Med calc version 18.6 was used to analyze risk factors for PPH during vaginal deliveries.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7145",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Depigmentation",title:"Depigmentation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Depigmentation, lightening of the skin and mucosa, can be caused by local or systemic conditions, and there may be partial or complete loss of pigment. Although depigmented patches may not matter in Caucasians, it is very serious for pigmented skin.Depigmentation can also be a therapeutic goal for cosmetic treatment. Many vitiligo patients who received depigmentation treatment experienced paradoxical jealousy because of their clean white skin. To improve facial blemishes, many people spend their money on laser, chemical peel, and cosmetic treatments. In this book, we focus on two opposite sides of depigmentation: diseases of depigmentation and therapeutic depigmentation presented by global experts.",isbn:"978-1-83880-321-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-082-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-322-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73943",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"depigmentation",numberOfPages:92,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a17d6aad0e8ef52b617569b590d1443a",bookSignature:"Tae-Heung Kim",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7145.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5545,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 26th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 31st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/121353/images/system/121353.png",biography:"Dr. Tae-Heung Kim graduated from and acquired a doctoral degree (PhD) at Seoul National University College of Medicine. He completed an internship and dermatology residency at Seoul National University Hospital.\r\nHe moved to the Department of Dermatology, Gyeongsang National University, and was then promoted to Professor and Chairman of Dermatology.\r\nIn 1996, he did a research sabbatical for two years at the Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.\r\nIn 2003, he started private practice as Director of the White-Line Skin Clinic and Research Center, Changwon, Kyungnam.\r\nHe is an active member of many international and domestic societies, and was the President of the Korean Society for Vitiligo (2016–2018).",institutionString:"White-Line Skin Clinic & Research Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"175",title:"Dermatology",slug:"dermatology"}],chapters:[{id:"69401",title:"Introductory Chapter: Depigmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89099",slug:"introductory-chapter-depigmentation",totalDownloads:712,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tae-Heung Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69401",authors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim"}],corrections:null},{id:"68508",title:"Lasers in the Treatment of Vitiligo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83836",slug:"lasers-in-the-treatment-of-vitiligo",totalDownloads:829,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitiligo is an acquired cutaneous hypopigmentary disorder characterized by multiple depigmented macules and patches. There are numerous therapy modalities consist of topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, surgical interventions and laser treatments are evaluated. Last 10 years, firstly excimer laser treatment has showed good results in repigmentation rates. “Excited dimers” produces a 308-nm ultraviolet (UV) monochromatic coherent wavelength, which lies within the UVB spectrum that absorb DNA as a chromophore to breakage DNA chain that causes a decrease in T-lymphocyte proliferation. Some articles have shown different responses depends on the type of vitiligo, number of sessions, interval periods and localisation. Researchers have also compared efficacy and also side effects of excimer laser between other methods. Combination therapies with excimer laser will be also treatment of choice via topical steroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors. Some of the patients developed delayed-onset permanent hypopigmentation need resurfacing methods such as CO2 or Er:YAG laser which mainly aims to ablate the epidermis in specific coagulation columns to promote the penetration of externally applied agent. As an alternative treatment modality in vitiligo, lasers may help to raise patient compliance and reduce potential risk for skin cancer. Its convenience is limited by high cost and accessibility.",signatures:"Isil Kamberoglu Turan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68508",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68508",authors:[{id:"194631",title:"Dr.",name:"Işıl",surname:"Kamberoğlu Turan",slug:"isil-kamberoglu-turan",fullName:"Işıl Kamberoğlu Turan"}],corrections:null},{id:"69700",title:"Histopathology and Molecular Pathology of Vitiligo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84258",slug:"histopathology-and-molecular-pathology-of-vitiligo",totalDownloads:903,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Vitiligo is a common skin disorder that manifests as whitish macules. There is no special geographic or sex predilection. Vitiligo is a multifactorial disorder. The various theories proposed include neutral theory, autoimmune theory, zinc-α2-glycoprotein theory, viral infection, intrinsic theory and melanocytorrhagy theory. However, the currently favored opinion is that there is a convergence of various theories known as the convergence theory. The basic defect is the absence of functional melanocytes from the epidermal melanin unit. This absence can be demonstrated by using special stains like Fontana-Masson, immunohistochemistry like HMB-45 and Melan-A and electron microscopy. Margins of lesions especially early lesions show inflammatory cells principally CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The cornerstone of management in vitiligo is correct categorization of a case into stable and unstable vitiligo. This distinction is based mainly on clinical criteria. It is recommended that while evaluating biopsies, histopathological examination should be primarily concentrated on evaluating five histopathological variables—spongiosis, epidermal lymphocytes, basal cell vacuolation, dermal lymphocytes and melanophages. These parameters are then scored using a scoring system, and the recommended diagnoses based on these scores are given. Adoption of a systematic reporting system brings more consistency and objectivity in the diagnosis.",signatures:"Amit Kumar Yadav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69700",authors:[{id:"266713",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit Kumar",surname:"Yadav",slug:"amit-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Amit Kumar Yadav"}],corrections:null},{id:"65285",title:"Depigmentation’s Disorders of the Vulva, Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83595",slug:"depigmentation-s-disorders-of-the-vulva-clinical-management",totalDownloads:1297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The cancer of the vulva is a rare disease with a positive association to poor developing countries. However, the incidence of vulvar cancer in situ nearly doubled in the last two decades and remained relatively stable. The main reason for this increased incidence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) in women younger than 45 years is due to changes in sexual behavior, first intercourse