiang, Shu-Ren Pai, Minoru Tsuzuki and Chung-Jen Chiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118517",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Chiang",fullName:"Chung Jen Chiang",slug:"chung-jen-chiang"},{id:"118519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jai-Sing",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jai-Sing Yang",slug:"jai-sing-yang"},{id:"118948",title:"Prof.",name:"Yun-Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Chao",fullName:"Yun-Peng Chao",slug:"yun-peng-chao"},{id:"118949",title:"Prof.",name:"Li-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Li-Jen Lin",slug:"li-jen-lin"},{id:"118950",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wen-Wen Huang",slug:"wen-wen-huang"},{id:"138323",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing-Gung",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Jing-Gung Chung",slug:"jing-gung-chung"},{id:"138324",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu-Fen",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Shu-Fen Peng",slug:"shu-fen-peng"},{id:"138325",title:"Mr.",name:"Chi-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Chi-Cheng Lu",slug:"chi-cheng-lu"},{id:"138326",title:"Ms.",name:"Jo-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Chiang",fullName:"Jo-Hua Chiang",slug:"jo-hua-chiang"},{id:"138327",title:"Mr.",name:"Shu-Ren",middleName:null,surname:"Pai",fullName:"Shu-Ren Pai",slug:"shu-ren-pai"},{id:"138328",title:"Prof.",name:"Minoru",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",fullName:"Minoru Tsuzuki",slug:"minoru-tsuzuki"}]},{id:"37445",type:"chapter",title:"Retracted: Applications of Quantum Dots in Flow Cytometry",slug:"applications-of-quantum-dots-in-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dimitrios Kirmizis, Fani Chatzopoulou, Eleni Gavriilaki and Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45414",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kirmizis",fullName:"Dimitrios Kirmizis",slug:"dimitrios-kirmizis"},{id:"122229",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzidimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-chatzidimitriou"},{id:"134576",title:"BSc.",name:"Fani",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzopoulou",fullName:"Fani Chatzopoulou",slug:"fani-chatzopoulou"},{id:"134577",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Gavriilaki",fullName:"Helen Gavriilaki",slug:"helen-gavriilaki"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37054",title:"Effect of Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF) on the Activation and Production of Intracellular Cytokine and Chemokine Receptors in Human T CD4+ Lymphocytes Measured by Flow Cytometry",slug:"effect-of-monocyte-inhibitory-locomotion-factor-mlif-on-the-activation-and-production-of-intracellul",signatures:"Sara Rojas-Dotor",authors:[{id:"109461",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Dotor",fullName:"Sara Rojas-Dotor",slug:"sara-rojas-dotor"}]},{id:"37055",title:"Applications of Flow Cytometry to Clinical Microbiology",slug:"applications-of-flow-cytometry-to-clinical-microbiology",signatures:"Barbara Pieretti, Annamaria Masucci and Marco Moretti",authors:[{id:"112259",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Pieretti",fullName:"Barbara Pieretti",slug:"barbara-pieretti"}]},{id:"37056",title:"High-Throughput Flow Cytometry for Predicting Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity",slug:"high-throughput-flow-cytometry-for-predicting-hepatotoxicity",signatures:"Marion Zanese, Laura Suter, Adrian Roth, Francesca De Giorgi and François Ichas",authors:[{id:"116320",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"De Giorgi",fullName:"Francesca De Giorgi",slug:"francesca-de-giorgi"},{id:"117458",title:"Dr.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Zanese",fullName:"Marion Zanese",slug:"marion-zanese"},{id:"117459",title:"Dr.",name:"Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Ichas",fullName:"Francois Ichas",slug:"francois-ichas"},{id:"141098",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Suter",fullName:"Laura Suter",slug:"laura-suter"},{id:"141101",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Roth",fullName:"Adrian Roth",slug:"adrian-roth"}]},{id:"37057",title:"B Cells in Health and Disease – Leveraging Flow Cytometry to Evaluate Disease Phenotype and the Impact of Treatment with Immunomodulatory Therapeutics",slug:"b-cells-in-health-and-disease-leveraging-flow-cytometry-to-evaluate-disease-phenotype-and-the-impact",signatures:"Cherie L. Green, John Ferbas and Barbara A. Sullivan",authors:[{id:"116439",title:"Mrs.",name:"Cherie",middleName:null,surname:"Green",fullName:"Cherie Green",slug:"cherie-green"},{id:"117449",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Ferbas",fullName:"John Ferbas",slug:"john-ferbas"},{id:"117450",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Sullivan",fullName:"Barbara Sullivan",slug:"barbara-sullivan"}]},{id:"37058",title:"Evaluation of the Anti-Tumoural and Immune Modulatory Activity of Natural Products by Flow Cytometry",slug:"evaluation-of-antitumoral-and-immune-modulatory-activity-of-natural-products-by-flow-cytometry",signatures:"Susana Fiorentino, Claudia Uruena, Sandra Quijano, Sandra Paola Santander,\r\nJohn Fredy Hernandez and Claudia Cifuentes",authors:[{id:"117697",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino",fullName:"Susana Fiorentino",slug:"susana-fiorentino"},{id:"117698",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Urueña",fullName:"Claudia Urueña",slug:"claudia-uruena"},{id:"117699",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Quijano",fullName:"Sandra Quijano",slug:"sandra-quijano"}]},{id:"37059",title:"Identification and Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells Using Flow Cytometry",slug:"identification-and-characterization-of-cancer-stem-cells-using-flowcytometry",signatures:"Yasunari Kanda",authors:[{id:"114801",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasunari",middleName:null,surname:"Kanda",fullName:"Yasunari Kanda",slug:"yasunari-kanda"}]},{id:"37060",title:"Flow Based Enumeration of Plasmablasts in Peripheral Blood After Vaccination as a Novel Diagnostic Marker for Assessing Antibody Responses in Patients with Hypogammaglobulinaemia",slug:"flow-based-enumeration-of-plasmablasts-in-peripheral-blood-after-vaccination-as-a-novel-diagnostic-m",signatures:"Vojtech Thon, Marcela Vlkova,\r\nZita Chovancova, Jiri Litzman and Jindrich Lokaj",authors:[{id:"111971",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojtech",middleName:null,surname:"Thon",fullName:"Vojtech