Courtyard design variables (author).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5398",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Photomedicine - Advances in Clinical Practice",title:"Photomedicine",subtitle:"Advances in Clinical Practice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Photomedicine is one of the most inspiring and interdisciplinary fields in medicine that involves the research and application of photobiology with respect to health and disease. Photomedicine has contributed to the clinical practice of a variety of medical fields, including dermatology, surgery, radiology, diagnostics, cardiology, and anticancer therapy. Furthermore, expansion of its scope and contribution can be expected. This book covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to photomedicine, which brings together researchers from many countries. These include the basic science of photodynamic therapy, clinical applications in various kinds of medical fields, photochemotherapy, laser therapy for musculoskeletal pain, intense pulsed light therapy for photorejuvenation, biological function of low-level laser therapy, and photobiology for skin rejuvenation. Not only will this be beneficial for readers, but it will also contribute to scientists making further breakthroughs in photomedicine.",isbn:"978-953-51-3156-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3155-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4838-8",doi:"10.5772/62699",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"photomedicine-advances-in-clinical-practice",numberOfPages:262,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8ff7fc03a661c7b031e0ce44d1ec4824",bookSignature:"Yohei Tanaka",publishedDate:"May 17th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5398.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19075,numberOfWosCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:65,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 19th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 17th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 16th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"36633",title:"Dr.",name:"Yohei",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",slug:"yohei-tanaka",fullName:"Yohei Tanaka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36633/images/1764_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yohei Tanaka is a board certified plastic surgeon who is dedicated to his patients as well as an enthusiastic researcher. He received his MD from Shinshu University School of Medicine in 2000., followed by a Ph.D. from Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine in 2010. \nIn addition to being a lecturer, Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, and visiting professor, Department of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, he is also the founder of the Clinica Tanaka Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Anti-aging Center, and the Society for Near-infrared rays Research.\nDr. Yohei Tanaka enthusiastically performs various researches at several prestigious universities, his own clinic, and internatinally well-known companies. He now specializes in blepharoplasty, filler injection, and the biological investigation of near-infrared radiation.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1008",title:"Radiology Diagnosis",slug:"radiology-diagnosis"}],chapters:[{id:"53978",title:"Photosensitizers Imprinting Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Dermato-Oncology Therapy",doi:"10.5772/65979",slug:"photosensitizers-imprinting-intracellular-signaling-pathways-in-dermato-oncology-therapy",totalDownloads:1497,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes the main deregulated intracellular pathways at both genetic and proteomic levels that are found in three main skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. In basal cell carcinoma, the main intracellular signaling pathways is the Sonic Hedgehog pathway, while in squamous cell carcinoma, it is the p53 pathway. However, in both nonmelanoma skin cancers, these major pathways trigger cross-activation with other important ones. In melanoma, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and PI3K/Akt pathways are deeply deregulated, and moreover due to the disease complexity, BRAF, RAS (N/H/K), NF1 and Triple-WT melanoma subtypes need additional molecular stratification. The stage in which photodynamic therapies’ clinical application is in the treatment of these diseases is another subject tackled by the chapter. Thus, if basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma possess in their therapeutical armamentarium photodynamic therapies approach, melanoma, with its particularities, still needs thorough molecular investigations to adapt this particular therapy. Based on the accumulated knowledge on pathological intracellular pathways, the chapter describes the molecular details that reside in applying photodynamic therapy. In vivo and in vitro models of cutaneous malignancy and photodynamic therapies’ molecular events are further detailed.",signatures:"Carolina Constantin and Monica Neagu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53978",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53978",authors:[{id:"52215",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",surname:"Teodora Neagu",slug:"monica-teodora-neagu",fullName:"Monica Teodora Neagu"},{id:"52218",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Constantin",slug:"carolina-constantin",fullName:"Carolina Constantin"}],corrections:null},{id:"55081",title:"Pleural Photodynamic Therapy and Surgery in Thoracic Cancer Patients with Pleural Spread",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68722",slug:"pleural-photodynamic-therapy-and-surgery-in-thoracic-cancer-patients-with-pleural-spread",totalDownloads:1098,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pleural spread from non-small cell lung cancer is a difficult situation. The average survival in the situation is about 6–9 months. We investigate the current management of this challenging condition. Although, there is no much evidence found in the literature, we do see the pleural photodynamic therapy giving some promising light in the dark night. However, the patients still require complete neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, as well as radical tumor resection. Pleural PDT is one of the multi-modality treatments, which combined can achieve satisfactory oncological results. The long-term survival can be achieved in more than half the patients. However, the side effects of pleural PDT include skin hypersensitivity, trachea and esophageal perforation, and ARDS, which we should keep in mind.",signatures:"Ke-Cheng Chen and Jang-Ming Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55081",authors:[{id:"189104",title:"Prof.",name:"Jang-Ming",surname:"Lee",slug:"jang-ming-lee",fullName:"Jang-Ming Lee"},{id:"198027",title:"M.D.",name:"Ke-Cheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"ke-cheng-chen",fullName:"Ke-Cheng Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"54041",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",doi:"10.5772/66420",slug:"photodynamic-therapy",totalDownloads:1339,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs light activation of tissue‐localized photosensitizer in an oxygen‐dependent process which initiates oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the activation of a previously administered photosensitizing agent by visible light to induce tumor necrosis. Photosensitizers are topically applied in the treatment of skin tumors to avoid systemic side effects. The main dermatology indications for topical PDT are superficial nonmelanoma skin cancer and dysplasia, notably superficial basal carcinoma (BCC), Bowen's disease (BD), and actinic keratosis (AK). In this chapter, we evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a photosensitizer (ALA‐PDT) in combination with CO2 laser in the treatment of dermatological disease from basics to clinic research.",signatures:"Wei Liu and Hong Cai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54041",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54041",authors:[{id:"187769",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",surname:"Liu",slug:"wei-liu",fullName:"Wei Liu"},{id:"194515",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",surname:"Cai",slug:"hong-cai",fullName:"Hong Cai"}],corrections:null},{id:"52781",title:"Can Nanotechnology Shine a New Light on Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapies?",doi:"10.5772/65974",slug:"can-nanotechnology-shine-a-new-light-on-antimicrobial-photodynamic-therapies-",totalDownloads:1798,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recent developments in light‐controlled therapies (e.g., photodynamic and photothermal therapies) provide promising strategies to prevent and suppress bacterial infections, which are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has drawn increasing attention from the scientific society for its potential to kill multidrug‐resistant pathogenic bacteria and for its low tendency to induce drug resistance. In this chapter, we summarize the mechanism of action of aPDT, the photosensitizers, as well the current developments in terms of treating Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The chapter also describes the recent progress relating to photomedicine for preventing bacterial infections and biofilm formation. We focus on the laser device used in aPDT and on the light‐treatment parameters that may have a strong impact on the results of aPDT experiments. In the last part of this chapter, we survey on the various nanoparticles delivering photoactive molecules, and photoactive‐nanoparticles that can potentially enhance the antimicrobial action of aPDT.",signatures:"Nora Bloise, Paolo Minzioni, Marcello Imbriani and Livia Visai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52781",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52781",authors:[{id:"188428",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",surname:"Bloise",slug:"nora-bloise",fullName:"Nora Bloise"},{id:"194755",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Minzoni",slug:"paolo-minzoni",fullName:"Paolo Minzoni"},{id:"194756",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Imbriani",slug:"marcello-imbriani",fullName:"Marcello Imbriani"},{id:"194757",title:"Prof.",name:"Livia",surname:"Visai",slug:"livia-visai",fullName:"Livia Visai"}],corrections:null},{id:"54273",title:"Low Level Energy Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Processes and Regeneration",doi:"10.5772/65344",slug:"low-level-energy-photodynamic-therapy-for-skin-processes-and-regeneration",totalDownloads:1474,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Skin is the largest human organ and displays multiple functions involving structure and protection against external agents that may affect the body. Solar radiation accelerates the normal aging process and may even cause great damage leading to many different cutaneous diseases and skin cancer. Moreover, a wound in the skin may be an open channel for the access of pathogens usually exposing blood vessels for infections and causing serious complications. For many reasons, regulatory skin processes are of great deal in different approaches: basic antiaging, wound healing, and skin cancer. In a good way, photoprocesses with specific wavelength at low energy levels associated with photoactive compounds are known to cause the opposite effect, promoting the healing of cutaneous diseases and leading to well-defined outcomes in rejuvenation and antiaging. This chapter will discuss the most relevant topics in photo skin regeneration using low energy levels associated with photodynamic therapy (PDT), which emerged as a combination to potentialize molecules with the already known effects of PDT and low level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of skin pathologies, known as a photobiomodulation process.",signatures:"Antonio Tedesco and Priscila Jesus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54273",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54273",authors:[{id:"189288",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Priscila",surname:"Jesus",slug:"priscila-jesus",fullName:"Priscila Jesus"},{id:"189363",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Tedesco",slug:"antonio-tedesco",fullName:"Antonio Tedesco"}],corrections:null},{id:"52261",title:"Light-Emitting Woven Fabric for Treatment with Photodynamic Therapy and Monitoring of Actinic Keratosis",doi:"10.5772/64997",slug:"light-emitting-woven-fabric-for-treatment-with-photodynamic-therapy-and-monitoring-of-actinic-kerato",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A successful photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a specific photosensitizer, oxygen and light of a specific wavelength and power. Today photodynamic therapy (PDT) is administered to patients with light-emitting diode (LED) panels. These panels deliver a non-uniform light distribution on the human body parts, as the complex human anatomy is not a flat surface (head vertex, hand, shoulder, etc.). For an efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-emitting fabric (LEF) was woven from plastic optical fibers (POF) aiming at the treatment of dermatologic diseases such as actinic keratosis (AK). Plastic optical fibers (POF) (Toray, PGR-FB250) have been woven in textile in order to create macro-bendings, and thus emit out the injected light directly to the skin. The light intensity and light-emitting homogeneity of the LEF were improved thanks to Doehlert Experimental Design. During the treatment with PDT, the photosensitizers were activated in the cancerous cells. These cells may be visualized, as they show a characteristic fluorescence under UV light, which is called fluorescence diagnosis (FD). Therefore, it is proposed to modify the developed LEF for PDT to measure the fluorescence amount. For this aim, a part of POFs was cut out to observe the quantity of light that could be collected while the LEF was connected to a light source. The first prototypes showed the possibility of the illumination with the same LEF without losing the efficiency but also imaging the collected light.",signatures:"Yesim Oguz, Vladan Koncar, Cedric Cochrane and Serge Mordon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52261",authors:[{id:"30935",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladan",surname:"Koncar",slug:"vladan-koncar",fullName:"Vladan Koncar"},{id:"46034",title:"Mr.",name:"Cedric",surname:"Cochrane",slug:"cedric-cochrane",fullName:"Cedric Cochrane"},{id:"187875",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yesim",surname:"Oguz",slug:"yesim-oguz",fullName:"Yesim Oguz"},{id:"194310",title:"Prof.",name:"Serge",surname:"Mordon",slug:"serge-mordon",fullName:"Serge Mordon"}],corrections:null},{id:"53592",title:"Nurses and Pharmacists in Interdisciplinary Team of Health Care Providers in Photodynamic Therapy",doi:"10.5772/65975",slug:"nurses-and-pharmacists-in-interdisciplinary-team-of-health-care-providers-in-photodynamic-therapy",totalDownloads:1437,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: The modern treatment is based on wide cooperation between diverse representatives of medical professions. The photodynamic therapy is a noninvasive method of treatment both neoplastic diseases and miscellaneous noncancerous illnesses. It is complementary and competitive in some way to various traditional treatment techniques, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. This review emphasizes the significance of collaboration between specialists engaged in research, development, and practical use of photodynamic therapy.",signatures:"Tomasz Kocki, Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska, Katarzyna Kocka,\nMagdalena Stolarska, Daria Wachowska, Sebastian Lijewski,\nTomasz Koczorowski and Tomasz Goslinski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53592",authors:[{id:"189472",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Kocki",slug:"tomasz-kocki",fullName:"Tomasz Kocki"},{id:"194381",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Goslinski",slug:"tomasz-goslinski",fullName:"Tomasz Goslinski"},{id:"196554",title:"MSc.",name:"Beata",surname:"Czarczynska-Goslinska",slug:"beata-czarczynska-goslinska",fullName:"Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska"},{id:"196555",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",surname:"Kocka",slug:"katarzyna-kocka",fullName:"Katarzyna Kocka"},{id:"196556",title:"MSc.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Stolarska",slug:"magdalena-stolarska",fullName:"Magdalena Stolarska"},{id:"196558",title:"MSc.",name:"Sebastian",surname:"Lijewski",slug:"sebastian-lijewski",fullName:"Sebastian Lijewski"},{id:"196559",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Koczorowski",slug:"tomasz-koczorowski",fullName:"Tomasz Koczorowski"},{id:"196562",title:"MSc.",name:"Daria",surname:"Wachowska",slug:"daria-wachowska",fullName:"Daria Wachowska"}],corrections:null},{id:"52537",title:"Effectiveness and Safety of Topical Phototherapy in the Treatment of Dermatological Diseases",doi:"10.5772/65712",slug:"effectiveness-and-safety-of-topical-phototherapy-in-the-treatment-of-dermatological-diseases",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phototherapy consists in the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from artificial sources for therapeutic purposes. Despite the introduction of new and powerful drugs (including biological and target therapies), phototherapy remains an established, lower cost, and effective option for the treatment of many common skin diseases.",signatures:"Giorgio Delrosso and Paola Savoia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52537",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52537",authors:[{id:"187787",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Savoia",slug:"paola-savoia",fullName:"Paola Savoia"},{id:"188619",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",surname:"Delrosso",slug:"giorgio-delrosso",fullName:"Giorgio Delrosso"}],corrections:null},{id:"53270",title:"The Use of Photomedicine in Musculoskeletal Pain",doi:"10.5772/65748",slug:"the-use-of-photomedicine-in-musculoskeletal-pain",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Musculoskeletal pain is a major cause of disability. Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in particular are a common source of pain in a substantial number of patients presenting at a pain clinic. Many different invasive and non-invasive forms have been advocated to the treatment of MTrPs. However, favourable outcome rates are inconsistent and some of these treatment forms described are often painful and have potentially dangerous side effects. Photomedicine including the coherent light sources (lasers) and more recently, non-coherent light sources have been reported to be beneficial in soft tissue lesions including MTrPs. Their beneficial therapeutic effects can be obtained without undesired effects. The main intentions of this chapter are to bring the attention of the doctors and physical therapists to the scientific approach of photomedicine, in particular laser therapy for the relief of pain arising from MTrPs, and to demonstrate how this type of therapy can be utilized in a rational manner for the relief of musculoskeletal pain. In addition, it has been found necessary to include or to start with an overview of the recently recognized diagnostic and therapeutic importance of MTrPs. Attention will therefore first be drawn mainly to incidence, types, aetiology, clinical diagnostic criteria and conventional forms of MTrPs.",signatures:"Abdullah M. Al-Shenqiti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53270",authors:[{id:"187932",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Al-Shenqiti",slug:"abdullah-al-shenqiti",fullName:"Abdullah Al-Shenqiti"}],corrections:null},{id:"54074",title:"Intense Pulsed Light Therapy",doi:"10.5772/65345",slug:"intense-pulsed-light-therapy",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Intense pulsed light (IPL) is one of the most effective nonablative approaches to treat skin photoaging. The broad range of wavelengths (500–1200 nm) emitted from IPL devices effectively target both melanin and hemoglobin in the skin. Numerous trials show the effectiveness and compatibility of IPL devices in a variety of skin conditions, especially in cosmetic indications such as hypertrichosis and telangiectasias. Compared with the wide clinical use of IPL, the biochemical and molecular mechanism is not clear. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that IPL could increase the production of extracellular matrix, promote the proliferation of fibroblasts, and increase the secretion of TGF-β and matrix metalloproteinases, which play important roles in the photorejuvenation effects of IPL. However, investigations regarding the detailed underlying mechanism are necessary.",signatures:"Gu Weijie, Liu Hongmei and Liu Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54074",authors:[{id:"187769",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",surname:"Liu",slug:"wei-liu",fullName:"Wei Liu"},{id:"194476",title:"Dr.",name:"Weijie",surname:"Gu",slug:"weijie-gu",fullName:"Weijie Gu"},{id:"194477",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongmei",surname:"Liu",slug:"hongmei-liu",fullName:"Hongmei Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52884",title:"Biological Function of Low Reactive Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)",doi:"10.5772/65747",slug:"biological-function-of-low-reactive-level-laser-therapy-lllt-",totalDownloads:1760,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Low reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) and photobiomodulation are mainly focused on the activation of intracellular or extracellular photoabsorbable molecule (chromophore) and the initiation of cellular signaling using low power lasers and lights. Over the past 40 decades, a number of basic and clinical researches were reported that the laser therapy had the potential to improve wound healing and reduce pain and inflammation. In recent years, the term “LLLT” has become widely recognized. In this review, the mechanisms of action of LLLT at a cellular level are described. Finally, our recent research results that LLLT enhanced the cells differentiation are also described.",signatures:"Toshihiro Kushibiki and Miya Ishihara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52884",authors:[{id:"188512",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshihiro",surname:"Kushibiki",slug:"toshihiro-kushibiki",fullName:"Toshihiro Kushibiki"}],corrections:null},{id:"54924",title:"Photobiological Basics and Clinical Indications of Phototherapy for Skin Rejuvenation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68723",slug:"photobiological-basics-and-clinical-indications-of-phototherapy-for-skin-rejuvenation",totalDownloads:2402,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sunlight is essential to almost all forms of life for both light and heat. Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis, and man and animals alike need plants for many vital purposes. The sun featured many Millennia ago not only as a deity but also as a therapeutic source, so phototherapy is by no means a recent phenomenon. Niels Finsen’s therapeutic arc lamp system in the early 1900s replaced the sun as a therapeutic source. Since then, many light sources have been successfully applied for phototherapy, with laser diodes and light-emitting diodes the most efficient. This chapter will explore what phototherapy is, and examine its important role in the fast-developing indication of skin rejuvenation. Systems used in phototherapy will be discussed and compared. Photobiological basics and light/tissue interaction underlying the process will be examined, together with the importance of treatment parameters. The wound healing process, on which skin rejuvenation rests, will be dissected with a discussion of the optimum wavelengths to photoactivate the skin cells, leading to the clinical indications in photorejuvenation.",signatures:"Robert Glen Calderhead and Yohei Tanaka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54924",authors:[{id:"36633",title:"Dr.",name:"Yohei",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"yohei-tanaka",fullName:"Yohei Tanaka"},{id:"190922",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Glen",surname:"Calderhead",slug:"r.-glen-calderhead",fullName:"R. 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Hashim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69228",title:"Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87123",slug:"advances-in-passive-cooling-design-an-integrated-design-approach",body:'\nThe integration of passive systems in the architectural design process requires many considerations on all levels of design stages. The aim of this integration is to achieve and provide high-efficiency thermal comfort or natural lighting. Passive system performances depend mostly on natural and environmental elements like the sun, wind, earth, and water. It is, therefore, significant to study and analyze how passive systems interact with natural elements and their relationship to a building site. Passive cooling systems, thereafter, need to be integrated within the design process, as their performance requirements are affected by orientation, height, materials, form, and characteristics of many architectural elements.
