Meteorological station used and the period analyzed.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2569",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health",title:"Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"15 chapters on protein phosphorylation and human health written by expert scientists. Covers most important research hot points, such as Akt, AMPK and mTOR. Bridges the basic protein phosphorylation pathways with human health and diseases. Detailed and comprehensive text with excellent figure illustration.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0737-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5315-3",doi:"10.5772/2944",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"protein-phosphorylation-in-human-health",numberOfPages:480,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8c0b00cb583f566e77b3e553b1aa5920",bookSignature:"Cai Huang",publishedDate:"September 6th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2569.jpg",numberOfDownloads:51269,numberOfWosCitations:66,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:98,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:209,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 11th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 16th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,10",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"142646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cai",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"cai-huang",fullName:"Cai Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142646/images/3562_n.jpg",biography:"Cai Huang, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Markey Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, USA. His laboratory engages in elucidating the molecular mechanism of cancer cell migration and metastasis. He characterized multiple phosphorylation pathways and identified their role in cell migration. Currently his research is focusing on the role of protein kinases and E3 ubiquitin ligases in focal adhesion dynamics, cell migration and metastasis in cancer cells. Dr. Huang earned Ph.D. in Cell Biology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA. After graduating, he did his Postdoctoral training at the University of California-San Diego, USA. He joined the University of Kentucky as an assistant professor in 2010.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Kentucky",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"400",title:"Molecular Genetics",slug:"human-genetics-molecular-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"38801",title:"Protein Phosphorylation as a Key Mechanism of mTORC1/2 Signaling Pathways",doi:"10.5772/48274",slug:"protein-phosphorylation-as-a-key-mechanism-of-mtorc1-2-signaling-pathways",totalDownloads:5881,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elena Tchevkina and Andrey Komelkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38801",authors:[{id:"141424",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Tchevkina",slug:"elena-tchevkina",fullName:"Elena Tchevkina"},{id:"155478",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Komelkov",slug:"andrey-komelkov",fullName:"Andrey Komelkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"38808",title:"Sestrins Link Tumor Suppressors with the AMPK-TOR Signaling Network",doi:"10.5772/48554",slug:"sestrins-link-tumor-suppressors-with-the-ampk-tor-signaling-network",totalDownloads:3913,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrei V. 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\r\n\tMaintaining oral health is supposed to be a lifelong commitment. According to the World Health Organization, nearly 100% of the adult population has at least one cavity, and 20% suffer from severe gum disease. Proper oral hygiene habits such as brushing, flossing, and limited sugar intake will help to avoid oral health issues and costly dental procedures. Poor oral hygiene usually leads to dental cavities and gum disease, and it is linked to general health issues like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. The treatment, depending on the oral health issue, involves using different types of materials and techniques. All dental materials are supposed to be biocompatible, the other characteristics and properties being strongly dependent on their purpose. The range of modern dental materials is quite vast and in constant development. The techniques used are, nevertheless, being more complex, including lasers, microscopy, and 3D-bioprinting.
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Owner of the degree of doctor habilitates and was confirmed as Ph.D. coordinator in the field of dental medicine.',coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180569/images/system/180569.png",biography:"Prof. Lavinia Cosmina obtained her DDS from the DMD Faculty of Dental Medicine of the \\'Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara. She graduated with honors, with an average of 10 (out of 10 possible)\nIn 2000 Prof. Cosmina obtained her Ph.D. in Dental Medicine from the \\'Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara.\nHer current position is Professor - Head of Department at the \\'Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Technology of Dental Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine.\n\nProf. Cosmina acted as the president of the International Congress \\'Interdisciplinarity in Present Dental Medicine”, first edition, Timisoara, Romania, 2008 and \\'Timmedica” International Congress, 4th edition, Timisoara, Romania, 2011. 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Prosencephalon further divides into two secondary vesicles, the telencephalon that will form the cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon which gives rise to the diencephalon. Mesencephalon forms the midbrain, structure involved in the processes of vision and hearing. The hindbrain vesicle or rhombencephalon divides in metencephalon, which further forms the pons and the cerebellum and the myelencephalon that forms the medulla.
\nEmbryological concepts regarding the development of the hypothalamic region are over 100 years old. Since Herrick [1] first proposed the columnar model of the forebrain organization, the anatomical description was accepted
The columnar morphologic model is based on the division of the forebrain in functional longitudinal units, placing the telencephalon in the most rostral region and the diencephalon caudally, in between the telencephalon and the midbrain, while the hypothalamus if formed from the ventral most part of the diencephalic vesicle [2].
\nIn the last decades, mapping of the genes involved in hypothalamic development allowed the identification of a disparity between the morphological, classic boundaries of this region and the molecular ones. According to Puelles’ Prosomeric model [3], the initially proposed longitudinal axis of the brain is bent due to the first mesencephalic flexure of the embryo. This condition puts the diencephalon rostrally between the telencephalon cranially and the midbrain caudally and sets the hypothalamus independent from the diencephalon as a distinct posterior part of the forebrain [2, 3].
\nAn important role in hypothalamic development is assigned also to the presence of specific signaling centers (Wingless-Int protein family–Wnt, Hedgehogs family–Hh, and Bone morphogenetic family–FgF) that modulates cell proliferation and neurulation [4].
\nThe hypothalamus is a small, central region of the human brain formed by nervous fibers and a conglomerate of nuclear bodies with various functions. The hypothalamus is considered to be a link structure between the nervous and the endocrine system, its main function being to maintain the homeostasis of the body.
\nThe hypothalamus is located under the thalamus from which it is separated by the hypothalamic sulcus of Monro. The sulcus is located at the lateral wall of the third ventricle and extends anteroposteriorly from the interventricular foramen of Monro (that assures the communication between the third, diencephalic ventricle and the frontal horn of each lateral ventricle) up to the level of Sylvius cerebral aqueduct. The hypothalamus is limited anteriorly by the
Only on the inferior surface of the brain, the hypothalamus can be visualized from the optic chiasm and the anterior perforated substance anteriorly to the posterior cerebral peduncles of the midbrain and the mammillary bodies, dorsally (Figure 1). The mammillary bodies are small, round white-matter structures that belong to the limbic system. They are involved in memory due to their connections with the hippocampal region and also in maintaining the sense of direction [7]. The hypothalamus is limited laterally by the optic tracts in their direction toward the lateral geniculate bodies, an important relay of the optical pathway. Inside the delimited area on the exterior surface of the brain, a small prominence, called tuber cinereum or infundibulum connects the hypothalamus with the posterior lobe of the underneath pituitary gland. The pituitary or the hypophyseal gland is located at the base of the brain, in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica.
\nInferior surface of the brain with hypothalamic visualization at this level.
The pituitary gland is a three-lobe structure: anterior, posterior and intermediate lobe, with different embryological origin.
\nThe anterior lobe, pars anterior, or adenohypophysis is derived from the anterior wall of Rathke’s pouch, an ectodermal structure that also forms the primitive oral cavity and the pharynx [8]. The anterior gland contains a heterogeneous cellularity that synthesized and secreted hormones in the blood stream: the majority of the cells are somatotrope cells that produced the human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin hormone (STH), a peptide that promotes growth in childhood. The production of the somatotropic hormone is under the control of the hypothalamic growth-releasing hormone (GRH) produced by the arcuate nucleus. The next hormones produced in high quantity by the anterior gland of the hypophysis are the corticotrope ones (adrenocorticotropic hormone—ACTH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone—MSH, and beta-endorphins). This group of hormones is under the control of the hypothalamic corticotropin-relasing hormones (CRHs) derived from the paraventricular nuclei. In smaller percentages, the adenohypophysis has population of cells that produced thyrotropes, gonadotropes, and lactotropes. Thyrotropes respond to signals from the hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced in the paraventricular nuclei and further synthesize the hormone responsible for thyroid hormones production—thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Luteinizing hormones (LHs) and follicle stimulating hormones (FSHs) are secreted by gonadotrope cells of the gland under the influence of pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) produced in hypothalamus preoptic area. The secretion of prolactine (PRL) from the lactotropes is stimulated by hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and inhibited by the dopamine [9].
\nHypothalamic hormones reach the adenohypophysis through a vascular system. Hypothalamus exerts its effects over the anterior part of the gland through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, a special vascular system formed by fenestrated capillaries. The proximal vascular structure of the portal system is the anterior hypophyseal artery, branch from the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery [9]. Through it, hypothalamic hormones are transported to the primary plexus, located near the infundibulum of the hypothalamus. From this region, hormones are drained into the second vascular venous plexus of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system that surrounds the adenohypophysis [9]. This vascular system allows hormones to diffuse through the wall, inside of the gland. The hypophyseal vein further drains the blood into the venous sinuses of the dura mater and from here in the venous system of the body.
\nThe posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch forms the intermediate lobe of the gland [8]. It is absent or of small size in adults. In children, it is the part of the gland responsible for skin pigmentation through the secretion of the melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) or “intermedins” [9]. Pars intermedia also produces corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) [9].
