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",isbn:"978-1-80356-678-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-677-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-679-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6dcb071a2e978694b6b1cb9c20afc1a3",bookSignature:"Prof. Hai-Zhi Song",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11494.jpg",keywords:"Electric Field Effect, Nano-Materials, Electric Field Design, Antenna, Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, Electric Field Stimulation, Brain and Nerve, Electric Field Imaging, Atomic Electric Field, Space Science, Climate",numberOfDownloads:8,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in the fields of new materials, optoelectronic devices, and quantum information processing, appointed vice director of the Science and Technology Committee of SWITP, author/co-author of more than 170 research papers, and holder of 40 patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196114",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"hai-zhi-song",fullName:"Hai-Zhi Song",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196114/images/system/196114.jpg",biography:"Curriculum Vitae\n\nName: Hai-Zhi Song \nGender: male\nDate of Birth: Oct. 20, 1968\nPlace of Birth: Shanxi, China\nAffiliation and Address: \nSouthwest Institute of Technical Physics\nNo.7, Section 4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu 610041, China\nAnd\nInstitute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences,\nUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China,\nNo. 4, Section 2, Jianshebei Road, Chengdu 610054, China\n\nWork Phone: +86-28-68180751, +86-28-83208728\nMobile Phone: +86-158-28239155\nFax: +86-28-83201896\nE-mail: hzsong1296@163.com, hzsong@uestc.edu.cn\n \nEducation \nSept, 1990 – July, 1995:Peking University, PhD, Thesis “Visible luminescence of porous silicon and its mechanism”, Researches on hydrogen-influenced Schottky diodes and silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nSept, 1986 – July, 1990:Nanjing University, Bachelor of Science, Thesis “Study of refractory metal silicides”, Research on Ohmic contact of semiconductors.\n\nWork Experience \nJuly, 1995 – Sept. 1997: Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Postdoctoral Researcher, Research on silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nOct, 1997 – Sept. 1998: Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Visiting free Researcher, Research on amorphous semiconductors. \nOct, 1998 – Sept. 2001: Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan, Assistant Professor, Research on semiconductor quantum dots. \nOct, 2001 – March 2012: Fujitsu Lab. Ltd., Atsugi, Japan, Researcher/Senior Researcher, Researches on Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Quantum Information, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nApril, 2012 – March 2014: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Senior Researcher, Researches on Quantum Information Processing Devices. \nApril, 2014 – now: Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nJune, 2015 – now: University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Nanoscaled Semiconductors and Quantum Information Processing Devices.\n \nAchievements\nSystematically studied the property of porous silicon materials and verified their mechanism; found green and ultraviolet luminescence, and clarified the multiple luminescence mechanisms of nanocrystalline-silicon embedded in SiO2, which is valuable to silicon-based optoelectronic integration; realized enhanced hole mobility in amorphous silicon, verified the existence of deep trap states in amorphous selenium, providing ways to improve amorphous optoelectronic materials. \nDiscovered lateral coupling between self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) and their tuning effect to 2D electron gas; illustrated and deeply explained the metal-insulator transition in 2D ordered QD arrays, all of which are worth in optoelectronic application of semiconductor QDs. \nDeveloped Sb-free technique to double the InAs/GaAs QD density and suppress the atomic interdiffusion, helped producing 1.3 um QD lasers, which won Japanese national prizes and had been merchandized; developed 1.06 um quantum-well lasers, which have been used to produce pure-green lasers robust against high temperature. \nFound a way to access buried QDs by scanning tunneling microscope; achieved a way to prepare diluted QDs by post-annealing and clarified its mechanisms; invented a technique to control the size and site of QDs by atomic-force microscopy lithography, and an apparatus to detect single electron spin states by optically-detected magnetic resonance; designed a few types of micropillar cavities applicable to realize 1.55 um highly-efficient, even coherent (strongly coupled) InAs/InP QD single photon sources; produced fiber-integrated photon-entangled sources, all of which are very useful to the applications of QDs in quantum information processing. \nDeveloped focal-plane single-photon avalanche detectors, providing central devices for 3D laser detecting and ranging system; explored antimonide middle- and long-wavelength infrared detectors and the surface plasmon enhancement effect in such detectors; advanced the acetone-sensing function of Eu-doped SnO2 nano-belt; found Nickle Phosphide serving as a good catalyst in hydrogen-producing. Realized a series of optoelectronic quantum devices for quantum information processing, such as fiber-integrated photon-pair-entangler, chiplet heralded single photon emitter, fiber quantum memories, quantum number generator, etc.\n\nHonor and Group Memberships \nSelected Scholar of the Recruitment Program of Global Experts, China\nEditorial member of “Laser Technology”\nEditorial member of “Journal of Electronic Science and Technology”\nEditorial member of “Internal J. Mat. Sci. Appl”\nMember of APS (American Physics Society)\nMember of OSA (Optical Society of America)\nPermanent Member of China Physical Science and Technology\nPermanent Member of the Chinese Optical Society\nTechnical committee member of PIERS, organizing a series of “quantum information processing and devices” sessions\nTechnical committee member of ICICM",institutionString:"Southwest University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Southwest University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:[{id:"82958",title:"Electromagnetic Relations between Materials and Fields for Microwave Chemistry",slug:"electromagnetic-relations-between-materials-and-fields-for-microwave-chemistry",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"45708",title:"Midface Thread Lifting: Method of Internal Suturing",doi:"10.5772/56583",slug:"midface-thread-lifting-method-of-internal-suturing",body:'The past two decades have seen rapid development of aesthetic surgery of the aging face, especially its middle zone (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), which has always been preceded by considerable prerequisites: the patients reported, and the surgeons agreed that the visual signs of the facial aging are most sharply pronounced exactly in this region. At relatively stable high contour of the zygomatic areas, early (in the relatively young age) sliding down and ptosis of soft tissues of suborbital and buccozygomatic areas, appearance of the lachrymal groove and suborbital fold, worsening of the nasolabial fold have always been considered as sign of a dull, flabby, ageing face. The growing demand for interventions aimed at eliminating such deformities has always been pushing the surgeons toward improving the classic and developing newer surgical techniques of contour plasty and lifting of the middle facial area. Amongst them are: open and endoscopic SMAS, supra- and sub-periosteal face lifting, contour plasty with various implants, lifting of the suborbicilaris oculi fat (SOOF), skin peelings, the Curl Lift, APTOS THREAD, and others.