at early age, multiple sexual partners, and sexually transmitted diseases that were increasing progressively. Furthermore, it is strongly associated with smoking and the increased incidence of HPV infection. The occurrence of early symptoms of VIN-like pruritus vulvae, pain, and lichen sclerosus led to early diagnosis to perform the adequate treatment. VIN tends to appear multifocal, while most invasive cancers are unilateral located and appeared with well-circumscribed lesions.",signatures:"Panagiotis Tsikouras, Xanthoula Anthoulaki, Theodora Deftereou, Anastasia Bothou, Anna Chalkidou, Fotis Gasparos, Georgia Saradi, Dimitrios Tzeferakos, Elefterios Chatzimichael, Georgios Iatrakis, Stefanos Zervoudis and Georgios Galazios",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65285",authors:[{id:"48837",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Tsikouras",slug:"panagiotis-tsikouras",fullName:"Panagiotis Tsikouras"},{id:"229224",title:"Ms.",name:"Theodora",surname:"Deftereou",slug:"theodora-deftereou",fullName:"Theodora Deftereou"},{id:"229225",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Chalkidou",slug:"anna-chalkidou",fullName:"Anna Chalkidou"},{id:"229226",title:"Ms.",name:"Xanthoula",surname:"Anthoulaki",slug:"xanthoula-anthoulaki",fullName:"Xanthoula Anthoulaki"},{id:"229227",title:"Ms.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Bothou",slug:"anastasia-bothou",fullName:"Anastasia Bothou"},{id:"229230",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefanos",surname:"Zervoudis",slug:"stefanos-zervoudis",fullName:"Stefanos Zervoudis"},{id:"229232",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Iatrakis",slug:"georgios-iatrakis",fullName:"Georgios Iatrakis"},{id:"229233",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Galazios",slug:"georgios-galazios",fullName:"Georgios Galazios"},{id:"282011",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotis",surname:"Gasparos",slug:"fotis-gasparos",fullName:"Fotis Gasparos"},{id:"282012",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgia",surname:"Saradi",slug:"georgia-saradi",fullName:"Georgia Saradi"},{id:"282015",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Tzeferakos",slug:"dimitrios-tzeferakos",fullName:"Dimitrios Tzeferakos"},{id:"282016",title:"Mr.",name:"Eleftherios",surname:"Chatzimichael",slug:"eleftherios-chatzimichael",fullName:"Eleftherios Chatzimichael"}],corrections:null},{id:"69638",title:"Depigmentation Therapies in Vitiligo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84271",slug:"depigmentation-therapies-in-vitiligo",totalDownloads:888,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Vitiligo is a chronic condition characterized by white patches on normal-appearing skin. It runs an unpredictable course. Main reason of stress in vitiligo patients is the presence of two colors on the skin surface. The aim of the treatment is to achieve normal skin color. Depigmentation is considered when repigmentation is not possible or the patient is willing to accept that repigmentation is not possible and opt for irreversible depigmentation. The only agent approved for depigmentation is monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone or monobenzone for patients with more than 50% of body surface area affected with vitiligo. The scope of this chapter is to describe modality of depigmentation and its risks and benefits.",signatures:"Sanjeev Mulekar, Madhulika Mhatre and Swapnil Mulekar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69638",authors:[{id:"36806",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeev",surname:"Mulekar",slug:"sanjeev-mulekar",fullName:"Sanjeev Mulekar"},{id:"281813",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhulika",surname:"Mhatre",slug:"madhulika-mhatre",fullName:"Madhulika Mhatre"},{id:"288283",title:"MSc.",name:"Swapnil",surname:"Mulekar",slug:"swapnil-mulekar",fullName:"Swapnil Mulekar"}],corrections:null},{id:"68060",title:"On the Intricacies of Facial Hyperpigmentation and the Use of Herbal Ingredients as a Boon for Its Treatment: Cosmeceutical Significance, Current Challenges and Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84257",slug:"on-the-intricacies-of-facial-hyperpigmentation-and-the-use-of-herbal-ingredients-as-a-boon-for-its-t",totalDownloads:917,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Facial hyperpigmentation is the term used to express areas on irregular pigmentation in the skin. It appears as darkened patches on the face that make the facial skin look uneven. Facial hyperpigmentation is not physically debilitating but has been associated with enhanced psychosocial complications including anger, depression and frustration. These psychosocial burdens, in turn, have inference on quality of life and self-esteem. So, the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation seems to be a growing concern to the dermatologists today and they have been practising several treatment modalities including chemical peeling, laser therapy, dermabrasion, etc. But, those are found to be associated with various after-effects. Hence, the use of plants and its products is highly recommended as they are reported with either none or fewer after-effects. The present chapter draws attention to the forms of facial hyperpigmentation with their aetiologies and available treatment options for them with associated side effects. 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The isolation of good-quality DNA is the prerequisite for molecular research. Maintaining yield and quality of DNA during plant DNA extraction is one of the difficult tasks compared to that of animals, because of its rigid cell wall, which is made up of cellulose along with other variable levels of chemical components such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, proteins, and lipids that act as a contaminant during DNA extraction. The amount of these components varies according to plant species, plant part used, environmental condition, and growth stage and it is very problematic when isolating DNA. For example, cereals are rich in carbohydrates whereas medicinal plants are rich in the polyphenols wherein stressed plants have higher polyphenols. These contaminants can be removed during extraction by standardizing basic DNA extraction protocol [1, 2, 3].
Generally fresh leaves aged 15–20 days are preferred for plant tissues (fresh, freeze-dried, or frozen in liquid nitrogen) and usually ruptured by mechanical force in pestle and motor or TissueLyser. If liquid nitrogen is unavailable, CTAB buffer can be used directly or prewarmed for grinding. The main objective of various DNA isolation methods is development of relatively quick, inexpensive, and consistent protocol to extract high-quality DNA with better yield. Generally, leaf samples contain large quantities of polyphenols, tannins, and polysaccharides. The basic principle of DNA isolation is disruption of the cell wall, cell membrane, and nuclear membrane to release the highly intact DNA into solution followed by precipitation of DNA and removal of the contaminating biomolecules such as the proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, phenols, and other secondary metabolites by enzymatic or chemical methods [4].
The plant DNA is extracted by either CTAB-based [5, 6] or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based methods [7]. The majority of the protocols developed for DNA extraction are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction [8]. The role of various chemicals involved in CTAB extraction method has been described in the present communication.