\nThe posterior lobe of the gland, pars distalis or neurohypophysis derives from the neuroectoderm [9]. It is an inferior extension of the hypothalamus and is mainly from its neural fibers. The connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior lobe of the gland forms the infundibular stalk. Through this complex, hormones synthetized in the hypothalamus nuclei are transported and deposited in the posterior gland where they are stored in presynaptic vesicles and then released into the blood stream. The supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus are responsible for the secretion of antiduretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin, the hormone involved in maintaining the water balance in organism and thus in preventing dehydration. The paraventricular nuclei produce oxytocin, a hormone released during labor, in the presence of uterine contractions.
\nThe hypothalamus intervenes along with the pituitary gland the majority of the endocrine and metabolic functions of the body through a double-sense transport of hormones between the two structures.
\nThe hypothalamus is divided by the anterior horns of the fornix in a lateral, medial, and periventricular (median) region and by a coronal plane passing through the infundibulum in an anterior and posterior region. The anterior region is also referred to as the prechiasmatic region, due to its location above the chiasma optic, while the posterior region is called the mammillary region. The infundibular region is situated between the previous two regions.
\nFrom a structural point of view, the hypothalamus is formed by gray matter conglomeration of neurons that organize in nuclei and also by white-matter substance formed by myelinated nervous fibers.
\nThe anterior region of the hypothalamus is located above the optic chiasm and is referred to as the supraoptic area. It contains the following nucleus: supraoptic, preoptic and medial preoptic, the suprachiasmatic and the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, alongside with the paraventricular one (Figure 2). The supraoptic nucleus produces vasopressin or the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is responsible for blood pressure control and water balance of the organism. The preoptic region alongside with the anterior hypothalamic nucleus is involved in cooling (thermoregulation) of the body through the sweating process. The preoptic nucleus is also involved in the habit of eating and in reproduction while the medial preoptic region is involved in cardiovascular control as a response to stress [10]. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is situated above the optic chiasm and is involved in the circadian rhythm. The paraventricular nucleus (named after its location near the third diencephalic ventricle) represents an important autonomic center of the brain involved in stress and metabolism control [11].
\nSchematic representation of hypothalamic nuclei (sagittal section).
The central part as the hypothalamus is located above tuber cinereum and is named the tuberal area. It is composed of two parts, anterior and lateral, and contains the following nucleus: dorsomedial, ventromedial, paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate (Figure 2). The ventromedial area is involved in controlling the habits of eating and the feeling of satiety [12]. The arcuate or infundibular nucleus is responsible for orexigenic peptides secretion: ghrelin, orexin, or neuropeptide Y [11].
\nThe posterior region is formed by a medial and, respectively, lateral area. The medial region contains the mammillary nucleus alongside with the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, the supramammillary and the tuberomammillary ones. The nucleus of the lateral region contains the hypocretins (orexin) peptides that control feeding behavior, thermoregulation, gastrointestinal motility [13], and cardiovascular regulation and are also involved in sleep regulation [14]. Lesions of the lateral region lead to the refusal to feed or aphagia. The posterior part of the hypothalamus is involved overall in energy balance, blood pressure, memory, and learning. The posterior hypothalamic nucleus has a major role in controlling the body temperature [12]. The tuberomammillar nucleus is involved in memory due to their connection with the hippocampus and Papez memory circuit [9].
\nThe hypothalamus is a small region of the brain connected with numerous, various cerebral structures that allows it to intervene in many regulatory processes of the organism. It has an important role in the optimal, normal functioning of the body, and it controls the endocrine system, the metabolism, and it is involved in stress control and in other different actions that modulates a person’s behavior. More, the hypothalamus is involved in the homeostasis of the organism in terms of body temperature, blood pressure, fluid balance, and body weight.
\nThe connections of the hypothalamus are made with the following structures.
\nThe ascending reticular activating system represents a structure composed by neural fibers passing from the reticular formation of the midbrain, through the thalamus, reaching the cerebral cortex [15]. The system is responsible for concentration, attention, and for maintaining the awakening state. Through it, the reticular formation is connected with the hypothalamic nuclei: the lateral mammillary bodies [12], the tuberomammillar nuclei, and the periventricular ones. The periventricular nuclei receive information about the general visceral sensibility [16] while the two others mediate behavior and are involved in consciousness [17]. Information from the solitary tract nucleus passing from the reticular substance of the midbrain can also reach the hypothalamus. The nucleus of the solitary tract is connected with the hypothalamus through either the solitarohypothalamic tract or through colaterales from the solitariothalamic tract.
\nThe anterior hypothalamus has connections with the intralaminar nucleus and the nucleus of the median line. Recent studies described that lesions of the intraluminal group of nucleus can lead to Parkinson’s disease [18] or even schizophrenia [19]. The mammillothalamic fascicle of Vicq d’Azyr connects both the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei with the anterior part of the thalamus [20]; its destruction in case of a cerebral hemorrhage is associated with memory loss [17, 20].
\nThe amygdala represents a conglomerate of perykarions located in the temporal lobe. Efferent fibers from this region project directly to hypothalamus or neural fibers can detach from the amygdala-thalamic fascicle and reach the anterior hypothalamus [12]. It is involved in body’s response to fear and rewards but also in memory [21]. Direct connections of amygdala with the hypothalamus are either through the ventral amygdalofugal pathway or through the stria terminalis.
\nThe hippocampus is a curved-shaped cerebral structure located in the temporal lobe. It is formed by the dentate gyrus and different regions called Cornus Ammonis (CA): CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 [22]. CA1 and CA3 are connected with the infundibular and the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus [22].
\nAccording to a recent study [23] CA2 area lighted that also CA2 area, a small region in the hippocampus composed from pyramidal neurons, is involved in memory and learning through its connections with the supramammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus.
\nFibers from the olfactory bulb reach the periamigdalian region (the entorhinal and periamygdaloid cortex) and then the lateral hypothalamus through either the amigdalian or the accumbens nucleus [12].
\nVisual information from the retinal neuroepithelium through the lateral geniculate body of the mesencephalon and then the superior colliculus reach the suprachiasmatic and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and are involved in circadian rhythm [12]. The hypothalamus can receive direct fibers from the retina through a retinohypothalamic tract that reach the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The connections are involved in the circadian rhythm.
\nThere is a double sense connection between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus projects on the surface of the cortex diffuse, in a poorly defined area over the cortex and transmits information that maintain the cortical tonus while from the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, neural fibers projects over the hypothalamus and triggers visceral response according to the affective state (sweating in case of fear, intestinal manifestations in case of stress). Neural fibers from the lateral hypothalamus project in the prefrontal cortex while the frontal lobe also has efferent for all the hypothalamic regions [24]. Through these connections, the autonomic control is assured in the organism. More, from the paraorbital gyrus, fibers project into the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei.
\nAxons from the spinal cord can project in the hypothalamic region using the path of the spinohypothalamic tract. They carry out pain and temperature information. The hypothalamus exerts its effects within two projections: the spinothalamic tract reaching the lateral horn of the spinal cord of T1-L2 segments regulates the sympathetic autonomic response; the mammillotegmental tract and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus carry out information from the posterior region of the hypothalamus while the anterior one connects with the thalamus (mammillothalamic tract) and the above fornix.
\nThe hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing and in stress control. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland.
\nThermoregulation is the process that allows maintenance of the body’s temperature within normal ranges. In case of high body temperature, the hypothalamus responds through thermoregulatory heat loss behavior (either sweating or vasodilatation). If the body needs to be warm up, hypothalamus can determine heat production behavior (vasoconstriction, thermogenesis—heat production from muscles, brain or other organs, including the thyroid gland) [25].
\nThey are of the hypothalamus responsible for controlling this process is the anterior one, more specific the preoptic nucleus.
\nThe hypothalamus controls appetite and food intake through the ventromedial, dorsomedial, paraventricular, and lateral hypothalamus nucleus. The ventromedial nucleus is referred to as the appetite-suppressing or anorexigenic center. Destruction of this nucleus leads to hyperpolyphagia, obesity, and to an aggressive behavior.
\nContrary, the appetite-increasing or orexigenic center is considered to be the lateral hypothalamic nucleus that can lead to aphagia and cashexy in case of its destruction and to hyperphagia or polyphagia in case of its stimulation.
\nAppetite control is modulated by the leptin hormone released by the fatty cells that binds to specific hypothalamic receptors.
\nWater control in the living organism is assured by the hypothalamus through the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. In cases of blood volume loss and dehydration, the ADH hormone is secreted from the supraoptic nucleus–that have osmoreceptor cells–and released in the circulation. The peptide is directed toward the specific receptor from kidneys and decreases the urine production with subsequent water retention in the organism.
\nThe hypothalamus regulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The anterior region of the thalamus has an excitatory effect over the sympathetic system while the posterior and lateral ones have an excitatory effect over the parasympathetic system.
\nThe endocrine control is realized through the pituitary gland or the hypophysis situated below the tuberal region of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is connected with the posterior lobe of the gland through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. Along these fibers, the AHD and oxytocin hormones are transported into the neurohypophysis where they are stocked in vesicles.
