Transition temperatures with several hydrostatic pressures of Ni2MnGa.
\r\n\tSQL is worth learning because it’s a programming language that’s in demand in the tech industry and in other sectors that need technology. Most software developers who know SQL earn respectable salaries. Learning SQL can not only enhance your skills, but it can also give you a better understanding of the applications you work with daily. In this book, we will go through the details of SQL and how to use it effectively. The goal of this book is to have many practical application examples that will help learners easily acquire and self-study SQL.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-946-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-945-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-947-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d1d908cd61561c1e813552fbd6cb9ed1",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Duc-Man Nguyen and Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11919.jpg",keywords:"Database Classification, Types of Databases, SQL Basic, Drop Statement, Aggregate Functions, Conversion Function, Date Function, Mathematical Functions, User-Defined Types, User-Defined Functions, String Data Type, Pivoting Data in SQL",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Nguyen Duc Man is a member of the DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam. He was awarded the Award for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Duy Tan University, Vietnam for several years in a row, and received the Certificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam. His current research interests are software testing, mobile testing, test automation, test case generation, context-driven testing, and ML for testing.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea, in 2017. He is currently a lecturer at the Vietnam - Korea University of Information and Communication Technology, the University of Danang. He has over 18 years of experience teaching and researching programming, databases, machine learning, information retrieval, multimedia, and artificial intelligence.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"227628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Duc-Man",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"duc-man-nguyen",fullName:"Duc-Man Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227628/images/system/227628.jpg",biography:'1.\tName:\tNguyen Duc Man\n\tOffice: Room 601, 254 Nguyen Van Linh, Danang, Vietnam\n\tTel: +84-2363 650 403 (Ext 601)\n Mobi: 0904 235 945\n\tEmail: mannd@duytan.edu.vn\n\n2.\tEducation:\nBSc.\tInformation Technology\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t1999\nMSc.\tComputer Science\tDanang University, Vietnam\t2009\nPhD.\tComputer Science\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t2020\n\n3.\tAcademic experience:\nDuy Tan University, Vietnam\tTeaching\tLecturer\t2004- Present\tFT\n\t\n4.\tNon-academic experience:\nHSD Corporation, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam\tAnalysis, Design and Code, DB Design\tSoftware Developer\t1999-2001\tFT\nDuy Tan Software Center, Vietnam\tTeam leader, Planning, A&D\tProject Lead\t2001-2003\tFT\n\n5.\tCertifications or professional registrations:\n-\tCertificate for completion of Train the Trainer courses (Software Capstone Project, Requirements Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Project management, software Process and Quality management, Software Integration Practices). Institute of Software Research, Carnegie Mellon University, USA. (2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019).\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Self-Study Development Workshop ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t14 Professional Development Hours for participation at the 2017 ABET\nSymposium, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\tSoftware Testing and Automation Conference. VISTACON 2011, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tFagan Software Inspection Method. ECCI Group, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tHP Train the Trainer courses: HP QTP, LoadRunner, Quality Center (2011).\n\n6.\tMembership in professional organizations:\n-\tMember of DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam.\n\n7.\tHonors and awards:\n-\tAwards for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Duy Tan University, Vietnam (2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).\n-\tCertificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam (2008- 2009, 2010- 2011, 2013- 2014).\n-\tCertificate of Merit of the People Committee of Da Nang. Danang, Vietnam (2011-2012).\n\n8.\tService activities:\n-\tInstitutional service: \n•\tStudents’ Awards Committee \n•\tFaculty Development Committee \n•\tScholarship Committee \n•\tFaculty Council \n\n9.\tPublications and presentations from the past five years:\n\n1.\t\tCheng, Y. H., Chang, P. C., Nguyen, D. M., & Kuo, C. N. (2020). Automatic Music Genre Classification Based on CRNN. Engineering Letters, 29(1).\n2.\t\tHuynh, Q. T., Pham, L. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. (2020). An Effective Approach for Context Driven Testing in Practice—A Case Study. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(09), 1245-1262.\n3.\t\tNguyen, D. M., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, T. H. (2020). Automated test input generation via model inference based on user story and acceptance criteria for mobile application development. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(03), 399-425.\n4.\t \tNguyen, D. M., Do, H. N., Huynh, Q. T., Vo, D. T., & Ha, N. H. (2018, August). Shinobi: A Novel Approach for Context-Driven Testing (CDT) Using Heuristics and Machine Learning for Web Applications. In International Conference on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems (pp. 86-102). Springer, Cham.\n5.\t\tHoang-Nhat, D. O., NGUYEN, D. M., HUYNH, Q. T., & Nhu-Hang, H. A. (2018). One2Explore-Graph Builder for Exploratory Testing from a Novel Approach.\n6.\t\tNguyen, M. D., Huynh, T. Q., & Nguyen, T. H. (2016, November). Improve the Performance of Mobile Applications Based on Code Optimization Techniques Using PMD and Android Lint. In International Symposium on Integrated Uncertainty in Knowledge Modelling and Decision Making (pp. 343-356). Springer, Cham.\n7.\t\tBao Le Nguyen, Nguyen Duc Man, Minh Nguyen Cong and Luong Vo Van (2013). Difficulties in the Operation of an International Program in Vietnam. FICAP-1 Proceedings, BrownWalker Press, 2013, ISBN-13: 9781612337043.\n8.