Thon",slug:"vojtech-thon"}]},{id:"37061",title:"Applications of Flow Cytometry in Solid Organ Allogeneic Transplantation",slug:"applications-of-flow-cytometry-in-solid-organ-allogeneic-transplantation",signatures:"Dimitrios Kirmizis, Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou, Fani Chatzopoulou, Lemonia Skoura and Gregory Myserlis",authors:[{id:"45414",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kirmizis",fullName:"Dimitrios Kirmizis",slug:"dimitrios-kirmizis"},{id:"122229",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzidimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-chatzidimitriou"},{id:"130729",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Myserlis",fullName:"Gregory Myserlis",slug:"gregory-myserlis"},{id:"134576",title:"BSc.",name:"Fani",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzopoulou",fullName:"Fani Chatzopoulou",slug:"fani-chatzopoulou"},{id:"147055",title:"Dr.",name:"Lemonia",middleName:null,surname:"Skoura",fullName:"Lemonia Skoura",slug:"lemonia-skoura"}]},{id:"37062",title:"The Use of Flow Cytometry to Monitor T cell Responses in Experimental Models of Graft-Versus-Host Disease",slug:"the-use-of-flow-cytometry-to-monitor-t-cell-responses-during-graft-versus-host-disease",signatures:"Bryan A. Anthony and Gregg A. Hadley",authors:[{id:"114291",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregg",middleName:null,surname:"Hadley",fullName:"Gregg Hadley",slug:"gregg-hadley"}]},{id:"37063",title:"Lymphocyte Apoptosis, Proliferation and Cytokine Synthesis Pattern in Children with Helicobacter pylori Infection",slug:"lymphocyte-apoptosis-proliferation-and-cytokine-synthesis-pattern-in-children-with-helicobacter-pylo",signatures:"Anna Helmin-Basa, Lidia Gackowska, Izabela Kubiszewska, Malgorzata Wyszomirska-Golda,\r\nAndrzej Eljaszewicz, Grazyna Mierzwa, Anna Szaflarska-Poplawska, Mieczyslawa Czerwionka-Szaflarska, Andrzej Marszalek and Jacek Michalkiewicz",authors:[{id:"116222",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Helmin-Basa",fullName:"Anna Helmin-Basa",slug:"anna-helmin-basa"},{id:"117703",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Gackowska",fullName:"Lidia Gackowska",slug:"lidia-gackowska"},{id:"117704",title:"MSc.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Kubiszewska",fullName:"Izabela Kubiszewska",slug:"izabela-kubiszewska"},{id:"117709",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Wyszomirska-Golda",fullName:"Malgorzata Wyszomirska-Golda",slug:"malgorzata-wyszomirska-golda"},{id:"117710",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Eljaszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Eljaszewicz",slug:"andrzej-eljaszewicz"},{id:"117712",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazyna",middleName:null,surname:"Mierzwa",fullName:"Grazyna Mierzwa",slug:"grazyna-mierzwa"},{id:"117715",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Szaflarska-Poplawska",fullName:"Anna Szaflarska-Poplawska",slug:"anna-szaflarska-poplawska"},{id:"117716",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczyslawa",middleName:null,surname:"Czerwionka-Szaflarska",fullName:"Mieczyslawa Czerwionka-Szaflarska",slug:"mieczyslawa-czerwionka-szaflarska"},{id:"117717",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Marszalek",fullName:"Andrzej Marszalek",slug:"andrzej-marszalek"},{id:"117718",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Michalkiewicz",fullName:"Jacek Michalkiewicz",slug:"jacek-michalkiewicz"}]},{id:"37064",title:"The Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) and Metal Ions Corroded from Dental Casting Alloys on Cell Cycle Progression and Apoptosis in Cells from Oral Tissues",slug:"the-cell-effect-of-egcg-and-metal-ions-corroded-from-dental-casting-alloys",signatures:"Jiansheng Su, Zhizen Quan, Wenfei Han, Lili Chen and Jiamei Gu",authors:[{id:"116829",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Jiansheng Su",slug:"jiansheng-su"},{id:"117254",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenfei",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Wenfei Han",slug:"wenfei-han"},{id:"117255",title:"BSc.",name:"Lili",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Lili Chen",slug:"lili-chen"},{id:"117259",title:"BSc.",name:"Zhizen",middleName:null,surname:"Quan",fullName:"Zhizen Quan",slug:"zhizen-quan"},{id:"138184",title:"BSc.",name:"Jiamei",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",fullName:"Jiamei Gu",slug:"jiamei-gu"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4720",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Select Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a842a00d86bc7f956a5fd1fe6d62b8a",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5085",title:"Telomere",subtitle:"A Complex End of a Chromosome",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a8f40859d7bc312dea327fd9b058a20",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",body:'
This chapter presents a multivariate analysis method, using a combination of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) [1] and Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC) in two steps [2]. The method provides the advantage of jointly handling multiple variables with many levels. The approach exploits HCA in reducing many variables into fewer ones that represent the individuals within them and then with Correspondence analysis it manages to reduce the information even further and express it upon dimensions.
These dimensions not only organize the information within the data to be explained more thoroughly but also visualizes the inner relationships among categories of the variables. By analyzing the antagonism of the clusters on different sets of dimensions, as we can also have a three-dimensional or more system of axes [3], we can understand further the behavior of the variables and their categories, as well as the associations among them.
Clustering in the final step of the coordinates of the categories on the dimensions we link the initial clusters with the categories, creating a semantic map [4] that can visualize the phenomenon in a Cartesian field or a three-dimensional space [3]. In this chapter, we present the application of the method in a specific case, which works only as an example.
The sample consists of students in Thessaloniki, Greece measuring specifically their political attitudes and their views on democracy, on moral values and the way they are informed in general about politics. In the example that is developed through the chapter we describe the application of the method and the interpretation of the results step by step.