\nHormones secretion in the body is regulated by the hypothalamus through the releasing and inhibitor factors: thyrotropin-releasing, gonadotropin-releasing, corticotrophin-releasing, somatostatin, and dopamine. These hormones are involved in the process of growth, in the reproduction, in the metabolism of the body, and also can assure the homeostasis of the body.
\nThe reproduction function of an organism is assured by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The gonadotropin-realizing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the anterior subdivision of the pituitary gland. Action of these two hormones on the gonads determines the estrogen and testosterone production.
\nBehavior in males and females is influenced as well by the sex steroids. The neurons in the preoptic are involved in the male sexual behavior while the ones from the tuberal regional exert their properties in females [26].
\nThe photosensible suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved, along with is connections with the pituitary gland, in the circadian rhythm. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives electro-chemical information from the stimulated retina. The circadian rhythm represents the endogenous clock of an organism that is involved in the well-being of the body due to keeping within normal limits the major functions.
\nDespite its reduced size, the hypothalamus represents an important, integrative region of the brain with complex functions and multiple connections with essential cerebral structures.
\nThere was a general increase in air temperature worldwide during the twentieth century, albeit with some differences between the hemispheres, corresponding to global warming. Global warming affects the hydrological cycle over land, resulting in observed changes to precipitation frequency, intensity, duration and amount [1, 2]. Although significant attention is paid to how changes in seasonal and annual precipitation sums affect ecosystems, relatively less is known about the ecological impacts of heavy rainfall events [3]. The evaluation of past trends of meteorological parameters at various spatial and temporal scales plays a crucial role in understanding climate change and its impact on food security, energy security, natural resource management, and sustainable development [4, 5]. Detailed analysis of rainfall trend is useful to rainfall forecasting, planning water resources development and management, designing water storage structures, irrigation practices and crop choices, drinking water supply, industrial development, and disaster management for current and future climatic conditions [6, 7].
The analysis of different global rainfall databases shows a change in an anomaly that was positive between 1950 and 1980 and became negative later [8]. While some studies show increasing rainfall, in other regions the evaluations show the opposite results. For instance, in Europe, the rain series show an increase in annual precipitation between 1940 and 1990 [9]. The climate of Italy, in turn, seems to be warmer and drier at the moment with a decrease in rainfall attributed to a reduction in the number of days of rain, as rainfall intensity shows a positive trend [10]. In different regions of South America somethings similar happens and has been studied by several authors. More recently [11] studied summer precipitation variability over Southeastern South America in a global warming scenario.
In central Argentina, the annual rainfall regime shows increasing rates from approximately the 1940s until the end of the century [12, 13, 14] with statistical and spectral analysis show that there is significant evidence that rainfall has increased in central Argentina since the 2nd half of the 20th century [15] analyzed breakpoints in annual rainfall trends in Córdoba, Argentina in the period 1930–2006, they observed from negative to positive in the 1950s in the north area of the region, while in the other areas the opposite change occurs in the 1970s. From the mid-1970s, a sharp increase in rainfall regime provided most of the area with a supply of moisture higher than previously reported [16, 17, 18, 19]. Recently results in changes annual rainfall in five sub-regions of the Argentine Pampa Region indicate that the Western Pampas are more vulnerable to abrupt changes than the Eastern Pampas [20]. While different indicators in central Argentina reflect a change for precipitation at some sites, the intensity and variability of rainfall show significant long-term trends [21]. The rainfall cycle hypothesis has been supported by recent studies showing an abrupt negative change in the water regime of Pampas Region in recent years [17, 18] as well as by studies linking changes in rainfall with regular or recurring oceanic indices [19, 20, 21].
A strong increase in agricultural activity in central of Argentina [22] is a possible cause that would explain the climate change. The central-north region of Entre Ríos (Argentina) had a strong fragmentation of the landscape due to deforestation [23]. These changes are environmentally and economically important, as they have a direct impact on hydrological and soil resources, as well as on the agricultural potential of the region. The central-north of Entre Ríos has a humid temperature climate, Cf in the Koppen-Geiger classification, as revised by [24]. In this way, the Pampa Region (where the province of Entre Rios is located) receives sea winds throughout the year, with a moisture gradient decreasing from east to west [20].
The statistical trend detection in climatic variables and precipitation time series is one of the interesting research areas in climatology and hydrology as it impacts spatial and temporal distribution of water availability across the globe [25]. The parametric or non-parametric method under statistical approach is used to detect if either a data of a given set follows a distribution or has a trend on a fixed level of significance. Various non-parametric tests, including Mann-Kendall test and Pettit’s test, are widely used to detect trend and change point in historical series of climatic and hydrological variables [26, 27, 28]. To understand the magnitude of trends many techniques have been proposed in the past, including t-tests [29, 30], Mann–Whitney and Pettitt’s tests [31] and standard normal homogeneity test [32, 33].
The aim of this work was to evaluate the long-term changes in the intensity of rainfall in the central-north region of Entre Ríos between 1945 and 2019, based only on daily precipitation records aggregated at yearly, monthly and seasonal levels. In more specific terms, the quality of the rainfall series is first analyzed in terms of its homogeneity to assess the reliability of the meteorological information used. Secondly, the existence of a trend in the indicators of the intensity and variability of rainfall is evaluated during a period showing a generalized increase in atmospheric temperature. Finally, the occurrence of a breakpoint that expresses a long-term trend change in the annual rainfall series in the region is assessed.
We used monthly rainfall data for the period 1945–2019 from 6 localities (Figure 1 and Table 1) in the southern of department La Paz (Province of Entre Rios, Argentina): Hasenkamp (HAS), Las Garzas (LGA), Alcaraz Norte (ALN), Bovril (BOV), Hernandarias (HER), El Solar (ELS). This data were collected with conventional rain gauges, from the official records of Hydraulic Directorate (Direccion Hidraulica de Entre Rios, in spanish) and Cereal Bag (Bolsa de Cereales de Entre Rios, in spanish) of the Province of Entre Rios.
Location map of southern of department La Paz (province of Entre Rios, Argentina) with localities analyzed.
Meteorological station | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (m a.s.l) | Period and Entirety (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hasenkamp | HAS | 31°30′32.94”S | 59°50′9.37”W | 88 | 1945–2019 (93.8%) |
Las Garzas | LGA | 31°25′43.54”S | 59°44′36.09”W | 82 | 1945–2019 (100%) |
Alcaraz Norte | ALN | 31°19′37.49”S | 59°45′15.88”W | 68 | 1945–2019 (98.3%) |
Bovril | BOV | 31°20′26.89”S | 59°26′30.97”W | 79 | 1945–2019 (94.5%) |
Hernandarias | HER | 31°13′51.34”S | 59°59′10.35”W | 52 | 1945–2019 (96.5%) |
El Solar | ELS | 31°10′32.96”S | 59°43′56.73”W | 50 | 1945–2019 (99.2%) |
Meteorological station used and the period analyzed.
The data from the 6 locations was subjected to a process of quality control for possible errors. All data above the third quartile plus three times the interquartile range and located more than five standard deviations from the mean was treated as outliers. These outliers were then contrasted climatographically with readings from nearby stations. If the same reading was labeled as out of range for more than two seasons, the value was correct. Months classed as outliers and those without data were treated as gaps. Both types of gaps were filled but no missing data was completed if there were more than three gaps in one year.
Stations with missing data techniques linear regression were used. The filling of missing data by the linear regression technique consisted in using data from neighboring stations that presented coefficients of significant linear correlations with the station to be used in the study [34, 35],
where
After the treatment of the time series, the monthly values of all rainfall stations were grouped into scales, according to the following definitions: a) autumn (March, April, and May), b) winter (June, July, and August), c) spring (September, October, and November), and d) summer (December, January, and February). For selecting the change point for a particular parameter, the method presented below has been used [37]: a) no change point or homogeneous (HG), series may be considered as homogeneous, if no or one test out of four tests rejects the null hypothesis at 5% significant level; b) doubtful series (DF), series may be considered as inhomogeneous and critically evaluated before further analysis if two out of four tests reject the null hypothesis at 5% significant level; and c) change point or inhomogeneous (CP) when series may has change point or be inhomogeneous in nature, if more than two tests reject the null hypothesis at 5% significant level.
Homogeneity testing is very crucial in climatological studies to represent the real variations in weather and climate. Inhomogeneity occurs in climate data due to several reasons including instrumentation error, changes in the adjacent areas of the instrument, and mishandling of the human. If the homogeneity is not tested prior to trend analysis, the results will indicate erroneous trends. In this study, the absolute homogeneity tests were performed on individual station records and calculating the ratio of observed series to the reference series. Four widely used statistical tests mentioned below were applied to the data to test for homogeneity. All the following four tests used in this study assume the null hypothesis of data being homogeneous. The change point detection is an important aspect to assess the period from where significant change has occurred in a time series. Pettitt’s test, von Neumann ratio test, Buishand range test and standard normal homogeneity tests have been applied for change point detection in climatic series. The details of various change point tests applied in the study are presented here.