\nThe main two innovative ideas of this chapter are, first, to provide analysis of passive devices based on one or more of the cooling actions (store, avoid, remove, and slow (SARS)) and, second, to develop a design matrix based on SARS actions and analysis of examples of integrated passive systems.
\nPassive cooling systems were the main design driver in low energy architecture and vernacular architecture especially in hot climate regions. Buildings were designed and built to adapt to local environmental conditions and to use natural elements to provide occupants with the required thermal comfort around the year. However, the discovery of fossil fuels and the development of new construction materials the building industry became less respect to the surrounding environment and less dependent on passive techniques. Buildings become heavily dependent on energy to provide the indoor environment with the required thermal comfort. The use of fossil fuels on a large spreader scale resulted on many environmental and health problems that associated with the greenhouse emissions. These problems shifted architects’ awareness to environmental and climatic variables to be key drivers of the building design to provide the required thermal comfort and reduce energy consumptions.
\nPassive cooling or heating approaches play a major role in bringing architecture closer to the original green, environmental, and vernacular architecture by using surrounding environmental elements such as solar radiation and natural ventilation. Passive cooling is an approach that focuses on providing thermal comfort by controlling heat gains and heat dissipation without involving mechanical or electrical devices. The performance quality of this approach depends totally on the interaction of the building’s design and devices with the surrounding environmental factors, such as sun rays, ambient air temperature, wind, and humidity, to achieve energy balance for occupants. Therefore, conducting a thorough analysis of a building’s local climatic conditions is essential for any passive cooling approach to successfully fulfill its purpose and to maximize a specific action of SARS.
\nHeat gain sources include internal and external sources. The internal heat gains are produced from human activities, artificial lights, equipment, and appliances used by the occupants, while the external heat gains result from the interaction of the building with the outdoor environment. Heat gain or loss has four forms:
The interaction of the building with the environmental elements (author).
Lechner [1] presented many simple passive devices used for cooling in hot climates like simple courtyard, wind tower, thermal massing, windows, arcade, shading devices, and solar chimney. In addition the book discussed the ventilation principles and pattern. Many studies investigated in different approaches and methods the potential of passive cooling techniques in saving energy and cooling the indoor space in different climates. Nunes and Oliveira Panão [2] suggested a method to calculate the monthly cooling energy needs in zones where passive cooling systems are installed and applied on an office ventilated by passive devices like earth cooling and solar chimney. Kachkouch et al. [3] investigated three passive techniques in the real conditions in hot semiarid climate. The study tested the effect of three main techniques are, shading ceiling color and insulation on heat flux. The study concluded that these techniques helped to reduce heat flux with best results of white painted. Prieto et al. [4] showed how important it is to apply the passive strategies in early design stages and use active equipment after that if necessary. They studied, using simulation software, the effectiveness of selected passive cooling strategies like glazing, shading, color, and heat sink in commercial buildings in warm climates. The study concluded that the efficiency of the passive strategies conditioned to both the harshness of a given climate and design of different building parameters. Tejero-González et al. [5] reviewed many passive design techniques and parameters affecting applicability of such techniques. The study investigated how the climatic parameters are needed to be studied thoroughly to design and select passive cooling/heating techniques. Panchabikesan et al. [6] studied many passive design techniques like evaporative cooling, nocturnal radiative cooling, and phase change material (PCM) in different climatic conditions in India to reduce energy consumption. The study showed that these techniques best result in hot climates. Oropeza-Perez and Østergaard [7] review many passive and active cooling methods that could be used in residential buildings. They studied firstly many technologies in term of heat balance, secondly they scientifically analyzed the results, and finally they focused on feasibility and economic value of the findings. The study developed a decision-making program to find out the most suitable cooling method in dwelling design. Passive cooling focuses on controlling heat gain or heat loss in a building in order to reduce energy consumption and in order to create the indoor thermal comfort [8].
\nUnderstanding the sources of heat gains that affect thermal comfort in the building is essential for deciding the type of actions to be taken to avoid as much heat gains as possible, to slow the heating process to remove the uncontrolled gained heat, or to store cold air or elements. The four passive cooling actions include the following:
The four actions of passive cooling,
The required actions of implementation from designers in each design process, in stages of early stage (analysis), middle stage (design), and final stage (performance)
The building variables related to the devices and principles
The required conditions of using the device
Using case studies and examples of integration of devices and actions in the buildings’ design
Some passive systems have direct impact on the architecture design, like the design of an opened atrium or a courtyard, and some have less direct influence, like the type of material and use of louvers or shading systems. Therefore, the level of integration between these systems and the architectural elements varies among the different types of systems and actions. However, it is important to understand the requirements of the chosen passive systems and to make the right decisions of when and where to integrate them within the designing process.
\nStoring refers to keep cold air or low temperature object away from direct heat sources to be used to cool down interior spaces. Throughout architectural history, and particularly in hot climate regions, devices were developed for this purpose as storage design elements, like courtyards, earth spaces, basements combined with wind towers, thermal masses, and sunken courtyards. For the purpose of this research, courtyards are discussed as one of the most efficient devices in storing cold objects or air.
\nCourtyard is an opened space surrounded by rooms with openings on the conjoint wall between the rooms and the courtyard space, to allow air exchange daylight, and view. The courtyard as passive design device works as a modifier of the microclimate and acts as a heat sink and cold air storage. Buildings with internal courtyards are characterized as a suitable solution for cooling in hot climate regions to provide inner spaces with cold air and daylight.
\nThe working mechanism of the courtyard depends on the cycle of day and night, which results on a continuous change of air temperature and the difference in air temperature between the inside and outside of the courtyard (Figure 2). Therefore the performance quality of the courtyard house depends on the heat exchange processes between the indoor spaces and the courtyard and then between the courtyard space and the external open spaces. It consists of three main periods; during the first one, the cool night air sinks into the courtyard and flows to the surrounding rooms, and therefore the spaces and surfaces are cooled until noon time. During this period, the courtyard works as storage of cold air and cold air exchange with surrounding rooms. The second period starts at noon, when the sun strikes the floor of the courtyard directly and the temperature of air inside the court’s space starts increasing gradually, causing the hot air to move up, and consequently, air is drawn from surrounding rooms to the courtyard space through the openings, resulting in cooling the surrounding rooms. The last period starts when the courtyard and the surrounding rooms get warmer, and all cool air leaks out, which prepares the system for a new cycle in the next day.
\nThe three periods in the working mechanism of a courtyard (author).
