Interpersonal motivational systems and their goals (modified by [16]).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9523",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a specialized branch of dentistry that deals with the surgical management of various head and neck pathologies. The specialty focuses on reconstructive surgery of the oro-facial region, surgery of facial trauma, the oral cavity and jaws, dental implants as well as cosmetic surgery. As such, surgeons in this field require extensive knowledge of not only these various surgical procedures but also head and neck anatomy. This book provides comprehensive information on both. Its goal is to educate oral and maxillofacial surgeons to enable them to treat a wide range of conditions and diseases using the most current surgical trends.",isbn:"978-1-83880-336-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-335-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-460-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87318",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",publishedDate:"January 14th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6490,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 12th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 31st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 29th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82453/images/system/82453.png",biography:"Dr. Gokul Sridharan is currently an associate professor in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, YMT Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai. He obtained a Ph.D. for his work titled 'Salivary and serum metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.” His fields of interest include oral pre-cancer, oral cancer, salivary diagnostics, metabolomics, and oxidative stress. He has several scientific publications to his credit and actively contributes as a peer reviewer to numerous journals. He is an active member of the editorial boards of several journals of repute. Dr. Sridharan has undergone training and is a qualified diploma holder in medical law and ethics and is also certified in tobacco cessation and control.",institutionString:"YMT Dental College and Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1149",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"73177",title:"Surgical Anatomy of the Temporal Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93223",slug:"surgical-anatomy-of-the-temporal-bone",totalDownloads:1053,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Numerous neurological lesions and tumors of the paranasal sinuses and oral cavity may spread into the middle and posterior cranial fossae through the anatomical apertures. For the appropriate management of these pathologies, many extensive surgical approaches with a comprehensive overview of the anatomical landmarks are required from the maxillofacial surgery’s point of view. The surgical significance lies in the fact that iatrogenic injury to the petrous segment of the temporal bone including the carotid artery, sigmoid sinus, and internal jugular vein, can lead to surgical morbidity and postoperative pseudoaneurysm, vasospasm, or carotid-cavernous fistula. To simplify understanding complex anatomy of the temporal bone, we aimed to review the surgical anatomy of the temporal bone focusing on the associations between the surface landmarks and inner structures. Also, breaking down an intricate bony structure into smaller parts by compartmental approach could ease a deep concentration and navigation. To identify the anatomic architecture of the temporal bone by using reference points, lines and compartments can be used to supplement anatomy knowledge of maxillofacial surgeons and may improve confidence by surgical trainees. Especially, this systematic method may provide an easier way to teach and learn surgical spatial structure of the petrous pyramid in clinical applications.",signatures:"Gülay Açar and Aynur Emine Çiçekcibaşı",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73177",authors:[{id:"105745",title:"Prof.",name:"Aynur Emine",surname:"Cicekcibasi",slug:"aynur-emine-cicekcibasi",fullName:"Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi"},{id:"316257",title:"Dr.",name:"Gülay",surname:"Acar",slug:"gulay-acar",fullName:"Gülay Acar"}],corrections:null},{id:"72598",title:"Surgical Anatomy of the Tonsils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93038",slug:"surgical-anatomy-of-the-tonsils",totalDownloads:1059,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The tonsils represent a circular band of mucosa associated with lymphoid tissues, Waldeyer’s ring, which is located at the entrance of the upper aerodigestive tract, with a significant role in the immune defense system. Waldeyer’s ring is composed of the pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils acting as secondary lymphoid tissues. Particularly, the palatine tonsils are the largest of the tonsils with deep branching crypts and contain B and T lymphocytes and M cell which plays a role in the uptake and transport of antigens. Because of the tonsil enlargement during childhood, upper airway obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are mostly seen. Knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the tonsils and variations of the neurovascular and muscular structures around it allows optimal choice of surgical technique to avoid iatrogenic complications during tonsillectomy. Recent medical studies reported that a detailed understanding of the anatomic risk factors in upper airway obstruction allows to predict treatment response to surgical intervention. Due to the penetration of benign or malign lesions of the tonsil into the lateral wall of the pharynx, transoral robotic approach to this region is necessary to identify the surgical anatomic landmarks which are required to perform safe and effective surgical intervention.",signatures:"Gülay Açar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72598",authors:[{id:"316257",title:"Dr.",name:"Gülay",surname:"Acar",slug:"gulay-acar",fullName:"Gülay Acar"}],corrections:null},{id:"72367",title:"Methods of Collection and Transport of Materials to Laboratory from Oral and Dental Tissue Lesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92677",slug:"methods-of-collection-and-transport-of-materials-to-laboratory-from-oral-and-dental-tissue-lesions",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The oral pathology laboratory is the most resourceful place for the diagnosis of oral lesions. Most clinicians err on the collection and transport of oral and associated tissues to the laboratory. Oral tissue examination includes a wide range such as oral biopsy (for routine formalin fixed and fresh tissue), saliva, swabs, cytology smears and fine needle-aspirated, cystic fluid. This in turn adversely affects the final diagnosis of the disease. Thus, it is high time to appreciate and acknowledge the role of collection containers, fixing reagents and transport media as an adjunct for successful diagnosis.",signatures:"Krishna Sireesha Sundaragiri, Soumya Makarla and Bharat Sankhla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72367",authors:[{id:"316511",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Sireesha",surname:"Sundaragiri",slug:"krishna-sireesha-sundaragiri",fullName:"Krishna