The CTAB buffer mainly includes CTAB, sodium chloride (NaCl), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Tris2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (TRIS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and β mercaptoethanol.
The plant cells enclose themselves in complex polysaccharide cell wall, of which cellulose is a major constituent [9], which is crystalline in nature, due to chain-like structure and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. This can be weakened to open the cell wall, by applying mechanical force exerted during grinding along with CTAB buffer or liquid nitrogen.
Cell membrane lies next to the cell wall and cellulose and is composed of a diverse set of phospholipid molecules and proteins. It dissolves in surfactant, detergents, which are amphipathic (hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head) in nature, very much similar to phospholipid membranes. Surfactants are characterized based on their hydrophilic group, that is, ionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic. Ionic surfactant has been always better in denaturing protein molecules, and thus in dissolving the membranes [10].
CTAB, a cationic detergent, constitutes a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain and a hydrophilic head. It forms micelle in water because of the amphipathic nature. During DNA extraction, under aqueous condition, CTAB comes in contact with the biological membrane, captures the lipids (Figure 1), and results in the release of nucleus, which is devoid of membrane [11]. Plant tissue, which is rich in complex polysaccharides and secondary metabolites, interfere and co-precipitate with DNA; CTAB along with some other chemicals like PVP is used to minimize the effect of these metabolites.
CTAB’s role in removing membrane [
CTAB works differently based on the ionic strength of the solution. At a low ionic strength, it precipitates nucleic acid and acidic polysaccharides (pectin, xylan, and carrageenan), while protein and neutral polysaccharides (dextran, gum locust bean, starch, and inulin) remain in the solution [12]. However, at high ionic concentration, it gets bound to the polysaccharides and forms complexes that are removed during subsequent chloroform extraction. It also denatures or inhibits the activity of proteins and/or enzymes [13].
NaCl helps to remove proteins that are bound to the DNA. It also helps to keep the proteins dissolved in the aqueous layer so they do not precipitate in the alcohol along with the DNA by neutralizing the negative charges on the DNA so that the molecules can come together.
Osmosis occurs when cell is subjected to hypo or hypertonic solution. If the cells are kept in hypotonic solution, water enters inside the cell that leads to swelling, rising internal pressure and eventually bursting. On the other hand, in a hypertonic solution, water tends to ooze out from the cell and eventually plant cell shrinks and crumples, which leads to plasmolysis. Therefore, salt concentration plays a significant role in cell lysis.
The salt concentration of more than 0.5 M provides the ionic strength needed for CTAB to precipitate polysaccharides [8, 14]. In several protocols, 1.4 M concentration of NaCl has been suggested; however, in the protocols developed for getting rid of polysaccharides, higher concentration of the NaCl and/or CTAB has been recommended.
Tris is a (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane with the molecular formula (HOCH2)3CNH2, which has three primary alcohols and an amine group with a pKa of 8.1, is an effective buffer between pH 7 and 9. When the pH is adjusted to 8, with HCl, it contains a mixture of weak base and its conjugate weak acid (Figure 2), which can act as a buffer and further increases the permeability of the cell wall. When the cell wall and membranes are broken during tissue grinding, compartmentalization ends, cytoplasmic material is released, because of which the pH gets altered, and consequently the stability of biomolecules like nucleic acid is disturbed. The buffer plays a major role under such situations, and the Tris buffer maintains the pH of the solution.
Tris buffer after titration of Tris base solution [
EDTA (C10H16N2O8) chelates divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ (Figure 3), which is present in the enzymes and reduces the enzyme activity of DNase and RNase. Divalent cations are the cofactors for many enzymes that increase the activity of the enzyme. For example, DNase enzyme requires Mg2+ ions as a cofactor for its activity. Chelating Mg2+ ions with EDTA makes enzyme DNase nonfunctional, and thereby protects the DNA. The Mg2+ ions are also required for aggregation of nucleic acid with protein; whereas Ca2+ ions are required for cementing of cell wall’s middle layer and membrane stability. Thus, harnessing them by EDTA results in destabilization of the enzyme’s integrity.
EDTA chelates divalent cations like magnesium and calcium [
Plants are rich in phenolics compounds and to get a quality DNA these should be removed. β-Mercaptoethanol (HOCH2CH2SH) is added most of the time in extraction buffers and is a strong reducing agent to clean tannins and other polyphenols present in the crude plant extract.
Globular proteins get dissolved in water. To make them insoluble, their denaturation is one of the alternatives that can be done at tertiary and quaternary structure level of protein by reducing intermolecular disulfide linkages. β-Mercaptoethanol reduces disulfide bonds of the protein (Figure 4) and thus the proteins are denatured.
β-Mercaptoethanol reduces disulfide linkage of protein, thus denaturing it [
PVP is added to remove phenolic compounds from plant DNA extracts. Polyphenol is a major component in medicinal plants, woody plants, and mature plant parts. It is present in the vacuole, while its oxidizing enzyme, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is located in plastid [15]. During grinding of the tissue, compartmentalization breaks and PPO convert polyphenols into quinone, which gives brown coloration. Polyphenols bind DNA and make downstream processing difficult as they get co-precipitated with the nucleic acid. PVP removes polyphenolic contamination by binding it through hydrogen bond [16, 17]. Thus, it prevents polyphenol oxidation, and thereby browning of DNA samples [18]. When the extract is centrifuged with chloroform, PVP complexes get accumulated at the interphase.
Cell lysate mixture with CTAB buffer should be kept in the water bath at 65°C, which irreversibly inhibits enzyme DNase. After removing the sample from water bath, it should be allowed to cool at room temperature, then chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) or phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) shall be added. Chloroform:octanol (24:1) can also be used instead of chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1).