\t\tDuc Nguyen Duc Man, Tien Vu Truong, Nguyen Bao Le (2013). Deployment of Capstone Projects in Software Engineering Education at Duy Tan University as Part of a University-wide Project-based Learning Effort. Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (LaTiCE), IEEE Computer Society -CPS, 2013, E-ISBN :978-0-7695-4960-6 (pp. 184 -191).\n9.\t\tGia Nhu Nguyen, Nhat Tan Tran, Thanh Trung Nguyen and Nguyen Duc Man (2014). The Benefits of CDIO for ABET Preparation from a Hands-on Study in Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th International CDIO Conference. Barcelona \n10.\t\tVu T Truong, Bao N Le, Man N Duc, Thang M Nguyen (2014). Accessing the Maturity of Teamwork Capabilities through CDIO Projects. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n11.\t\tPhuong A Pham, Man D Nguyen, Long Q Nguyen, Thang M Nguyen, Bao N Le (2014). Learning Computer Programming In Cdio’s Team Settings. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n12.\t\tVo, Q. N., Tran, N. P., Van Dat Ngo, V. H. T., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. LEVERAGE THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SMART CONTRACT IN ASSET TRADING. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n13.\t\tHa, N. H., Nguyen, D. M., Liu, C. A., Van Van, T., Nguyen, A. D., & Huynh, Q. T. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE MPOS SYSTEM ON THE PROCESS CHANGE OF RESTAURANTS. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n14.\t\tNguyễn Thanh Hùng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Huỳnh Quyết Thắng (2019), Thử Nghiệm Đánh Giá Áp Dụng Một Số Kỹ Thuật Kiểm Thử Để Nâng Cao Độ Tin Cậy Cho Ứng Dụng Di Động Trong Môi Trường Phát Triển Linh Hoạt. Section on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - No. 13, Journal of Science and Technique - Le Quy Don Technical University - No. 199, ISSN 1859-0209\n15.\t\tHuỳnh Quyết Thắng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Nguyễn Thị Bảo Trang, Nguyễn Thị Anh Đào (2016). Kỹ thuật kiểm thử hồi qui hiệu quả cho phát triển ứng dụng di động. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị khoa học công nghệ quốc gia lần thứ IX, ngày 4-5/8/2016 - "Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin" (FAIR 2016), trang 255-265. Nhà xuất bản Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ. ISBN 978-604-913-472-2\n\n10.\tRecent professional development activities:\n-\tCoordinator and Assistant Director of ACM/ICPC Asia Regional Contest, Danang, Vietnam (2013). \n-\tParticipated in the 7th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2014).\n-\tAttended the 7 Professional Development Hours the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop (2017).\n-\tParticipated in the 12th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2019).\n-\tINISCOM 2018, INISCOM 2019, KSE 2019, CITA2021, CITA2022\n-\tAttended the CDIO Regional Meeting - Asia-Pacific (2019).',institutionString:"Duy Tan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duy Tan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Vietnam"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"473326",title:"Dr.",name:"Van-Loi",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"van-loi-nguyen",fullName:"Van-Loi Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003Sa5QKQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:01:50.jpg",biography:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea in 2017. 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The hydrostatic pressure effect gives insistently to recognize the physical stuff of ingredients adjacent to the phase transitions with correlating phenomenon. Within various stages happening in scheme of magnetic shape memory, they exhibit phases at high and low temperature, high (austenite) and low (austenite). The self-generated lattice strain is brought by martensite transformation in Heusler alloys at low temperature. Freshly, the series of Ni-Mn alloys have been fascinating for numerous uses because of the concerning multifunctional assets such as shape memory effect (SME) [1, 2], magneto caloric effect (MCE) [3, 4], exchange bias (EB) behavior [5], and magneto resistance (MR) [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. In the foresaid credible tenders, the resources having MCE demonstrations predict for custom in condensed matter cooling system. Within the diverse magnetic shape memory alloys, Ni-Mn-Ga has premeditated widely; afterward, enormous strain was developed by magnetic field. The samples endure first-order structural alteration from extraordinary thermal austenite to low thermal martensite and consume prominant magnetocrystalline anisotropy in the lower martensite in addition to low twinning stress, which provides magnetic field–induced strain. The change in composition considerately impacts the phase transformations, crystallographic structures, and magnetic properties in NiMnGa alloys [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
Hydrostatic pressures are known to play a significant role on the magnetic and structural properties of these systems [17, 18, 19]. The relative stability of the high-temperature cubic phase and the low-temperature martensite phase can be influenced by pressure. Magnetism in these alloys mainly arises from RKKY exchange interaction, within the Mn atoms [20]. The exchange interaction between Mn-Mn atoms in Heusler alloys powerfully influences on the distance and is reformed by either chemical substitutions (or) hydrostatic pressure. These consequences suggest the observation of positive pressure coefficient of JMn–Mn [21]. Recently, the effect of pressure on some of the NiMn-based systems has been reported [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Hydrostatic pressure effect on magnetic and martensitic transition shifts toward higher temperature with decrease of ΔSM in NiMnIn magnetic superelastic alloys [22]. Albertini