Our data analysis is based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC) in two steps [5]. The dataset is analyzed using advanced multivariate methods (Hierarchical Cluster analysis, Factorial correspondence Analysis (Analyse factorielle des correspondences AFC) [2]. Using this mixed-method approach, enables the detection of profiles of similar behavior, the association of each profile to the distinct categories that compose it and the detection of the dimension which describes the dynamics of the phenomenon, enabling the visualization of these dynamics in its final output.
In the first step, HCA assigns subjects into distinct groups according to their response patterns [2]. The main output of HCA is a group or cluster membership variable, which reflects the partitioning of the subjects into groups. Furthermore, for each group, the contribution of each question (variable) to the group formation is investigated [2], to reveal a typology of behavioral patterns. To determine the number of clusters, we use the empirical criterion of the change in the ratio of between-cluster inertia to total inertia, when moving from a partition with r clusters to a partition with r-1 clusters [6]. The metric used is chi-square. Analysis was conducted with the software M.A.D. (Methodes de l’ Analyse des Donnees) [7]. In the second step, the group membership variable, obtained from the first step, is jointly analyzed with the existing variables via Multiple Correspondence Analysis on the so-called Burt table [8]. At this stage, correspondence extracts the dimensions that constitute the overall phenomenon, explaining the inner inertia between all subjects. To determine the number of factors, the empirical criterion of Benzecri was used. According to the empirical criterion of Benzecri [2], two specific sub-criteria should be fulfilled.
COR > 200 and CTR value >1000/(n + 1).
where n = total number of categories.
We proceed by applying again HCA for the coordinates of the categories on the dimensions. Bringing these two analyses steps together, we can construct a semantic map that can visualize the behavioral structure of the variables and the subjects, creating behavioral patterns and abstract discourses [4].
To demonstrate the method of HCA and MCA in two steps, an example was selected to be described in the following sections. This example refers to the analysis of data collected during a survey in Thessaloniki, Greece in the period 2019–2020. The topic of the survey is to collect data about the political characteristics of young students who participated in a civic education course offered by the Department of Political Sciences in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The sample consists of 1618 participants, allocated into four groups:
Group 1: random university students within the campus of the university who were not part of the civic education course.
Group 2: university students who attended the course in-classroom.
Group 3: university students who attended the course through e-learning, due to covid-19 restrictions and measures.
Group 4: high-school students who attended the course.
The tool of the survey was a questionnaire, structured in three sections: 1) demographics, 2) political behavior, 3) information means, views on democracy and moral context.
The objective of the research is to investigate the students’ levels of political knowledge, political interest, preferable way of political mobilization and distinguish the different profiles among the four groups of participants. The variables of the research -associated with each one of the questions- correspond to: a) political interest, c) political knowledge, b) political mobilization, c) their self-positioning on the ideological left–right axis, d) sources of information on politics e) structure of the “political” and f) “moral” self [9, 10].
More specifically, the respondents are asked directly for their level of political interest (ordinal scale) and the way they prefer to mobilize themselves on political issues which may arise (nominal scale). The variable of political knowledge (ordinal scale) is composed through the answers of the respondents on basic questions about politics, many correct answers produce a high score of political knowledge. Next, the respondents are asked to position themselves on a scale of 0 to 10 resembling the left–right ideological axis.
In the last section of the questionnaire, the questions on information sources, democratic and moral self are found. Regarding the preferable source of information, the respondents are asked to choose the two sources they use more often to get informed about politics. Moving on to the variable of “democratic self” [10], the respondent finds a set of 12 pictures, which conceptualize different versions of democracy. They are asked to choose three of them that symbolize in the best way how they understand democracy. Same wise, in the next question they are asked again to choose 3 pictures from a new set of 12 pictures, representing attitudes and views on life and moral values in general. These two sets of pictures construct symbolic representations of democratic institutions and of their personal moral compass (Table 1) [9].
In this step of the analysis, we select the three variables of the last section, these are the sources of information (E13), the understanding of democracy (E14) and the moral values (E15). For these variables, we have a dataset comprising of 0–1 values, where 0 equals to a not selected picture or source and 1 to a selected one. For each one of these three sets of variables, we apply HCA, aiming to summarize the information. HCA’s output is the dendrogram in Figure 1 visualizing the clusters created in each step.
Dendrogram (HCA) indicating the clusters for E14 variable.
Initially, we cluster the variables to see patterns of categories. In the example below, we cluster the pictures for democracy, getting 5 clusters (38, 40, 41, 46 and 44). As seen in Figure 2, cluster 38 is created by the selection of pictures 3, 10 and 11, cluster 40 consists of selecting picture 1 etc.
Classification process of the 12 pictures-variables of E14 (from E141 to E1412).
Processing the same HCA analysis, to cluster the variables for each one of the three selected variables, we get 5 clusters for E14, 5 clusters for E15 and 4 clusters for E13, as shown in the Table 2.
Code | Variable | Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
group | group | 1: random students | 2: students in-class | 3: students e-learning | 4: high school students | ||
lr_c | ideology | 1: left | 2: left-left | 3: left | 4: left-right | 5: right | |
PM | political mobilization (nominal) | 1: I personally address the authorities | 2: I participate with others in collective mobilizations | 3: I take action through Social Media | 4: I let the authorities to do their job | 5: I do not know / I do not answer | |
PI | political interest (ordinal) | 1: very much | 2: quite | 3: a little | 4: not at all | ||
PK | political knowledge (ordinal) | 1: low | 2: moderate | 3: high | |||
E13 | political info source (categorical, binary 0–1) | 1: TV-Radio | 2: Online newspapers-Internet | 3: Social media | 4: Family-relatives | 5: Friends | 6: Newspapers |
E14 | perception of democracy (categorical, binary 0–1) | 12 pictures which visualize concepts for how they perceive democracy | |||||
E15 | personal values (categorical, binary 0–1) | 12 pictures which visualize concepts of moral values |
Coding and categories of the variables used in the analysis.