Possessing some or other certain advantages, each of them has its own disadvantaged, which do not allow of carrying out the manipulation or operation in all the cases, irrespective of the scope and nature of the deformity.
For instance, face lifting, especially SMAS, supra- and sub-periosteal, is technically difficult to perform, it should be carried out by a highly qualified specialist, and is fraught with severe complications, it is characterized by a long rehabilitation period, leaving visible scars. Besides, from these approaches, using the known suturing materials it is difficult to perform qualitative stitching of the suborbital and buccal areas, especially their medial portions (the nasolabial fold, upper portion of the lachrymal groove) since this zone is rather remote from the edge of the wound (1, 4, 8). For this purpose it is necessary to mobilize and stitch soft tisues of these sites through intraoral additional access (6).
SOOF lifting requires the suborbicular ocular fat pad to be identified and mobilized through an inconvenient and insufficient transconjunctival access, sutured, which is not that easy to perform by the currently available suturing material, and what is important that this method allows of removing deformity of the subocular region only (6).
Application of solid or shell implants envisages carrying out rather an invasive operation, requiring the presence of the implants themselves, which must often have individual sizes and shapes (5).
The injection administration of various permanent and long-term filling agents is connected with leaving under the facial skin foreign, allogenic artificial substances, which rather often leads to suppurative and other complications (5, 7).
Autolipolifting is most preferable but to achieve permanent long-lasting results, this manipulation should be carried out repeatedly. Besides, the use of this method seems inappropriate for plump faces and is impossible in the absence of donor fat in lean patients (5, 7).
By using any peeling, one may attain contraction of the skin, improvement of its structure, to result in some tightening of flabby tissues, but neither lifting, nor a new contour will be attained (5).
Publication of the data concerning the Curl Lift gave hope that a new simple, easy method was found to lift soft tissues in general, and those of the middle facial zone, in particular. However, practical application showed that the outcomes of this-type operation did not persist over time. The causes seem to consist in incompetence of the suture applied in the temporal area, rather large length of the thread used, and what is more important – underestimation of the anatomical peculiarities of the middle facial zone, consisting in the presence of the reference points in zygomatic regions (8).
The APTOS THREAD method, with technically correct operation performed, is the most minimally invasive and at the same time rather effective. But thoughtlessly pursued marketing policy, underestimation of the issues related to specialists training, flooding of the market with poor-quality copies of the threads, the appearance of diversified and impossible to understand on what grounded modifications have lead to the appearance of a great number of inefficient outcomes in patients and even complications and respectively to a certain decrease in the interest on behalf of certain part of surgeons in this promising method. A particular negative role in this was played by seeming simplicity of carrying out the manipulation, and the necessity of rather brittle, specific post-operative management of the patients (5).
The present study was aimed at improving the cosmetic effect of surgical treatment of patients suffering from ptosis of soft tissues of middle face area, at increasing the reliability and duration of the obtained results, at decreasing severity and duration of the rehabilitation period.
In our practice, we have used the method of carcass stitching and lifting of flabby soft tissues (subcutaneous fat) of the middle area of the ageing face with special suturing material to be followed by stable fixation in a new, aesthetically more advantageous position.
This method, we called it APTOS NEEDLE (application for invention PCT/RU 2004/000525), unites the possibilities of several methods, i.e.: Curl Lift, and APTOS THREAD.
From the Curl Lift method we borrowed the idea of the double-edged needle and the appropriate technique of subcutaneous passage of the needle, while the scope, level and scale of stitching soft tissues of the subocular and buccozygomatic areas without mobilization thereof were taken from the APTOS THREAD method.
The technique of the method was devised on the basis of studying the topographic anatomy and with due regard for pathogenesis of age-specific deformities of the middle facial area (2).
To implement the idea of APTOS NEEDLE in the midface area we proposed a special, disposable double-pointed curved needle with the thread for suturing (polypropylene 4/0), atraumatically factory-connected with the needle in the middle (Fig. 1).
A photo of APTOS NEEDLE for suturing of subocular and buccozygomatic soft tissues.
APTOS NEEDLE possesses a possibility of bilateral passability thus providing its passage under the skin along the polygonal or long contour without its complete emergence to the skin surface. It allows of passing the needle underneath the skin and subcutaneous stitching of soft tissues, without skin retractions, to finally yield an even pulled up contour.
The minimally invasive technology of midface soft tissues lifting we have developed, may be used both independently through a puncture or a small cut of the skin near to the lateral angle of the lid slit, and in a combination with the classical and transconjunctival blepharoplasty.
Depending on the ptosis degree and gravity of tissues for lifting of the subocular and buccozygomatic areas, we perform stitching with 2 or 3 sutures. The methods of marking differ respectively (Figures 2, 3).
Along the lower wrinkle “crow\'s foot”, which corresponds to the position of the lateral edge of the orbital bone, we mark the place of inserting the APTOS NEEDLE, i.e. the place where knots are applied after stitching (Fig. 2, 3 – point 1). Usually it is enough to make a puncture here with a thick needle in order to create the channel for passing the APTOS NEEDLE. But, since in this point after application of the knot cutaneous retractions appear, during the period of mastering the operative technique by the surgeon and gaining experience, it is allowed to make a 2-3-cm-long cut with the blade of scalpel
Then, we mark the points of drawing out the needle for the first, second and third sutures, to be connected between themselves with lines, as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
As we see from Figures 2 and 3, the first and second sutures overlap between each other. It is done so that while suturing through on the place of the overlap the tissues be pulled up and fixed more reliably, since ptosis of soft tissues is more pronounced in this area. Besides vectors of lift have different direction and the result of operation is more long-term.