Band ferromagnetism is a significant phenomenon developed in several transition- metal compounds. High-pressure studies can provide valuable information on electronic structure and electron-electron interactions in intermetallics. Among many of these studies, hydrostatic pressure [24] has been recognized as an effective tool to change physical and chemical properties in solids. Nevertheless, resistivity, piezoresistance (PR) [25], and pressure-induced phase transition [26, 27] are renowned as important phenomena that occur in Heusler alloys. PR is the change in resistance provoked by pressure effect was first discovered by Smith [28] in semiconductors (Si, Ge) possessing anisotropic energy with wide band structures. Further, they are being broadly used as stress and strain sensors [29]. Numerous kinds of Heusler alloy systems such as Ni-Mn-X (X = Sn, Ga, Si, Sb) have been extensively studied [9, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. Among them, Ni2MnGa, a potentially well-known magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) [1, 31, 32], has been considerably investigated material for both scientific and technological purposes and is known to exhibit various phenomena such as MCE, EB [32], MR, and magnetic-field–induced strain (MFIS) [33, 34, 35, 36]. It undergoes structural transformation from cubic austenite (high temperature, high symmetry phase) to low-temperature martensite phase at TM = 202 K [37] and second-order paramagnetic to FM phase transition at TC = 376 K [27]. Additionally, the increased rate of TM with pressure is 0.55 K/kbar. On the divergent, for Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga (TM = 138 K), TM is diluted at the rate of −1.08 K/kbar with fixed hydrostatic pressure and magnetic field [38, 39]. The temperature-reliant electrical resistivity ρ(T), whichever frequently employed to separate metals from insulators, band-gap insulators, Anderson localized insulators, has been studied for Ni-Mn-Ga alloys, for instance, Ni2MnGa1–xBx (x = 0.03,0.05) [40], Ni2MnGa1–xInx (x = 0.05–0.15) [41], Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga alloy [42], Ni2+xMn1–xGa (x = 0-–.2) [9, 43], and Ni49.5Mn25.4Ga25.1, Ni51.1Mn24.9Ga24 alloys [44]. Furthermore, the time-dependent and field-induced hump in the resistivity was also observed in Ga doped Ni-Mn-Sn alloy [45]. Clear view of magneto structural transition has been investigated in Ni2.18Mn0.82Ga [46]. Temperature dependence of electrical resistivity under various hydrostatic pressures has been studied for Ni2.14Mn0.84Ga1.02, Ni2.14Mn0.92Ga0.94, and Ni2MnGa single crystals [47]. Large value of piezoresistance and magnetoresistance under uniaxial stress has been observed in Ni45Co5Mn37.5In12.5 [48]. In this work, we investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the resistivity and piezoresistivity (PR) of Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) magnetic shape memory alloys. We have also determined the ρ0 and (A) for the alloys.
The samples have been prepared by standard arc melting technique [15, 49]. The elemental ratio is influenced using energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays, which provide the actual chemical ratio as Ni1.99 Mn1.01Ga1.00 and Ni1.9Mn1.15Ga0.95 for x = 0 (Ni2MnGa) and 0.15 (Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga), respectively. The magnetic studies are accomplished at different pressures by 9 Tesla Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS-9T)-Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) (Quantum design, USA) module furnished with the Cu-Be clamp-type pressure cell with 10 kbar upper pressure [28]. The thermomagnetic data are recorded with VSM for both cooling and heating mode in the temperature range of 2 K–300 K under ambient and high pressures up to 7.4 kbar for Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga (x = 0.15) and 9.69 kbar for Ni2MnGa (x = 0) nominal compositions at a constant magnetic field of 0.01 T. The isothermal magnetization M (H) is recorded up to 5 T at ambient and high pressure at different temperatures (180–250 K: x = 0 & 130–160 K: x = 0.15) across TM. The materials preparation, characterization, and other studies such as isothermal magnetoresistance, magnetization on Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) alloys have been discussed [15, 49, 50, 51].
High-pressure electrical transport measurements are performed by four-probe resistivity method. Throughout the measurements, the samples with four-probe contacts are immersed in a Teflon capsuled Daphane (#7074) and kept inside the Be-Cu clamp-type hybrid pressure cell (30 kbar). Usual persistent DC current of 80 mA is provided by programmable fixed current source (224, Keithely, USA), voltage is restrained with nanovoltmeter (34420A, Agilent, USA), and temperature is assured through temperature controller (Lakeshore, USA) and is computerized with LABVIEW software. The external pressure is applied to sample using 20 Ton hydraulic press. The clamped pressure cell is externally loaded inside the closed-cycle refrigerator (CCR-VTI). The pressure is standardized using Bi-resistive transitions of Bi I–II (25.5 kbar) and II–III (27 kbar) at ambient as well as least temperature was reached (300– K) employing CCR-VTI. Expending with turbo molecular pump, the cavities have been vacuumized up to 10−6 mbar. A sufficient He gas is entered into container of CCR-VTI when the alloy is cooled, and the temperature of the alloy is suppressed by the compressor. An external mechanical refrigerator removes the warm helium vapor.
The temperature dependence of magnetization M (T) is measured for Ni2–xMn1+x Ga (x = 0, 0.15) alloys at 0.01 and 5 T (Figure 1). While cooling from ambient temperature, from x = 0, a rapid decrease in magnetization happens at 209 K in the magnetic sources of 0.01 T, which point out the martensitic begins (Ms = 209 K). Advanced cooling at less than 188 K (martensite end (Mf = 188 K)) results in persistent magnetization up to 5 K. The reduction in magnetization nearby TM is caused by prominent magneto crystalline anisotropy in the lower-order phase [1, 52]. Here, the TM is calculated using the relation TM=(Ms+Af)/2. The hysteresis is noticed between cooling and warming modes, which describes the first-order structural transition. Comparable property is found in the M (T) curve for x = 0.15 at a field of 0.01 T (Figure 1b), which is in agreement with our earlier M (T) measurement at 0.01 T in Ni1.84Mn1.17Ga in the limited temperature range [50]. The observed Ms values for x = 0 and 0.15 are consistent with reported literature [50, 53, 54]. The various characteristic transition temperatures obtained from our M (T) curves are shown in Tables 1 and 2 for x = 0, 0.15. The characteristic transformations decrease with increasing Mn compositions at normal pressure. The closed view of Figure 1 shows the enlargement of magneto thermal curves information approximate TM measured. The H = 5 T enhances the magnitude of magnetization equated to the lower magnetic field (0.01 T) for both x = 0 and 0.15 (Figure 1). Besides, the magnetization of the low-stability phase is more than that of high-stability phase at 5 T for both alloys. This is owing to the alignment of magnetic domains in the oriented axis, it destroys the magneto crystalline anisotropy at H = 5 T [55, 56]. Similar increase in magnetization with the application of magnetic field has also been observed in Ni1.84Mn1.17Ga, Ni50+xMn25–xGa (x = 0, 2, 3, 5), and Ni1.75Mn1.25Ga [50, 57, 58].