Clusters for democracy | 38 | 40 | 41 | 44 | 46 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pictures selected | E1431 | E1411 | E1461 | E1451 | |
E14101 | E1491 | E1421 | |||
E14111 | E1481 | ||||
E1471 | |||||
E1441 | |||||
E14121 | |||||
Clusters for values | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 |
pictures selected | E1531 | E1591 | E1511 | E1571 | E1541 |
E1581 | E1521 | E15121 | E1551 | ||
E1561 | |||||
clusters for information | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | |
pictures selected | e1311 | e1361 | e1321 | e1381 | |
e1331 | e1351 | ||||
e1341 |
The clusters for each one of the variables (E4, E15 and E13) and the selected pictures they are linked to.
We proceed by clustering now the subjects. Instead of having 12 binary variables to represent the democratic self, we produce clusters of similar choices and assign each one of the respondents to the clusters he is closer to according to this profile of answers. HCA again produces a dendrogram with the steps of the clustering process (Figure 3).
Dendrogram (HCA) indicating the clusters of subjects for E14 variable.
In the example shown in Figure 4 we see how the answers on the 12 pictures on democratic self are transformed into one clustering variable (gr_dem), assigning each respondent into one of the clusters of HCA. Following the same method, a separate application of HCA for information sources and for the moral self we get the clustering variables (gr_inf) and (gr_val).
Transforming the dataset by replacing the binary E141-E1412 with the cluster membership variable gr_dem.
After we have completed a separate HCA, to classify the subjects (respondents) for each one of the selected variables (E14, E15 and E13) we get 8 clusters of respondents for E14 (renamed to gr_dem), 9 clusters for E15 (renamed to gr_val) and 8 clusters for E13 (renamed to gr_inf). Table 3 shows a summary of the clusters of subjects for each one of the three variables we get the following table including the clusters and their relative frequency.
gr_dem | freq% | gr_val | freq% | gr_inf | freq% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3201 | 12% | 3187 | 4% | 3136 | 11% |
3204 | 7% | 3191 | 7% | 3198 | 4% |
3207 | 14% | 3192 | 10% | 3206 | 12% |
3209 | 14% | 3200 | 9% | 3208 | 15% |
3210 | 6% | 3202 | 13% | 3211 | 15% |
3212 | 15% | 3203 | 15% | 3213 | 13% |
3213 | 14% | 3204 | 12% | 3215 | 16% |
3214 | 18% | 3206 | 13% | 3216 | 13% |
3207 | 16% |
Cluster membership variables and their categories for E14, E15 and E13.
We investigate further the profile of each cluster for the variable E14. Each cluster is associated with selecting a set of pictures. As shown in Table 4 cluster 3201 consists of the respondents who are more likely to select picture number 12, which corresponds to the symbolic representation for religion (Table 5). Cluster 3204 relates to selecting pictures 4,5,9 and 12 (e-democracy, representative, clientelism and religion). The sets of pictures connected to the clusters, depict the different profiles of the respondents according to the way they comprehend democracy.
E14/gr_dem | 3201 | 3204 | 3207 | 3209 | 3210 | 3212 | 3213 | 3214 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1411 | 40,451 | 27,1001 | ||||||
E1421 | 21,534 | 18,6383 | 27,784 | |||||
E1431 | 57,626 | 20,2902 | ||||||
E1441 | 41,865 | 82,1471 | ||||||
E1451 | 16,437 | 11,9273 | 17,5035 | |||||
E1461 | 154,0449 | |||||||
E1471 | 67,2476 | |||||||
E1481 | 11,8125 | 11,1089 | ||||||
E1491 | 122,6539 | 22,5595 | ||||||
E14101 | 30,127 | 10,2896 | 34,607 | |||||
E14111 | 13,3978 | 71,9056 | ||||||
E14121 | 93,9969 | 7021 |
Weight of selecting each picture to the creation of the clusters for E14.
Democracy | 3201 | 3204 | 3207 | 3209 | 3210 | 3212 | 3213 | 3214 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Movement | E1411 | X | X | ||||||
Ancient Greece | E1421 | X | X | X | |||||
Direct | E1431 | X | X | ||||||
e-Democracy | E1441 | X | X | ||||||
Representative | E1451 | X | X | X | |||||
Riot | E1461 | X | |||||||
Deliberation | E1471 | X | |||||||
Volunteerism | E1481 | X | X | ||||||
Clientelism | E1491 | X | X | ||||||
Rebellion | E14101 | X | X | X | |||||
Protest | E14111 | X | X | ||||||
Religion | E14121 | X | X | ||||||
%Count | 11.9% | 7.4% | 14.0% | 13.6% | 6.0% | 15.0% | 14.2% | 18.1% |
Summarizing the content of each cluster and renaming the clusters for E14.
Similarly, for variable E15, we describe the profiles of the cluster of the respondents regarding the pictures they are more likely to select. In Table 6 we see that cluster 3187 is connected to the pictures 1, 2, 4 and 11 which correspond to riot, anonymous, army and protest, a representation of expressivist moral values (Table 7). In contrast, we see cluster 3207 having a completely naturalist moral values as it is connected to pictures 7, 8, 9, 12 (mountain, family, intimacy and concert).
E15/gr_val | 3187 | 3191 | 3192 | 3200 | 3202 | 3203 | 3204 | 3206 | 3207 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1511 | 188,512 | ||||||||
E1521 | 20,9268 | 118,983 | 54,775 | ||||||
E1531 | 12,0584 | 58,0211 | |||||||
E1541 | 18,172 | 121,4029 | |||||||
E1551 | 79,232 | 74,1092 | |||||||
E1561 | 73,3846 | ||||||||
E1571 | 10,2587 | 48,654 | 15,5155 | ||||||
E1581 | 18,882 | 15,8182 | |||||||
E1591 | 44,774 | 82,153 | 23,8393 | ||||||
E15101 | 74,8128 | ||||||||
E15111 | 22,4576 | 52,603 | 80,7176 | ||||||
E15121 | 23,373 | 19,8778 |
Weight of selecting each picture to the creation of the clusters for E15.