Sireesha Sundaragiri"},{id:"316760",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumya",surname:"Makarla",slug:"soumya-makarla",fullName:"Soumya Makarla"},{id:"316761",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat",surname:"Sankhla",slug:"bharat-sankhla",fullName:"Bharat Sankhla"}],corrections:null},{id:"73532",title:"Contemporary Overview of Blood Concentrates in Oral and Maxillacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93865",slug:"contemporary-overview-of-blood-concentrates-in-oral-and-maxillacial-surgery",totalDownloads:388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It has always been a target to shorten and improve the healing process in medical field. Platelets with cytokines and growth factors in their structure have great importance on wound healing. Features of platelets gave the clinicians the idea of using platelet concentrates to promote the healing process. For this reason, many platelet-derived biomaterials have been tried in the medical field over the years. When approaching today, platelet concentrates have been found to be used medically, especially with the use of platelet rich plasmas (PRPs) and then platelet rich fibrins (PRFs). In particular, several studies conducted in recent years have revaled different blood concentrates. This chapter summarizes the develoment over time, properties and usage areas of blood concentrates in dentistry.",signatures:"Onur Gönül, Ahmet Usame Çiçek, Murat Afat, Onur Atali and Faysal Uğurlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73532",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73532",authors:[{id:"166970",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",surname:"Gonul",slug:"onur-gonul",fullName:"Onur Gonul"},{id:"327655",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmet Usame",surname:"Çiçek",slug:"ahmet-usame-cicek",fullName:"Ahmet Usame Çiçek"},{id:"327656",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",surname:"Atalı",slug:"onur-atali",fullName:"Onur Atalı"},{id:"327657",title:"Dr.",name:"Faysal",surname:"Uğurlu",slug:"faysal-ugurlu",fullName:"Faysal Uğurlu"},{id:"327658",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Afat",slug:"murat-afat",fullName:"Murat Afat"}],corrections:null},{id:"71949",title:"Emerging Role of Nuclear Medicine in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92278",slug:"emerging-role-of-nuclear-medicine-in-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:720,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the past several years, nuclear medicine has emerged as one of the most useful imaging studies in oral and maxillofacial surgery, not only in diagnosis and staging but also in the management plan and follow-up protocols of many cancer or inflammatory diseases. Nuclear medicine has in addition a special place in treating several benign and malignant diseases. The practicing maxillofacial surgeon’s knowledge of nuclear medicine capabilities and advantages and disadvantages of each modality is crucial in his or her daily work. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the important role of nuclear medicine in diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial region pathologies as well as its indications and limitations in the daily practice of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon.",signatures:"Tina Nazerani, Peter Kalmar and Reingard M. Aigner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71949",authors:[{id:"177355",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",surname:"Nazerani",slug:"tina-nazerani",fullName:"Tina Nazerani"},{id:"319210",title:"Prof.",name:"Reingard M.",surname:"Aigner",slug:"reingard-m.-aigner",fullName:"Reingard M. Aigner"},{id:"319211",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Kalmar",slug:"peter-kalmar",fullName:"Peter Kalmar"}],corrections:null},{id:"73020",title:"Review of Current Practice for Temporomandibular Joint Meniscopexy Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93403",slug:"review-of-current-practice-for-temporomandibular-joint-meniscopexy-surgery",totalDownloads:425,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Disc repositioning for temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is a known and established procedure. Indications for the surgery and outcomes vary. A review of the available literature on the indications, surgical technique, and outcomes of TMJ Meniscopexy as a means of management of temporomandibular joint disease was performed. This was carried out using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar and was limited to the past 11 years using key medical search terms relevant to the subject area while being consistent with our exclusion criteria. The search yielded a total of 23 articles containing 3 reviews, 6 technical notes, 11 retrospective studies, and 3 prospective studies. Multiple techniques were described in the literature including arthroscopic techniques (n = 4), open suturing techniques (n = 4), mini-anchor techniques (n = 9), and splint-assisted surgery (n = 1). Several variables were used to determine success including both qualitative and quantitative measures determined clinically, through MRI or via patient questionnaire. When considering various combinations of these functional outcomes, all studies showed a significant improvement post-operatively. This demonstrates the success of disc repositioning procedures as an option in certain cases of TMD. Although there is evidence to show improvement in functional outcomes associated with Meniscopexy as a means of TMD management, there remains to be a lack of high-level evidence to further support this.",signatures:"Omar Sheikh, Matin Ali Madadian and Amanveer Benning",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73020",authors:[{id:"215524",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"omar-sheikh",fullName:"Omar Sheikh"},{id:"322367",title:"Dr.",name:"Matin",surname:"Madadian",slug:"matin-madadian",fullName:"Matin Madadian"},{id:"322368",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanveer",surname:"Benning",slug:"amanveer-benning",fullName:"Amanveer Benning"}],corrections:null},{id:"73663",title:"Diagnosis and Management of Mandibular Condyle Fractures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93795",slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-mandibular-condyle-fractures",totalDownloads:1016,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the maxillofacial region, mandibular condyle fracture accounts for about 10–40% of the trauma spectrum. This chapter deals with the etiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and contemporary management of mandibular condyle fractures. Along with the regular management strategies, treatment protocols for geriatric and pediatric patients have also been discussed. The indications and contraindications of closed as well as open reduction and fixation of condyle fractures are analyzed in detail.",signatures:"Kasi Ganesh Sriraam and K. Rajendran Arun Vignesh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73663",authors:[{id:"319910",title:"Dr.",name:"Kasi",surname:"Ganesh Sriraam",slug:"kasi-ganesh-sriraam",fullName:"Kasi Ganesh Sriraam"},{id:"326422",title:"Dr.",name:"K. Rajendran Arun",surname:"Vignesh",slug:"k.