Temperature dependence of magnetization at H=(0.01 & 5 T) for (a) Ni2MnGa and (b) Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga.
Pressure (kbar) | Transition temperatures (K) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ms | Mf | As | Af | TM = (Ms+Af)/2 | |
0 | 209 | 188 | 205 | 222 | 216 |
1.37 | 209 | 185 | 208 | 227 | 218 |
6.06 | 210 | 209 | 212 | 230 | 220 |
9.69 | 210 | 212 | 213 | 233 | 222 |
Transition temperatures with several hydrostatic pressures of Ni2MnGa.
Pressure (kbar) | Transition temperatures (K) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ms | Mf | As | Af | TM = (Ms+Af)/2 | |
0 | 137 | 128 | 142 | 152 | 144.5 |
3.0 | 133 | 117 | 141 | 146 | 139.5 |
5.8 | 128 | 113 | 140 | 147 | 137.5 |
7.4 | 122 | 101 | 136 | 151 | 136.5 |
Transition temperatures with different hydrostatic pressures of Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga.
Figure 2 indicates thermo-magnetization with cool and warm modes at different hydrostatic pressures up to 9.69 kbar (x = 0) and 7.4 kbar (x = 0.15) at H = 0.01 T. Notification from Figure 2a that Ms increases slightly with pressure, because of hybridization among Ni-3d and Mn/Ga atom. Table 3 displays pressure-derived function of Ms and TM equated to existing reports. The hysteresis found in both cool and warm curvatures appears to be extended with enhancement of hydrostatic pressure. The possibility of owing to the variation in magneto crystalline anisotropy at minimum temperature in lower-order phase. Related pressure reliance has been described in x = 0 [54], where the heating and cooling curves show opposite trend compared with the present results.
Thermomagnetic curves (both cool and warm) of Ni2–x Mn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) alloys with various applied pressures at H = 0.01 T.
Sample | dTM/dP (K/kbar) | dMS/dP (K/kbar) |
---|---|---|
Ni2MnGa | 0.619 | 0.103 |
Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga | −1.081 | −2.027 |
Ni2.15Mn0.85Ga [23] | 0.58 | — |
Ni1.9Mn1.3Ga1.8 [23] | 1.7 | — |
Ni2.151Mn0.771Ga [59] | 0.6 | — |
Ni48Mn39Sn13 [60] | — | 3.16 |
Ni47Mn40Sn13 [60] | — | 0.51 |
Pressure derivative values of TM and MS for various NiMnGa (Sn) systems.
Figure 2b demonstrates the M (T) curve at several hydrostatic pressures (0–7.4 kbar) for Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0.15). It is originated that MS and TM suppress as the pressure enhances (dMs/dP = −2.027 K/kbar); dTM/dP = −1.081 (K/kbar). At the same time, Albertini
Pressure habituation of transformation in x=0, 0.15 is represented in Figure 3, which confirmed that transformation rises with pressure in x=0, while transformation suppresses in x = 0.15. This occurrence can be described in following ways. Enhancement of pressure will decrease the crystallographic volume, which affects characteristic transition temperatures. Furthermore, these alloys show that lower volume change with pressure results in slight change in Ms. Kim
Pressure reliance of TM in Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) evaluated at H = 0.01 T under different hydrostatic pressures.
The isothermal curves have restrained in x = 0 around TM (180 K–250 K) at ambient, high pressures (Figure 4a and b). The magnetization work is absorbed into two ways: magnetic field is improved 0–5 and reduced 5–0 T. It is observed that magnetic field prompted first-order metamagnetic transition arises at 220 K, ambient pressure for x = 0 (Figure 4a). The enclosure of Figure 4a) displays the transition clearly. However, this transition disappears at 9.69 kbar. Related actions have been detected in Ni2.208Mn0.737Ga [59]. From Figure 4b, the crossover in magnetization is noticed in the M (H) curve approximately 190–235 K. The magnetization is hard to impregnate for temperatures 190 and 196 K specifying a martensite phase, although at austenite phase at 223 K and 235 K the magnetization is relaxed to saturate. This is because of the firm magnetocrystalline anisotropy around transformations in x = 0 at high pressure. Figure 4c and d shows the isothermal curve of x = 0.15 at P = 0, 7.4 kbar. This M (H) is assessed with rate of temperature 130 K–160 K in gradual rise of 2 K; even though only picked out readings are drawn in Figure 4c and d for the clear visibility. At normal pressure, the field brought metamagnetic transition is seen in low field (0.68 T) at 146 K insert (Figure 4c). But, this transition is blocked at 7.4 kbar (Figure 4d). Similar to x = 0, the cusp in magnetization has been perceived between martensite and austenite temperature for x = 0.15 at P = 7.4 kbar, as viewed in (Figure 4d). Therefore, the subjection of pressure develops large magnetocrystalline anisotropy in both alloys.