The passive cooling performance of courtyards depends on three types of elements: the courtyard elements like walls, floor, and landscape greeneries; building elements like windows and built space characteristics; and finally site elements like location, climate, and orientation as summarized in Table 1. The cooling performance of courtyards depends on providing the enclosed spaces protection from direct solar radiation and controlled airflow by studying the orientation of the courtyard with regard to the solar path and providing trees for shades and designing with consideration of prevailing winds. Table 1 summarizes the different variables affecting the cooling performance of a courtyard that designers need to take in consideration in the designing process:
\nElements | \nVariables | \nHow to maximize storing action in hot climate | \n
---|---|---|
Walls, floor | \nHeight-to-width or to area ratio | \nHigh H/W ratio [11] | \n
Material, thickness, color | \nHigh thermal mass stores low temperature, heat absorbance, and reflection | \n|
Geometrical shape | \nInside stepped or tilted walls [27] | \nIncreases the shaded areas and improves courtyard’s thermal performance and storing action in hot regions | \n
Outside stepped or tilted [27] | \nIncreases surface exposure to sun and therefore reduces the shaded areas | \n|
Landscape | \nGreenery type, height | \nDefine the patterns of shade or expose shaded area on floor and walls | \n
Windows | \nLocation, window/wall ratio | \nAs the openings allow air to be drawn from the rooms to the courtyard | \n
Orientation | \nNorth–south or west–east | \nA balance based on prevailing winds and solar angles, to optimize shading and ventilation | \n
Courtyard design variables (author).
Optimizing the passive cooling performance of courtyards in hot regions depends mainly on how to design an efficient storage space by studying shading patterns, geometrical shape, and thermal mass material.
\nZamani et al. [9] studied how to improve the thermal performance of the courtyard by studying various design factors such as proportion, orientation, geometry, opening characteristics, and material. In addition they studied more variables like shading devices, vegetation, and water pools and their impact on heat mitigation.
\nSadafi et al. [10] explained how using internal courtyards in terraced houses in tropical regions improves the natural ventilation and thermal comfort. Meir et al. [11] investigated how two semi-enclosed attached courtyards will affect the microclimate in the enclosed courtyards and the attached built volume. Muhaisen [12] showed that courtyards’ shading performance depends on the form’s properties, location, latitude, and available climatic conditions. Berkovic et al. [13] studied the effect of courtyard design variables, like orientation, horizontal shadings, galleries, and trees, on the thermal comfort of the courtyard’s surrounding functions. Muhaisen and Gadi [14] investigated how courtyards’ proportions and surface colors considerably influence thermal comfort of the surrounding spaces. Al-dawoud and Clark [15] investigated how different design parameters of the courtyard affect the thermal comfort in spaces surrounding the courtyard. They approved that courtyards are more energy efficient in hot-dry and hot-humid climates in comparison to cold climates.
\nThe design of courtyard with other devices and elements should be made to enhance storing effect and ventilation process, which include the opening, thermal mass, landscape, and building form. Elements that could be integrated should enhance storing action of the courtyard like thermal mass, wall geometry, and landscape. Moreover, to enhance heat exchange between the courtyard and surrounding spaces, other devices could be integrated with the courtyards like wind tower, solar chimney, basement, and opening design and bearing in mind the design requirements in early stages of design process. Therefore, design decisions will have direct impacts on the building’s form, orientation, area, zoning, function distribution, and relations with the outdoor and site design.
\nAvoidance, as a passive cooling action, refers to all the methods used to prevent and reduce the amounts of heat gains from direct solar radiation or wind. The key methods of avoidance include different shading devices, building’s form, and landscape. Additional factors, including building’s orientations and surfaces’ colors and textures, can help to prevent gained heat from reaching inner spaces.
\nCho et al. [16] presented an integrated approach for exterior shading device design analysis that included cooling energy performance and economic feasibility in high-rise residential buildings. The research investigated the effect of 48 exterior shading devices on the sunshading/daylighting performance. Palmero-Marrero and OLiveira [17] studied the effect of static louver shading devices on east, west, and south facades for various locations on the energy demands during cooling and heating seasons. The research concluded that the shading device reduced the total annual energy demands in buildings of countries with long dominant cooling seasons and high ambient temperatures and solar radiation.
\nDatta [18] studied the effect of external fixed horizontal louvers on the thermal performance in the buildings. The study was aimed for reducing the overall energy requirements for the entire year by maximizing the shading device system to reduce solar gains during summer and allow them during winter. The study used TRNSYS as a simulation to maximize the efficiency of the device, and different slat lengths and tilt angles were tested in four Italian cities. Yao [19] evaluated the effect of shading control strategies on the daylighting, visual comfort, and energy performance in buildings.
\nDesigning buildings with the passive approach requires integration of many factors together in the process, such as orientation, shading devices, and building form in order to reduce energy consumption in the building as a whole as seen in Table 2. Largely glazed facades and large windows have been increasingly used in new buildings, allowing access to daylight, solar heat gains, and external views. The increase in glazed surfaces requires significant attention in building design, regarding the impact they have on cooling, heating, and lighting loads demands. Therefore, it is important to provide these buildings with a proper shading design that would provide interior spaces with thermal comfort by controlling solar heat gains and reducing glare while maintaining the initial purpose of large glazed surfaces to provide external views and sufficient daylighting.
\nElements | \nVariables | \nHow to maximize avoidance actions | \n
---|---|---|
Types by | \nHorizontal louvers | \nSouthern windows block high solar angles | \n
Vertical louvers | \nEast and west windows block low solar angels | \n|
Diagonal or eggcrate | \nBlock low and high angles on east, south, and west directions | \n|
Overhangs, canopy | \nThe depth and height, considering solar noon in summer and winter | \n|
Device’s variables | \nSpace to depth | \nDepth-to-spacing ratio to balance between sunrays block and view out | \n
Material | \nTo reflect or to absorb sunrays | \n
Shading device variables (author).
Many researches were conducted to study the performance of shading devices in order to optimize their performance, save energy, and achieve the maximum thermal comfort. Datta [18] used computer simulation to study variables related to horizontal shading devices and their effect on the thermal performance in buildings in Italy. The study showed that shading devices could help save energy and improve the thermal performance of the buildings. Palmero-Marrero and OLiveira [17] proved that shading devices could improve thermal performance of buildings and save energy in many cities in different latitudes and climatic conditions.
\nA study that has been conducted at Jordan University of Science and Technology to design shading devices showed that the process of designing shading devices for an existing building required reflections of various parameters besides thermal comfort. Many tools were used to monitor the performance of shading devices like patterns of use and users’ behavior in the new setting. The study used real measurements, computer simulation, user’s survey, and observation usage. The study showed that user’s preferences like view out, natural lighting, illuminance levels, and thermal comfort were the most influential indicators in designing shading devices. Moreover, user’s behavior and patterns of use in the office in question were monitored and proved that a well-designed shading device can improve thermal comfort, user satisfaction, and user behavior from energy consumption point of view. The study was conducted in two stages: in the first stage, temporary materials were used to study the integration of all variables as seen in Figure 3. In the second stage, permanent materials were used, and long-term monitoring was conducted in order to generalize the best design for shading devices in offices with large windows at the university campus [20].
\nStages of designing shading devices in the existing building and their performance with reference to users’ preferences [
Hemsath and Alagheband Bandhosseini [21] stated that building form and orientation as early decisions in the design process could have a great impact on energy consumption, lighting, cooling, and heating load. Authors emphasized on the relation between the building’s forms, shapes, daylight, and energy consumption in the early design phase, instead of using mechanical and artificial light. Many non-rectangular shapes had been evaluated in terms of self-shading and energy consumption like an L or U shape that can offer solar advantages. Zhou et al. [22] studied how optimal building design could enable harvesting of the maximal micro-wind power around low-rise residential buildings.
\nZerefos et al. [23] compared polygonal and prismatic building envelopes to orthogonal building envelopes based on energy behavior and energy consumption in Mediterranean climates. The study showed that prismatic formed buildings gain lower solar than orthogonal forms and so consume less energy by an average of 7.88%. Moreover, Caruso et al. [24] used the mathematical theory of calculus of variation to find the best geometric form to minimize direct solar irradiation incident on the envelope. The paper also aimed at finding useful guidelines and rules for designers to follow during early decision-making stages to reduce the total amount of direct solar irradiation [24].
\nAzari et al. [25] showed that there are various architectural features of a building that could influence its indoor thermal comfort, daylight, and energy consumption, such as building shape, orientation, wall forms, window-to-wall area ratio, window size, glazing material, wall structure, and shading. They may increase solar gain and daylight duration during winter, which would be beneficial and could lead to overheating during summer. Yasa [26] studied the comfort conditions of different configurations of buildings like open courtyard configurations, closed courtyard configurations, and configurations of courtyards with apertures on the wall.
\nDesigners can use building’s forms as self-shading approach that shades the outside surface materials, windows, and glazed areas (Table 3). An example of a self-shading building is the library of the University of Nottingham, UK, which was designed with large glazing surfaces to utilize daylighting without causing glare as seen in Figure 4. The design was based on using self-shading form to protect inner spaces from direct sunrays.