-rajendran-arun-vignesh",fullName:"K. Rajendran Arun Vignesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"74298",title:"Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Techniques in Implant Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94285",slug:"alveolar-ridge-augmentation-techniques-in-implant-dentistry",totalDownloads:666,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Implant supported restorations have become an ideal treatment alternative for the rehabilitation of edentulous sites. However alveolar bone defects due to resorption, trauma or oncologic diseases may considerably affect favorable implant positioning and prosthetic outcomes. Various alveolar ridge augmentation procedures are available to gain enough bone volume and apply the ideal treatment plan afterwards. Guided bone regeneration, ridge splitting, distraction osteogenesis, maxillary sinus augmentation and autogenous block bone grafting are main techniques which have successful outcomes in reconstruction of bone defects. It’s difficult to demonstrate that one augmentation procedure offers better outcomes than another. Studies documenting augmentation techniques seem to be comparable and state favorable results for each procedure.",signatures:"Melike Aytekin and Volkan Arisan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74298",authors:[{id:"49161",title:"Prof.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Arisan",slug:"volkan-arisan",fullName:"Volkan Arisan"},{id:"318272",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Melike",surname:"Aytekin",slug:"melike-aytekin",fullName:"Melike Aytekin"}],corrections:null},{id:"72805",title:"A Review of Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Using Osseointegrated Implants in Oncological Patients: Buttress Implant Concept",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93224",slug:"a-review-of-maxillofacial-rehabilitation-using-osseointegrated-implants-in-oncological-patients-butt",totalDownloads:454,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer leaves important consequences in the shape, function and esthetics of the patient, especially when it is cancer of the oral cavity or upper aero-digestive tract. Although reconstruction with local and microvascular flaps is sometimes a viable option, maxillofacial rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is a well-reported treatment alternative with a high success rate. The main advantages in this modality of rehabilitation are the decrease in biological and economic costs, simplifying the management of these defects by reducing surgical intervention, hospitalization time, postoperative morbidity and treatment time. There are several classification systems; however, there is no classification system that has accurately described the maxillofacial defect under a surgical, prosthetic and reconstructive approach with osseointegrated implants. The purpose of this study is to guide professionals in decision-making for maxillofacial rehabilitation using osseointegrated implants located in the anatomical buttresses of the maxillofacial region.",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez, Vicente González-Cardín, Antonio Gómez-Pedraza and Martín Granados-García",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72805",authors:[{id:"319052",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez",slug:"leandro-diez-suarez",fullName:"Leandro Díez Suárez"},{id:"319053",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Gómez Pedraza",slug:"antonio-gomez-pedraza",fullName:"Antonio Gómez Pedraza"},{id:"319054",title:"Prof.",name:"Vicente",surname:"González Cardín",slug:"vicente-gonzalez-cardin",fullName:"Vicente González Cardín"},{id:"322414",title:"Prof.",name:"Martín",surname:"Granados García",slug:"martin-granados-garcia",fullName:"Martín Granados García"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7905",title:"Saliva and Salivary Diagnostics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae7cd7860043968aa88daae89795a591",slug:"saliva-and-salivary-diagnostics",bookSignature:"Sridharan Gokul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10791",title:"Oral Cancer",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Future Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5feb836870aef4d30893f10898e7791",slug:"oral-cancer-current-concepts-and-future-perspectives",bookSignature:"Gokul 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The population of students aged 3–2 with learning disabilities (LD) in USA was approximately 33% of the total number of students receiving special education services under IDEA as of 2019/20 [1]. As a result, LD has been considered the most common disability category among individuals aged 3–21. Learning disability constitutes a group of brain disorders that affect a broad range of academic and functional skills including the ability to read, write, listen, speak, reason, or complete mathematical tasks [2]. Although there is a technical definition for LD [3], LD are not identical across all individuals. Instead, the types of LD vary from individual to individual [4]. For example, while one child with a LD may struggle with reading and spellings, another child may love reading but struggle with math. Some children may struggle with understanding communication, whereas others struggle with organization. In other individuals, LD may exist as specific difficulties involving coordination, self-control, or attention. Such difficulties extend to schoolwork and can impede learning to read, write, or do math.
According to research, some categories of LD can appear more common in certain age ranges compared to others. For examples, signs and symptoms that are typically common among preschool children include problems pronouncing words, trouble finding the right word, difficulty rhyming, trouble learning the alphabet, numbers, colors, shapes, days of the week, difficulty following directions or learning routines, difficulty controlling crayons, pencils, and scissors, or coloring within the lines, and trouble with buttons, zippers, snaps, learning to tie shoes [4]. Among ages 5–9, the most common signs and symptoms include trouble learning the connection between letters and sounds, inability to blend sounds to make words, confusing basic words when reading, slow to learn new skills, consistently misspelling words and making frequent errors, trouble learning basic math concepts, and difficulty telling time and remembering sequences [4]. Finally, signs and symptoms common to students aged between 10 and 13 include difficulty with reading comprehension or math skills, trouble with open-ended test questions and word problems, dislike of reading and writing, poor handwriting, poor organizational skills, trouble following classroom discussions and expressing thoughts aloud [4].
LD can affect an individual’s quality of life. Research shows that approximately 75% of students with LD exhibit social skills deficits that distinguish them from their non-LD peers [5, 6]. Some studies have reported high unemployment rates among adults with LD [7, 8, 9], low literacy and adult adjustment to economic issues [10], and social and emotional problems in adult life [11, 12].