Isothermal curves of x = 0 (a) ambient and (b) 9.69 kbar pressure, x = 0.15 (c) ambient and (d) 7.4 kbar pressure.
The entropy change in magnetization (∆SM) at various pressures is evaluated using the Maxwell’s relation
∆SM is computed from the over equation using numerical integration of the isothermal curves. ∆SM with temperature for various pressures is represented in Figure 5. The usage of pressure declines the ∆SM is 19.21 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 0 kbar) to 6.04 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 9.69 kbar) for x = 0. Nevertheless, the peak temperature of ∆SM gains in the direction of higher temperature with pressure. Enhancement of the maximum temperature of ∆SM near room temperature with the application of higher pressure. The degree of ∆SM suppresses from 8.9 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 0) to 1.27 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 7.4 kbar) in Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga and the highest temperature of ∆SM moves near to lower temperature. Likewise, for Ni-rich Ni2.208Mn0.737Ga, ∆SM shrinkages from 96 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 0) to 86 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 8 kbar) [59]. Additionally, in Ni2.15Mn0.85Ga, ∆SM reduces from 24 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 0) to 20 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 11.7 kbar); however, in Mn-rich Ni1.9Mn1.3Ga0.8, ∆SM promotes from 4.5 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 0) to 6 Jkg−1K−1 (P = 12.2 kbar) [23]. Based on the earlier reports, it is concluded that pressure stimulates additional magnetic entropy in prominent additional Mn in Ni2–xMn1+xGa compounds equated to the x = 0.15 sample analyzed and excess Ni in Ni2-–Mn1+xGa.
Temperature desirable of magnetic entropy change in Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) alloys at different hydrostatic pressures.
Temperature dependence of resistivity ρ (T) is measured for polycrystalline Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) at several hydrostatic pressures both in cool and warm sequences. In order to see the clear features, the heating cycle graph has presented for pressure (Figure 6) and the cool-warm lines are prearranged as inside view of Figure 6 at least and maximized pressure. At normal pressure, ρ falls with decrement of temperature in x = 0 (Figure 6a) and exhibits least thermal hysteresis near martensite transition. This specifies that structural transitions are specified in the closed view of Figure 6a. Comparable ρ (T) is identified for x = 0 [47]. These results are perceived as hysteresis curves at ambient and P = 7 kbar. The fascinating report at 25 kbar pressure, the hysteresis graph gets repressed in x = 0, at 30 kbar, the hysteresis completely be wiped out, and it can be evidently seen in inset of Figure 6a. As increasing pressure, its ρ decreases entire 4–300 K and boosts the metallic nature in the alloy due to enriched hybridization of valence band by applied pressure [40, 62, 63]. A mark of the pre-martensite transition (TPM) detected at 260 K at ambient pressure for x=0. The cross of the TPM is not clearly witnessed at higher pressure (30 kbar) (Figure 6a). The magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure are significantly affected on TM and TPM of Ni2MnGa system [39, 64]. Similar ρ (T) has been found for x = 0.15 (Figure 6b), where the application of pressure increases the ρ due to the pressure-induced phase transformation, which indicates the phase changes from pre-martensite to martensite [46, 47]. Still, total ρ for x = 0.15 is lower than x =0. Besides, in demarcation to x = 0, considerable thermal hysteresis is seen for entire pressure. This may be related to electronic structure as compared with magnetic actions [19, 63, 65]. The application of pressure shifts the transformation temperature to higher values, and the clear view of transformations for x = 0.15 is illustrated from the inset Figure 6b.
Temperature dependence of resistivity for (a) Ni2MnGa, (b) Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga alloys at various pressures. Inset: shows ρ vs T in the temperature region of 180–300 K for the pressure of 0 kbar and 30 kbar.
Figure 7 displays the pressure addiction of Tav
Pressure dependence of Tav for Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0, 0.15) alloys.
Martensite to austenite transition for x = 0 and 0.15, which rises with improvement of pressure. The derivative pressures of Tav are 0.15 K/kbar and 0.82 K/kbar for x = 0 and 0.15, respectively. This directs the change in volume with pressure for Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga matched to Ni2MnGa. The additional Mn atoms will fill the Ga and Ni sites consequential in hybridization between Ni and Mn/Ga states in NiMnGa alloy [63]. The application of pressure increases the exchange interactions between Mn-Mn ions, which enhance the hybridization between Ni and Mn/Ga. This needs more thermal energy to drive martensite transition, which in turn increases the characteristic transformation temperature [66, 67]. An important aspect is that width of the hysteresis (given by the difference of (As+Af)/2 and (Ms+Mf)/2) [68] decreases. This implies larger mobility of the twin boundaries with the application of hydrostatic pressure.
The temperature dependence of piezoresistivity (PR) of Ni2–XMn1+XGa (x = 0, 0.15) alloys at various pressures is computed using the relation
where ρP and ρA are resistivity at pressure (P) and ambient pressure. Fascinatingly, PR has negative and positive sign for x = 0 and 0.15 (Figure 8). The highest PR is found at the martensite transition (near TM) for all pressures. Inset of Figure 8a exposes that for x = 0, negative PR gradually enhances with pressure and peak value of –PR is 34% mentioned at 232 K for P = 30 kbar. For x = 0.15, a prominent peak of PR is remarked at TM and the application of pressure increases the +PR (inset of Figure 8b). The maximum +PR of 17% is noticed at 154 K for P = 28 kbar. The observation of negative and positive PR is stimulated by decrement and increment in resistivity (ρ) with pressure for x = 0 and x0.15 presented in inset of Figure 8a and b. Therefore, it affirms that the PR of x = 0 responds with pressure. The PR activities are watched in single crystalline Ni45Co5Mn37.5In12.5 under uniaxial stress and attained peak value of PR 122% [48]. Hereafter, the Ni-Mn-Ga compounds are hardly prospective applications in subject of spintronics by revealing changes of PR.