The third seam is imposed only proceeding from aesthetic expediency. Figure 3 shows that the third suture is stitched only through one point (point 6).
In the overwhelming majority of cases, we used infiltration anaesthesia through the marked points along the marking – a 1-percent lidocain solution with epinephrine solution, 4-6 ml for one side.
The operation begins from a puncture of the skin with an ordinary injection needle 1.2 mm in diameter (18 G), or from a 2-3-mm-long cut to be made near the lateral angle of the lid slid (Fig. 2, 3 – point 1). Under the finger-mediated control, the point of the needle (scalpel) is moved to the bony edge of the orbit and using scraping movements creates an area with detached periosteum. After taking out the needle (scalpel), it is advisable to widen the channel by means of a pair of thin mosquito-type forceps. Into this channel, APTOS NEEDLE (from any side) is inserted so that it should slide along the edge of the bone and get a hold of the detached periosteum. Using the fingers of the free hand to impart the tissues of the suborbital and buccozygomatic areas the pulled-up position, high contour, the needle is passed to point 2 near the base of the wing of nostril and brought to the surface over there. The needle is carefully taken out from under the skin but not fully, so that the second pointed end remained inside the tissues at a depth of 0.5 – 1.0 cm. Then, the APTOS NEEDLE is turned by 90 degrees and with the second pointed end is carried towards point 3. Here, also the needle is thrust out and pulled out incompletely. Then, the needle is turned again by 90 degrees and returned to the side of the first puncture (Fig. 2, 3 – point 1). In this case also, the fingers of the free hand are used to impart the pulled up position to the soft tissues. The point of the needle is placed into contact with the periosteum at the level of the bony edge of the orbit to be pulled out through the previously created channel (Fig. 2, 3 – point 1). In this place, the both ends of the thread are pulled up and tied with several knots. It is important to prevent the tissue from entering the knot in the depth of the channel, otherwise in this place there would be skin retraction and even lowering of the lateral angle of the lid slit. The second important moment is straining the suture so that to obtain optimal lifting of this portion of tissues with slight hypercorrection.
Schematic marking for suturing of midface soft tissues – option I.
Schematic marking for suturing of midface soft tissues – option II.
The second suture, and if need arises the third suture are applied in a similar manner, according to the marking. Taken together, they should create a newer, higher, aesthetical more favourable contour of the soft tissues with smooth transition to the adjacent areas.
In the same manner, the operation is performed on the collateral side and, naturally, of great importance is achieving symmetry of the left and right sides.
Depending on the individual peculiarities, other variants of suturing are also possible. For example, in rare cases when the lachrymal groove is rather protracted and deep, the usual suturing is not enough with the necessity to apply an additional suture precisely along this contour (Fig. 4).
Schematic marking for additional suturing of the lachrymal groove only.
Usually, the operation is easy and rapid to perform, with minimal injury inflicted to the tissues, and the outcome of the intervention is visually seen as early as on the operating table (Fig. 5).
A strip of a sterile adhesive patch is applied onto the wound (or puncture) after the operation for 1 – 3 days, or one seam is imposed - prolen 6/0.
Photo of patient N… immediately after suturing of subocular and buccozygomatic areas.
If the operation is performed through the transconjunctival access, after isolating and dissecting fatty hernias within the required scope the soft tissues of the subocular and buccozygomatic area are sutured, hence, the sutures should be distributed along the whole perimeter of the lower bony edge of the orbit (arcus marginalis).
The sutures are applied in the similar manner in case of carrying out the operation through the classical approach of lower blepharoplasty (Fig. 6).
Schematic marking for suturing of midface soft tissues, variant of simultaneous operation with blepharoplasty.
We have been using the method of subocular and buccozygomatic areas lifting - APTOS NEEDLE since May 2003, and have performed by now (November 2004) a total of 144 operations, but in this article we present only the analysis of the cases we managed to follow up one year and more – 77 cases. The patients’ age varied from 31 to 56 years, with only six of them being males. A repeated operation aimed at additional correction was required in 4 cases.
By now, the plastic and aesthetic surgeons have developed a variety of methods for lifting of midface soft tissues, having gained tremendous experience in carrying out similar operations and manipulations.
Surgeons preferring radical interventions believe that ageing of the midface is related to stretching, weakening of fascial nodes (bands) and ptosis of the whole conglomerate of soft tissues, therefore achievement of qualitative and long-lasting rejuvenation of the ageing face requires operations with more or less complete set of such surgical techniques as a wide or endoscope access and mobilization of the skin, mobilization of SMAS or deeper layers of tissues, displacement and fixation thereof in a higher position (1, 4).
At the same time, some of them draw attention to the fact that it is not uncommon that such serious interventions fail to achieve the desired outcome – a high contour of the subocular and buccozygomatic area.
It has been determined that the farther from the cut is the deformity (nasolabial fold, lachrymal groove, ptosis of the medial tissues of the cheek) the more difficult to remove it and to preserve the result, that the only correct decision for qualitative lifting of these areas is local intervention (1, 2, 4, 5).
This fact has led the surgeons to the thought that in many cases, a qualitative and long-term effect may be achieved without mobilization of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with inconsiderable invasion. To implement this goal, the following methods have been proposed APTOS THREAD, Curl Lift allowing of influencing the deformity in the place of its location (3, 5, 8). The authors believe that the fascial nodes (bands) do not virtually extend and remain stable during the whole life (zygomatic area), while the tissues that are suspended from under them (buccal, suborbital areas) gradually go down. Following this logic, they try to suture and suspend the ptosed soft tissues to stable portions and achieve good long-term clinical results.
Unfortunately, these methods are not always applicable due to a variety of reasons.
Good outcomes are achieved when using Freeman’s method of SOOF lifting. However, this technique removes only the deformity of the subocular region, pulling up inconsiderably the ptosed soft tissues of the whole midface (6).