Learning disability and emotional disorders have been observed to potentially co-occur or interconnect [8, 13, 14]. According to the Learning Disabilities Association of America, most children with LD usually have comorbid conditions, most of which include behavioral/emotional issues and ADHD [8]. If LDs are not properly addressed at younger ages, they can develop into behavioral disorders when the children grow into adolescents [14]. Sections of prior research also show that some children with LD often exhibit challenges associated with creating and maintaining social relationships [15, 16]. This is usually a result of processing problems which make it difficult for children with LD to pick up social cues. Other related emotional problems common in children with LD include poor concentration, attention deficit, lack of social interactions and self-confidence, and emotional distractions among others [17]. Another earlier study [18] indicated several learning and behavioral characteristics commonly occurring in children with LD, which include attention disorders, social skills deficits, psychological processing deficits, and information processing problems. Smith et al. [19] asserted that several characteristics of LD often create challenges associated with social and emotional regulation. Other sections of previous research have also reported higher than normal rates of behavioral problems among children with LD [20]. Given the connection between LD and EBD, some interventions designed for students with EBD may often be effective to address academic and functional skills deficits across students with LD.
One of the key areas of deficit in academic performance among children with LD lies in reading. Research shows that a large proportion of learning disabilities are often associated with reading deficits [21]. When LD interconnects with behavioral disorders, students perform approximately 2.2 grades below standard performance in reading [22]. Reading skills deficits among children with LD present several problems in other areas including poor performance in other subjects, lower academic grades, behavioral problems, and inattention [8]. Worse more, poor reading outcomes have been shown to be associated with numerous lifelong problems including high school dropout, juvenile delinquency, and high probability to enter juvenile justice system [23].
There are two types of reading deficits in LD, basic reading problems and reading comprehension problems [24]. Basic reading problems occur when students have a difficulty understanding the relationship between sounds, letters, and words [24]. The basic reading problems are generally considered the elementary reading skills that are an essential pre-requisite for students to be able to develop higher order reading skills like comprehension. Reading comprehension problems occur when students are unable to understand the meaning of words, phrases, and paragraphs [4]. Reading comprehension is more complex as it involves a lot more “cognitive and linguistic skills” [25]. Overall, signs of reading difficulty include problems with letter and word recognition understanding words and ideas reading speed and fluency general vocabulary skills [4].
In LD, reading problems are considered to be the most common learning deficit more than any other area of academic performance, yet the skills are so fundamental that they affect other learning areas [26]. The National Reading Panel Report Reading identifies 5 areas essential to effective early reading, which are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension [27]. Students with learning disabilities in reading generally show severe deficits in the 5 areas as shown by poor phonemic awareness, challenges in learning phonics and decoding words, and struggles to comprehend written materials due to language processing deficits [28].
In order to address reading deficits in students with LD, there has been an increased emphasis to adopt evidence-based instructional practices that are supported by strong empirical evidence. Part of prior research on this topic indicated the existence of practices that are either ineffective or are not empirically demonstrated to be effective [32, 33]. Furthermore, prior research indicates some obstacles associated with finding evidence-based practices by teachers [34]. For instance, lack of trust of research in preference for personal experience by teachers tends to lead teacher to rely more on practices they perceive to be effective as opposed to research based. Sometimes, teachers’ personal beliefs and feelings of self-efficacy tend to result in them picking up practices that they perceive to be effective even if they are not backed by data.
Evidence based instructional practices are characterized by four elements of focus, namely experimental research, high quality methodological rigor, more supporting studies, and demonstrated quantitative effects [35]. Regarding experimental designs, the expectation is for an instructional approach to be supported by empirical studies conducted using experimental designs that demonstrate a clear functional relationship between interventions and target outcomes. In educational research, these include group or single case designs. Group designs are typically considered the gold standard in education and other fields and have traditionally been used in majority of experimental research in social science. Although these methods have been demonstrated to be effective, they tend to mask individual differences among individual participants. The nature of populations in special education particularly makes it difficult to entirely rely on group designs. Single case designs on the other hand evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention on a single unit of analysis. The single subject acts as both the control and experimental unit, with pre-treatment scores serving as baseline and intervention scores functioning as the posttest scores.
The second factor considered in identifying EBP is the quality of research supporting a practice [35]. Essentially, research quality is targeted at ensuring validity of research findings [36]. In order for a study to be valid, researchers must control for potential threats to validity to the greatest extent possible (e.g., history, maturation, statistical regression, selection, experimental mortality; [37]). Researchers using SCDs and group designs take measures to control for extraneous variables that either correlate with independent variables of interest in influencing the outcome variables, or influence both independent and dependent variables in a manner that makes it difficult to ascertain the nature of relationship between the variables of interest [36]. Failure to control for extraneous variables can result in biased outcomes, whose findings cannot be applied to participants (i.e., lacking internal validity) or non-participants (i.e., lacking external validity; [38]).
Quantity of studies supporting an instructional practice must be sufficient enough to ensure that findings are generalizable to populations not included in the primary studies [35]. Studies conducted in a single environment, with the sample of participants drawn from a single population limit the chances that findings are generalizable to non-participants. More studies investigating a single intervention, conducted at different times, in different places, and with different participants therefore increase the possibility of findings being applicable to individuals who did not participate in the studies [39]. Finally, EBP further requires that researchers demonstrate, in quantitative terms, the magnitude of effect of the researched interventions [35]. More specifically, researchers use statistical methods to assess the changes in outcomes of interest that are a result of interventions. In educational research, meta-analyses are typically used to synthesize quantitative effects of interventions across multiple studies. In order to determine the EBP recommended in this chapter, we conducted a meta-analysis study which also examined the methodological rigor of the primary studies on reading interventions for EBD [40].
Phonological awareness constitutes the most basic or elementary skill in reading. It involves the detection and manipulation of sound. It is regarded one of the strongest predictors for a child’s future reading success [41, 42]. Phonological awareness creates the skills to segment and blend words together to produce reading and spelling. Children with weak phonologic awareness skills are likely to struggle to read and write properly [42]. All other future reading skills like fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary build from an initial set of these important skills.