Temperature habituation of PR at various hydrostatic pressures for (a) x = 0, (b) x = 0.15 alloys. Pressure variant of PR for x = 0 and x = 0.15 is exposed in insets of a and b.
Figure 9a and b shows variation of both residual resistivity (ρ0) and electron scattering factor (A) with pressure for x = 0 and 0.15. The ρ0 and (A) are obtained by fitting the simple electrical resistivity equation,
Pressure discrepancy of residual resistivity (ρ0) and electron scattering factor (A) for (a) Ni2MnGa (b) Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga. The insets of a and b reveals ρ0 dependence T2 for Ni2MnGa and Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga.
From the low thermal region 4–200 K (x = 0) and 4–130 K (x = 0.15) and the curved fitting are displayed in the inset of Figure 9a and b. The ρ0 happens in these alloys due to impurities (or) imperfections. The (A) value at lower thermal region denotes electron-electron scattering [69]. From Figure 9a, the rate of ρ0 and A reductions with pressure for x = 0. In demarcation, for x = 0.15 mutually ρ0 and (A) gains with subjected pressure Figure 9b. The divergent changes of (A) involve that the subjection of pressure suppresses and enhances the electron-electron scattering for x = 0 and x = 0.15. In the case of x = 0.15, the fixed disorder on because of additional Mn that lodges the Ni locations possibly liable for rises in both the ρ0 and (A) with pressure [7]. Another factor that might increase (A) could be related to the spin fluctuations due to Fermi surface nesting under pressure [70, 72].
The usage of outward magnetic field raises the magnetization for Ni2MnGa and Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga alloys. By applying hydrostatic pressure, which includes Ms and expands the hysteresis width in both alloys. The metamagnetic transition is detected at ambient pressure and suppressed at maximum pressure. The high pressure encourages greater magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Finally, the pressure impact on MCE is reduced in ΔSM for both alloys. In compact of the work, Ni2MnGa and Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga alloys reveal negative and positive PR, when applied to hydrostatic pressure of 30 kbar and 28 kbar. The rate of variation of TM and resistivity pertaining to pressure has been computed and exhibits positive numbers for the two alloys. The ρ0 and (A) are originated to be reduced with pressure for Ni2MnGa, which exhibit metallic property, merely both rise for Ni1.85Mn1.15Ga, and it may be associated to stationary disorder effects and spin oscillations. These materials have incredible potential interest in sensors and spintronics.
The author U.D acknowledges DST-SERB-NPDF, UGC-RFSMS-DSKPDF, and S.A and also acknowledges, DST-SERB, BRNS, DRDO, CEFIPRA, DMRL-Hyderabad, and UGC-DAE-CSR-Indore for their financial support and sample preparation, and characterizations.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
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\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
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\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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The goal of this chapter is to show novel trends and research for the assistance and treatment of motor impairment caused by strokes.",book:{id:"5729",slug:"physical-disabilities-therapeutic-implications",title:"Physical Disabilities",fullTitle:"Physical Disabilities - Therapeutic Implications"},signatures:"Pablo Aqueveque, Paulina Ortega, Esteban Pino, Francisco\nSaavedra, Enrique Germany and Britam Gómez",authors:[{id:"197367",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Aqueveque",slug:"pablo-aqueveque",fullName:"Pablo Aqueveque"},{id:"197371",title:"Dr.",name:"Esteban",middleName:null,surname:"Pino",slug:"esteban-pino",fullName:"Esteban Pino"},{id:"197372",title:"Mr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Saavedra",slug:"francisco-saavedra",fullName:"Francisco Saavedra"},{id:"197373",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Enrique",middleName:"Ignacio",surname:"Germany",slug:"enrique-germany",fullName:"Enrique Germany"},{id:"197374",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Britam",middleName:"Arom",surname:"Gomez",slug:"britam-gomez",fullName:"Britam Gomez"},{id:"204729",title:"Mrs.",name:"Paulina",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"paulina-ortega",fullName:"Paulina Ortega"}]},{id:"55872",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69309",title:"Application of P300 Event-Related Potential in Brain-Computer Interface",slug:"application-of-p300-event-related-potential-in-brain-computer-interface",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"The primary purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate one of the applications of P300 event-related potential (ERP), i.e., brain-computer interface (BCI). Researchers and students will find the chapter appealing with a preliminary description of P300 ERP. This chapter also appreciates the importance and advantages of noninvasive ERP technique. In noninvasive BCI, the P300 ERPs are extracted from brain electrical activities [electroencephalogram (EEG)] as a signature of the underlying electrophysiological mechanism of brain responses to the external or internal changes and events. As the chapter proceeds, topics are covered on more relevant scholarly works about challenges and new directions in P300 BCI. Along with these, articles with the references on the advancement of this technique will be presented to ensure that the scholarly reviews are accessible to people who are new to this field. To enhance fundamental understanding, stimulation as well as signal processing methods will be discussed from some novel works with a comparison of the associated results. This chapter will meet the need for a concise and practical description of basic, as well as advanced P300 ERP techniques, which is suitable for a broad range of researchers extending from today’s novice to an experienced cognitive researcher.",book:{id:"5751",slug:"event-related-potentials-and-evoked-potentials",title:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials",fullTitle:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials"},signatures:"Ali Haider and Reza Fazel-Rezai",authors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"},{id:"197358",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"ali-haider",fullName:"Ali Haider"}]},{id:"30313",doi:"10.5772/35868",title:"The Unique Properties of the Prefrontal Cortex and Mental Illness",slug:"development-of-prefrontal-cortex-and-mental-illness",totalDownloads:3770,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"561",slug:"when-things-go-wrong-diseases-and-disorders-of-the-human-brain",title:"When Things Go Wrong",fullTitle:"When Things Go Wrong - Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain"},signatures:"Wen-Jun Gao, Huai-Xing Wang, Melissa A. Snyder and Yan-Chun Li",authors:[{id:"106188",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",slug:"wen-jun-gao",fullName:"Wen-Jun Gao"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"47512",title:"Occupational Therapy in