The Pettitt’s test for change detection, developed by [38], is a non-parametric test, which is useful for evaluating the occurrence of abrupt changes in climatic records [39, 40] because its sensitivity. According to Pettitt’s test, if
The test statistic
When
The test statistic
Number of observation | Critical values for test statistic at different significance level | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pettit Test | SNHT | Buishand Range test | Von Neumann Ratio Test | |||||
1% | 5% | 1% | 5% | 1% | 5% | 1% | 5% | |
50 | 293 | 235 | 11.38 | 8.45 | 1.78 | 1.55 | 1.36 | 1.54 |
70 | 488 | 393 | 11.89 | 8.80 | 1.81 | 1.59 | 1.45 | 1.61 |
100 | 841 | 677 | 12.32 | 9.15 | 1.86 | 1.62 | 1.54 | 1.67 |
Critical values of test statistics for different change point detections tests.
The von Neumann ratio test has been described by [41, 42] and others. The test statistics for change point detection in a series of observations
According to this test, if the sample or series is homogeneous, then the expected value
The adjusted partial sum (
A series may be homogeneous without any change point if
The computed value of
The test statistic (
where,
All the trend tests in this section assume the null hypothesis of no trend and the alternative hypothesis of monotonic increasing or decreasing trend existence. When the time series are serially independent, the Mann–Kendall test [43, 44] and Spearman’s Rho test [45, 46] were applied to test for trends. The magnitude of the trend was estimated using Sen’s slope method [47]. Always suggested to apply various statistical tests to analyze the trends in serially correlated data.
The Mann–Kendall test is a nonparametric test for monotonic trend detection. It does not assume the data to be normally distributed and is flexible to outliers in the data. The test assumes a null hypothesis,
where
Statistics
where
To test for a monotonic trend at an α significance level, the alternate hypothesis of trend is accepted if the absolute value of standardized test statistic Z is greater than the
The Spearman’s rho test is a non-parametric widely used for studying populations that take on a ranked order. If there is no trend and all observations are independent, then all rank orderings are equally likely. In this test, the difference between order and rank (
Tables 3–8 show the results of the statistical analyzes carried out to know the point of change in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall in each locality. A marked variability was observed in the months that changed significantly between the localities, fundamentally from January to May, even though the proximity between them does not exceed 40 km. This means, a priori and in subjective terms, that the climatic changes reported worldwide have a direct influence on a microspatial scale, as well as on the temporal window. However, in the region there was no heterogeneity in the breaking point between the localities evaluated for the months of November and December during the study period analyzed.
Period | Standard Normal Homogeneity Test | Pettitt’s test | Buishand Range test | von Neumann’s test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | k | U* | k | R/sqrt(n) | p | k | Statistic | ||||||||
JAN | 13.94 | 0.003 | ** | 2018 | 241 | 0.885 | ns | 1958 | 1.047 | 0.591 | ns | 1958 | 1.374 | 0.170 | ns |
FEB | 7.55 | 0.104 | ns | 1976 | 504 | 0.057 | ** | 1976 | 1.513 | 0.082 | *** | 1976 | −0.373 | 0.795 | ns |
MAR | 4.44 | 0.427 | ns | 1949 | 218 | 1.026 | ns | 1990 | 0.713 | 0.969 | ns | 2007 | 0.704 | 0.482 | ns |
APR | 5.23 | 0.309 | ns | 1978 | 500 | 0.060 | ** | 1978 | 1.233 | 0.319 | ns | 1978 | −0.457 | 0.648 | ns |
MAY | 15.32 | 0.002 | ** | 2009 | 448 | 0.120 | ns | 1980 | 1.565 | 0.061 | *** | 1980 | 0.311 | 0.756 | ns |
JUN | 2.42 | 0.843 | ns | 2006 | 316 | 0.493 | ns | 1986 | 0.844 | 0.871 | ns | 1974 | −1.098 | 0.272 | ns |
JUL | 1.59 | 0.968 | ns | 1968 | 238 | 0.903 | ns | 1987 | 0.876 | 0.833 | ns | 1968 | −0.589 | 0.556 | ns |
AUG | 11.01 | 0.018 | ** | 2014 | 198 | 1.154 | ns | 2014 | 0.873 | 0.845 | ns | 2014 | 1.208 | 0.227 | ns |
SEP | 1.77 | 0.949 | ns | 1988 | 257 | 0.792 | ns | 1988 | 1.036 | 0.608 | ns | 1985 | −0.039 | 0.969 | ns |
OCT | 3.49 | 0.613 | ns | 1955 | 526 | 0.041 | ** | 1982 | 0.953 | 0.737 | ns | 1983 | −1.414 | 0.157 | ns |
NOV | 13.17 | 0.005 | ** | 1976 | 740 | 0.001 | ** | 1976 | 1.964 | 0.003 | ** | 1976 | −1.993 | 0.046 | ** |
DEC | 8.73 | 0.056 | * | 1988 | 494 | 0.065 | ** | 1986 | 1.455 | 0.116 | ns | 1988 | −0.116 | 0.908 | ns |
Summer | 10.78 | 0.020 | * | 1976 | 564 | 0.023 | ** | 1976 | 1.624 | 0.044 | * | 1976 | −0.592 | 0.554 | ns |
Autumn | 6.37 | 0.186 | ns | 1997 | 465 | 0.096 | ns | 1974 | 1.348 | 0.196 | ns | 1974 | 1.519 | 0.129 | ns |
Winter | 2.74 | 0.775 | ns | 2016 | 172 | 1.320 | ns | 1986 | 0.896 | 0.814 | ns | 1986 | −0.219 | 0.826 | ns |
Spring | 4.40 | 0.438 | ns | 1977 | 520 | 0.045 | ** | 1977 | 1.106 | 0.498 | ns | 1977 | −0.404 | 0.686 | ns |
Annual | 12.92 | 0.006 | ** | 1977 | 668 | 0.004 | ** | 1976 | 1.784 | 0.016 | * | 1977 | −0.959 | 0.338 | ns |
Results of change point analysis with all test used in Las Garzas location.
References: k: year to shift, sig: * 0.05%, ** 0.01%, *** 0,1%, ns: no signification.
Period | Standard Normal Homogeneity Test | Pettitt’s test | Buishand Range test | von Neumann’s test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | k | U* | k | R/sqrt(n) | p | k | Statistic | ||||||||
JAN | 16.42 | 0.000 | ** | 2018 | 192 | 1.192 | ns | 1959 | 1.009 | 0.646 | ns | 1994 | 1.121 | 0.262 | ns |
FEB | 5.42 | 0.282 | ns | 2006 | 416 | 0.176 | ns | 2002 | 1.208 | 0.349 | ns | 1980 | 0.709 | 0.478 | ns |
MAR | 4.11 | 0.487 | ns | 2019 | 221 | 1.008 | ns | 1993 | 0.633 | 0.993 | ns | 2007 | 2.081 | 0.037 | * |
APR | 5.07 | 0.333 | ns | 2015 | 524 | 0.042 | ** | 1978 | 0.965 | 0.713 | ns | 1978 | −0.526 | 0.599 | ns |
MAY | 10.37 | 0.002 | ** | 2017 | 460 | 0.103 | ns | 1973 | 1.452 | 0.119 | ns | 1982 | 0.849 | 0.396 | ns |
JUN | 3.11 | 0.695 | ns | 2006 | 320 | 0.475 | ns | 1986 | 1.059 | 0.572 | ns | 1975 | −1.320 | 0.187 | ns |
JUL | 1.74 | 0.949 | ns | 1948 | 357 | 0.334 | ns | 1988 | 0.903 | 0.805 | ns | 1987 | −0.568 | 0.570 | ns |
AUG | 10.54 | 0.020 | ** | 2014 | 172 | 1.320 | ns | 2014 | 0.868 | 0.847 | ns | 2014 | 0.682 | 0.495 | ns |
SEP | 2.08 | 0.901 | ns | 1988 | 267 | 0.730 | ns | 2006 | 1.036 | 0.610 | ns | 1988 | 0.365 | 0.715 | ns |
OCT | 2.85 | 0.754 | ns | 2010 | 331 | 0.430 | ns | 1999 | 1.273 | 0.269 | ns | 2000 | −0.135 | 0.892 | ns |
NOV | 14.39 | 0.003 | ** | 1976 | 718 | 0.001 | ** | 1976 | 2.098 | 0.001 | ** | 1976 | −1.983 | 0.047 | * |
DEC | 7.65 | 0.101 | ns | 1976 | 453 | 0.112 | ns | 1976 | 1.368 | 0.179 | ns | 1976 | −1.802 | 0.072 | *** |
Summer | 8.85 | 0.532 | * | 2004 | 518 | 0.046 | ** | 1976 | 1.464 | 0.110 | ns | 1976 | −0.357 | 0.721 | ns |
Autumn | 4.73 | 0.386 | ns | 1979 | 391 | 0.234 | ns | 1979 | 1.143 | 0.442 | ns | 1979 | 1.833 | 0.067 | *** |
Winter | 2.92 | 0.732 | ns | 1948 | 200 | 1.141 | ns | 1955 | 0.880 | 0.831 | ns | 1955 | −1.339 | 0.181 | ns |
Spring | 6.93 | 0.143 | ns | 2010 | 400 | 0.212 | ns | 1977 | 1.049 | 0.591 | ns | 1999 | −0.273 | 0.785 | ns |
Annual | 10.05 | 0.003 | ** | 1977 | 582 | 0.017 | ** | 1977 | 1.574 | 0.057 | * | 1977 | −0.373 | 0.709 | ns |
Results of change point analysis with all test used in Alcaraz Norte location.