The APTOS NEEDLE method which we offer for lifting of midface soft tissues accumulates positive qualities of the above mentioned methods. It allows of achieving new aesthetic harmony rapidly, easily, qualitatively and reliably with an inconsiderable operational wound, with even, smooth contours of the skin surface (without skin indrawings) and which requires no excessively delicate postoperative management of the patients (Figures 7 to 29).
Only midface suturingBefore and after (4 months)
Before, after 4 days and after 1 year.
Before and after (1 year).
Before and after (4 months).
Before and after (4 months).
Before and after (1 year).
Before and after (1 year).
Before and after (1 year).
Before and after (1,2 years).
Before and after (1,2 years).
Before and after (1,2 years).
Before and after (1,5 years).
Before and after (1,5 years).
Before and after (1,5 years).
Before and after (1,6 years).
Before and after (1,7 years).
Before and after (1,7 years).
Before, after 5 months and after 1,9 years.
Before, after 5 days and after (14 months).
Before and after (1 months).
Before and after (1 months).
Before and after (6 months).
Before and after (2 months)
Before and after (1 year).
The immediate postoperative period up to 14 days was uneventful in the majority of the patients. Linear haemorrhages along suturings were noted in once case, with no skin indrawings in the places of needle’s entries and exits observed, but contour roughness was noted in 14 patients. These unpleasant manifestations were corrected spontaneously or by means of prescribing appropriate resolving therapy. Only one woman had her social rehabilitation during one month (Fig.), with the rest patients being satisfied with the obtained result as early as within 10-18 postoperative days. No other complications were noted.
Both the short-, and long-term outcomes were good and persistent. In only four cases, we had to repeat intervention, however it was during the period of mastering the technique:
due to excessive hypercorrection;
due to asymmetry;
due to patient’s displeasure who did not expect such radical facial alterations;
in order to remove the right-sided ptosis of the angle of lid slit.
While gaining experience, we noted that when combining the APTOS NEEDLE method with blepharoplasty (both traditional, and transconjunctival) in the majority cases it is necessary to refuse dissecting fatty hernias, or to remove them but in a considerably lesser amount than when using blepharoplasty alone. This is explained by the fact that elevated upper soft tissues of the midface create high contour immediately in the suborbital region, which in turn requires greater completeness of lower eyelids volume. Naturally, in such cases, one has often to redistribute the fatty hernias downwards toward the lachrymal groove and the hollowed-out contour of the orbital edge (suborbital groove).
While carrying out this manipulation simultaneously with the traditional blepharoplasty, there appears a temptation to excise more excesses of the skin, not being afraid of obtaining complications in the form of “round eye” and ectropion. Such an impression is delusive, since pathogenesis of the altered relief of the lower eyelid with age in the majority of cases is related not only to appearance of skin excesses but rather with skin distension due to ptosis of the whole buccozygomatic and subocular regions. Therefore, practically more often there is no redundant skin: on the operating table and within the immediate postoperative period, probably due to oedema, and, consequently at the expense of contraction and distribution of the thin skin of the lower eyelid, which has shed the heavy burden of the whole buccal and subocular regions. Therefore, we warn our colleagues against hasteful steps while solving this problem.
The APTOS NEEDLE - method of subcutaneous suturing of midface soft tissues is a simple, minimally invasive, painless, inexpensive, but at the same time reliable method of removing visible manifestations of the ageing face and, according to our experience, provides long-lasting and aesthetically qualitative lifting. Among the major positive qualities of this technique are: lack of coarse cutaneous indrawings in the places of skin punctures, a possibility to suture soft tissues to any depth and in any amount, infiltration anaesthesia, conjugation with other rejuvenating interventions. The rehabilitation period is as short as in using the APTOS THREAD technique, however differing therefrom in that it requires no special guarding measures during 2 – 3 weeks following the operation in order to fix the obtained outcome (such as the advice to exclude active mimic and masticatory movements, facial massage).
The operation is a surgical procedure and despite the seeming simplicity requires high qualification of the specialist involved, good knowledge of the midface anatomy, correct understanding of not only facial aesthetics but the patient’s wishes as well.
We are sure that complying with these requirements the operational outcomes would satisfy both the surgeons, and the patients.
It has long been known that the pathophysiology of depression is associated with a reduction in the concentration of monoamines, that is, serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA), in the brain [1, 2]. Conventional antidepressant drugs for clinical use increase monoamine contents immediately after their administration, whereas it takes several weeks or more before their clinical efficacy becomes evident. The delayed onset of action of antidepressants suggests that antidepressants exert their effects by inducing slowly occurring changes in the brain. Furthermore, over 30–50% of patients with depression show resistance to antidepressant drug treatment [3, 4, 5]. Thus, two major questions remain to be resolved—(1) How do the delayed clinical effects of antidepressant drugs occur, and (2) why does a large percentage of patients with depression show resistance to antidepressant treatment. This review article focuses on addressing these questions based on the evidence that depression is not a disease caused simply by the deficiency of neurotransmitters, but a neurodegenerative disease characterized by axonal degeneration of monoamine neurons without cell death [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Recent animal and human studies have demonstrated that depression is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of monoamine axons without cell death, and the delayed clinical efficacy of antidepressants is due to their regenerative action on damaged monoamine axons. In 1990, it was reported for the first time that antidepressants that increase the extracellular concentration of NA, such as desipramine, maprotiline, and mianserin, have the ability to induce regeneration of NA axons, but fluoxetine, a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), does not [6, 7]. The regenerative effects of antidepressants on NA axons lesioned by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) could be induced by antidepressant infusions in the rat cerebral cortex for more than 2 weeks but not for less than 1 week. Furthermore, the ability of antidepressants to induce axonal sprouting of 5-HT neurons has been demonstrated by systemic injections of antidepressants for 4 weeks daily in rats without damaging 5-HT axons [9]. In this study, fluoxetine and the 5-HT reuptake enhancer tianeptine, but not the NA reuptake inhibitor desipramine, increased the density of 5-HT axons in the cerebral cortex and some limbic forebrain areas. These findings indicate that antidepressants associated with 5-HT reuptake, but not NA reuptake, induce axonal sprouting of 5-HT neurons. Based on the sprouting or regenerative effects of antidepressants on NA and 5-HT axons, the axonal degeneration of monoamine neurons has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression and antidepressants exert their action by inducing the regeneration of monoamine axons. In addition, it is suggested that the pathophysiology of depression includes NA-axon and/or 5-HT-axon degeneration, and NA- and 5-HT-specific antidepressants are effective in inducing NA and 5-HT axon regeneration, respectively.