Values | Picture | 3187 | 3191 | 3192 | 3200 | 3202 | 3203 | 3204 | 3206 | 3207 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expressivist | Riot | E1511 | X | ||||||||
Expressivist | Anonymous | E1521 | X | X | X | ||||||
Christian | Christ | E1531 | X | X | |||||||
Army | Army | E1541 | X | X | |||||||
Naturalist | Money | E1551 | X | X | |||||||
Moon exploration | Astronaut | E1561 | X | ||||||||
Spirituality | Mountain | E1571 | X | X | P | ||||||
Naturalist | Family | E1581 | X | P | |||||||
Naturalist | Intimacy | E1591 | X | X | P | ||||||
Spirituality | Meditation | E15101 | X | ||||||||
Expressivist | Protest | E15111 | X | X | X | ||||||
Naturalist | Concert | E15121 | X | P | |||||||
%Count | 4.2% | 7.2% | 9.8% | 8.6% | 13.4% | 15.4% | 12.4% | 13.5% | 15.6% |
Summarizing the content of each cluster and renaming the clusters for E15.
Once more, we investigate the content of each cluster for the variable E13, regarding sources of information. Cluster 3136 includes those respondents who answer 1 and 3 (Table 8) which translates into preferring to get informed about politics by TV-radio and family (Table 9).
E13/gr_inf | 3136 | 3198 | 3206 | 3208 | 3211 | 3213 | 3215 | 3216 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e1311 | 29,2252 | 21,2416 | 29,2252 | |||||
e1321 | 97,3186 | |||||||
e1331 | 52,5758 | 40,4936 | ||||||
e1341 | 81,3803 | |||||||
e1351 | 38,546 | 26,4659 | 78,426 | |||||
e1361 | 34,7882 | 36,0722 | ||||||
e1381 | 181,9963 |
Weight of selecting each source of information to the creation of the clusters for E13.
Info Source | 3136 | 3198 | 3206 | 3208 | 3211 | 3213 | 3215 | 3216 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TV-Radio | e1311 | X | X | X | |||||
Newspapers | e1321 | X | |||||||
Family | e1331 | X | X | ||||||
Friends | e1341 | X | |||||||
Social Media | e1351 | X | X | X | |||||
internet | e1361 | X | X | ||||||
No information | e1381 | X | |||||||
%Count | 11.0% | 4.5% | 12.3% | 15.1% | 14.6% | 13.0% | 15.9% | 13.5% |
Summarizing the content of each cluster and renaming the clusters for E13.
In the second step of the analysis, we jointly analyze the initial variables together with the new cluster membership variables gr_dem, gr_var and gr_inf. We repeat the steps as in the early stages of the analysis applying HCA which produced the following clusters for the subjects, as w result 8 clusters of respondents are detected (Table 10).
Cluster | Freq% |
---|---|
3155 | 5% |
3170 | 6% |
3174 | 6% |
3177 | 8% |
3185 | 38% |
3187 | 11% |
3192 | 17% |
3194 | 8% |
Clustering for the subjects using all the variables together with the new cluster membership variables, produced in the first step.
These clusters relate to the categories of the variables creating a behavioral profile for each one of the clusters of the respondents, in which they have been assigned accordingly. In Table 11 the profiles of the clusters are given in full detail, e.g., cluster 3155 consists of respondents who belong to group 4, are men [sex1], they characterize themselves as center-left [lr_c2], have moderate political knowledge [PK2], they choose to mobilize by personally addressing the authorities, take action through social media and/or let the authorities to do their job [PM1, PM3 and/or PM4],have a little political interest [PI3]. Furthermore, respondents in this cluster belong also in cluster 3136, 3208 and 3216 on how they get informed on politics, they belong to clusters 3207,3209, 3213 and 3214 regarding their views on democracy, and finally they belong in cluster 3192 regarding their set of moral values.
3155 | 3170 | 3174 | 3177 | 3187 | 3194 | 3185 | 3192 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
group1 | 11,8463 | 25,592 | 82,319 | 26,596 | ||||
group2 | 148,5301 | |||||||
group3 | 125,4921 | |||||||
group4 | 10,9198 | 14,5687 | 34,229 | 55,459 | ||||
sex1 | 76,276 | 29,353 | 14,1511 | |||||
sex2 | 23,639 | 71,799 | 75,205 | 6207 | 20,234 | |||
lr_c1 | 30,833 | 38,7565 | 90,106 | 95,594 | ||||
lr_c2 | 93,414 | 83,845 | 10,519 | |||||
lr_c3 | 48,308 | 62,839 | ||||||
lr_c4 | 5919 | 85,217 | ||||||
lr_c5 | 2274 | 79,067 | 14,2434 | |||||
PK0 | 79,321 | 53,899 | ||||||
PK1 | 98,862 | 33,421 | 16,697 | 25,422 | 27,604 | |||
PK2 | 15,5399 | 76,055 | 3605 | 26,049 | ||||
PK3 | 18,3509 | 50,077 | 19,997 | |||||
PK9 | 125,4921 | |||||||
PM1 | 34,843 | 78,408 | 45,907 | |||||
PM2 | 73,697 | 34,2217 | 30,939 | 58,304 | 22,388 | |||
PM3 | 92,603 | 21,341 | ||||||
PM4 | 38,361 | 21,751 | 69,315 | 29,301 | ||||
PM9 | 18,0682 | 25,506 | ||||||
PI1 | 21,7371 | 99,778 | 23,305 | 57,641 | ||||
PI2 | 86,385 | 47,958 | 87,025 | 16,576 | ||||
PI3 | 81,295 | 68,028 | 61,683 | |||||
PI4 | 31,3818 | 1344 | ||||||
gr_inf3136 | 35,692 | 17,137 | 40,6787 | 40,057 | ||||
gr_inf3198 | 95,479 | |||||||
gr_inf3206 | 17,9617 | 72,514 | 18,0647 | |||||
gr_inf3208 | 12,1097 | 13,512 | 72,484 | 3135 | ||||
gr_inf3211 | 60,759 | 16,943 | 35,994 | |||||
gr_inf3213 | 10,4056 | 20,2326 | 17,819 | |||||
gr_inf3215 | 31,174 | |||||||
gr_inf3216 | 68,826 | 68,826 | 25,316 | |||||
gr_dem3201 | 45,4001 | |||||||
gr_dem3204 | 36,4704 | |||||||
gr_dem3207 | 23,595 | 16,3147 | 38,131 | 36,193 | ||||
gr_dem3209 | 54,348 | 60,254 | 45,489 | |||||
gr_dem3210 | 36,1486 | 17,7273 | ||||||
gr_dem3212 | 48,5952 | |||||||
gr_dem3213 | 36,193 | 76,896 | ||||||
gr_dem3214 | 14,6412 | 61,185 | 54,366 | 58,628 | ||||
gr_val3187 | 92,596 | |||||||
gr_val3191 | 38,8079 | |||||||
gr_val3192 | 114,2029 | 20,676 | ||||||
gr_val3200 | 35,4314 | |||||||
gr_val3202 | 22,3301 | 82,6908 | 36,965 | |||||
gr_val3203 | 25,968 | 61,137 | 12,4995 | |||||
gr_val3204 | 46,966 | 58,266 | ||||||
gr_val3206 | 20,116 | 39,9724 | ||||||
gr_val3207 | 5277 | 11,5083 |
Association between the clusters produced in the second step and the categories of the analysis.