References: k: year to shift, sig: * 0.05%, ** 0.01%, *** 0,1%, ns: no signification.
Period | Standard Normal Homogeneity Test | Pettitt’s test | Buishand Range test | von Neumann’s test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | k | U* | k | R/sqrt(n) | p | k | Statistic | ||||||||
JAN | 11.30 | 0.015 | ** | 2016 | 199 | 1.147 | ns | 1958 | 0.958 | 0.721 | ns | 1958 | 2.039 | 0.041 | ** |
FEB | 7.17 | 0.125 | ns | 2009 | 477 | 0.082 | *** | 1999 | 1.291 | 0.248 | ns | 1980 | −0.577 | 0.564 | ns |
MAR | 3.80 | 0.547 | ns | 1949 | 199 | 1.147 | ns | 1980 | 0.721 | 0.968 | ns | 1949 | 2.246 | 0.025 | * |
APR | 3.56 | 0.595 | ns | 1998 | 442 | 0.128 | ** | 1978 | 1.138 | 0.447 | ns | 1978 | −1.101 | 0.271 | ns |
MAY | 10.85 | 0.019 | ** | 2017 | 392 | 0.231 | ns | 1979 | 1.195 | 0.366 | ns | 1979 | 0.061 | 0.952 | ns |
JUN | 2.66 | 0.792 | ns | 2006 | 253 | 0.815 | ns | 2006 | 0.959 | 0.723 | ns | 1973 | −1.321 | 0.186 | ns |
JUL | 4.19 | 0.468 | ns | 1978 | 400 | 0.212 | ns | 1987 | 1.265 | 0.283 | ns | 1978 | −0.339 | 0.735 | ns |
AUG | 12.68 | 0.006 | ** | 2014 | 248 | 0.844 | ns | 1982 | 0.927 | 0.765 | ns | 2013 | 1.756 | 0.079 | *** |
SEP | 2.27 | 0.868 | ns | 1956 | 358 | 0.331 | ns | 1985 | 1.192 | 0.366 | ns | 1985 | −0.926 | 0.354 | ns |
OCT | 3.19 | 0.678 | ns | 1989 | 447 | 0.121 | ns | 1983 | 1.253 | 0.291 | ns | 1989 | −1.270 | 0.204 | ns |
NOV | 9.08 | 0.051 | ** | 1992 | 586 | 0.015 | ** | 1992 | 1.592 | 0.051 | ** | 1977 | −1.745 | 0.081 | *** |
DEC | 8.09 | 0.080 | *** | 1989 | 496 | 0.063 | *** | 1989 | 1.394 | 0.155 | ns | 1989 | −0.765 | 0.444 | ns |
Summer | 7.58 | 0.103 | * | 2008 | 516 | 0.048 | ** | 1995 | 1.236 | 0.319 | ns | 1989 | −0.248 | 0.808 | ns |
Autumn | 4.04 | 0.510 | ns | 1997 | 452 | 0.114 | ns | 1989 | 1.040 | 0.596 | ns | 1989 | 0.275 | 0.784 | ns |
Winter | 3.08 | 0.711 | ns | 1968 | 234 | 0.927 | ns | 1968 | 1.250 | 0.302 | ns | 1970 | −0.259 | 0.796 | ns |
Spring | 5.61 | 0.258 | ns | 1999 | 480 | 0.079 | *** | 1992 | 1.305 | 0.232 | ns | 1922 | −1.277 | 0.202 | ns |
Annual | 10.24 | 0.026 | ** | 1999 | 598 | 0.013 | ** | 1997 | 1.453 | 0.118 | ns | 1997 | −0.766 | 0.443 | ns |
Results of change point analysis with all test used in Bovril location.
References: k: year to shift, sig: * 0.05%, ** 0.01%, *** 0,1%, ns: no signification.
Period | Standard Normal Homogeneity Test | Pettitt’s test | Buishand Range test | von Neumann’s test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | k | U* | k | R/sqrt(n) | p | k | Statistic | ||||||||
JAN | 11.12 | 0.015 | ** | 2018 | 254 | 0.809 | ns | 1961 | 1.085 | 0.532 | ns | 1958 | 1.501 | 0.133 | ns |
FEB | 6.49 | 0.176 | ns | 1976 | 466 | 0.095 | ns | 1976 | 1.422 | 0.138 | ns | 1976 | −0.291 | 0.771 | ns |
MAR | 3.77 | 0.559 | ns | 2014 | 273 | 0.703 | ns | 1980 | 0.846 | 0.875 | ns | 2007 | 1.047 | 0.295 | ns |
APR | 5.16 | 0.319 | ns | 1980 | 481 | 0.078 | *** | 1978 | 1.302 | 0.237 | ns | 1980 | −0.112 | 0.911 | ns |
MAY | 14.09 | 0.003 | ** | 2012 | 318 | 0.484 | ns | 1973 | 1.154 | 0.421 | ns | 2009 | 0.180 | 0.858 | ns |
JUN | 2.55 | 0.815 | ns | 2006 | 416 | 0.176 | ns | 1982 | 0.939 | 0.750 | ns | 1982 | −0.378 | 0.705 | ns |
JUL | 1.34 | 0.985 | ns | 1958 | 195 | 1.173 | ns | 1988 | 0.984 | 0.692 | ns | 1968 | 0.160 | 0.873 | ns |
AUG | 9.86 | 0.037 | * | 2014 | 177 | 1.288 | ns | 2014 | 0.841 | 0.877 | ns | 2014 | 1.410 | 0.159 | ns |
SEP | 1.68 | 0.955 | ns | 1985 | 220 | 1.014 | ns | 1988 | 0.945 | 0.746 | ns | 1985 | 0.190 | 0.849 | ns |
OCT | 3.90 | 0.537 | ns | 1988 | 504 | 0.057 | *** | 1988 | 1.023 | 0.623 | ns | 1988 | −1.550 | 0.121 | ns |
NOV | 8.98 | 0.049 | * | 1975 | 581 | 0.018 | ** | 1975 | 1.710 | 0.024 | * | 1976 | −1.842 | 0.065 | * |
DEC | 7.58 | 0.102 | ns | 2001 | 403 | 0.205 | ns | 1986 | 1.353 | 0.197 | ns | 1988 | 0.281 | 0.779 | ns |
Summer | 7.74 | 0.098 | *** | 2004 | 492 | 0.067 | * | 1995 | 1.252 | 0.295 | ns | 1980 | 0.302 | 0.763 | ns |
Autumn | 5.24 | 0.309 | ns | 1969 | 435 | 0.141 | ns | 1969 | 1.162 | 0.412 | ns | 1969 | 0.943 | 0.346 | ns |
Winter | 2.21 | 0.880 | ns | 2016 | 177 | 1.289 | ns | 1986 | 0.901 | 0.808 | ns | 1986 | −0.193 | 0.847 | ns |
Spring | 4.18 | 0.480 | ns | 1955 | 468 | 0.092 | *** | 1988 | 1.001 | 0.664 | ns | 1976 | −0.874 | 0.382 | ns |
Annual | 12.83 | 0.006 | ** | 1997 | 652 | 0.005 | ** | 1997 | 1.635 | 0.041 | * | 1997 | −1.063 | 0.288 | ns |
Results of change point analysis with all test used in Hasenkamp location.
References: k: year to shift, sig: * 0.05%, ** 0.01%, *** 0,1%, ns: no signification.