Further evidence has been provided using animal models of depression to show that axonal degeneration of monoamine neurons is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The rat model of depression, which was developed by repeated exposure to forced walking stress for 2 weeks, showed depressive behaviors including prolonged inactivity, seclusion, aggression, motor retardation, lack of coupling behavior, fitful sleep, weight loss, and hypersensitivity to light and sound [12]. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that this stress-induced depression model reveals the degeneration of NA axons in the cerebral cortex [8]. In this depression model with NA axon degeneration, imipramine (intraperitoneal injections for 20 days) could induce regeneration of cortical NA axons and ameliorate the depression-like behaviors [8]. A most recent study showed that in a mouse model of poststroke depression with degeneration of NA- and 5-HT axons, chronic treatment with fluoxetine reversed depression-like behaviors and a loss of 5-HT axons, but not NA axons [11]. Furthermore, light deprivation was found to induce a loss of NA axons, but not 5-HT axons, in the frontal cortex and depression-like behaviors in rats, while desipramine improved the NA axon loss and depressive behaviors [10]. Postnatal isolation rearing, which induced depressive behavior in adolescent/young adult rats, reduced the density of 5-HT axons, but not NA axons, in the hippocampus and amygdala [13]. A recent study has shown that exposure to 1-bromopropane, an alternative to ozone-depleting solvents, which is known to induce depressive symptoms in a subset of people exposed to this chemical, induced the degeneration of NA axons, but not 5-HT axons, in the adult rat [14]. It has also been presented that repeated electroconvulsive shock that is most effective in the treatment of clinical depression promotes the regeneration of 5-HT axons of the rat hippocampus damaged by the 5-HT specific neurotoxin [15]. In the chronic social defeat stress model of depression with reduced 5-HT innervation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) of mice, chronic deep brain stimulation of vmPFC reversed depression-like behavior and restored 5-HT innervation in the DG and vmPFC [16]. Further evidence for the involvement of the degeneration of monoamine axons in the pathophysiology of depression has been reported: Interferon-α, which is widely used for the treatment of cancers and viral illnesses, is known to frequently induce depressive symptoms [17], reduces the density of NA and 5-HT axons in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala of rats [18]. Finally, human brain imaging studies have shown evidence that the degeneration of monoamine axons is associated with depressive symptoms [19, 20, 21]. In these studies, the density of axon terminals of monoamine neurons was measured by positron emission tomography using radiotracers of presynaptic monoamine transporters. Although scant in number and limited to Parkinson’s diseases with depressive symptoms, the imaging studies have provided evidence to support the involvement of loss of monoamine axons in the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Importantly, a recent imaging study reported that depressed patients showing the improvement of depressive symptoms after cognitive behavioral therapy revealed an overall increase in cerebral 5-HT transporter availability, suggesting the occurrence of 5-HT axon regeneration/sprouting after depression treatment [22]. Furthermore, in depressed suicide victims, immunohistochemistry using an antibody to serotonin transporters showed a localized decrease in the density of 5-HT axons in the PFC [23].
All these studies support the view that depressive symptoms are caused by the loss of monoamine axons and antidepressants exert their effects by inducing the regeneration of monoamine axons. Thus, the delayed onset of antidepressant efficacy can be explained by the time required for the regeneration of monoamine axons.
Based on the view that depression is a neurodegenerative disease, the possible causes of treatment-resistant depression are considered due to (1) mismatch of impaired monoamines and prescribed antidepressant drugs, (2) severe degeneration or cell death, (3) persistent inflammation, and (4) omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. Obviously, we cannot exclude other causes of treatment-resistant depression (Figure 1).
Plausible causes of treatment-resistant depression. The causes of resistance to antidepressant drugs may be due to (1) mismatch of impaired monoamines and prescribed antidepressant drugs, (2) severe degeneration or cell death, (3) persistent inflammation, and (4) omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. Others may include deficiency of signaling pathways or molecules related to regeneration of monoamine axons.
One of the causes of treatment-resistant depression could be explained by the possibility that there are different types of depression whose pathophysiology differs in which monoamine is involved (5-HT, NA, DA, or two or more monoamines). The problem is that there are no objective diagnostic tools to differentiate which monoamine is involved in the pathophysiology of depressive symptoms of individual patients. In fact, as mentioned before, animal studies have suggested that there are various types of depression that differ in the monoamine(s) involved [10, 11, 13, 14, 18]. In clinical practice, SSRIs are most commonly prescribed as first-line antidepressant drugs without any distinct evidence that the depressive symptoms of patients are due to 5-HT deficiency. At present, it is difficult for clinicians to correctly administer antidepressant drugs to individual patients with depression. If patients with depression are not administered antidepressant drugs that are able to regenerate the particular monoamine axons that are damaged in their case, they may suffer from treatment-resistant depression.
Another likely cause of treatment-resistant depression may be attributable to the possibility that the degeneration of monoamine axons is not localized at axon terminals, but extends further from the terminals. In the most severe case, retrograde axonal degeneration may result in the degeneration of the neuron soma (cell death). In fact, a great loss of NA neurons in the locus coeruleus has been reported to be associated with depressive symptoms in patients without dementia as well as those with Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease [24, 25]. A loss of 5-HT neurons in the raphe nucleus is also reported to be associated with depressive symptoms of patients with Parkinson’s disease [26]. Depressive symptoms due to the loss of monoamine neurons can hardly be treated with the administration of conventional antidepressant drugs as well as electroconvulsive shock therapy. It is noted that at the early stages of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease the degeneration of the distal axons occurs first, and in the late stages, persistent axonal degeneration finally results in the degeneration of the neuron soma [27, 28, 29]. This implies that in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, possibly including depression, the degeneration of the distal axons precedes the loss of the neuron soma. Postmortem and imaging studies have shown that in Parkinson’s disease about 30% of DA neurons of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and about 50–70% of striatal DA axon terminals are lost by the time of motor symptom onset [30, 31]. The reason for making the distal axons more vulnerable to insults than the neuron soma can be explained by the fact that the distal portions of axons are most remote from the cell body that supplies proteins and chemicals required for the survival and growth of axons.