As indicated before, children with LD typically struggle to develop the basic phonological skills. However, previous research has demonstrated some potentially effective strategies for teaching phonemic awareness. The Phonological Awareness Training for Reading (PATR; [43]) is an early reading curriculum program which is designed to teach students sound structures. The program is divided into four phases which include warm up, sound blending, sound segmentation, and reading and spelling. The four phases are organized strategically to build the reading skills from learning sounds, blending the sounds, segmenting the words to make meaningful words, and subsequently to present the phonemes in words and apply to reading and spelling. Several studies have examined the efficacy of PATR in improving phonological skills and subsequent academic improvements in behavioral and social domains (e.g., [44, 45, 46, 47]). The studies listed were examined for methodological rigor using the Council for Exceptional Children Quality standards (i.e., CEC: [39]). Across the studies, researchers found significant improvements in academic, social, and behavioral outcomes. For example, Lane et al. [46] reported significant improvement in reading fluency measures indicated in the DIBLES and reduction in total disruptive behaviors, negative social interactions. Other studies have been reported to have found positive effects of PATR on phonological awareness across populations with LD (e.g., [48, 49]).
When examined for literacy skills for adolescent readers, literature shows some mixed findings regarding the efficacy of corrective reading for this group of students. A synthesis of literature by the What Works Clearing House indicated a lack of evidence regarding the efficacy of corrective reading for struggling adolescent readers [38, 52]. When examined for methodological rigor using the WWC evidence standards, several studies on corrective reading were found lacking in evidence due to failure to address the WWC standards (See [38, 52]). However, a recent review of literature analyzing the methodological rigor of primary studies on reading interventions for students with EBD using the CEC quality indicators showed that corrective reading was supported as an effective instructional practice across at least 4 single case design studies and 2 group experimental studies [40]. All across, the strategy was observed to close the reading achievement gap for students with EBD. Corrective reading intervention strategy has also been identified as a tier 3 EBP ideal for the learning needs of students who are most at risk or who fail to respond to tier 2 instructional methods [53]. The publisher for corrective reading instructional programs list various formats of the program that are tailored for different grades and content areas (see [53]).
When selecting instructional practices for teaching reading skills to students with LD, it is important for teachers to adopt methods that are sufficiently demonstrated to be effective. As indicated in prior research, some teachers had relied on instructional practices that were not evidence-based. Part of the reasons for this was teachers’ lack of knowledge regarding what practices are effective or not, lack of skills to find EBP, and a traditional preference for methods they perceived to be effective. The emphasis on EBP in the field ensures that teachers are selecting interventions that are backed by data and empirical evidence, as well as high quality research. With EBP, teachers can substitute the practices that were formally dominant with interventions that are more likely to produce positive results for students. Evidence-based reading interventions for students with LD can help close the skills gap in this group of students.
Within this chapter, we will deal with a discourse that is increasingly treated only in part, excluding modern and, above all, interdisciplinary theoretical approaches. Social discourses on emotions often appear more fitting but less “attractive”, as they are difficult to verify empirically without adequate cooperation between the sciences. Therefore, our interest is to bring out a focal point, emotion, understood as the emotional capacity of living beings, to be considered in all its aspects and understood as a social emotion. Starting from this premise means considering relationships full of emotions, both positive and negative. However, it will be necessary to deepen some aspects, perhaps little known by the less accustomed to this type of topic, such as the processes of social exclusion, rather than evolutionist theories. These aspects are fully part of the logic of social action dear to Max Weber. Even in the literature, we have many examples of these aspects, some evident others to paraphrase - for illustration the social exclusion that emerges, with brute force, in
Based on these premises, this chapter is a first attempt to link the neurosciences findings on social inclusion and exclusion with an evolutionary theory of human motivation.
Human beings have a fundamental need to belong to social groups [1] and to be accepted by other people [2, 3]. The intergroup emotions theory [4, 5] defines the role of emotions in relationships between groups: inter-group behaviour is thus driven by emotions that are uniquely social, feeling emotions like other group members, involves a further involvement and sense of belonging [6]. Emotions can be positive and negative that characterise the experience based on perceived intensity [6]. For instance, social exclusion has a significant psychological impact since it expresses the subjectivity of the individual’s experience with possible consequences such as anxiety and depression [6]. The emotion felt during the experience of social exclusion is very strong and intense, it represents a real pain characterised by separation and rupture from the social group [7], by social exclusion we mean being kept out, or rather excluded, left alone or isolated from other people [8]. The experience of social exclusion is also called social pain. When people express the emotions and the emotional state they feel when they are excluded, the words often used refer to wounds, broken hearts, ruptures. Pain is a complex subjective experience involving many aspects: the physical sensation associated with a sensation, the negative or unpleasant subjective feeling. The anticipation of pain motivates a move away from dangerous or noxious stimuli, and the memory of a pain encountered in the past can be a powerful and motivating force for the immediate experience of pain [6].