Phenol is an organic solvent, so it is not miscible with water and is used along with chloroform and isoamyl alcohol for purification of the DNA to remove proteins and polysaccharide contaminants. When phenol is shaken with cell extract, the nonpolar components of the cell will be fractionated in phenol, leaving polar ones in water. DNA is insoluble in phenol because phenol is a nonpolar solution. On the other side, protein has both polar and nonpolar groups present in it because of the long chain of different amino acids. Different amino acids have different groups present on their side chain. Also, the folding of the protein into the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure depends on the polarity of the amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are broken by the addition of phenol and protein gets denatured and ultimately the protein becomes unfolded.
Centrifugation after phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol in 25:24:1 ratio steps gives three layers, that is aqueous, interphase, and at bottom organic phase. At neutral to alkaline pH, the nucleic acids are negatively charged and polar. Therefore, it is hydrophilic and remains in an aqueous phase. In aqueous solution, hydrophobic amino acid forms a protective core. However, after denaturation, nonpolar cores (hydrophobic) get exposed, causing precipitation of protein as well as some polysaccharides at interphase.
The phenol-chloroform combination reduces the partitioning of poly (A) and mRNA into the organic phase and reduces the formation of insoluble RNA protein complexes at the interphase. Phenol retains about 10–15% of the aqueous phase, which results in a similar loss of RNA; chloroform prevents this retention of water and thus improves yields.
Only neutral phenol should be used, as acidic phenol dissolves DNA within, or phenol turns into quinones by oxidation and it forms free radical, degrading nucleic acid. Simple observation of phenol’s pink color will state its acidic nature. The centrifugation after chloroform:isoamyl alcohol step should be done under room temperature, because below 15°C, CTAB/nucleic acid forms irreversible aggregates and may precipitate. During this step, the DNA shall be in aqueous phase [19].
Chloroform (CHCl3) or trichloromethane is a nonpolar (hydrophobic) solvent, in which nonpolar proteins and lipids get dissolved to promote the partitioning of lipids and cellular debris into the organic phase, leaving isolated DNA protected in the aqueous phase. Chloroform ensures phase separation of the two liquids because it has a higher density (1.47 g/cm3) and forces a sharper separation of the organic and aqueous phases, thereby assisting in the removal of the aqueous phase with minimal cross contamination from the organic phase. As chloroform is volatile in nature, it does not hinder the downstream process.
Chloroform comes in contact with the air and forms gas phosgene (COCl2, carbonyl chloride), which is harmful. If we simply use chloroform only, the gas entrapment causes foaming or frothing, it foams up between interphase during extraction process and makes it difficult to properly purify the DNA, which is prevented when chloroform is used along with isoamyl alcohol or isopentanol {(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH} or octanol {CH3(CH2)7OH} by preventing the emulsification of a solution. Isoamyl alcohol or isopentanol is not miscible in the aqueous solution because it is a long-chain aliphatic compound, containing five carbon atoms and stabilizes the interphase between organic and aqueous layer. The aqueous phase contains DNA and the organic phase contains lipid, proteins, and other impurities. Isoamyl alcohol helps to inhibit RNase activity and to help prevent the solubilization in the phenol phase of long RNA molecules with long poly (A) portions. This will increase the purity of DNA.
Genomic DNA should be treated with Ribonuclease A (RNase A) to remove the contamination of RNA for DNA purification. RNase A is an endoribonuclease that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 3′,5′-phosphodiester linkage of RNA at the 5′-ester bond in a two-step reaction. The first step is a transphosphorylation to give an oligonucleotide terminating in a pyrimidine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate. The second is the hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphate to give a terminal 3′-phosphate. Numerous chemical studies have suggested that histidine 12, histidine 119, and lysine 41 are involved in the active site of the enzyme and the DNA is devoid of 2′OH group (deoxy), it remains secure (Figures 5 and 6) [20].
(A) The hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by RNase A. An RNA molecule is a chain of nucleotides linked by the phosphodiester bond, which may be cleaved by RNase [
The catalytic mechanism of RNase A, which contains two critical residues: His-12 and His-119 [
Alcohol is used to precipitate the DNA out of the extraction solution, so we can wash all those salts and chemicals away and then dissolve it in our final solvent—usually water or some variant of Tris-EDTA solution. DNA remains dissolved in aqueous solution because DNA has phosphodiester backbone, which is hydrophilic in nature. Water molecule forms hydration shell around DNA by forming hydrogen bonds. Isopropanol/ethanol is used in precipitation of DNA, which breaks the hydration shell. Isopropanol is a good choice for precipitation of DNA. The amount of isopropanol requirement is less (0.6–0.7 volume of supernatant), as isopropanol has a higher capacity to reduce the dielectric constant of water than the ethanol (2–3 volume) and also requires a fair amount of salt to work. RNA which has extra 2′OH remains hydrogen bounded with water more strongly than DNA tends to stay soluble in it, thus selective precipitation of DNA can be done. Isopropanol also dissolves nonpolar solvents such as chloroform, thus the impurities form previous step can also be removed.
Using ice-cold isopropanol is generally practiced, but many researchers say that it should be used at room temperature, otherwise it will precipitate polysaccharides also [21]. Though the yield of DNA will be increased at low temperature, it may increase impurities [22].
The role of the salt in the extraction protocol is to neutralize the charges on the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA. Sodium acetate with pH 5.2 is commonly used for precipitation of nucleic acid along with ethanol [23]. In solution, sodium acetate dissociates into Na+ and [CH3COO]−. The positively charged sodium ions neutralize the negative charge on the PO3− groups on the sugar phosphate backbone of nucleic acids reducing repulsion between DNA molecules, making the DNA molecule far less hydrophilic, and therefore much less soluble in water. The electrostatic attraction between the Na+ ions in solution and the PO3− ions on the nucleic acid are dictated by Coulomb’s Law, which is affected by the dielectric constant of the solution. Water has a high dielectric constant, which makes it fairly difficult for the Na+ and PO3− to come together. This is useful in aggregation and formation of tangled mass. It is also called as salting out. Nevertheless, it is not seen when salt alone is used. It requires the solution with low dielectric constant, which allows this interaction. This is affected by either ethanol or isopropanol, which has a much lower dielectric constant, making it much easier for Na+ to interact with the PO3−, shield its charge, and make the nucleic acid less hydrophilic, causing the DNA to drop out of solution (Figure 7).