Period | Standard Normal Homogeneity Test | Pettitt’s test | Buishand Range test | von Neumann’s test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | k | U* | k | R/sqrt(n) | p | k | Statistic | ||||||||
JAN | 19.16 | 0.000 | ** | 2018 | 214 | 1.052 | ns | 2006 | 1.148 | 0.440 | ns | 2006 | 0.643 | 0.520 | ns |
FEB | 9.30 | 0.044 | * | 2009 | 401 | 0.209 | ns | 2004 | 1.200 | 0.368 | ns | 2004 | −0.187 | 0.852 | ns |
MAR | 3.85 | 0.539 | ns | 1949 | 190 | 1.205 | ns | 1949 | 0.851 | 0.866 | ns | 2007 | 0.688 | 0.491 | ns |
APR | 8.29 | 0.071 | *** | 1980 | 610 | 0.011 | ** | 1978 | 1.501 | 0.087 | *** | 1980 | −0.832 | 0.405 | ns |
MAY | 12.21 | 0.010 | ** | 2017 | 418 | 0.172 | ns | 1973 | 1.279 | 0.264 | ns | 1973 | 0.895 | 0.371 | ns |
JUN | 2.49 | 0.827 | ns | 2006 | 255 | 0.803 | ns | 2006 | 1.036 | 0.612 | ns | 2006 | −1.626 | 0.104 | ns |
JUL | 2.89 | 0.738 | ns | 2002 | 291 | 0.609 | ns | 1987 | 1.045 | 0.596 | ns | 2002 | −0.234 | 0.815 | ns |
AUG | 13.44 | 0.004 | ** | 2014 | 234 | 0.927 | ns | 1984 | 1.096 | 0.509 | ns | 1999 | 0.561 | 0.575 | ns |
SEP | 2.36 | 0.853 | ns | 1986 | 295 | 0.590 | ns | 1988 | 1.097 | 0.509 | ns | 1986 | −1.232 | 0.218 | ns |
OCT | 3.98 | 0.516 | ns | 2000 | 422 | 0.164 | ns | 1982 | 1.179 | 0.387 | ns | 2000 | −0.719 | 0.472 | ns |
NOV | 8.75 | 0.059 | * | 1985 | 560 | 0.025 | * | 1985 | 1.657 | 0.034 | * | 1985 | −1.415 | 0.157 | ns |
DEC | 15.81 | 0.001 | ** | 1989 | 689 | 0.003 | ** | 1989 | 1.948 | 0.004 | ** | 1989 | −1.264 | 0.206 | ns |
Summer | 15.53 | 0.001 | ** | 2004 | 528 | 0.040 | * | 1995 | 1.636 | 0.042 | * | 2004 | −0.684 | 0.494 | ns |
Autumn | 8.14 | 0.081 | *** | 1979 | 568 | 0.022 | * | 1979 | 1.453 | 0.114 | ns | 1979 | 0.138 | 0.890 | ns |
Winter | 2.65 | 0.794 | ns | 1997 | 249 | 0.838 | ns | 1997 | 0.977 | 0.699 | ns | 1997 | −0.841 | 0.400 | ns |
Spring | 5.89 | 0.232 | ns | 1999 | 481 | 0.078 | ns | 1982 | 1.198 | 0.356 | ns | 1983 | 0.204 | 0.839 | ns |
Annual | 18.45 | 0.000 | ** | 1999 | 767 | 0.001 | ** | 1982 | 1.976 | 0.002 | ** | 1982 | −2.087 | 0.037 | * |
Results of change point analysis with all test used in El solar location.
References: k: year to shift, sig: * 0.05%, ** 0.01%, *** 0,1%, ns: no signification.
Period | Standard Normal Homogeneity Test | Pettitt’s test | Buishand Range test | von Neumann’s test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | k | U* | k | R/sqrt(n) | p | k | Statistic | ||||||||
JAN | 23.28 | 0.001 | ** | 2018 | 186 | 1.231 | ns | 1985 | 1.036 | 0.604 | ns | 2018 | 0.577 | 0.564 | ns |
FEB | 7.11 | 0.129 | ns | 2009 | 326 | 0.450 | ns | 2004 | 1.101 | 0.506 | ns | 2006 | −0.253 | 0.800 | ns |
MAR | 4.03 | 0.505 | ns | 1949 | 198 | 1.154 | ns | 1949 | 0.943 | 0.739 | ns | 1949 | 1.060 | 0.289 | ns |
APR | 8.36 | 0.071 | *** | 1978 | 614 | 0.010 | ** | 1978 | 1.474 | 0.103 | ns | 1978 | −1.744 | 0.081 | *** |
MAY | 13.67 | 0.004 | ** | 2017 | 488 | 0.071 | *** | 1973 | 1.421 | 0.136 | ns | 1980 | −0.274 | 0.784 | ns |
JUN | 2.75 | 0.773 | ns | 2006 | 341 | 0.391 | ns | 1986 | 0.914 | 0.776 | ns | 1974 | −1.571 | 0.116 | ns |
JUL | 2.18 | 0.086 | *** | 1948 | 331 | 0.430 | ns | 1988 | 1.024 | 0.624 | ns | 1988 | −0.425 | 0.671 | ns |
AUG | 9.98 | 0.028 | * | 2014 | 241 | 0.885 | ns | 1966 | 0.900 | 0.804 | ns | 1966 | 0.447 | 0.655 | ns |
SEP | 1.24 | 0.989 | ns | 1988 | 307 | 0.533 | ns | 1999 | 0.982 | 0.683 | ns | 1988 | −1.191 | 0.234 | ns |
OCT | 4.58 | 0.407 | ns | 1983 | 527 | 0.041 | * | 1982 | 1.343 | 0.201 | ns | 1983 | −1.700 | 0.089 | *** |
NOV | 13.09 | 0.004 | ** | 1977 | 712 | 0.002 | ** | 1977 | 2.001 | 0.002 | ** | 1977 | −2.878 | 0.004 | ** |
DEC | 10.00 | 0.030 | * | 1996 | 525 | 0.042 | * | 1989 | 1.542 | 0.068 | *** | 1989 | −0.550 | 0.583 | ns |
Summer | 10.85 | 0.018 | * | 2018 | 408 | 0.193 | ns | 1995 | 1.193 | 0.377 | ns | 1975 | 0.212 | 0.832 | ns |
Autumn | 9.16 | 0.048 | * | 1985 | 629 | 0.008 | ** | 1985 | 1.535 | 0.073 | *** | 1985 | −0.357 | 0.721 | ns |
Winter | 2.61 | 0.803 | ns | 1948 | 219 | 1.020 | ns | 1992 | 0.870 | 0.842 | ns | 1992 | 0.009 | 0.993 | ns |
Spring | 7.36 | 0.117 | ns | 1999 | 562 | 0.024 | * | 1977 | 1.384 | 0.165 | ns | 1977 | −1.459 | 0.145 | ns |
Annual | 13.77 | 0.004 | ** | 1999 | 636 | 0.007 | ** | 1989 | 1.699 | 0.024 | * | 1977 | −1.476 | 0.140 | ns |
Results of change point analysis with all test used in Hernandarias location.
References: k: year to shift, sig: * 0.05%, ** 0.01%, *** 0,1%, ns: no signification.
In relation to the statistical tests used, it is possible to conclude that the Von Neumman’s test is more robust when establishing the heterogeneity of the time series, while the Standard Normal Homogeneity test a priori would require less demand from the variability of the time series. to set a breaking point. Based on the results of the SNH Test, it is observed that the month of May presents marked heterogeneity in all localities, but the year that defines the point of change differs significantly. When comparing and analyzing all the tests for each period of time, only Las Garzas and Hernandarias present a significant, but doubtful point of change in the year that followed.
In seasonal analysis, summer is the season of the year that presented marked heterogeneity in the time series in all localities. The year of break point was different by location. However, El Solar and Hernandarias presented significant modifications in the heterogeneity of the time series with breaking points during the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. Both locations are adjacent to the Middle Paraná River, a situation that could be influenced by local atmospheric conditions [48]. There is even greater concern today about the future of rivers worldwide due to a multitude of stressors that impact running waters including climate change [49]. We draw on the growing literature related to climate change to illustrate potential impacts rivers may experience and management options for protecting riverine ecosystems and the goods and services they provide. Regional patterns in precipitation and temperature are predicted to change and these changes have the potential to alter natural flow regimes. One of the key ways in which climate change or other stressors affect river ecosystems is by causing changes in river flow. Rivers vary geographically with respect to their natural flow regime and this variation is critical to the ecological integrity and health of streams and rivers and thus a great deal has been written on the topic [50, 51]. The ecological consequences and the required management responses for any given river will depend not only on the direct impacts of increased temperature. Otherwise how extensively the magnitude, frequency, timing, and duration of runoff events change relative to the historical and recent flow regime for that river, and how adaptable the aquatic and riparian species are to different degrees of alteration.
The results resume depicting the homogeneity state of different series have been presented in Table 9 (See Supplementary Appendix with results of Test’s trend). The change point analysis on long-term series in all localities has indicated that a significant change point in the annual rainfall. The breaking point occurred in 1977 for the LGA, ALC and HER locations; year 1997 for BOV and HAS; and 1982 for the ELS locality. Figure 2 shows the average annual precipitation of all the localities evaluated in each year for the region, as well as the historical annual during the period. On the other hand, since the breaking point occurred in 1977 for most of the localities, it was established that the average annual rainfall in the region prior to that date was 946 mm, while after the same 1150 mm, equivalent to 21.5% higher than the 1945–1977 average and 8.5% higher according to the historical average 1945–2019. In addition, an important piece of information results from the linear model that made it possible to establish that the region’s average rainfall increased 4.9 mm per year from 1945 to 2019.