\nElement’s construct | \nConcepts | \nVariables | \nNotes | \n
---|---|---|---|
Building’s elements | \nExterior wall tilt angle | \nWinter and summer solar angle | \nStudying the maximum and minimum solar angles to determine the optimum tilt angle of the external walls for the building to act as self-shading form | \n
Site’s elements | \nClimate | \nHot climates | \nSelf-shading forms for buildings with large glazed surfaces and high requirements of daylighting | \n
Cold climates | \nRequires less self-shading forms and increase of the direct heat gains | \n
Self-shading and building form variables.
Library building at University of Nottingham, UK (author).
Trees and landscape can improve the thermal environment and reduce the temperatures of interior spaces and surfaces in buildings. Monitoring tree effects on buildings showed that trees and landscapes do not only provide shade and reduce air temperature but also prevent buildings’ materials from gaining and storing heat and radiating it back later as seen in Table 4. A study conducted in Jordan University of Science and Technology compared two identical glazed corridors of orientation and materials, but one of them with trees and landscape providing shade, and one without trees. The study showed that shaded building’s surfaces with high trees recoded a lower temperature of 34°C than identical spaces with temperature of 41°C in summer day as seen in Figure 5.
\nVariables | \nNotes | \n
---|---|
Tree type | \nEvergreen or deciduous trees affect the periods and area of shading on buildings, walls, courtyards, and outdoor spaces in summer and winter | \n
Height and horizontal spread | \nThe pattern of shade provided by different types of trees | \n
Distance from building | \nLocation of shade on building, walls, walking area, and courtyards | \n
Landscape variables (author).
The effects of trees on surface and air temperatures in identical spaces (author).
Designing with avoidance systems requires analysis of the solar angles laterally with the dimensions and orientation of the building’s site to identify the type of shading devices with integration and function and daylight strategies. Designer’s decision of the building’s form should consider self-shading building, orientation, elevation design, and relation to landscape to enhance avoidance actions. Performance evaluation of avoidance actions required integration of cooling decisions with all building elements, such as glazing area, orientation form and mass design, facade design, and opening.
\nRemoving, as a passive cooling action, refers to the removal of undesirable gained heat in interior or exterior spaces in a building. Natural ventilation normally is the main strategy used to take unwanted heat out of the buildings. It depends mostly on pressure differences to circulate air between inner and outer spaces, allowing air to enter or escape from buildings. Devices like windows, openings, wind towers, sunspaces, earth tunnels, and roof openings are used to move air through a building.
\nNatural ventilation follows three main principles that designers should understand well in order to induce passive ventilation into any building’s design, which includes stack ventilation, Bernoulli’s effect, and the Venturi effect. These three principles uses air pressure differences due to height, air temperature, or wind speed, to pull air to or from buildings. Therefore, the main concept of passive ventilation design is achieved by maximizing the use of one or more of the three principles in order to induce natural ventilation.
\nStack effect depends on temperature differences to circulate air, as hot air rises up and cool air sinks down (Figure 6). The design for ventilation that depends on stack principles is achieved by letting hot air rise up within spaces or specific devices and exhausting it from upper openings, which allows it to be replaced by cooler air from lower openings. The designer’s role in the process is represented in designing air movement and its exhaustion and penetration, which includes the following methods:
Accelerating the rising of hot air by designing a long vertical space that crosses through the building section, like atriums, double-skin facades, solar chimneys, or wind towers
Designing inlet openings for cold air to enter the building from a well-planned and controlled cold space like shaded courtyards or urban spaces, basements, etc.
Increasing warm air to activate the stack effect and accelerate the ventilation process using devices like sunspaces, solar chimneys, and skylights in the building’s design
Stack effect (author).
Bernoulli’s effect depends on the reduction of air pressure associated with the wind speed. In buildings, designers use wind speed differences to circulate air inside or around the building Figure 7. Air movement around and above buildings creates positive and negative pressures, causing fresh air to be sucked through specific openings into the buildings at the same time allowing hot air to escape though designate openings and locations. The designer’s role in the process is represented in planning and designing air movements with regard to the negative and positive air pressures zones, and it includes the following methods:
Designing the building’s surroundings with the least possible obstructions to allow air flow around, creating the necessary positive and negative pressure zones.
Designing the building’s form to go with the direction of the wind rather than obstructing it; this is to increase wind speed around the building and create positive and negative pressures.
Designing openings in the areas of positive and negative pressures with integration with the interior space distributions to maximize ventilation process.
Bernoulli’s effect (author).
Venturi effect causes acceleration in air speed when it passes from a wide section area to a thinner section area, developing a negative pressure zone at the thinning points, which help suck the air from near spaces as seen in Figure 8. Designers can make use of this effect in building’s designs by:
Designing urban settings, landscape, and group buildings with regard to the large scale to allow them to capture wind and increase its speed
Using upper openings in atriums and skylights to improve the performance of the effect
Using elements like ventilation ducts and pipes to improve the performance of the effect
Venturi effect (author).
Wind towers are used to catch air from higher levels and push it into the interior spaces of a building. A cooling process takes place by heat exchange between the walls of the tower and the hot collected air or by using evaporative cooling at the bottom of the wind tower. Fresh cold air flows to the inner spaces through an opening at the end of the wind tower. At night, wind tower works as a chimney to suck the hot and exhausted air from the room to the outside environment, causing cooler air to replace hot air from other openings. The performance of wind towers can be improved by implementing a water source, like a fountain, at the bottom of the wind tower, which helps cool the gathered air. Additionally, the wind tower can be combined with courtyards and underground tunnels to increase the cooling process of the collected air. A wind tower operates in various ways depending on different factors like the time of day, the presence or absence of wind, and the difference of air temperature inside and outside the building (Table 5). The fundamental principle of wind tower operation system lies in changing the temperature of the air inside the tower, therefore changing the density, which is a key factor in circulating air and improving the device’s performance.
\nElement’s construct | \nVariables | \nNotes | \n
---|---|---|
Device’s elements | \nOrientation | \nThe openings to be orientated toward the wind | \n
Height | \nAffects the wind speed entering the tower and building and heat absorption by menials | \n|
Material | \nThermal mass material cooled hot air | \n|
Inlet opening | \nThe size of inlet and outlet openings affects the amount of collected winds, its speed in the tower itself, and its speed as it enters spaces | \n|
Outlet openings | \n||
Integration with inner spaces | \nAffects the patterns of air distribution inside the building | \n
Wind tower variables (author).
Solar chimney helps to increase the airflow from interior to upper level and to be replaced by cold air from outdoor shaded area like courtyards or basements.
\nSlowing, as a passive cooling action, refers to the reduction of heat transfer through the building’s surfaces by conduction. It depends on the interaction of the building’s envelope with the outdoor environment by receiving and absorbing heat and then transferring it to the inner spaces. The performance of slowing as a cooling action depends on many key factors in the building’s envelope, such as thermal insulation, thermal masses, building’s volume-to-surface area ratio, building materials, and double glazing. These variables control the amount of heat transfer from outdoor environment to inner spaces and therefore reduce the need for heat removal and the associated cooling loads.
\nThe two main factors designers should take into consideration when choosing a thermal mass material and surface are
where QA = thickness × density × specific heat and R = thickness/conductivity.
\nIn calculating the TTC per area, (TTCA) for a composite wall, the QA × R of each layer, including the outside and inside air film layers, is calculated in sequence, and they are calculated for each layer from the external wall to the center of the section in question. A high value of TTC means a high thermal inertia of the building, and it results in a low interior temperature swings. The
Optimizing the performance of passive cooling devices and techniques can be achieved by identifying their relation to building design process, where these devices can be implemented and integrated with other architectural and cooling elements to accomplish more than one function. This integration encourages designers to take into consideration the implementation of passive cooling devices and techniques as an integrated stage within the designing process, like analysis, planning, and evaluation stages.
and strategies in the early stage (analysis) of the design process give the passive cooling an essential part in the design performance values. Considering such strategies as design variables will develop building design and create integrated relations between architectural elements and passive cooling devices. Therefore, find creative solutions for passive cooling, and improve the performance of traditional techniques to be easily practiced in modern designs. In addition, considering cooling performance of a building under the designing process as performance criteria in building design process will help designers reevaluate their decisions on passive cooling performance. To do so, computer simulation software can be used to identify which decisions, devices, and variables need to be reviewed during the evaluation stage.
\nCombining more than one device or principle of passive cooling in building design requires designers to consider passive cooling strategies in all designing processes. The integrated design will create cooling strategies that have a significant and direct impact on building form, plans, sections, and functional distribution, and user’s interaction and behavior in the building as seen in (Figure 9). Therefore, an integrated building design approach is needed to make the architectural systems, passive cooling systems, and active systems work together within a complete integrated framework to improve performance and save energy, as cooling loads can be minimized through environmental designs that involve judicious use and implementation of shading devices, vegetation, colors, materials, and insulation.