Role of salt in DNA precipitation [
DNA precipitate is washed again with 70% ethanol to rinse excess salt that might come along with the extraction buffers from the pellet [24], centrifuged, and ethanol is discarded, leaving DNA in the precipitate. Precipitate is air-dried or vacuum-dried. Over drying should be avoided as DNA converts B form to D form, which is difficult to dissolve later [25].
In older times in DNA isolation methods, DNA used to be stored dry and diluted when required. Nowadays, for long-term storage, it is prudent to store DNA in a buffer that maintains its pH and keeps it from getting degraded. TE buffer contains Tris (10 mM) and EDTA (1 mM), where Tris is the buffering component and EDTA the chelating component. For DNA isolation, the pH is usually set to 7.5–8.5, the slight alkalinity of TE buffer also prevents chances of acid hydrolysis that may further disrupt the stability of DNA stored in water. Tris amino constituent of TE buffer has the ability to protect DNA strands from radiation damage, in both solid state and fluid solution. As radiation produces free radicals, it may break DNA strands. Thus, in the fluid solution at ambient temperature Tris acts by scavenging hydroxyl radicals [26]. The purpose of EDTA is to chelate Mg2+ ions in solution necessary for DNase or RNase action, thus protecting the DNA from DNases or RNase.
Sterile water can be utilized for short-duration storage of DNA. If TE buffer is used for storage of DNA, it should be diluted further with sterile water to dilute EDTA concentration for making magnesium ions available for polymerase activity during PCR because if DNA has to be sent for sequencing afterward, the buffer components in TE hinders the process. The same EDTA that chelates ions to degrade magnesium also hinders the action of DNA polymerases during PCR, which can be overcome by adding more magnesium to the master mix, or perhaps diluting the DNA sample so that the already low concentrations of EDTA do not actually disrupt PCR. In fact, in a large number of cases, they do not.
Hemorrhage is the cause of 12.0–18.0% of deaths during pregnancy [1, 2, 3]. Severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity [4, 5] and is increasing in incidence worldwide [6, 7], especially in low resource countries [8]. Emergency hysterectomy is increasingly performed to treat uncontrollable PPH [1, 2, 3]. It was performed at the time of, or within 24 h of, a vaginal or abdominal delivery for the treatment of hemorrhage that was unresponsive to unservative approaches [9]. Variability in the incidence of PPH-related hysterectomy is different in various countries and even among institutions [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
According to recent reports, 0.20–5.09 of every 1000 postnatal women across the globe have undergone an emergency hysterectomy [14]. Hysterectomy is considered to be a safe, low-risk surgery. It is, by nature, unplanned and performed expeditiously in the case of severe PPH. It may not be the best option for all women, especially those who still want to have children. Some people may have an adverse reaction to the anesthetic, heavy bleeding, and infection around the incision site [15].
The guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) aim to prevent and manage PPH by active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) [16]. Thai government policy to prevent PPH in 2013 was involved in the project—Every Woman Every Child (EWEC) to decrease maternal mortality and child mortality by 16 million cases in 2015 [17, 18]. However, the incidence of PPH was increased from 2.30 to 2.65% from 2009 to 2015 [19]. In low-resource city with various ethnic groups, surrounded by mountains and forests as in Chiang Rai province and Sakon Nakhon province [20, 21]. The incidence of PPH is increasing in Chiang Rai from 1.12 to 2.07%, but maternal death from PPH decreased from 3.05 to 1.23% during 2012-2015 [20]. In the fiscal year 2014–2015, PPH-related hysterectomy decreased in number from 2 cases to 1 case [20]. In Sakon Nakhon, during 2015–2018 the incidence of PPH is about 1.13–1.39%. The maternal deaths were decreased from 33.83 to 27.84 per 100,000 infant live births. However, it was higher than the standard criterion of 17.0 per 100,000 infant live births [21].
A tool developed from significantly high-risk factors [22, 23, 24] associated with PPH was performed in western societies and Thailand [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. These tools can detect PPH earlier and can reduce the number of maternal deaths and PPH-related hysterectomies in Thailand [20, 21].
This study aimed to synthesize knowledge about the early management of PPH, summarize the appropriate risk score tool for the prediction of PPH, and reduce the number of maternal deaths and PPH-related hysterectomy cases in two lower resource cities in the north and northeast of Thailand.
The objective of this study was to synthesize knowledge about the early management of PPH and an appropriate risk score tool to reduce PPH-related hysterectomy cases in two lower resource cities in the north and northeast of Thailand.
The study reviewed the results of the author’s research in four steps as follows:
The research review was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research at Khon Kaen University, Thailand [HE 601234, HE 611093], the Chiang Rai Regional Hospital Ethics Committee on July 21st, 2017, and the Ethics committee of Sakon Nakhon Hospital (SKHREC 422562). Most of the research was based on secondary data. Those who volunteered had signed a consent form.