Whether distal axon degeneration is prone to cell death or not could be dependent on the length of axons from the neuron soma to the distal axon terminal and the morphological features of axon terminals (Figure 2). In Parkinson’s disease, motor symptoms occur due to the degeneration of SNc DA neurons projecting to the dorsal striatum. Since the distance between the two brain regions is relatively short, retrograde axon degeneration of SNc DA neurons is considered to result in cell death more easily. In contrast, NA neurons of the locus coeruleus and 5-HT neurons of the raphe nucleus send their axons to long distances from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex [32], thus taking a long time to cause soma degeneration. On the other hand, it has been reported that DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which project their axons to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and are responsible for reward-related behavior, are involved in the pathophysiology of depression [33, 34]. Similar to SNc DA neurons, VTA DA neurons project relatively short axons to the nucleus accumbens. Although the axon length of both DA neurons is almost the same, however, DA neurons of the SNc are more prone to cell death in Parkinson’s disease, compared to DA neurons of the VTA [35, 36]. A single-neuron tracing study demonstrated that a single DA neuron of the SNc forms highly overlapping innervation with extremely dense axonal arborizations in the dorsal striatum [37], while that of the VTA has much smaller axonal arbors in the ventral striatum (Figure 2) [27, 36]. A large and dense axonal arborization in the terminal field is considered to contribute to cell death of DA neurons of the SNc in Parkinson’s disease [36]. Thus, in addition to axonal length, the spread and size of terminal axon arbors may play a pivotal role in vulnerability to neuronal cell death. It is also noted that because 5-HT, NA, and DA axons all have a great capacity to spontaneously regenerate or sprout in response to damage in the adult brain [38, 39, 40, 41], the competition between degenerative and regenerative mechanisms may occur after axonal damage, finally resulting in either axonal regeneration or cell death.
Retrograde axonal degeneration and cell death of monoamine neurons depend on axonal length and morphological features of axon terminals. NA neurons of the locus coeruleus and 5-HT neurons of the raphe nucleus have long axons, rarely causing cell death, and depressive symptoms can occur predominantly due to axonal degeneration without cell death. In contrast, DA neurons of the VTA and SNc have relatively short axons. Although the axon length of both DA neurons is almost the same, DA neurons of the SNc are more prone to cell death in Parkinson’s disease, compared to DA neurons of the VTA. A single DA neuron of the SNc forms highly overlapping innervation with extremely dense axonal arborizations, while that of the VTA has much smaller axonal arbors. A large and dense axonal arborization in the terminal field is considered to contribute to cell death of DA neurons of the SNc in Parkinson’s disease. NA: Noradrenaline, 5-HT: Serotonin, DA: Dopamine, VTA: Ventral tegmental area, and SNc: Substantia nigra compacta.
In recent years much evidence has been accumulating that inflammation is a key player in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease [42, 43]. Many researchers also reported that inflammation plays an important role in the occurrence of depressive symptoms and is associated with treatment-resistant depression [4, 5, 44, 45]. A subset of patients with depression and animal models of depression revealed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the periphery and brain, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and a variety of stresses including psychosocial stress could induce activation of key inflammatory pathways to elevate the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 [44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. Based on these findings, as mentioned previously, long-term repeated intraperitoneal injection of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-α induces the degeneration of 5-HT and NA axons in the rat brain, though there is no apparent change in the number and shape of 5-HT and NA neuronal somata [18]. Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that prolonged inflammation and persistent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines produce the degeneration of 5-HT and/or NA axons without cell death, resulting in the occurrence of depressive symptoms. If inflammation as a cause of the axonal degeneration of monoamine neurons persists without anti-inflammatory treatment during repeated administration of antidepressants, patients are likely to suffer from treatment-resistant depression.
Chronic treatment with antidepressants is reported to cause the downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors [49]. On the other hand, the denervation of cortical NA axons with the neurotoxin 6-OHDA causes upregulation (supersensitivity) in cortical β-adrenergic receptors [50]. As upregulation of β-adrenergic receptors is associated with NA axon degeneration, it is possible that downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors results from regeneration or sprouting of NA axons. If upregulation of β-adrenergic receptors occurs due to the degeneration of NA axons in the brains of patients with depression, antidepressants could normalize the sensitivity of β-adrenergic receptors by the downregulation following the regeneration of NA axons. Further studies have shown that downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors following repeated application of β-adrenergic agonists or chronic stress treatment is blocked by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors, while this downregulation can be induced by the activation of PLA2 [51, 52]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that PLA2 activation is involved in the downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors induced by chronic desipramine treatment [53]. A possible link between the downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors and the regeneration of NA axons raised the possibility that PLA2 is involved in the molecular mechanisms of the antidepressant-induced regeneration of NA axons. Based on these findings, the PLA2 inhibitor mepacrine or 4-bromphenacyl bromide could attenuate the regeneration of NA axons induced by desipramine, while the PLA2 activator melittin induced NA axon regeneration [54]. These findings suggested that the PLA2 signaling pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
PLA2 generates the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by acting on membrane phospholipids. PLA2 enzymes are subdivided into several groups and among them, two groups of PLA2, cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2), play a major role in the release of AA, EPA, and DHA from the cell membrane [42, 55]. PLA2 and its products, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, reveal the capacity to produce axon outgrowth of adult mouse sensory neurons
Recently, many reports have shown lower levels of EPA and/or DHA being associated with depression [63, 64, 65, 66]. Animal studies demonstrated that administration of EPA and DHA had an antidepressant-like effect, reducing immobility in the forced swim test [67, 68]. Moreover, it has been reported that the antidepressant effect of maprotiline, an NA reuptake inhibitor, is mediated by DHA released by activation of iPLA2 in the mouse prefrontal cortex [69]. Notably important is that EPA and DHA are essential fatty acids and must be obtained from the diet. Consequently, if patients with depression do not get enough of these fatty acids from their diet during the administration of antidepressant drugs, they may suffer from treatment-resistant depression. Notably, in adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression who exhibited robust DHA deficits, DHA supplementation with fish oil increased DHA status and enhanced the antidepressant effects of SSRI [70].