Social neuroscience studies the neural basis of the psychological processes that exist between the brain and social interactions, through neuroimaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI), functional nuclear magnetic resonance (fMRI), transuranic magnetic stimulation (TMS) [2, 3, 9, 10]. Authors have begun to investigate the similarity of the neuronal substrate between physical pain and social pain during the experience of social exclusion [10]. Einsenberger et al. [10] conducted a study on social exclusion using fMRI to determine whether the regions activated by social pain were similar to those activated by physical pain. The affective component of physical pain deals with signalling a negative state and motivating the behaviour to reduce it. The affective component of physical pain is processed, in particular by the dorsal portion of the anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and by the anterior insula. The anterior angled cortex (ACC) functions as a neuronal alarm system that monitors conflicts and identifies when an automatic response is inappropriate or in conflict with the intended goal [10]. In humans, ACC is activated by the noise of crying babies [10]. The dACC is a structure known to be activated during the experience of physical pain, which has also been found to be activated during social pain [10, 11]. For this reason, pain is the oldest signal that something is wrong, and activates this brain region [10]. In particular, the dACC is associated with suffering rather than with the sensory component of pain [10]. The most famous neuroimaging study on social exclusion is conducted by Eisenberger et al. [10], the participants are scanned in the fMRI setting, while participating in an interactive virtual session of the game, Cyberball. The game consists of playing virtually with two other players to pass the ball. In truth, no other participants were present in the simulation of the game but it was a computer program, which was given a story of circumstance to make the identification of the participants truthful to make them believe they were playing with other people. The game of Cyberball is recognised to be able to manipulate effectively feelings of inclusion and exclusion [11]. In the first session of the game, the participants were included in the dribble while in the following round they were partially excluded through the game [10]. When participants in the experiment realised that they had been excluded from the game, and seeing that another participant was not excluded, the researchers noted an increase in dACC and anterior insula activity, a circuit very similar to that typically seen in studies on physical pain [10, 12, 13, 14, 15]. But why are social exclusion behaviours still enacted today? Social exclusion allows man to live and evolve selectively, surrounding himself with people similar to him who share closeness, similarity and identification to better adhere to group norms. The social exclusion mechanism allows the protection and maintenance of the same group in which to identify oneself.
According to some approaches to the study of human motivation, human beings are motivated to stay e in groups and to create a sense of belonging [16]. From an evolutionary perspective, social inclusion can be considered an adaptive goal that supports the individual’s adaptation to the environment; however, invalidating experiences and learnings may connect the pursuit of adaptive goals with the perception of danger and prevent its achievement [17]. This point of view may be an interesting perspective to view the neural basis of social inclusion and exclusion describe above.
The Evolutionary Theory of Motivation (ETM; [16, 18, 19, 20]) is a theoretical model developed in a clinical context from a cognitive- evolutionary framework and currently represents a common ground for different approaches, not only concerning psychopathology. This evolutionary perspective suggests that the Motivational Systems developed by every human being are based on innate and universal dispositions that can be defined as predispositions to act towards specific goals, selected by evolution. They should not be regarded as fixed patterns of action, but as tendencies to pursue particular forms of interaction with the environment, including the social one [20]. According to the “Triune Brain Theory” [21, 22], human motivational systems can be organised into three hierarchical levels, corresponding to the different needs that emerged from the evolutionary process: survival (Brain Stem or Reptilian Brain), interaction with other group members (Mammalian Brain) and “epistemic” needs (Neo- Cortex Brain). The most archaic motivational system may be called ‘
Search for protective closeness and help | |
Protection and comfort offered | |
Reproduction and formation of sexual couple | |
Definition of social rank (dominance and submission) | |
Sharing of goals, alliance |
Interpersonal motivational systems and their goals (modified by [16]).
This second level is therefore made up of systems capable of regulating communication between members of a social group, starting from birds and mammals that can recognise conspecifics. The formation of cohesive social groups has therefore required the emergence of systems that organise the different emotions and consequent motor actions into typical sequences for each goal [24]. The IMS are specific for each critical situation that can be faced using an appropriate interpersonal position and are activated or deactivated according to the achievement of the goal. The activation of IMS produces unconscious mental activity and implicit relational knowledge [25, 26], which represent the first level of consciousness, definable as “Protoself” [27]. Moreover, the activation of each motivational system, the achievement of its goal, and the obstacles posed by the environment result in the construction of memory patterns capable of modulating subsequent experiences [16]: while pursuing a specific goal, assessments aimed at maintaining survival and a state o minimum security are necessary [28]; the achievement of the evolutionary aim might be hindered by implicit memories learned in an interpersonal and social context [16].
The third hierarchical level involves epistemic motivations supported by the activity of neocortical circuits and concerns intersubjectivity (Stern XX) and the construction of meanings:
Through the emergence of Neo-Cortex, all pre-existing goals and motivations related to social interaction can become conscious and objects of verbal thought [20]. Among Motivational Systems, there is a recursiveness of information flows that bidirectionally links the archaic level with the more recent evolutionary levels. Each system processes information from the previous levels (bottom-up pathway) and the higher levels send excitatory or inhibitory signals to the lower level systems (top-down pathway; [24]). Furthermore, recognising Jackson’s Theory as a theoretical framework of reference [30], the ETM suggests that the more recent structures, which have control over the more archaic ones, are the most sensitive to ‘dissolution’ in the face of environmental events. The consequent manifestations of a switch-off in the higher brain functions would therefore be ascribed to the activity of the lower ones: this would become clear in the case of traumatic, life-threatening situations [16]. At this point, it may be interesting to consider the impact that the loss of safety conditions has on the functioning of the neural circuits supporting social behaviour. As Porges’ Polyvagal Theory makes well clear [31], the ability to identify a secure environment and a safe conspecific is a necessary skill for mammals to switch-off their brainstem-regulated defence systems and to engage in social interaction with group member. This mechanism requires a complex regulation of the autonomic state through the vagus nerve [32]. For the human being, therefore, states of safety are a key pre-condition for relational involvement and for getting access to higher brain structures, which enable the building of conscious Self- narratives.