There are four steps to this research result as follows:
Risk factors | Subgroup | Statistical procedures | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Heterogeneity Test I2 | Estimate size (fixed effect) | |||
OR (95% CI) | ||||
I. Eight of high-risk factors (odds ratio > 2.0) | ||||
1. Antepartum hemoglobin level | >10 g/dL | 95.71 | 4.80 (4.00–5.76) | <0.001 |
2. Coagulopathy | 35.18 | 11.96 (2.64–54.10) | 0.004 | |
3. History of prior pregnancy and delivery | Prior PPH | 40.89 | 4.01 (2.32–6.93) | <0.001 |
4. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Fibroid | 89.97 | 0.73 (0.70–0.75) | <0.001 |
5. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Multiple pregnancy | 51.23 | 2.69 (2.32–3.11) | <0.001 |
6. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Gestational hypertensive disorder | 69.13 | 2.07 (1.72–2.50) | <0.001 |
7. Placenta factors | Placenta previa | 28.44 | 5.01 (3.61–6.97) | <0.001 |
8. Placenta Factors | Placenta accrete | 0.00 | 3.55 (1.84–6.86) | <0.001 |
II. Six moderate risk factors (odds ratio > 1.5–2.0) | ||||
1. Obstetric factors parity | Nulliparous | 72.62 | 1.93 (1.53–2.43) | <0.001 |
2. Gestational age (large gestational age) | >40 weeks | 47.19 | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | <0.001 |
3. Placenta factors | Placenta abruption | 39.13 | 1.70 (1.06–2.73) | 0.029 |
4. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Chorioamnionitis | 0.00 | 1.85 (1.45–2.98) | 0.012 |
5. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Induction of labor | 69.33 | 1.77 (1.57–2.00) | <0.001 |
6. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Augmentation of Labor | 69.66 | 1.57 (1.35–5.87) | <0.001 |
III. Seven of low-risk factors (odds ratio > 1.0–1.5) | ||||
1. Individual factors maternal age | <20 years old | 31.40 | 1.36 (1.26–1.46) | <0.001 |
2. Individual factors maternal age | >35 years old | 17.37 | 1.32 (1.29–1.35) | <0.001 |
3. 1 Body mass index (BMI) level | <30 kg/m2 | 0.00 | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) | 0.050 |
3. 2 Body mass index (BMI) level | >30 kg/m2 | 0.00 | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 0.027 |
4. Obstetric Factors parity | Primiparous | 97.64 | 1.29 (1.18–1.41) | <0.001 |
5. Gestational age | >42 weeks | 47.19 | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | <0.001 |
6. Complication of current pregnancy, 1st stage of labor, received procedure of 1st stage of labor | Gestational diabetes mellitus | 0.00 | 1.35 (1.22–1.45) | <0.001 |
7. Complication of current pregnancy and 1st stage of labor receive procedure | Received analgesic drugs | 10.03 | 1.38 (1.27–1.49) | <0.001 |
Med calc version 18.6 was used to analyze risk factors for PPH during vaginal deliveries.
Source: approved by I-Tuporn, et al. [29].
This study was analyzed and identified risk factors for PPH via vaginal deliveries from 20 articles from 2005 to 2017 in Thailand and globally, using MedCalc version 18.2.1 and version 18.6 [30].
The results showed that 21 factors, including eight high-risk factors for PPH (odds ratio > 2.0) include antepartum hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL, coagulopathy, prior PPH, fibroid, placenta previa, placenta accrete, multiple pregnancy, and gestational hypertensive disorder. Six moderate risk factors for PPH (odds ratio > 1.5–2.0) include nulliparous status, large gestational age, placenta abruption, chorioamnionitis, induction, and augmentation of labor. Seven low-risk factors for PPH (odds ratio > 1.0–1.5) include maternal age < 20 years old and ≥ 35 years old, BMI level, primiparous, gestational age ≥ 42 weeks, gestational diabetes mellitus, and having received analgesic drugs.
Form for recording risk scores to predict postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) of blood loss over 300 ml after vaginal delivery. Source: approved by I-Tuporn, et al. [
The results showed that the eight predictors of I-Tuporn et al. [31] (Figure 1) from the cause of PPH (4 T’s and 7 steps of the clinical prediction model of Steyerberg) [32, 33] and by comparison with the standard monogram of Biguzzi [34], Sittipan [28], and Suta [27] could predict postpartum blood loss over 300 ml at Chiang Rai Regional Hospital with a sensitivity of 80.7%, a specificity of 60.8%, and the ROC curve equal to 0.71 at the optional cut-off score of four marks or above (see Figure 1) [31].
Level of blood loss | ROC curve | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Accuracy (%) | Positive predictive value (%) | Negative predictive value (%) | 95% CI | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>250 ml | 0.627 | 57.33 | 61.95 | 59.84 | 58.01 | 61.48 | 0.592–0.662 | <0.001 |
>275 ml | 0.608 | 15.69 | 92.92 | 56.04 | 66.96 | 54.66 | 0.554–0.662 | <0.001 |
>300 ml | 0.606 | 15.48 | 92.92 | 55.94 | 66.66 | 54.60 | 0.552–0.661 | <0.001 |
>500 ml | 0.653 | 5.02 | 98.66 | 53.94 | 77.41 | 53.19 | 0.563–0.744 | 0.004 |
Review of risk score at the different levels of blood loss from 250 ml. to 500 ml. in 1001 cases who underwent vaginal delivery at Sakhon Nakhon hospital, Thailand, during June 2018 to December 2019.
Source: Approved by Nutravong et al. [35], on An Appropriate Assessment of PPH by using a Risk Score Tool for prediction at Sakon Nakhon, Hospital, Thailand oral presentation in the International Webinar on Primary Healthcare and Medicare held during November 08–09, 2021/Vienna Austria.
It found that the eight predictors of I-Tuporn et al. [31] (Figure 1) can be used to predict early PPH in Sakon Nakhon Hospital since blood loss is 250 ml and over with a sensitivity of 57.33%, a specificity of 61.95%, and a ROC curve equal to 0.62 (Table 2 and Figure 2).
The ROC curve’s performance at different levels of blood loss at over (a) 250 mL, (b) 275 mL, (c) 300 mL, and (d) 500 mL of a risk score for PPH prediction from 1001 cases after delivery at Sakon Nakhon hospital, Thailand from July 2018 to December 2019.
The results of one-year follow-up showed the incidence of Chiang Rai Regional Hospital.
The number of cases of PPH-related hysterectomy decreased from 4.61% to 3.81% from 2019 to 2020 report of. It had no cases of PPH-related hysterectomy but had reported no maternal death per 100,000 infant live births, 36.60 and 37.36 respectively.