\nExample of integration of storage devices and removal devices: (1) combining wind tower with base ment, (2)combining solar chimney with courtyards, and (3) combining two courtyard sunny with shaded one (author).
This paper presents a guideline for implementing passive cooling systems and devices by discussing the four passive cooling actions, which designers should take into consideration in the process of creating a building. It discusses the various variables affecting each device within each action, and it explains in details the major issues that need to be considered for each device and action in the three design stages of any building. This integration of passive cooling principles in the design stages represents a new invention in architectural technology and a guideline of passive cooling design for designers and architects. Table 6 summarizes the required passive cooling actions and design solution that are used to minimize the effects of various heat sources and their implementation considerations in each of the three design stages.
\nSources of heat | \nActions required | \nDesign solution | \nDesign stage | \n
---|---|---|---|
Direct heat gain from solar radiation on building envelope materials | \nAvoidance | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Slowing | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n|
Direct heat gain from solar radiation on windows and glazed surfaces | \nAvoidance | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Slowing | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n|
Indirect heat gain by conduction with outdoor environment through building envelope | \nAvoidance | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Slowing | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n|
Removal | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n|
Indirect heat gain by convection through the ventilation and infiltration currents | \nAvoidance | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Slowing | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n|
Internal heat gains by human activities, equipment, machines, and lighting | \nRemoval | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Avoidance | \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Design matrix in relation to cooling actions (author).
The combination of two principles or devices will be discussed in a way to improve performance, increase efficiency, and integrate devices with building design. Many devices can be combined together to perform more than one function and shift cooling and passive design to be as a comprehensive and integrated design approach. The momentum of passive and green architecture helps to develop new devices that perform more functions and help other devices to perform better.
\nThe design process of such composite design required multi-dimensional analysis of each device and how it could be integrated with other devices.
Analysis stage: for each device the working mechanism and condition required to perform well should be thoroughly analyzed.
Design stages: design the devices to perform more than one function. In addition design the device to improve the function of other devices
Performance stage: reevaluate the integration between devices and architectural systems and how they performed together using experiments or computer simulations.
The following discussion will show how some devices have been integrated and designed with other devices to improve their performance and to become as innovative passive design approaches.
\nThe design of wall geometries of the courtyard could help to improve its cooling performance. Freewan [27] showed that the design of wall geometries helps to control direct incident of sunrays on the courtyard’s floor, reduce glare, and improve both daylight quality and quantity. It helped to reduce heat gain from artificial light as it introduces daylight from shaded area. The study showed how wall geometries increase the shading area and time and therefore help to store cold air for long time to ventilate inner spaces with fresh cold air. These configurations as seen in Table 7 improved courtyard design especially in regions with hot and clear sky [27].
\nCourtyard configurations [27].
Advanced and modern wind towers were used in university building at the University of Nottingham to be cooling and daylighting devices. They were developed to have rotatable head to maximize the efficiency. The new wind towers were designed in integration with atrium and opening figure. The towers were used as wind tower, stairs, daylight devices with large glazed area at top part. They were designed with integration with atrium for maximum performance Figure 10.
\nCombining wind catcher with atrium and daylight elements (author).
A study [28] has been conducted at Jordan University of Science and Technology to design adjustable shading devices for existing and new buildings in mild climate with hot summer and cold winter. The research aimed at designing optimized double-positioned external shading device systems that help to reduce energy consumption in buildings and provide thermal and visual comfort during both hot and cold seasons. The design was based on comparison of performance of many variables to determine the best fit characteristics for two positions of adjustable horizontal louvers on south facade or vertical fins on east and west facades for summer and winter conditions. The adjustable shading systems can be applied for new or retrofitted office or housing buildings. The optimized shading devices for summer and winter positions helped to reduce the net annual energy consumption compared to a base case space with no shading device or with curtains and compared to fix shading devices.
\nFreewan and Abdallah [29] studied integration of many devices to improve ventilation process in university classrooms. The study showed that integration of wind tower with side windows or side horizontal ventilation duct with side windows helped to improve the natural ventilation in classrooms, activate stack effect, and increase the air velocity (Figure 11).
\nIntegration of windows with wind tower and horizontal duct.
Freewan [30] studied how the building’s form and wall geometries could help to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal and visual comfort. Inward and outward tilted south and north facing facades were studied in the study. Thermal energy performance and daylighting were investigated for many inward and outward angles for both south and north directions. The tilted configurations were achieved as an acceptable balance between cooling, heating energy consumption, and daylighting performance and compared to vertical facades to provide best solar shading, energy consumption, and daylight performance. Many variables were monitored and studied like self-shading, time and period of exposure to sun rays, and how the tilted facade performed. The results showed outward tilted facades for the south orientation performed well as they reduced cooling load and improve both daylight quality and quantity. On the other hand, inward facades for north orientation performed well in terms of daylight compared to vertical facade (Table 8).
\nForm configurations [30].
Wind tower as ventilation and heat removing tools was integrated with courtyard or basement to increase airflow rate and bring cold air to be stored. Configurations like these can be found in Iraq and Egypt, which help activate the stack effect to circulate the cold air to the occupied spaces (Figure 12). In modern design wind tower can be integrated with wind tunnel as the wind tower is used to circulate the air, while the tunnel is used to cool the air.
\nCombining wind towers with courtyards and basements (author).
In Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) in the UK, wind catchers with routable head were designed in integration with the buildings’ form, sun space, space articulation, and functional zoning (Figure 13). The BedZED climatic design was based on more than ventilation principles.
\nBedZED design and wind catcher (author).
Shading devices and light shelf were studied to be integrated with ceiling geometries in order to maximize shading and daylight performance in hot climate to save energy (Figure 14). Many ceiling geometries were investigated to find maximum daylight performance while keeping the optimum shading effects [31, 32].
\nCombing shading devices with ceiling geometries [
Light pipe is an advanced daylighting technology used to bring light to a space with no direct contact to outside. It is a cylindrical tube connected to a collecting unit and a diffusing unit. The literature review shows that many researchers have studied the light pipe. Elmualim et al. [33] used dichroic material to develop the light pipe’s performance as an integrated system for daylighting and ventilation. The integration is based on using two concentric channels for both daylighting and natural ventilation; the inner one will guide sunlight and daylight into occupied spaces, while the outer one enables passive stack ventilation (Figure 15).
\nWorking mechanism of light pipe as daylighting devices and ventilation devices (author).
Implementing passive cooling systems in building design has many advantages over using the fossil fuel-based cooling systems, as they produce no environmental impacts and GHG emissions. The implementation of passive cooling devices in any building design requires many considerations and analyzation of the various variables affecting the cooling performance, and these considerations need to be taken from the earliest design stages and not only at the end of the architectural project, to allow these systems to reach the fullest possible potentials and to be integrated within the design itself, rather than being an additional solution that is forced into a building.
\nThis chapter represented a guideline and innovations in building design process on a comprehensive level that take into consideration the four passive cooling actions,
In natural sciences, the standardization of operation procedures, aiming at methodologies and the reliability as well as the validity of resulting data, is most important.
Thinking of test settings in sensory science, especially to control and monitor panelist and panel performance during the panel work in defined test settings is necessary. In the context of sensory evaluation of olive oil specifically, several official requirements do exist—on the one hand the EEC regulation 2568/91 [1], as amended, as well as several underlying documents and guidelines from the International Olive Council (IOC) [2, 3, 4] and moreover the general EN ISO/IEC 17025 regulations for any kind of testing laboratories [5].
Data quality must be the overriding objective in natural sciences and therefore is indispensable. Assuring a high data quality during data collection and assessment requires a clear focus on “data reliability” (high precision → same/similar results) and “data validity” (high accuracy → correct results). Well known is that one can gain high precision in measuring something, but at the same time can miss the target—meaning that results are precise, but not correct. So, overall high data quality can only be achieved, if data are on the one hand precise (reliable) and at the same time as well accurate (valid).
Reliability: consistency and precision of measurement (in sensory analysis—repeatability of results—over time, of single panelists, of whole panels, indifferent test locations, …)
Validity: accuracy and trueness of measurement (in sensory analysis—homogeneity of results—between panels, in different test locations, …)
Factors that might have a negative impact on data quality in sensory science are manifold. They can be related to the execution of the general procedure (test methodology), to the handling of test samples (blinding, distribution, temperature), to training and monitoring aspects of panelists and panels, to statistical analysis and data management as well as to the test infrastructure.
All above-named regulations and guidelines have in common to standardize and control procedures and finally to minimize “noise” in resulting data. This is helpful and valuable, but nevertheless, not all possible and focused so-called “influencing factors” cause a similar or even a relevant impact on data quality—some of them, presupposing a specific framework of instructions and settings, even have none.
The study at hand focuses on the aspect of different test locations for objective sensory analysis and their possible impact on the quality of resulting data.