In the same way, we continue to examine each one of the clusters of the respondents to understand their behavioral profile, considering the total number of the variables used in our analysis.
In the next step, with the application of correspondence analysis, we extract the dimensions of the analysis and a set of coordinates for each one of the dimensions for each one of the variable categories (Table 12).
categories | x | y |
---|---|---|
group1 | −135 | 18 |
group2 | 415 | −276 |
group3 | 1192 | 865 |
group4 | −179 | −221 |
sex1 | −22 | −160 |
sex2 | 15 | 112 |
lr_c1 | 726 | −466 |
lr_c2 | 78 | −13 |
lr_c3 | −235 | 156 |
lr_c4 | −75 | 141 |
lr_c5 | −38 | −308 |
PK0 | −208 | 79 |
PK1 | −165 | −27 |
PK2 | −94 | −86 |
PK3 | −18 | −236 |
PK9 | 1192 | 865 |
PM1 | −45 | 139 |
PM2 | 494 | −432 |
PM3 | −12 | 1 |
PM4 | −186 | 193 |
PM9 | −211 | −41 |
PI1 | 712 | −262 |
PI2 | 113 | 9 |
PI3 | −201 | 85 |
PI4 | −414 | −17 |
inf_1 | −270 | −24 |
inf_2 | −518 | −167 |
inf_3 | 381 | 181 |
inf_4 | 160 | 112 |
inf_5 | −219 | 25 |
inf_6 | 283 | −206 |
inf_7 | 15 | 19 |
inf_8 | −198 | −70 |
dem_1 | −217 | 31 |
dem_2 | −269 | −105 |
dem_3 | −44 | 215 |
dem_4 | −1 | 186 |
dem_5 | 32 | −703 |
dem_6 | 371 | −316 |
dem_7 | −140 | 140 |
dem_8 | 78 | 98 |
val_1 | 234 | −661 |
val_2 | 86 | −257 |
val_3 | −39 | 194 |
val_4 | −149 | −285 |
val_5 | 550 | −387 |
val_6 | −31 | 309 |
val_7 | −137 | 44 |
val_8 | −160 | 134 |
val_9 | −192 | 202 |
Coordinates for each one of the categories on two main dimensions (x,y).
An extra but final step of HCA is applied this time on the coordinates of the categories classifying them into groups (Figure 5).
Clustering the variables using their coordinates on the dimension as input.
10 clusters | 51 | 62 | 87 | 72 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 89 | 92 | 93 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 clusters | 51 | 91 | 91 | 88 | 90 | 90 | 88 | 95 | 95 | 93 |
4 clusters | 98 | 98 | 98 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 93 |
96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 93 | ||||
group | group3 | group2 | group1 | group4 | ||||||
Left–Right | far left | center-left/center-right | center-left | far right | ||||||
Political Interest | Very | Not very | Somewhat | Not at all | ||||||
Political Knowledge | No Data | None/Little | Adequate | High | ||||||
Political Mobilization | Collective | Personal | Let others to do their job | Social Media | N/A | |||||
Gender | Female | Male | ||||||||
Information Source | Social media, Internet/ Newspapers | TV-Radio, Internet | TV-Radio, social media/ Friends | Family, social media | TV-Radio, Family | No information | ||||
Democracy | Movement, Direct, Rebellion, Protest | Ancient Greece, Representative, Deliberation | e-Democracy | Movement, Ancient Greece, Representative, Volunteerism | Ancient Greece, Direct, Volunteerism, Rebellion | e-Democracy, Representative, Corruption | Religion | Riot, Corruption, Rebellion, Protest | ||
Values | Protest | Anonymous, Protest | Spirituality, meditation/ Mountain, family, intimacy, concert | Astronaut, mountain, concert | Anonymous, Christ, money, army/ Money intimacy | Christ, family, intimacy | Riot, anonymous, army, protest |
Summarizing the association between the categories and the clusters.
The analysis highlights the existence of 10 distinct discourses of behavior (Table 13):
Clusters 51, 62, 87 which is a later step are unified in one cluster 98. This cluster reflects the profile of group 2 and 3 (university students who undertook the civic education course either in-class either online). They are characterized as far left, with high political interest, collective political mobilization, get informed by social media, internet or the newspapers. They see democracy as direct and think of it as rebellion and protest, while in their moral set of values they choose protest (expressivists).
Clusters 72, 84, 85, 86 which in later classification stage merge into cluster 94, including the random sample of students who were not part of the civic education course. These participants are characterized as center-left/center-right, have a moderate to low political interest, little to none political knowledge, low political mobilization (letting others do their job) or social media, they get informed by tv-radio, social media, friends and family. They view democracy as movement, representative, direct and they see a strong connection to ancient Greece. Their moral values are mainly naturalist, focusing on entertainment, family or spirituality.
In clusters 89, 92 which meet later in cluster 95, we find the younger high school students, who also attended the civic education course. This cluster is characterized as closer to the righter positions of the left–right axis. They demonstrate high political knowledge, they get informed by TV-radio and family and they see democracy as e-democracy, representative and connected to corruption and religion. Their moral setting is a mixture of expressivist and naturalistic values, including a set of nationalist symbolism including army, Christ, and family.