Period | LGA | ALN | BOV | HAS | ELS | HER | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | a | b | c | a | b | c | a | b | c | a | b | c | a | b | c | |
JAN | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | DF | 2016 | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
FEB | DF | 1976 | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
MAR | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
APR | HG | — | ¿? | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | CP | 1978 1980 | ↑ | CP | 1978 | ↑ |
MAY | DF | 1980 2009 | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ↑ | DF | 1973 2017 | ↑ |
JUN | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
JUL | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
AUG | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | DF | 2014 | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
SEP | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
OCT | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | DF | 1982 | ↑ |
NOV | CP | 1976 | ↑ | CP | 1976 | ↑ | CP | 1992 1997 | ↑ | CP | 1975 1976 | ↑ | CP | 1985 | ↑ | CP | 1977 | ↑ |
DEC | DF | 1986 1988 | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ | DF | 1989 | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ | CP | 1989 | ↑ | CP | 1989 1996 | ↑ |
Summer | CP | 1976 | ↑ | DF | 2004 1976 | ↑ | DF | 1995 2008 | ↑ | DF | 1995 2004 | ↑ | CP | 1995 2004 | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ |
Autumn | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ¿? | HG | — | ↑ | DF | 1979 | ↑ | CP | 1985 | ↑ |
Winter | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ∼ |
Spring | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ∼ | HG | — | ¿? | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ | HG | — | ↑ |
Annual | CP | 1977 | ↑ | CP | 1977 | ↑ | DF | 1997 1999 | ↑ | CP | 1997 | ↑ | CP | 1982 | ↑ | CP | 1977 1989 1999 | ↑ |
Results of change point detection analysis and trends of rainfall for all localities.
Reference: homogeneous series (HG), change point (CP), doubtful point (DF). Trends: ∼ none, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ¿? Doubtful.
Reference: a- Nature Serie, b- Year shift, c- Trend, LGA- Las Garzas, ALN- Alcaraz Norte, BOV- Bovril, HAS- Hasenkamp ELS- El Solar, HER- Hernandarias.
Variation in the average annual rainfall of all the localities of the analyzed region.
These results are consistent with those obtained in the north of the country where the rainfall change was concentrated in a step change during the 1970s [52]. In this region, half or more of the annual rainfall trend occurred in the months of El Niño phase, with less contribution from La Niña and the neutral phases. However, in the rest of subtropical Argentina and especially south of 30°S, increased precipitation occurred mostly during months of the neutral phase of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with only small trends during months of El Niño and La Niña phases [53]. Accordingly, most of the annual precipitation trends since 1960 in subtropical Argentina can be accounted for by two modes. The first mode, which is positively correlated with precipitation in northern Argentina and with ENSO indices, had a steep increase in precipitation at the end of the 1970s. The second mode, which has a maximum positive correlation with annual precipitation between 30 and 40°S, had a regular positive trend starting in the early 1960s and it is correlated with the southward displacement of the South Atlantic high [53, 54]. In addition, several researchers analyzed the changes in the isohyets, showing that the rainfall regime in Argentina is subject to a positive fluctuation in the 1950s and that it reached maximum values in the 1970s [55], data that coincide with this manuscript.
Average rainfall increased, favoring the expansion of agriculture [16, 22]. This conclusion is obtained primarily because the studies of the time have been hampered by the low significance shown by statistical tests when applied to climatic data, especially precipitation. In the study region mention that one of the factors of change in precipitation is agrarian transformation and claim that the technological innovation of the sector was accompanied by a process of change in the water regime [16]. Furthermore, confirm that the expansion of agricultural structure of Entre Rios, is favored by increased precipitation, generating crops of the marginal territory.
The behavior of historical series of monthly rainfall confirm that November and December, as and summer season, have significant change point in all localities. The annual rainfall in all localities showed a significant increase such as summer season (Table 9). November and December showed and significant rise in contrast to the rest of months.
In the last decade, a substantial change in the average climate conditions was observed in many regions of Argentina, particularly in the southern region of Mesopotamian Pampa that showed two abrupt shifts [20]. The first of these was positive, with annual average rainfall increasing from 1062.9 mm during the 1941–1999 sub-period to 1568.9 mm during a short sub-period between 2000 and 2003. The second abrupt change, which began in 2004, was negative, with average annual rainfall dropping to 1108.0 mm, only slightly higher than what it had been in the initial 1941–1999 sub-period (Figure 3).
Variation in the average annual rainfall in each locality of the analyzed region. Reference: Black dash line (−−) show historical rainfall (1945–2019), black solid line (—) the average rainfall before and after the break point and gray dash line (−−) show a linear model annual rainfall.
Like the regional results, this study observed a sustained increase in monthly rainfall to the breaking point in the 1970s, but then the annual rate of increase was even higher. In South America [56], observed increasing trends in total annual precipitation values in Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Peru, southern Brazil, and northern and central Argentina. Qualitatively there was a change that indicated a significant increase in summer precipitation, and a decrease in the number of annual frosts, concentrating the winter season (July and August), assuming a “tropicalization of the region”. Rainfall tropicalization can be understood as local and regional processes and impacts of climate change, which can be observed mainly by changes in the precipitation regime and the intensification of tropical climatic characteristics [57]. This process is not exclusive of Espinal Ecorregion. It has been observed in other contexts and scales in tropical and subtropical regions that show an important increase in precipitation during the rainy season in tropical regions [58, 59].
Climate change can also indirectly affect organisms by altering biotic interactions, which can have profound consequences for populations, community composition and ecosystem functions [60]. Other aspects of biodiversity management will be affected by global change and will need adapting, including wildlife exploitation, e.g. forestry [61], pest and invasive species control [62] or human and wildlife disease management [63]. Indirect effects may occur: (i) via generation of new biotic interactions, as range-shifted species appear for the first time in naive communities [64]; (ii) by removing existing interactions when species shift out of their existing range [65]; or (iii) by modulating key behavioral, physiological or other traits that mediate species interactions [66]. When climate-driven changes in biotic interactions involve keystone or foundation species, impacts can cascade through the associated community [61]. In this region, studies that have not yet been published for the province of Entre Ríos are showing indications of changes in the productivity of natural grasslands in native forests. Recently reports show that change the growth cycle has change in this ecosystem [67, 68], and mainly attributed to changes in precipitation regimes. These observations are like yields changes of the main crops, were the frequency of extreme weather events constitutes a growing risk.
This study was carried out in the framework of research and development projects UNER-PID No. 2196 “Ecological succession of a native forest intervened in the Spinal Ecorregion” and UNER-PID No. 2238 “Evaluation of the current and potential state of the native forests of Entre Rios in its productive and conservation aspect”.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Period | Average rainfall | Spearman’s Rank Rho Test | Mann-Kendall Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | rho | p | z-value | Sen’s slope | S | p | tau | ||
JAN | 121 | 70352 | −0.001 | 0.995 | 0.041 | 0.008 | 1.000 | 0.967 | 0.004 |
FEB | 131 | 50419 | 0.283 | 0.014* | 2.470 | 1.000 | 541.000 | 0.014* | 0.195 |
MAR | 142 | 76056 | −0.081 | 0.485 | −0.686 | −0.245 | −0.015 | 0.493 | −0.054 |
APR | 110 | 54132 | 0.230 | 0.047* | 1.880 | 0.761 | 0.041 | 0.060 | 0.148 |
MAY | 68 | 51235 | 0.271 | 0.019* | 2.360 | 0.576 | 0.057 | 0.018* | 0.186 |
JUN | 49 | 76397 | −0.087 | 0.459 | −0.778 | −0.117 | −0.017 | 0.436 | −0.062 |
JUL | 35 | 72477 | −0.031 | 0.792 | −0.357 | −0.024 | −0.790 | 0.721 | −0.028 |
AUG | 42 | 66369 | 0.056 | 0.634 | 0.357 | 0.050 | 0.790 | 0.721 | 0.028 |
SEP | 69 | 73918 | −0.051 | 0.661 | −0.439 | −0.108 | −0.970 | 0.661 | −0.349 |
OCT | 108 | 52579 | 0.252 | 0.029* | 2.140 | 0.800 | 0.047 | 0.033* | 0.169 |
NOV | 109 | 46105 | 0.344 | 0.002* | 2.946 | 0.800 | 0.065 | 0.032* | 0.232 |
DEC | 106 | 50439 | 0.283 | 0.014* | 2.402 | 0.891 | 0.526 | 0.016* | 0.190 |
Summer | 358 | 48743 | 0.307 | 0.007* | 2.657 | 2.285 | 0.058 | 0.008* | 0.209 |
Autumn | 320 | 51593 | 0.266 | 0.021* | 2.260 | 1.730 | 0.050 | 0.024* | 0.178 |
Winter | 126 | 69514 | 0.011 | 0.924 | 0.069 | 0.038 | 1.600 | 0.945 | 0.006 |
Spring | 286 | 50059 | 0.288 | 0.012* | 2.452 | 1.355 | 0.054 | 0.014* | 0.193 |
Annual | 1091 | 40638 | 0.422 | 0.000* | 3.449 | 5.133 | 0.076 | 0.001* | 0.272 |
Result of trend analysis rainfall at Las Garzas locality.
References: (*) test with significant differences of 0.05%.