Normally tests in sensory analysis take place as central location tests (CLT) in standardized testing rooms, such as sensory laboratories. Most of the regulations and guidelines propose these “
But how about panelists in so-called “external panels,” who must travel to be able to participate in regular on-site and synchronic trainings and test situations? Such dates can be organized and scheduled only medium or long-term presupposed. Rather flexible and spontaneous testing under such conditions is almost not possible. This consideration shows us—independently from pandemic situations—the need for additional appropriate test settings, that on the one hand can secure high standards of data quality/validity in sensory analysis and are on the other hand flexible as well as time and cost-efficient. Doing sensory trainings and tests with panelists “remote” (off-site), meaning that panelists work at home respectively at defined and standardized “home-testing-stations,” cause less costs for traveling (time per panelist, transportation). Data can be collected and exchanged online (web-based) either synchronously or asynchronously and as well panel meetings can take place remotely. Moreover, the latest data even show a better availability of panelists, due to less necessary time effort for traveling and thereby as well a higher motivation for contribution in panel work, compared to more elaborate (
The aim of the study at hand is to prove the overall performance of participating sensory panels and the quality of the collected data. The focus lies on the evaluation of the suitability of “
The study at hand compares results from two sensory olive oil panels, namely the German Olive Oil Panel/DOP and the Swiss Olive Oil Panel/SOP.
Both panels are objective expert panels whose members have many years of experience in the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Specific infrastructure makes it possible to either carry out sensory tests synchronously and “
The SOP consists overall of 38 panelists and was founded in 2002. Since 2006 the SOP is accredited in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17025 [5] and has been recognized by the International Olive Council (IOC) between 2009 and 2021. In the study at hand, the same nine panelists contributed “
The DOP consists overall of 25 panelists and was founded in 1999. Since 2012 the DOP is accredited in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17025 [5] and has been recognized by the International Olive Council (IOC) between 2012 and 2021. In the study at hand, the same 11 panelists contributed “
There are at least two options to conduct sensory tests—on the one hand “
The sensory laboratory of SOP is located on the ZHAW campus in Wädenswil. It consists of 12 separate test booths. Each booth is equipped with a computer (incl. data acquisition software FIZZ by Biosystemes) and a heating device by Ettore Pasquali (mod. 145). Each heating device is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information concerning the procedure of testing in the sensory laboratory (and concerning additional equipment, such as test glasses, spittoons, and palate-cleansing agents) is described in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure: LMT-SEN-A5-302_translated EN → Sensory Evaluation at ZHAW (Sensory Laboratory)).
The sensory laboratory of DOP is in Nuremberg, Maxfeldstrasse 50. It consists of 12 separate mobile test booths. Each booth is equipped with a computer (incl. data acquisition software SENSORY by IMEDIA) and a heating device by Ettore Pasquali (mod. 145). Each heating device is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information can be found in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure SOP 07-02-02).
On the “Pro” side (Table 1) there is of course a high level of standardization. Samples are prepared in an absolute neutral way by the panel leader (or a technician), the testing takes place synchronously (at the same time) and electronic equipment is used for data collection and analysis.
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
ISO 17025 accreditation leads to a high level of standardization (controlled test situation, panelist/panel performance, etc.) | Synchronous testing causes low flexibility in terms of timing/scheduling tests → all testers have to be available at the same time |
Sample preparation (pouring 15 ml) in coded glasses is done by the panel leader | Necessity for testers to get on-site requires traveling-time and is rather time-consuming for them |
Synchronous testing (8–12 panelists) | Other potential influencing factors (malfunction interruption, noise, etc.) … |
Use of electronic equipment to collect, compile and analyze data |
Pros/cons of a test situation in a sensory laboratory.
On the “Contra” side (Table 1) we see low flexibility in terms of scheduling tests, especially because panelists must be available at the same time. If panelists are not collaborators and work on-site, they must travel. This is time- (and cost-) consuming. Moreover, even in a sensory lab, there is potential for additional interruptions (noise, malfunction, or else) with negative effects.
Within the SOP, each panelist has set up a personal testing station in a room in his or her home. Each testing station is equipped with a heating device (Rosenstein & Söhne), a thermometer (Testo Mini penetration thermometer), and blue glasses including cover glasses. Each heating device and the thermometer is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information concerning the procedure of testing in a home testing station is described in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure: LMT-SEN-A5-303_translated EN → Sensory Evaluation at Home Testing Stations).
Within the DOP each panelist has set up a personal testing station in a room in his or her home, which meets the test conditions of the IOC in terms of light, temperature, noise, and odors (COI/T.20/DOC. No 6/Rev. 1). The mobile booth is made up of folding elements in such a way that the panelist is isolated from negative ambient conditions. Each test station is equipped with a heating device (Ettore Pasquali, mod. 145), a thermometer (Testo Mini penetration thermometer), and blue glasses, including a cover glass. Each heating device and the thermometer is recorded in a device list of the QMS and is checked regularly. Detailed information can be found in the QMS (internal document: Standard Operation Procedure SOP 07-02-02).
On the “Pro” side (Table 2) there is—like for a lab situation—as well a high level of standardization because as well home testing stations provide ISO accreditation. Asynchronous testing increases flexibility for scheduling tests, meaning that testers do not have to be available at the same time, only in a defined period. Less traveling time and costs are positive and of course—like in the lab situation—as well at home testing stations, electronic equipment for data collection and analysis is used.
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
ISO 17025 accreditation leads to a high level of standardization → controlled test situation, panelist/panel performance, etc. | Sample dispatch is needed → 30 ml (per olive oil) in dark glass bottles and use of styroporous boxes which secure sample temperature |
Asynchronous testing enables high flexibility in terms of timing/scheduling tests → testers do not have to be available at the same, they have to respect deadlines, but otherwise can plan rather independently | Sample preparation (pouring 15 ml) in coded glass is done by each panelist → half of the whole 30 ml quantum |
Asynchronous testing (8–12 panelists) → no relevance because of training status | |
Less requirement of traveling-time because of remote testing (at home) | Other potential influencing factors (malfunction interruption, noise, etc.) … |
Use of electronic equipment to collect, compile and analyze data |
Pros/cons of a test situation at a home testing station.
On the “Contra” side (Table 2), we see that a sample dispatch is needed, which must be well organized regarding packaging and preparation of samples. For temperature protection during transport, Styrofoam boxes are used, and the oil is coded and bottled to dark 30 ml bottles. Sample preparation, directly before testing, is done by the panelist. He or she must pour out exactly half of the bottle (15 from 30 ml). Asynchronous testing is of course different compared to asynchronous lab testing situation, but since panelists are well trained on using the methodology and it is always (as well in the lab) a single panelist evaluation before compiling data, this does not lead to any problems. Finally, and again like in the lab situation, there is of course potential for additional interruptions (noise, malfunction, or else).
The applied sensory methodology is based on the official panel test according to the regulation EEC regulation 2568/91 [1] and related IOC documents.
To be able to record high data quality in the context of sensory evaluation of olive oil, the reliability and validity of raw data must be ensured. Therefore, a study concept, based on the recommendations of the IOC (COI/T.28/Doc. No.1/Rev. 5 2019), was considered. Among other criteria, analyzing the panelist and panel performance, the concept focuses especially on the aspect of the test situation (sensory laboratory versus home testing stations) (Table 3).
Validation criteria.
Both participating panels did evaluate the same selection of 10 olive oils (same lot number) “
No. | Sample code* | Product information |
---|---|---|
P1 | 104 | 100% Italian olive oil; different varieties, extra virgin |
P2 | 507 | European Blend; different varieties, extra virgin |
P3 | 620 | 100% Italian olive oil, 100% Nocellara, extra virgin |
P4 | 733 | 100% Italian olive oil; different varieties, extra virgin |
P5 | 249 | 100% French olive oil; different varieties, extra virgin |
P6 | 362 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 2—2020, extra virgin |
P7 | 878 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 1—2020, defective |
P8 | 168 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 1—2020, extra virgin |
P9 | 055 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 2—2020, defective |
P10 | 652 | Olive Oil from IOC Org 2—2020, defective |
Test samples.
For each test situation, individual three-digit codes were used to avoid influencing the testers.
Both participating panels did evaluate the test samples in the same period, but independently. The evaluation criteria on the used profile sheets from both panels (electronically/paper) were identical, corresponding with the EEC regulation 2568/91 [1].
To collect data in the sensory laboratory of ZHAW, panelists from SOP are provided with PC’s in the test booth, equipped with the sensory software “Fizz” (Biosystemes Fizz for Windows 2.46 A), which allows direct electronic recording of individual panelist data on an electronic profile sheet.
For the collection of data at home testing stations, panelists from SOP use a profile sheet (paper) and transfer individual panelist data, online via the internet, to the panel leader, using the software “LimeSurvey.”