Depression is considered a neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Parkinson’s disease with the degeneration of DA neurons of the SNc related to motor function produces motor symptoms, while the degeneration of 5-HT and NA neurons related to mood regulation results in depressed mood and anxiety of patients with depression. In addition, the degeneration of DA neurons of the VTA may be associated with anhedonia in patients with depression. Nonspecific symptoms of depression, such as sleep problems, tiredness, and changes in appetite, may be attributable to the degeneration of 5-HT and NA axons, because loss of these monoamine axons, which are distributed to almost the entire brain, could likely produce a variety of symptoms. A major difference between depression and Parkinson’s disease as well as Alzheimer’s disease is that the neuropathology of depression is characterized predominantly by the degeneration of axons, while the neurodegenerative changes of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease include a great loss of the neuron cell somata. The depressive symptoms of patients with depression can occur due to axonal degeneration of monoamine neurons even without soma degeneration, whereas the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment of Alzheimer’s disease become evident after the occurrence of soma degeneration. This is well consistent with the fact that depression often precedes symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, typically including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease [71, 72]. Thus, depression may be useful as a predictor of the future occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cell death. In any case, detection of axonal degeneration before cell death is important for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. It is noted that DHA supplementation before the onset of dementia results in beneficial outcomes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease [55, 73, 74]. Omega-3 supplementation, as a primary intervention, also reduces cognitive decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease [75]. These results suggest that in Alzheimer’s disease omega-3 fatty acids reduce mild cognitive impairment by producing axonal regeneration before the occurrence of cell death.
As mentioned earlier, neuroinflammation is reported to play a key role in neurodegenerative changes of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the possibility is also discussed that the degeneration of monoamine axons, which is considered to occur in patients with depression, may be due in part to neuroinflammation. In recent years much attention has been paid to the roles of the PLA2 signaling pathway in neuroinflammation in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. It has been reported that cPLA2 releases AA and EPA, while iPLA2 preferentially releases DHA. In addition, AA and its products, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, play a major role in pro-inflammatory responses, whereas DHA and EPA and their products, such as resolvins and protectins, are involved in anti-inflammatory responses [55, 76, 77]. Omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites play a regulatory role in the transition from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phases by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways [55]. Thus, the release of AA and its products in the brain induces inflammatory neuronal damage such as axonal degeneration, whereas omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites exert anti-inflammatory actions to induce the resolution of inflammation and recovery, including the process of axonal regeneration (Figure 3). Therefore, it is possible, at least in part, that antidepressants, which can activate iPLA2 signaling pathways, induce the axonal regeneration of monoamine neurons by anti-inflammatory and regenerative actions of omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites.
A possible mechanism of degeneration and regeneration of monoamine axons related to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions of PLA2. In the pro-inflammatory phase, cPLA2 and its pro-inflammatory metabolites cause the degeneration of monoamine axons, whereas iPLA2 and its anti-inflammatory metabolites (omega-3 fatty acids) play pivotal roles in inflammation-resolution and recovery by exerting anti-inflammatory and regenerative actions. There are distinct interactions between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. Antidepressants are considered to activate iPLA2 signaling pathway and induce anti-inflammatory response and the regeneration of monoamine axons through omega-3 fatty acids and their metabolites. PLA2: Phospholipase A2, cPLA2: Cytosolic phospholipase A2, iPLA2: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2.
As noted in this review, many recent studies have clearly demonstrated that depression is a neurodegenerative disease and shares many similarities with well-known neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Particularly, axonal degeneration is a common phenomenon that occurs at the early stages of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, and possibly in depression. It is thus essential to devise new tools for the detection of axonal degeneration of affected neurons. If this is realized, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease at early stages, characterized by axonal degeneration without cell death, will be treatable with drugs with the ability to induce axonal regeneration. In depression, one of the promising and powerful tools for detecting monoamine axon degeneration is neuroimaging of monoamine axon terminals using radiotracers of transporters of each monoamine axon. Interestingly, a more recent study reported that plasma phosphoethanolamine is a reliable biomarker of depression because it was significantly decreased in patients with depression and inversely correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms, including depressed mood, loss of interest, and psychomotor retardation [78]. Similarly, plasma levels of ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine were found to be reduced in early-stage Parkinson’s disease [79], while ethanolamine and phosphoethanolamine were also decreased in cerebrospinal fluid [80] and postmortem brains [81, 82] of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Because ethanolamine and phosphoethanolamine are the precursors of the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine that plays a role in the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids in the cell membrane, it is possible that phosphatidylethanolamine and its precursors are one of the reliable biomarkers of axonal degeneration of at least a subset of patients with depression as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
Recent animal and human studies have demonstrated that similar to early-stage Parkinson’s disease, depression is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of monoamine axons without cell death. This review may contribute not only to understanding the pathophysiology of depression but also to new approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
I would like to deeply thank Dr. James M Tepper, Distinguished Professor of Rutgers University-Newark, and Dr. Satoshi Kida, Professor of the University of Tokyo, for reviewing the manuscript and offering many helpful comments and suggestions.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
AA | arachidonic acid |
cPLA2 | cytosolic phospholipase A2 |
DA | dopamine |
DG | dentate gyrus |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
5-HT | serotonin |
iPLA2 | calcium-independent phospholipase A2 |
NA | noradrenaline |
6-OHDA | 6-hydroxydopamine |
PFC | prefrontal cortex |
PLA2 | phospholipase A2 |
SNc | substantia nigra compacta |
SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