Autism",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-autism",totalDownloads:6576,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4496",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorder-recent-advances",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorder",fullTitle:"Autism Spectrum Disorder - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Gonca Bumin, Meral Huri, Sinem Salar and Hulya Kayihan",authors:[{id:"32431",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonca",middleName:null,surname:"Bumin",slug:"gonca-bumin",fullName:"Gonca Bumin"},{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"},{id:"171526",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Salar",slug:"sinem-salar",fullName:"Sinem Salar"},{id:"172938",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayihan",slug:"hulya-kayihan",fullName:"Hulya Kayihan"}]},{id:"47713",title:"Implicit and Spontaneous Theory of Mind Reasoning in Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"implicit-and-spontaneous-theory-of-mind-reasoning-in-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:3017,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"4496",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorder-recent-advances",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorder",fullTitle:"Autism Spectrum Disorder - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Beate Sodian, Tobias Schuwerk and Susanne Kristen",authors:[{id:"171476",title:"Prof.",name:"Beate",middleName:null,surname:"Sodian",slug:"beate-sodian",fullName:"Beate Sodian"},{id:"172912",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Schuwerk",slug:"tobias-schuwerk",fullName:"Tobias Schuwerk"},{id:"172913",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanne",middleName:null,surname:"Kristen",slug:"susanne-kristen",fullName:"Susanne Kristen"}]},{id:"72599",title:"Cerebellum: Its Anatomy, Functions and Diseases",slug:"cerebellum-its-anatomy-functions-and-diseases",totalDownloads:949,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Cerebellum is the largest part of the hindbrain and weighs about 150 g. It is enshrined in posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and medulla oblongata and separated from these structures by cavity of fourth ventricle. It is connected to brainstem by three fibre tracts known as cerebellar peduncles. Cerebellum controls the same side of body. It precisely coordinates skilled voluntary movements by controlling strength, duration and force of contraction, so that they are smooth, balanced and accurate. It is also responsible for maintaining equilibrium, muscle tone and posture of the body. This is achieved through the use of somatic sensory information in modulating the motor output from the cerebrum and brainstem. Sherrington regarded cerebellum as the head ganglion of the proprioceptive system. Dysfunction of cerebellum along with degenerative diseases of cerebellum such as spinocerebellar ataxia, multiple sclerosis, malignant tumours, etc. may culminate into disequilibrium, hypotonia, difficulty in talking, sleeping, maintaining muscular coordination and dyssynergia which at times may be life threatening. Hence, knowledge of anatomy of cerebellum is imperative for neuroanatomists and neurosurgeons.",book:{id:"9157",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",fullTitle:"Neurodegenerative Diseases - Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches"},signatures:"Rajani Singh",authors:[{id:"319468",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"rajani-singh",fullName:"Rajani Singh"}]},{id:"55773",title:"Event-Related Potentials for the Study of Cognition",slug:"event-related-potentials-for-the-study-of-cognition",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Despite the vast literature on event-related potentials (ERPs), many clinical professionals are still unaware of the huge variety of possible applications they offer. The aim of this chapter is not to show the classical use of ERPs, focused on analyzing the first steps of information processing (sensory pathways). On the contrary, this chapter will be focused on the use of these ERPs in the assessment of cognitive function. In particular, this chapter is mainly focused on the use of ERPs to better understand the neural bases of cognitive impairment from the electrical activity of the brain. Describing all the possible ERP components and their cognitive meaning is a huge endeavor, and this chapter will only be focused on three of them: contingent negative variation (CNV), mismatch negativity (MMN), and P300. To improve the reader’s knowledge about these ERPs in cognition, a specific description will be given about the stimulation required to obtain the specific component, the topography, and latency shown. Moreover, a description of the neurophysiological bases of the component, its relationship with psychological processes and neural sources will be also included. Pathological alterations suffered by the component will also be briefly described.",book:{id:"5751",slug:"event-related-potentials-and-evoked-potentials",title:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials",fullTitle:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials"},signatures:"Manuel Vazquez-Marrufo",authors:[{id:"189375",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Vazquez-Marrufo",slug:"manuel-vazquez-marrufo",fullName:"Manuel Vazquez-Marrufo"}]},{id:"46092",title:"A Practical Guide to an fMRI Experiment",slug:"a-practical-guide-to-an-fmri-experiment",totalDownloads:3147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"4461",slug:"advanced-brain-neuroimaging-topics-in-health-and-disease-methods-and-applications",title:"Advanced Brain Neuroimaging Topics in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Advanced Brain Neuroimaging Topics in Health and Disease - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Nasser Kashou",authors:[{id:"77988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"H",surname:"Kashou",slug:"nasser-kashou",fullName:"Nasser Kashou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1059",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",abstract:"While the important role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been historically underappreciated, recently there has been a rapid proliferation of empirical, methodological and theoretical progress in our more detailed understanding of the ANS. Previous more simplistic models of the role of the ANS using the construct of homeostasis have been enhanced by the use of the construct of allostasis and a wide variety of technological innovations including wearable and implantable biosensors have led to improved understanding of both basic and applied knowledge. This chapter will explore in particular heart rate variability (HRV) as a rich variable which has developed an extensive literature, beginning with predicting all-cause mortality, but now encompassing a wide variety of disease and illness states; cognitive, affective and behavioral processes and performance optimization. A critical analysis of HRV from the perspective of complex adaptive systems and non-linear processes will be included and innovative future uses of HRV will be described.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Robert L. Drury"},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",abstract:"Many variables have been used as homeostatic level markers. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been frequently cited as an indicator of homeostatic status. Low levels of HRV are associated with aging, disease, or increased risk of death. We present a study based on more than 10.5 million data collected from the literature, associating the degree of global clinical impairment of individuals, with their respective HRV data, seeking to establish a classification of Homeostatic Levels. Three specific variables were evaluated: heart rate (HR), the root-mean-square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD) and the HF band (HF ms2). It was possible to detect significant differences between the 83,927 data from healthy individuals and the 382,039 data from individuals with significant homeostatic impairment. It was demonstrated that the RMSSD is very sensitive to the worst homeostatic state, presenting a behavior independent of age and that the values found in the general population do not match the values of apparently healthy individuals. An alphanumeric classification of the homeostatic level in a three-level architecture was proposed, with three stages for each level, which may be extremely useful in prognostic assessment and decision-making about individual people.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório"},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",abstract:"The heart has an intrinsic conduction system that consists of specialized cells. The heart receives extensive innervation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the ANS. The ANS influences most heart functions by affecting the SA node, AV node, myocardium, and small and large vessel walls. The sympathetic system carries an excitatory effect on heart functions. Conversely, the parasympathetic system has inhibitory effects on heart functions. ANS abnormalities in terms of anatomy and physiology can cause various heart abnormalities. ANS abnormalities associated with electrical abnormalities can cause a variety of heart manifestations. Besides electrical abnormalities, ANS also correlates with ischemic heart disease. Following electrical and ischemic instability, ANS also have direct effect on action potential duration restitution. By understanding the mechanism of influence of the anatomy and physiology of the ANS heart and its influence on various heart abnormalities, we can determine the appropriate therapeutic approaches. Therapeutic approaches in neurocardiology fall into two focuses: applying novel treatment and interaction of non-drug and multiple drugs treatments.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima"},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:45,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",abstract:"Speech is a complex process that requires the coordination of multiple structures of the phonatory system regulated by the central nervous system. Specifically, the larynx is the key point necessary for the vocal folds to come into contact to convert the air that comes out of our lungs into sound. Vocal emission involves the genesis of a precise and prolonged expiration that provides an adequate pressure/air flow component to generate a subglottic pressure compatible with vocalization. The starting point for voluntary vocal production is the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a common structure in mammals, although the specific location within the cortex differs in humans. LCM projects to the periaqueductal gray matter (PGM), which leads to pontomedullary structures to locate the generators of laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns, necessary for vocal emission. All these regions present a high expression of FOXP2 transcription factor, necessary for brain and lung development that is closely related to vocalization. These central structures have in common that not only convey cardiorespiratory responses to environmental stress but also support vocalization. At clinical level, recent studies show that central circuits responsible for vocalization present an overactivity in certain speech disorders such as spasmodic dysphonia due to laryngeal dystonia.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner"},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:70,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",abstract:"The chapter is devoted to the control and management of the autonomic nervous system during general anesthesia in neurosurgery. The brainstem and supratentorial cerebral centers of autonomic regulation are the most important structures for control and management during general anesthesia using pharmacological defense with α2-adrenergic agonists and opioid analgesics. We discuss the questions of the depth of anesthesia (BIS-monitoring) and antinociceptive defense, variability of heart rate (variational cardiointervalometry), hemodynamic monitoring during neurosurgical operation, intraoperative thermometry, the meaning of trigeminocardiac reflex and its classification in neurosurgery, perioperative events causing autonomic distress syndrome development and methods of its prophylaxis and treatment, pathomorphological signs of vegetative distress syndrome. Control of the neuromuscular block and photoplethysmography assessment of perfusion index (PI) as methods of the adequacy of general anesthesia and neurovegetative stability.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya"},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:72,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",abstract:"With the super-aging society, it is important to pay attention to the quality of life of older people so that they can face healthy aging. Lifestyle, particularly exercise, autonomic nervous system activities, and sleep status are factors that affect the quality of aging. This chapter explores how those three variables are related and what strategies can be employed to maintain and enhance these variables to prepare. (1) The combination of healthy lifestyles, adequate physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, moderate alcohol consumption, and nonsmoking were related to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. (2) For older people, being physically active is important to the improvement of their physical and mental functions and keeping them independent and mobile. The increasing HRV after exercise might be caused by increasing vagal tone and decreasing sympathetic activity. (3) To reach healthy aging, people should maintain the proper function of autonomic balance activities. This is important because slowing down the decline in sympathetic status might delay many geriatric complaints. (4) To achieve healthy aging, maintaining a healthy sleep is essential. Thus, the key to a lifestyle that facilitates healthy aging is a balance of regular physical exercise and adequate sleep, which mediates and is mediated by autonomic nervous system activity.",book:{id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg"},signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. 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After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/248532",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"248532"},fullPath:"/profiles/248532",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()