To collect data in the sensory laboratory situation, panelists from DOP are provided with PC’s in the test booth, equipped with the software “SENSORY” (IMEDIA), which allows direct electronic recording of individual panelist data on an electronic profile sheet.
For the collection of data at home testing stations, panelists from DOP use a profile sheet (paper) and transfer individual panelist data, online via the internet, to the panel leader, using the software “SENSORY” (IMEDIA).
All results of the different tasting sessions with all panelists and all panels were combined to a common data set, using the software program “Excel” (Microsoft Office Excel 365). The following data evaluation was done with help of the Add-in Software “XLStat” (version 2020).
In the study at hand altogether 10 olive oils (seven of them extra virgin and three defective ones) were independently tested by the Swiss Olive Oil Panel/SOP (nine panelists) and the German Olive Oil Panel/DOP (11 panelists) in different test situations—namely in sensory laboratories (
Agreement between test situation (
Agreement (homogeneity) between panels (SOP versus DOP)
Individual performance of both panels (SOP, DOP)
All data/panel results were valid according to IOC specifications (e.g., Cvr < 20%).
First, and for both panels separately, the agreement between data collected in different test situations—sensory laboratory (
Looking at the attribute fruitiness, Figure 1 shows the comparison of the two medians per sample of all seven extra virgin olive oils. The maximum difference found was 0.4 for sample 249 (Figure 2). So, one can say, that—for the attribute fruitiness—there is no significant difference between results coming from
Median of fruitiness (SOP)—
Median of bitterness (SOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | P-value | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.142 | 0.991 | 2.120 | 0.336 | No |
Mixed model ANOVA for fruitiness (SOP)—
For bitterness, you can easily see in Figure 3 that there were found as well similar medians for all analyzed oils. The maximum difference was 0.3 for sample 104. Similar to fruitiness, as well as bitterness, there is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of main defect (SOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | P-value | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.065 | 0.532 | 2.120 | 0.602 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for bitterness (SOP)—
For pungency, not surprisingly the comparison of medians in all seven oils in Figure 4 shows only slight differences. The maximum difference found is 0.5 for sample 249. Again, there is no significant difference between results coming from the lab (
Median of pungency (SOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.017 | 0.125 | 2.120 | 0.902 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for pungency (SOP)—
Finally, Figure 5 focuses on defects and visualizes the comparison of medians of the main defect of the three defective olive oils. The maximum difference between medians was 0.4 for sample 878. So as well for defects, we can see no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of bitterness (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.082 | 0.289 | 2.086 | 0.775 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for main defects (SOP)—
Looking at the attribute fruitiness, Figure 6 visualizes the comparison of the medians of all seven extra virgin olive oils analyzed. Like for SOP, as well for DOP the maximum difference between medians for very small, in this case, 0.4 for sample 362. This proves that there is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of fruitiness (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.004 | 0.044 | 2.086 | 0.966 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for fruitiness (DOP)—
For bitterness, Figure 5 visualizes the comparison of the median of all extra virgin olive oils analyzed. The maximum difference between medians is 0.2 for samples 104 and 507. There is no significant difference between results coming from
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.095 | 1.500 | 2.086 | 0.149 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for bitterness (DOP)—
For pungency, Figure 7 visualizes the comparison of the median of all extra virgin olive oils analyzed. The maximum difference between medians is 0.3 for samples 104 and 362. There is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of pungency (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.134 | 1.958 | 2.086 | 0.064 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for pungency (DOP)—
Finally, Figure 8 focuses on defects and visualizes the comparison of the median of the main defect of the 3 defective olive oils. The maximum difference between medians is 0.2 for samples 055 and 652. There is no significant difference between results coming from the
Median of main defect (DOP)—
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.078 | 0.142 | 2.120 | 0.889 | No |
Mixed-model ANOVA for main defects (DOP)—
Second, mixed-model ANOVA was used to analyze whether there exist differences between the data collected from the two IOC-recognized panels separately. It was found that there are statistically significant differences between the two panels. The largest difference for the mean value is 0.5 on a 10 cm scale. This means, that panels show variance, but nevertheless, results are within the expected and accepted variation proposed by the IOC.
For the attribute fruitiness “
Median of fruitiness (SOP versus DOP)—
Median of fruitiness (SOP versus DOP)—remote.
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOP versus DOP | 0.181 | 2.702 | 1.978 | 0.008 | Yes |
Mixed-model ANOVA for fruitiness (SOP versus DOP).
This is as well the case for the other positive attributes—bitterness and pungency. Regardless that the comparisons of panels show significant differences, it can be stated, that the maximum deviation in the mean value was in all attributes only 0.5.
A similar situation is found for the main defects “
Median of main defect (SOP versus DOP)—
Median of main defect (SOP versus DOP)—remote.
Contrast | Difference | Standardized difference | Critical value | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOP versus DOP | 1.449 | 3.853 | 2.002 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Mixed-model ANOVA for main defect (SOP versus DOP).
Based on the shown data, it can be concluded, that even if the “difference between panels” (DOP/SOP) is significant, the variance in all cases is well below the IOC accepted differences between recognized panels.
Third, and based on the document COI/T.28/Doc. No.1/Rev. 52,019, the panel performance for both panels were analyzed according to the following selected criteria:
The calculation of the
*Reference result = median of results from all four considered test situations (DOP remote, DOP
SD = maximum standard deviation of the method = ±0.7
Warning limit = ±2
Action limit = ±3
→ Proof of trueness/homogeneous results (statistically acceptable)
We can see in Figures 13 and 14 for the attribute fruitiness, that for
The calculation of the DNp (deviation number for panels) focuses on the sum of differences (squared) between duplicate results (median) and the reference result (median) in relation to the number of reference samples (in our case 4). The reference result (in this study) is defined as the mean over all four test results.
DNp = sum of differences (squared) between duplicate results (median) and the reference result* (median) in relation to the number of reference samples (4).
*Reference result = median of results from all considered test situations (DOP remote, DOP
Duplicate = comparison between
Number of samples building the reference mean = 4
→ Proof of trueness/homogeneous results (statistically acceptable)
Figure 15 shows for the attribute fruitiness, that the deviation number for SOP is in line with the requirements, that is: well below the warning limit of 1.0 and the action limit of 2.0). This is the case for bitterness and pungency as well, not shown here. Based on these findings, it is proven that results of SOP are homogeneous between different test situations and statistically acceptable (= aspect of trueness).
DNp (SOP) fruitiness (
The calculation of the
Duplicate = comparison between
SD = maximum standard deviation of the method (or maximum error) ± 0.7
→ Proof of precision/consistent results (statistically acceptable)
Coming to the aspect of “Precision” (repeatability, consistency), we can see in the figure for fruitiness (Figure 16) that results of the normalized error from SOP are in line with the requirements, that is—well below the action limit of 1.0. This is the case for bitterness and pungency as well, not shown here. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that results of SOP are repeatable between different test situations and statistically acceptable (precise, consistent).
The calculation of the PNp (the precision number for panels) focuses on the sum of differences (squared) between duplicate panel results (mean) in relation to the number of duplicate samples (in this study 10).
PNp = sum of differences (squared) between duplicate panel results (mean) in relation to the number of duplicate samples (10)
Duplicate = comparison between
Number of duplicate samples = 10
→ Proof of precision/consistent results (statistically acceptable)
We can see in the figure for fruitiness (Figure 17) that the results of the precision number for panels from SOP are in line with the requirements, that is—well below the action limit of 2.0. This is the case for bitterness and pungency as well, but not shown here. Based on these findings, it is proven that results of SOP are consistent and precise between different test situations and statistically acceptable.
PNp (SOP) fruitiness (
To prove data quality in terms of reliability and validity, 10 olive oils (seven of them extra virgin and three defective ones) were independently tested by the Swiss Olive Oil Panel/SOP (nine panelists) and the German Olive Oil Panel/DOP (11 panelists) in different test situations—namely in sensory laboratories (
Analyzing the raw data, various aspects of panel performance were looked at—especially the different test situations (
The individual panel performance per panel [3] shows that both panels meet the requirements from IOC.
Significant differences between the two considered olive oil panels were found, but the variation is within the accepted limits required by the IOC.
No significant differences between test situations (
Overall, results show that the influence of testing through different panels (SOP versus DOP) is bigger than the impact of testing in different test situations (
Besides the convincing findings from this study—many comparison tests over the last years took place proofing reliability and precision of tests taking place either
In the future, it will be valuable to set up advanced follow-up studies with even more participating panels from different countries to regularly confirm findings and strengthen the trust in the data and conclusions of the study at hand.
Our thanks go especially to the panelists from the two involved panels—the German Olive Oil Panel DOP and the Swiss Olive Oil Panel SOP—as well as to their panel leaders: Richard Retsch from DOP and Martin Popp/Annette Bongartz from SOP.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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