Cluster 93 concentrates respondents of no political interest, or information who understand democracy as rebellion or corruption and are closer to expressivist values such as riot, protest but also army.
Utilizing the coordinates of the points on the two first axes which were obtained from the correspondence analysis, we construct a system of 2 axes on which we place all these points [3]. The output resembles a simple Cartesian field where x is the first dimension (horizontal), and y is the second dimension (vertical). A third dimension can be brought into the analysis by using a three-dimensional space, visualizing the objects within a cube, or by presenting the different sets of the dimension by two.
The output is a semantic map, where all objects can be seen altogether, and their positioning on the field can be explained in terms of the object’s proximity or opposition on each one of the dimensions.
In our example (Figure 6), we make the following observations:
The semantic map, visualizing in a Cartesian field (x,y) the categories of all variables positioned according to their coordinates from AFC.
The first axis is created by the opposing objects of: 1) group 1 (random students) and group 4 (high school students), followed by characteristics such as low political interest, getting informed by V-radio or friend and family, center left\\center right, naturalistic values, choosing not to be mobilized or act on an individual level if needed and 2) group 2 and group 3 (university students of the civic education course) with high political interest, left, getting informed by newspapers and social media, expressivists choosing collective ways of mobilization.
The second axis depicts the antithesis between group 3 (online students of the civic education course) who are connected to the online information about politics, in contrast to the in-class students of group 2 who are linked to collective ways of mobilization. Additionally, the second axis is described by the antithesis between the set val_1 (Riot, Anonymous, Army, Protest), dem_5 (Riot, Deliberation, Volunteerism, Clientelism, Rebellion, Protest) and the set val_6/val_9 (Mountain, Family/Mountain, Family, Intimacy) and dem_3/dem_4 (Ancient Greece, Representative, Deliberation /e-Democracy). This polarization is explained as the difference between the democratic and moral discourses which were detected in the analysis.
The method presented in this chapter, as applied in the example of a survey among universities and high school in Thessaloniki, follows the application of HCA and MCA (or AFC) in two steps.
The added value of the presented methodological approach lies in its competence to utilize an advanced clustering method that incorporates the dimension reduction function of correspondence analysis. Clustering in multiple stages of the analysis, produces summarized variables that can describe the overall behavior or profile of the subjects. Then these new cluster membership variables can be associated with the categories of the variables used in the clustering analysis, therefore we can associate each cluster not only with its subjects but with the categories as well. In the second step, the joint analysis of the cluster membership variables together with the rest of the variables of the analysis, produces a comprehensive clustering of all items together, associating them again with the categories of the variables. This procedure allows the researcher to have a full and comprehensive overview of the profiles of each cluster.
Moreover, correspondence analysis brings forward the inner competition of the phenomenon, extracting multiple dimensions that explain the dynamics within it. The coordinates of each object give a better understanding of the distances between them, and when analyzed again with HCA we get the final fully described clusters. The coordinates can visualize the phenomenon in a simple two-dimensional space or even of more dimensions, where the observer can comprehend in more detail the revealed inner relationships or oppositions among the subjects and the objects of the analysis.
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"17"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11461",title:"Advances in Nanowires Synthesis and Applications to Sensing Technologies \ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"94ce46811974b75b5efded35f161ea18",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Felix Kutsanedzie, Dr. Annavaram Viswadevarayalu, Dr. Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum and Dr. Isaac Asempah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11461.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"443651",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Kutsanedzie",slug:"felix-kutsanedzie",fullName:"Felix Kutsanedzie"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11464",title:"Carbon Nanotubes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Potential Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce526ec78ed00c4f5f08ffb4548ff388",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri and Prof. Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11464.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11754",title:"Nanozymes - Simulation, Design, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7d040dd70e3021d1c7da668be1263616",slug:null,bookSignature:"D.Sc. Rafael Vargas-Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11755",title:"Nanoclay - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b716126dd284217d47a657db8ae22ef4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walid Oueslati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11755.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176192",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",surname:"Oueslati",slug:"walid-oueslati",fullName:"Walid Oueslati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11756",title:"Quantum Dots - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Contemporary Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11757",title:"Nanorods - Synthesis, Properties, Toxicity and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fb27f444442e8f039b560beae93e6873",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tejendra Kumar Gupta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11757.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345089",title:"Prof.",name:"Tejendra Kumar",surname:"Gupta",slug:"tejendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Tejendra Kumar Gupta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12259",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f170098e663d39a3431be01f1afeece8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Suresh Sagadevan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12259.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"473599",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Sagadevan",slug:"suresh-sagadevan",fullName:"Suresh Sagadevan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:7},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"443",title:"Organizational Studies",slug:"organizational-studies",parent:{id:"63",title:"Business Administration",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:61,numberOfWosCitations:70,numberOfCrossrefCitations:58,numberOfDimensionsCitations:125,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"443",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1853",title:"Business Dynamics in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57d435250b0d09cd5e21571f752bfb3c",slug:"business-dynamics-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Chee-Heong Quah and Ong Lin Dar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2298",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",subtitle:"Micro and Macro Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"756704471c1209186b420f9985bd4fa6",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",bookSignature:"Murat Kasimoglu and Handan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2298.