In Sakon Nakhon province, the incidence of PPH decreased from 1.39 to 1.10%, but there was no report of PPH-related hysterectomy. The maternal death rate decreased from 27.84 to 15.12 per 100,000 live births, from 2018 to 2019 (Table 3).
Setting | Pregnancy Problems | Fiscal years | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
Thailand* | Incidence of PPH | 2.30% | 2.37% | 2.44% | 2.40% | 2.39% | 2.54% | 2.65% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Chiang Rai** Province | Incidence of PPH | NA | NA | NA | 1.12% | 1.15% | 1.34% | 2.07% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
PPH related Hysterectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 1 case | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Maternal death/100,000 infant live birth | NA | NA | NA | 3.05 | 4.58 | 1.82 | 1.23 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Chiang Rai** Regional Hospital | Incidence of PPH | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9.0% | 1.98% | 2.64% | 2.58% | 2.61% | 3.85% | 4.61% | 3.81% | |
PPH related Hysterectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 case | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Maternal death/ 100,000 infant live birth | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 36.14 | 18.09 | NA | NA | 17.45 | 36.60 | 37.36 | ||
Sakon Nakhon*** Province | Incidence of PPH | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.13% | 0.93% | 1.00% | 1.39% | 1.10% | NA | |
PPH related Hysterectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Maternal death/100,000 infant live birth | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 33.83 | 17.68 | 26.88 | 27.84 | 15.12 | NA |
Statistics on PPH, PPH-related hysterectomy, and maternal deaths were collected in Thailand’s Chiang Rai Province. Chiang Rai regional hospital, Sakon Nakhon Province.
Medical Department, Ministry of Public Health document 2013 [17].
Ajalapung, 2015 [20].
Statistic Report for NE Thailand, 2019 [21].
Remarks: The standard Criterion of maternal deaths was 17 per 100,000 infant live birth.
The postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in I-Tuporn et al. [31] study, which was conducted in the Chiang Rai Regional Hospital in 2017, was 2.61%. It was lower than the study in Chonburi Hospital (4.95%) [28] and Maharat Nakorn Ratchasima Hospital (6.67%) [26], but it was related to the report of Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital (1.98%) [25] and the report of Calvert et al. [36] that presented Asia’s regional PPH rate of 1.90% [36].
Emergency hysterectomy for the treatment of severe hemorrhage from vaginal delivery was not reported widely in Chiang Rai Regional Hospital or Sakon Nakhon province. It was presented only some years ago and reported only a few cases. However, the maternal death rate in Sakon Nakhon province from 2015 to 2018 was higher than the standard criterion of 17 per 100,000 infant live births. It was decreased in the year 2019 to 15.12 per 100,000 infant live births after this hospital used a risk score tool with 8 predictors by I-Tuporn et al. [31] to detect earlier PPH and early treatment as blood loss over 250 mL from the collector bag.
The risk score tool for the prediction of PPH in Thailand had five studies [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. They were developed in different settings. They had some similar risk factors for the detection of PPH. The study of I-Tuporn et al. [31] developed the risk score tool with 8 predictors, covering the cause of PPH (4 T’s and 7 steps of the clinical prediction model of Steyerberg [32, 33] and by comparison with the standard monogram of Biguzzi [34], Sittipan [28], and Suta et al. [27]) I-Tuporn et al. [31] risk score tool could be used in low-resource cities with various ethnic groups, as in Chiang Rai and Sakon Nakhon province, which are in the north and northeast of Thailand, respectively.
The results of the Chiang Rai and Sakon Nakhon provinces study after 1 year of follow-up showed that the maternal death rate in Sakon Nakhon province had decreased to normal criterion, and there were no reports of PPH-related hysterectomy cases in these two provinces.
In conclusion, the problems of PPH concerned the Thai government. Many projects were carried out in accordance with World Health Organization’s (WHO) [16] guidelines to reduce PPH, PPH-related hysterectomy, and maternal death.
Due to some settings in Thailand, the government’s policy is not suitable for some women because of their low resources and distance from the cities. Some of the settings are surrounded by mountains and forests, and it is very hard to refer a pregnant woman with PPH to the provincial hospital. Most of them belong to different ethnic groups and cannot communicate with other people. Therefore, some of them die before seeing a doctor.
There should be a policy of early detection of PPH in those lower resource settings by using an appropriate risk score tool to predict the PPH risk for a pregnant woman’s life.
The authors would like to thank all of the respondents for their valuable contributions to this study and extend their special gratitude to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Chiang Rai Regional Hospital and Sakon Nakhon Hospital for the data support, and the Thai Society of Maternal and Fetal Medicine for funding support.