While systems of supply and demand for care, the formation of a sexual couple and competition for social rank are present in almost all mammals, only in a few species it is possible to identify a system that regulates cooperative behaviour between group members [33] and, from the perspective of ETM, this system reaches a unique complexity in humans being [20]. The cooperative system is triggered by the perception of goals that are more easily pursued sharing actions of at least two members of the group, in contrast to situations where access to resources is limited and competition is necessary (rank motivation system). The emergence of social groups in the course of the evolutionary process would then make it possible to maximise survival by sharing resources and by organising relationships of submission and dominance. The definition of social status is associated with the suppression of destructive aggressive behaviour towards members of one’s species. Indeed, although activation of the social rank system involves some type of intraspecific aggression, it is manifested with “ritual agonistic behaviours” [34]; this mechanism is observed in simple vertebrates and consequently does not require the intervention of limbic structures, which are evolutionarily more recent [24]. Even though the best-known explanation of cooperative behaviour is ‘reciprocal altruism’ based on the idea that it represents a conditional strategy based on individual benefit [35], the ethologist Michael Tomasello has identified behaviours that are not supported by personal advantage in the human being. For example, children at 18 months show helping behaviours to strangers without getting any benefit for themselves [36] and at 12 months actively search for shared attention with an adult on the same object only for the mutual sharing purpose [37]. This finding suggested that intersubjectivity may have emerged as an enhancement of the ability to cooperate with other group members in the evolutionary process. The possibility of actively sharing attention with the other would create the basis for intersubjectivity and for recognising oneself as similar to the other, not only based on morphological similarity (already guaranteed by our Mammal Brain), but also on intentionality [38]. Intersubjectivity, as an emerging motivation in development, would enable language development and make it possible to share experiences [16]. Furthermore,
Currently, ETM represents an important theoretical framework in the clinical context to study psychopathology and to develop approaches that emphasise the importance of cooperation in the psychotherapeutic relationship [39]. However, ETM is a comprehensive evolutionary-based theory of human motivation and then it can represent an interesting map to analyse social phenomena such as inclusion and exclusion. In this theory’s view, briefly outlined above, the individual social inclusion might be considered as the result of the achievement of evolutionary goals and some environmental conditions can support it (Figure 1). First of all, it is only the feeling of a safe environment that guarantees relational engagement and exploration (Brain Stem; [40]); on a neurobiological level, the perception of threat can trigger the archaic defence system, inhibiting the activation of higher brain areas. This adaptive survival strategy makes it impossible to pursue evolutionary higher goals that require interaction with others members of the group.
A potential mapping of social inclusion conditions in the ETM context.
Moreover, social security is a key condition for the emergence of mentalisation and can be provided by different types of social relations, each linked to specific motivational systems [28]. Then the social and family environment should support the achievement of our ‘limbic goals’ in safe conditions: seeking protective closeness in case of distress, offering support to another perceived as vulnerable, establishing clear hierarchical positions without destructive aggression and sharing resources to pursue common goals (Mammalian Brain). Finally, validating experiences related to the pursuit of interpersonal goals and the resulting implicit knowledge can sustain the development of higher conscious cognitive skills, such as sharing experiences and creating a sense of belonging with others who, despite differences, we recognise as like ourselves (Neo-Cortex Brain). In the framework of ETM, experiences of social exclusion could thus be considered as the result of failures at one or more levels of the human motivational systems: impossibility to feel security in one’s environment, inability to have good relational experiences related to limbic goals (e.g., adapted cooperative and competitive experiences), and failure to share meanings and to develop a deeper sense of belonging that is not only based on individual similarity and physical proximity. These repeated experiences can induce social pain and suppress the pursuit of group affiliation and of social inclusion.
Exploring such complex topics using multiple points of view must become an attitude for all modern sciences. It is starting from the particularity and exclusivity of each one, from neuroscience to sociology, from biology to psychology, that we can face the challenges presented here and in the future. The thought immediately goes to the monitoring and management of the post-pandemic situation, since currently the tendency is to focus on the short to medium term effects. Increasingly, it is emerging that Covid-19 infection can have major consequences, even months after recovery. The international scientific literature has included them in what is called Post-Covid or Long-Covid Syndrome. Addressing aspects of social exclusion becomes a necessity. This challenge can only be met by collaboration between disciplines, psychobiology and psychology, sociology and neuroscience. Only in this way we will have a complete interpenetration of the hyperplexities and questions that we are not able to highlight alone.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
This research was supported by PRIN 2015 PER-FORMARE IL SOCIALE. Formazione, cura e inclusione sociale attraverso il teatro, principal investigator (PI) Prof. Bernardi.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
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Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82321",title:"Noncanonical (Non-R132H) IDH-Mutated Gliomas",slug:"noncanonical-non-r132h-idh-mutated-gliomas",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105469",abstract:"Mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 confer a significant survival advantage compared to their isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type counterparts and, as such, are the most significant prognostic factors in this group. The mutations in the IDH1 gene are heterozygous and almost always involve only a single residue (arginine 132), which is replaced by histidine in roughly 90% of tumors. Regardless, the non-p.R132H (noncanonical) mutations in the IDH1 gene were also documented in around 20% of mutated glioma. The noncanonical IDH mutations have distinguishing radiological and histological features. The existence of such tumors seems to be associated with a genetic predisposition to cancer development.",book:{id:"11597",title:"Glioblastoma - Current Evidences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11597.jpg"},signatures:"Tariq D. Al-Saadi and Roberto J. Diaz"},{id:"82492",title:"Treatment of Patients with Newly-Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma",slug:"treatment-of-patients-with-newly-diagnosed-multiple-myeloma",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105774",abstract:"Multiple Myeloma is an incurable disease. It is responsible