vmPFC | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
VTA | ventral tegmental area |
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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The importance of these compounds in wine is due to their large effect on the organoleptic attributes of wine. Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in the colour as well as mouthfeel properties of wines. UV-visible spectroscopy appears as a suitable technique for the evaluation of phenolic compounds’ properties and content. The ability of the phenolic ring to absorb UV light and the fact that some of the phenolic substances are coloured compounds, i.e. show absorption features in the visible region, make UV-visible spectroscopy a suitable technique to investigate and quantify grape and wine phenolic compounds. A number of analytical techniques are currently used for phenolic quantification. These include both simpler approaches (spectrophotometric determinations) as well as more complex methodologies such liquid chromatography analysis. Moreover, a number of spectroscopy applications have also been recently reported and are becoming popular within the wine industry. This chapter reviews information on the UV-visible spectral properties of phenolic compounds, changes occurring during wine ageing and also discusses the current UV-visible based analytical techniques used for the quantification of phenolic compounds in grapes and wine.",book:{id:"6878",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",fullTitle:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages"},signatures:"Jose Luis Aleixandre-Tudo and Wessel du Toit",authors:[{id:"250919",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Aleixandre-Tudo",slug:"jose-luis-aleixandre-tudo",fullName:"Jose Luis Aleixandre-Tudo"},{id:"261223",title:"Prof.",name:"Wessel",middleName:null,surname:"Du Toit",slug:"wessel-du-toit",fullName:"Wessel Du Toit"}]},{id:"38354",doi:"10.5772/48453",title:"Oxygen Scavengers: An Approach on Food Preservation",slug:"oxygen-scavengers-an-approach-on-food-preservation",totalDownloads:16184,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Renato Souza Cruz, Geany Peruch Camilloto and Ana Clarissa dos Santos Pires",authors:[{id:"144206",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"renato-cruz",fullName:"Renato Cruz"},{id:"144215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Clarissa",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"ana-clarissa-pires",fullName:"Ana Clarissa Pires"},{id:"144219",title:"MSc.",name:"Geany",middleName:null,surname:"Camilloto",slug:"geany-camilloto",fullName:"Geany Camilloto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38363",title:"Pulsed Electric Fields for Food Processing Technology",slug:"pulsed-electric-fields-for-food-processing-technology",totalDownloads:29550,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:77,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Maged E.A. Mohamed and Ayman H. Amer Eissa",authors:[{id:"147638",title:"Dr.",name:"Maged",middleName:"E. A.",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"maged-mohammed",fullName:"Maged Mohammed"}]},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"With the advent of science and technology, agro-industrial wastes are converted into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. In recent years, natural polymers have evoked tremendous interest due to easy conversion into value-added products. Apart from various natural polymers, pectin occupied a prominent place due to diverse pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Excess utilisation of pectin, the gap between production and demand is widening. To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.",book:{id:"8504",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",title:"Pectins",fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",authors:null},{id:"69396",title:"Soybean Amino Acids in Health, Genetics, and Evaluation",slug:"soybean-amino-acids-in-health-genetics-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soybean is an important source of protein and amino acids for humans and livestock because of its well-balanced amino acid profile. This chapter outlines the strengths and weaknesses of soybean as a complete amino acid source as well as the relative importance of individual amino acids. Special attention is paid to the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. Breeding and genetic engineering efforts are summarized to highlight previous accomplishments in amino acid improvement and potential avenues for future research. Agronomic properties and processing methods that affect amino acid levels in soybean food and feed are also explained. A brief introduction into current amino acid evaluation techniques is provided. By understanding the complexities of amino acids in soybean, protein quality for humans and livestock can be maximized.",book:{id:"6972",slug:"soybean-for-human-consumption-and-animal-feed",title:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed",fullTitle:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed"},signatures:"William Monte Singer, Bo Zhang, M.A. Rouf Mian and Haibo Huang",authors:[{id:"308970",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Singer",slug:"william-singer",fullName:"William Singer"},{id:"309005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"bo-zhang",fullName:"Bo Zhang"},{id:"310776",title:"Dr.",name:"M.A. Rouf",middleName:null,surname:"Mian",slug:"m.a.-rouf-mian",fullName:"M.A. Rouf Mian"},{id:"310777",title:"Dr.",name:"Haibo",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"haibo-huang",fullName:"Haibo Huang"}]},{id:"56975",title:"Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination",slug:"metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination",totalDownloads:6231,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Seed germination is crucial stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"51587",title:"Casein Proteins: Structural and Functional Aspects",slug:"casein-proteins-structural-and-functional-aspects",totalDownloads:4875,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"Mammalian milk is a complex fluid mixture of various proteins, minerals, and lipids, which play an important role in providing nutrition and immunity to the newborn. Casein proteins, which form about 80% of the bovine milk proteins, form large colloidal particles with calcium phosphate to form casein micelles, which for many years have been an important subject of interest. Casein micelles are composed of four main types of proteins: αS1‐casein, αS2‐casein, β‐casein, and k‐casein. These constituent casein proteins lack well‐defined secondary and tertiary structure due to large amount of propyl residues. These micelles are being extensively studied because of their importance in functional behavior of milk and various milk products. However, the exact structure and nature of these casein micelles are still under debate. These different casein proteins possess different functional properties due to their primary amino acid sequence.",book:{id:"5060",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",title:"Milk Proteins",fullTitle:"Milk Proteins - From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects"},signatures:"Mohd Younus Bhat, Tanveer Ali Dar and Laishram Rajendrakumar\nSingh",authors:[{id:"178323",title:"Dr.",name:"Laishram R",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"laishram-r-singh",fullName:"Laishram R Singh"},{id:"183444",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Younus",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"md.-younus-bhat",fullName:"Md. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. 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He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. 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