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The Gram-positive pathogen is armed with battery of virulence factors that facilitate to establish infections in the hosts. The organism is well known for its ability to acquire resistance to various antibiotic classes. The emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains which are often multi-drug resistant in hospitals and subsequently in community resulted in significant mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology of MRSA has been evolving since its initial outbreak which necessitates a comprehensive medical approach to tackle this pathogen. Vancomycin has been the drug of choice for years but its utility was challenged by the emergence of resistance. In the last 10 years or so, newer anti-MRSA antibiotics were approved for clinical use. However, being notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, there is a continuous need for exploring novel anti-MRSA agents from various sources including plants and evaluation of non-antibiotic approaches.",book:{id:"5471",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"32282",doi:"10.5772/33983",title:"Bacteriophages of Ralstonia solanacearum: Their Diversity and Utilization as Biocontrol Agents in Agriculture",slug:"bacteriophages-of-ralstonia-solanacearum-their-diversity-and-utilization-as-biocontrol-agents-in-agr",totalDownloads:3755,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"555",slug:"bacteriophages",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages"},signatures:"Takashi Yamada",authors:[{id:"98151",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamada",slug:"takashi-yamada",fullName:"Takashi Yamada"}]},{id:"32276",doi:"10.5772/34642",title:"Bacteriophages and Their Structural Organisation",slug:"bacteriophages-and-their-structural-organisation-",totalDownloads:12433,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"555",slug:"bacteriophages",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages"},signatures:"E.V. 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Rezek",authors:[{id:"107471",title:"Dr.",name:"Egor",middleName:null,surname:"Ukraintsev",slug:"egor-ukraintsev",fullName:"Egor Ukraintsev"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69731",title:"Isolation and Purification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria",slug:"isolation-and-purification-of-sulfate-reducing-bacteria",totalDownloads:1551,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a widespread group of microorganisms that are often isolated from the anoxygenic environments (lake depths, soil, or swamps), and they are also present in the human and animal intestines. This group is often detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis. That is why new rapid methods for their isolation, purification, and identification are important and necessary. In this chapter, the methods of mesophilic SRB isolation from various environments are described. Particular attention is paid to the purification of mesophilic SRB since they can be in close interaction with other microorganisms (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, etc.), which are their frequent satellites. Moreover, the main methods of mesophilic SRB identification based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetical characteristics are presented.",book:{id:"8997",slug:"microorganisms",title:"Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Microorganisms"},signatures:"Ivan Kushkevych",authors:[{id:"252191",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Kushkevych",slug:"ivan-kushkevych",fullName:"Ivan Kushkevych"}]},{id:"65773",title:"Life Cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Invertebrate and the Vertebrate Hosts",slug:"life-cycle-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-in-the-invertebrate-and-the-vertebrate-hosts",totalDownloads:1497,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs. T. cruzi is a single-celled eukaryote with a complex life cycle alternating between reduviid bug invertebrate vectors and vertebrate hosts. This article will look at the developmental stages of T. cruzi in the invertebrate vector and the vertebrate hosts, the different surface membrane proteins involved in different life cycle stages of T. cruzi, roles of different amino acids in the life cycle, carbon and energy sources and gene expression in the life cycle of T. cruzi. The author will also look at extracellular vesicles (EV) and its role in the dissemination and survival of T. cruzi in mammalian host.",book:{id:"8806",slug:"biology-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-",title:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi",fullTitle:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi"},signatures:"Kenechukwu C. Onyekwelu",authors:[{id:"245368",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenechukwu C.",middleName:null,surname:"Onyekwelu",slug:"kenechukwu-c.-onyekwelu",fullName:"Kenechukwu C. Onyekwelu"}]},{id:"54154",title:"Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach",slug:"staphylococcus-aureus-overview-of-bacteriology-clinical-diseases-epidemiology-antibiotic-resistance-",totalDownloads:7218,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes wide range of infectious conditions both in nosocomial and community settings. The Gram-positive pathogen is armed with battery of virulence factors that facilitate to establish infections in the hosts. The organism is well known for its ability to acquire resistance to various antibiotic classes. The emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains which are often multi-drug resistant in hospitals and subsequently in community resulted in significant mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology of MRSA has been evolving since its initial outbreak which necessitates a comprehensive medical approach to tackle this pathogen. Vancomycin has been the drug of choice for years but its utility was challenged by the emergence of resistance. In the last 10 years or so, newer anti-MRSA antibiotics were approved for clinical use. However, being notorious for developing antibiotic resistance, there is a continuous need for exploring novel anti-MRSA agents from various sources including plants and evaluation of non-antibiotic approaches.",book:{id:"5471",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"55437",title:"Biological Control of Parasites",slug:"biological-control-of-parasites-2017-07",totalDownloads:4334,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Parasites (ectoparasites or endoparasites) are a major cause of diseases in man, his livestock and crops, leading to poor yield and great economic loss. To overcome some of the major limitations of chemical control methods such as rising resistance, environmental and health risks, and the adverse effect on non‐target organisms, biological control (biocontrol) is now at the forefront of parasite (pests) control. Biocontrol is now a core component of the integrated pest management. Biocontrol is defined as “the study and uses of parasites, predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities”. Considerable successes have been achieved in the implementation of biocontrol strategies in the past. This chapter presents a review of the history of biocontrol, its advantages and disadvantages; the different types of biological control agents (BCAs) including predators, parasites (parasitoids) and pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and virus‐like particles, protozoa and nematodes); the effect of biocontrol on native biodiversity; a few case studies of the successful implementation of biocontrol methods and the challenges encountered with the implementation of biocontrol and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5527",slug:"natural-remedies-in-the-fight-against-parasites",title:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites",fullTitle:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites"},signatures:"Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti",authors:[{id:"191763",title:"Dr.",name:"Tebit Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Kwenti",slug:"tebit-emmanuel-kwenti",fullName:"Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti"}]},{id:"70336",title:"Plastics Polymers Degradation by Fungi",slug:"plastics-polymers-degradation-by-fungi",totalDownloads:1459,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The studies on plastic degradation are very important for the development of biodegradable plastics, and for reduction of pollution, since plastic waste can remain in the environment for decades or centuries. We have showed the degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags and green polyethylene by Pleurotus ostreatus. This fungus can also produce mushrooms using these plastics. The plastic degradation was possibly by three reasons: (a) presence of pro-oxidant ions or plant polymer, (b) low specificity of the lignocellulolytic enzymes, and (c) the presence of endomycotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. In this chapter, the plastic bags’ degradation by abiotic and microbial process using the exposure to sunlight and the use of a white-rot fungus will described. The physical, chemical, and biological alterations of plastic were analyzed after each process of degradation. The degradation of plastic bags was more effective when the abiotic and biotic degradations were combined.",book:{id:"8997",slug:"microorganisms",title:"Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Microorganisms"},signatures:"José Maria Rodrigues da Luz, Marliane de Cássia Soares da Silva, Leonardo Ferreira dos Santos and Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya",authors:[{id:"217699",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Da Luz",slug:"jose-maria-da-luz",fullName:"Jose Maria Da Luz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"151",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"