for 1.8% of all cancers. The median age is 69–71 years. The treatment of MM is challenging and is affected by several factors such as the patient’s age, comorbidity index, and fitness. The main combination regimen consists of the addition of proteasome inhibitors and IMIDs to steroids. In all studies conducted to date, the results obtained in transplanted patients are better than in patients who did not proceed into transplantation. Before starting treatment, risk stratification should be performed for all patients, and they should be treated accordingly. Recently, there have been advances in the treatment with the introduction of new agents, particularly monoclonal antibodies.",book:{id:"11600",title:"Recent Update on Multiple Myeloma\ufeff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11600.jpg"},signatures:"Ali Zahit Bolaman and Atakan Turgutkaya"},{id:"82458",title:"Perspective Chapter about Surgical Management of Symptomatic Rectocele",slug:"perspective-chapter-about-surgical-management-of-symptomatic-rectocele",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105505",abstract:"Rectocele is defined as a herniation of the anterior rectal wall through the posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal lumen caused by rectovaginal septum weakness. This entity is more common in postmenopausal female patients. Approximately one-third of adult women affected with pelvic organ prolapse have a significant impact on their quality of life and emotional well-being. Up to more than 90% of woman can be asymptomatic. In symptomatic cases, constipation, defecatory disorders such as obstructed syndrome (ODS) or incontinence, vaginal mass, and pelvic discomfort are the main complaints. Surgical treatment is indicated after failure of conservative management. Talking about ODS, nearly 20% of the patients need surgery. Surgical options can be classified as abdominal (being laparoscopic colposacropexy the technique of choice) or perineal approach. In the latter group, the alternatives are transanal (TA), transperineal (TP), and transvaginal (TV) approaches with or without prosthetic material or grafts. Native-tissue transvaginal approach should be preferentially performed as it has shown better results. Nowadays, there is no consensus on what the gold-standard technique is given the lack of strong evidence.",book:{id:"11272",title:"Benign Anorectal Disorders - An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11272.jpg"},signatures:"Esther María Cano Pecharromán, A. Teresa Calderón Duque, Juan Carlos Santiago Peña and Tomás Balsa Marín"},{id:"82480",title:"The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation",slug:"the-role-of-microglia-in-neuroinflammation",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105865",abstract:"Microglia typically exist in a resting state of a mature brain and monitors the brain environment. In response to brain injuries or immunological stimuli, however, microglia are readily activated. In their activated state, they can serve diverse beneficial functions essential for enhancing neuron survival through the release of trophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Under certain circumstances, such as sustained epilepsy, however, microglia become overactivated and can induce significant and highly detrimental neurotoxic effects by the excessive production of a large array of cytotoxic factors, such as nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines. Neuroinflammation has been identified in epileptogenic tissue and is suspected of participating in epileptogenesis. Recent evidence has shown the effects of anti-inflammation and protection against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pharmacologically and genetically. We assume that sEH inhibition might be also beneficial to prevent inflammatory processes caused by seizures and subsequent chronic epilepsy. In the present study, we investigated whether sEH is involved in overactivated microglia-induced neuroinflammation and subsequent epileptogenesis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Overactivated microglia will be detected by using imaging techniques. It is hoped that the results of the present study would provide a better understanding of the roles of sEH and microglia in epileptogenesis.",book:{id:"11585",title:"Epilepsy - Seizures Without Triggers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11585.jpg"},signatures:"Shao-Wen Hung, Chia-Chi Chen, Hsiao-Yun Chen, Ying-Ching Hung, Ping-Min Huang and Chia-Yu Lin"},{id:"82489",title:"Changes in Brain Metabolism Induced by Metabolic Challenges and Their Beneficial Roles for Brain Aging",slug:"changes-in-brain-metabolism-induced-by-metabolic-challenges-and-their-beneficial-roles-for-brain-agi",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105778",abstract:"Life expectancy has been increasing globally along with the risk of developing Alzheimer’s or other dementias. Diets high in saturated fats, refined sugars and a sedentary lifestyle are determining factors in the development of a metabolic syndrome. These factors induce energy imbalance and dysfunctional brain metabolism, hence increasing the risk of cognitive impairment and/or dementia. A cohort study with mild cognitive impairment found that it was found that the presence of three or more components of a metabolic syndrome increased the risk of Alzheimer’s. On the other hand, hyperglycemia induces glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons, β-amyloid accumulation, tau phosphorylation and oxidative stress. The present chapter will cover the dysregulation of brain metabolism during physiological and pathological aging, and how metabolic challenges such fasting, caloric restriction and ketogenic diet reverts many of the deleterious effects of brain aging, favoring energy balance and cognitive function.",book:{id:"11710",title:"Lifestyle-Related Diseases and Metabolic Syndrome",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11710.jpg"},signatures:"Claudia Carvallo"},{id:"81607",title:"Does Physical Activity Mediate the Effect of Loneliness on Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes?",slug:"does-physical-activity-mediate-the-effect-of-loneliness-on-inflammatory-and-metabolic-processes",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104915",abstract:"The study to be presented in the chapter explores one potential behavioral mechanism by which loneliness affects inflammatory and metabolic processes in old age. Specifically, it addresses whether physical activity mediates the loneliness—inflammatory/metabolic dysregulation association. Multivariate linear regressions were applied to data derived from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The findings revealed that loneliness was prospectively associated with elevated values of log C-reactive protein (log-CRP) and with amplified levels of Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Cystatin C (CysC), and Body Mass Index (BMI), after controlling for socio-demographics. Second, physical activity mediated the association between loneliness with prospective values of log-CRP and also mediated associations between loneliness and prospective levels of metabolic biomarkers. These findings affirm the contribution (i.e., the mediation), of physical activity to the associations between loneliness and immune and metabolic processes and provide insights concerning the mechanism by which this social—biological connection operates.",book:{id:"11226",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Healthy Aging",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11226.jpg"},signatures:"Sharon Shiovitz-Ezra, Ohad Parag and Howard Litwin"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:798},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"