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115863",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Kasimoglu",slug:"murat-kasimoglu",fullName:"Murat Kasimoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41056,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"35718",doi:"10.5772/37137",title:"The Bottom-Up Approach of Community-Based Ethnic Tourism: A Case Study in Chiang Rai",slug:"the-bottom-up-approach-of-community-based-ethnic-tourism-a-case-study-in-chiang-rai",totalDownloads:8437,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Polladach Theerapappisit",authors:[{id:"111426",title:"Dr.",name:"Polladach",middleName:null,surname:"Theerapappisit",slug:"polladach-theerapappisit",fullName:"Polladach Theerapappisit"}]},{id:"35712",doi:"10.5772/37101",title:"What Women Want: Hotel Characteristics Preferences of Women Travellers",slug:"what-women-want-hotel-characteristics-preferences-of-women-travellers",totalDownloads:7638,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Azizan Marzuki, Tan Lay Chin and Arman Abdul Razak",authors:[{id:"111261",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Azizan",middleName:null,surname:"Marzuki",slug:"azizan-marzuki",fullName:"Azizan Marzuki"},{id:"118609",title:"Ms.",name:"Lay Chin",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"lay-chin-tan",fullName:"Lay Chin Tan"},{id:"118610",title:"Mr.",name:"Arman",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Razak",slug:"arman-abdul-razak",fullName:"Arman Abdul Razak"}]},{id:"35713",doi:"10.5772/38798",title:"New Challenges for Tourism Destination Management in Romania",slug:"new-challenges-for-tourism-destination-management-in-romania",totalDownloads:10549,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Gabriela Tigu",authors:[{id:"119493",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Tigu",slug:"gabriela-tigu",fullName:"Gabriela Tigu"}]},{id:"35710",doi:"10.5772/38549",title:"A Model for Assessing the Level of Tourism Impacts and Sustainability of Coastal Cities",slug:"a-model-for-assessing-the-level-of-tourism-impacts-and-sustainability-of-coastal-cities",totalDownloads:8458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Beser Oktay Vehbi",authors:[{id:"117933",title:"Dr.",name:"Beser",middleName:null,surname:"Oktay Vehbi",slug:"beser-oktay-vehbi",fullName:"Beser Oktay Vehbi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35717",title:"Cultural Districts, Tourism and Sustainability",slug:"cultural-districts-tourism-and-sustainability",totalDownloads:2437,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Giulio Maggiore and Immacolata Vellecco",authors:[{id:"118072",title:"Dr.",name:"Immacolata",middleName:null,surname:"Vellecco",slug:"immacolata-vellecco",fullName:"Immacolata Vellecco"},{id:"118597",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Maggiore",slug:"giulio-maggiore",fullName:"Giulio Maggiore"}]},{id:"35715",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41056,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"71088",title:"Public Sector Organizational Culture: Experience from Frontline Bureaucracies",slug:"public-sector-organizational-culture-experience-from-frontline-bureaucracies",totalDownloads:878,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the practice of organizational culture by the frontline bureaucrats in Bangladesh. Culture scholars argue that organizational culture—commonly defined as the beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices of the members of an organization—is a powerful force in determining the health and well-being of an organization. Scholars also suggest the existence of different dimensions of organizational culture. Although they do not agree in naming these dimensions, commonalities are found in their understanding. How organizational culture is practiced by the frontline bureaucrats in Bangladesh has not been studied much. A study was designed to know how the frontline public bureaucrats practice organizational culture and how they differ in their practices along their service lines. Four dimensions of organizational culture—power distance, uncertainty avoidance tendency, participation, and team orientation—were considered. The chosen culture dimensions impact the overall management of any public sector organization. Three hundred and twenty-six frontline public bureaucrats were studied using a survey questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics have been used for analyzing the collected data. Findings from independent samples t-tests revealed that the frontline bureaucrats significantly differ along their service lines in practicing the culture dimensions.",book:{id:"7807",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",fullTitle:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action"},signatures:"Md. Morshed Alom",authors:[{id:"314259",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Md. Morshed",middleName:null,surname:"Alom",slug:"md.-morshed-alom",fullName:"Md. Morshed Alom"}]},{id:"72449",title:"Communication and Organizational Culture",slug:"communication-and-organizational-culture",totalDownloads:782,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"When people in an organization understand themselves and their context of interaction from very different perspectives, there is an increased risk of poor organizational dialogue. The reason is not only that individuals’ social interpretations of others are influenced by their idiosyncratic perspectives. In interactions involving a significant diversity of individual perspectives, there is also a risk that communicators form radically different interpretations of goals and processes in the organization. It is therefore of crucial importance that people have a sufficiently similar understanding of action-guiding information, communicative acts and the workplace itself. The chapter focuses on the importance of creating shared organizational culture on the basis of four communication conditions from social interaction theory. (1) In communicative processes, senders need to secure the attention of audiences. (2) Senders and audiences need to have a sufficiently similar understanding of the language that is used. (3) Senders and audiences need to interpret communicative acts in a sufficiently similar way. (4) The attitudes and values that audiences ascribe to senders must correspond to the values and attitudes that senders actually have. After having clarified these conditions, the chapter applies them to analyse fundamental organizational challenges. The final part of the chapter argues that the conditions can, typically on management levels, constitute conceptual tools for creating unifying communicative cultures. Furthermore, using the conditions (1)–(4) actively as a means for securing communication across a diversity of individual perspectives can contribute to reaching organizational goals, no matter how they are defined.",book:{id:"7807",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",fullTitle:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action"},signatures:"Halvor Nordby",authors:[{id:"212169",title:"Prof.",name:"Halvor",middleName:null,surname:"Nordby",slug:"halvor-nordby",fullName:"Halvor Nordby"}]},{id:"72534",title:"Effects of Information Technologies on Organizational Culture: A Discussion Based on the Key Role of Organizational Structure",slug:"effects-of-information-technologies-on-organizational-culture-a-discussion-based-on-the-key-role-of-",totalDownloads:1104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter discusses the influences of information technologies on cultural features of organizations with an emphasis on the concept of “organizational structure” because research shows that organizational culture and organizational structure are in a very close relationship. In this regard, it argues that information technologies can have direct and indirect effects on organizational cultures based on the information technologies’ influences on organizational structures and the processes, activities, and human relations within these structures. Underlining different and controversial approaches and findings in the literature, this study makes some deductions by referring to important features of information technologies and organizational culture. Therefore, the approaches and evaluations given here are thought to be useful for the practitioners and students who are interested in the subject and the academic staff who are interested in doing research on this subject.",book:{id:"7807",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",fullTitle:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action"},signatures:"Eser Erdurmazlı",authors:[{id:"318514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eser",middleName:null,surname:"Erdurmazlı",slug:"eser-erdurmazli",fullName:"Eser Erdurmazlı"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"443",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"