Period | Average rainfall | Spearman’s Rank Rho Test | Mann-Kendall Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | rho | p | z-value | Sen’s slope | S | p | tau | ||
JAN | 112 | 68775 | 0.022 | 0.853 | 0.297 | 0.154 | 0.660 | 0.766 | 0.024 |
FEB | 119 | 56223 | 0.200 | 0.085 | 1.729 | 0.684 | 0.038 | 0.084 | 0.137 |
MAR | 139 | 77544 | −0.103 | 0.379 | −0.883 | −0.391 | −0.019 | 0.377 | −0.699 |
APR | 102 | 54987 | 0.218 | 0.060 | 1.866 | 0.650 | 409.000 | 0.062 | 0.148 |
MAY | 61 | 50832 | 0.277 | 0.016* | 2.384 | 0.557 | 522.000 | 0.017* | 0.189 |
JUN | 41 | 78357 | −0.115 | 0.328 | −0.915 | −0.120 | −0.020 | 0.360 | −0.073 |
JUL | 36 | 76383 | −0.087 | 0.460 | −0.679 | −0.056 | −0.015 | 0.497 | −0.054 |
AUG | 45 | 65950 | 0.014 | 0.598 | 0.545 | 0.082 | 0.012 | 0.586 | 0.044 |
SEP | 63 | 69320 | 0.103 | 0.906 | 0.087 | 0.007 | 0.200 | 0.931 | 0.007 |
OCT | 101 | 63028 | 0.103 | 0.377 | 0.883 | 0.313 | 0.019 | 0.377 | 0.071 |
NOV | 108 | 48056 | 0.316 | 0.006* | 2.713 | 0.931 | 0.059 | 0.007* | 0.214 |
DEC | 99 | 52013 | 0.260 | 0.024* | 2.093 | 0.833 | 0.046 | 0.036* | 0.166 |
Summer | 330 | 51074 | 0.273 | 0.018* | 2.223 | 2.008 | 0.049 | 0.026* | 0.175 |
Autumn | 302 | 56165 | 0.201 | 0.084 | 1.670 | 1.216 | 0.037 | 0.095 | 0.132 |
Winter | 123 | 69288 | 0.014 | 0.902 | −0.091 | −0.040 | −0.210 | 0.927 | −0.008 |
Spring | 273 | 55183 | 0.215 | 0.064 | 1.715 | 1.107 | 0.038 | 0.086 | 0.136 |
Annual | 1029 | 45357 | 0.355 | 0.002* | 2.887 | 4.322 | 632.000 | 0.004* | 0.228 |
Result of trend analysis rainfall at Alcaraz Norte locality.
Period | Average rainfall | Spearman’s Rank Rho Test | Mann-Kendall Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | rho | p | z-value | Sen’s slope | S | p | tau | ||
JAN | 113 | 69650 | 0.009 | 0.937 | 0.128 | 0.043 | 0.290 | 0.898 | 0.010 |
FEB | 119 | 51962 | 0.261 | 0.024* | 2.347 | 0.920 | 0.051 | 0.019* | 0.186 |
MAR | 117 | 75068 | −0.068 | 0.563 | −0.677 | −0.284 | −0.015 | 0.498 | −0.054 |
APR | 136 | 58350 | 0.170 | 0.145 | 1.533 | 0.729 | 0.034 | 0.125 | 0.121 |
MAY | 61 | 58123 | 0.173 | 0.137 | 1.491 | 0.350 | 0.033 | 0.136 | 0.118 |
JUN | 43 | 76302 | −0.085 | 0.466 | −0.750 | −0.118 | −0.017 | 0.453 | −0.060 |
JUL | 44 | 82282 | −0.170 | 0.144 | −1.611 | −0.263 | −353 | 0.107 | −0.128 |
AUG | 50 | 61718 | 0.122 | 0.297 | 1.131 | 0.184 | 0.025 | 0.258 | 0.090 |
SEP | 70 | 77711 | −0.105 | 0.368 | −0.860 | −0.226 | −0.019 | 0.390 | −0.068 |
OCT | 114 | 56116 | 0.202 | 0.083 | 1.752 | 0.655 | 0.038 | 0.080 | 0.139 |
NOV | 105 | 49986 | 0.289 | 0.012* | 2.265 | 0.804 | 0.050 | 0.024* | 0.179 |
DEC | 107 | 53477 | 0.239 | 0.039* | 2.091 | 0.923 | 0.046 | 0.037* | 0.165 |
Summer | 339 | 51398 | 0.269 | 0.020* | 2.306 | 2.054 | 0.051 | 0.021* | 0.182 |
Autumn | 314 | 54902 | 0.219 | 0.059* | 1.876 | 1.431 | 0.041 | 0.061 | 0.141 |
Winter | 148 | 74374 | −0.058 | 0.621 | −0.572 | −0.204 | −0.013 | 0.568 | −0.045 |
Spring | 289 | 55044 | 0.217 | 0.061* | 1.715 | 1.215 | 0.038 | 0.086 | 0.136 |
Annual | 1090 | 49195 | 0.300 | 0.009* | 2.438 | 4.451 | 0.053 | 0.015* | 0.192 |
Result of trend analysis rainfall at Bovril locality.
Period | Average rainfall | Spearman’s Rank Rho Test | Mann-Kendall Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | rho | p | z-value | Sen’s slope | S | p | tau | ||
JAN | 114 | 71802 | −0.021 | 0.856 | −0.156 | −0.010 | −0.350 | 0.876 | −0.013 |
FEB | 129 | 51202 | 0.272 | 0.018* | 2.424 | 1.029 | 0.053 | 0.015* | 0.191 |
MAR | 141 | 77861 | −0.108 | 0.258 | −0.910 | −0.380 | −0.020 | 0.363 | −0.072 |
APR | 114 | 55361 | 0.212 | 0.067 | 1.784 | 0.794 | 0.039 | 0.074 | 0.141 |
MAY | 72 | 58926 | 0.162 | 0.166 | 1.409 | 0.431 | 0.031 | 0.159 | 0.116 |
JUN | 43 | 82218 | −0.169 | 0.146 | −1.281 | −0.184 | −281 | 0.200 | −0.102 |
JUL | 33 | 71809 | −0.021 | 0.856 | −0.188 | −0.013 | −0.420 | 0.851 | −1.523 |
AUG | 41 | 67234 | 0.044 | 0.710 | 0.334 | 0.048 | 0.740 | 0.738 | 0.027 |
SEP | 65 | 73176 | −0.041 | 0.727 | −0.371 | −0.098 | −0.820 | 0.711 | −0.030 |
OCT | 113 | 52731 | 0.250 | 0.031* | 2.100 | 0.822 | 0.046 | 0.036* | 0.166 |
NOV | 110 | 50320 | 0.284 | 0.013* | 2.447 | 0.840 | 0.054 | 0.014* | 0.192 |
DEC | 97 | 54742 | 0.221 | 0.056* | 1.875 | 0.724 | 0.041 | 0.061* | 0.148 |
Summer | 340 | 50482 | 0.282 | 0.014* | 2.502 | 2.032 | 0.058 | 0.012* | 0.198 |
Autumn | 327 | 54775 | 0.221 | 0.059* | 1.844 | 1.279 | 0.040 | 0.063* | 0.146 |
Winter | 117 | 71460 | −0.017 | 0.883 | −0.238 | −0.075 | −0.530 | 0.812 | −0.019 |
Spring | 287 | 51115 | 0.273 | 0.018* | 2.250 | 1.272 | 0.049 | 0.024* | 0.178 |
Annual | 1071 | 41184 | 0.414 | 0.000* | 3.531 | 4.625 | 0.077 | 0.000* | 0.279 |
Result of trend analysis rainfall at Hasenkamp locality.
Period | Average rainfall | Spearman’s Rank Rho Test | Mann-Kendall Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | rho | p | z-value | Sen’s slope | S | p | tau | ||
JAN | 119 | 66804 | 0.050 | 0.672 | 0.435 | 0.207 | 0.960 | 0.664 | 0.035 |
FEB | 118 | 58492 | 0.168 | 0.150 | 1.565 | 0.548 | 0.034 | 0.118 | 0.124 |
MAR | 128 | 72232 | −0.024 | 0.815 | −0.165 | −0.083 | −0.370 | 0.869 | 0.013 |
APR | 107 | 52121 | 0.259 | 0.025* | 2.342 | 0.929 | 0.051 | 0.019* | 0.185 |
MAY | 56 | 53917 | 0.233 | 0.044* | 1.982 | 0.462 | 0.043 | 0.048* | 0.158 |
JUN | 52 | 74096 | −0.054 | 0.645 | −0.224 | −0.030 | −1 | 0.823 | −0.018 |
JUL | 35 | 77632 | −0.104 | 0.373 | −0.865 | −0.103 | −0.019 | 0.387 | −0.069 |
AUG | 39 | 63108 | 0.102 | 0.382 | 0.948 | 0.146 | 0.021 | 0.343 | 0.076 |
SEP | 58 | 71122 | −0.012 | 0.921 | −0.160 | −0.026 | −0.360 | 0.873 | −0.013 |
OCT | 105 | 59335 | 0.156 | 0.182 | 1.322 | 0.460 | 0.029 | 0.186 | 0.105 |
NOV | 98 | 52646 | 0.251 | 0.030* | 2.319 | 0.760 | 0.051 | 0.020* | 0.184 |
DEC | 95 | 43704 | 0.378 | 0.001* | 3.208 | 1.105 | 0.070 | 0.001* | 0.253 |
Summer | 332 | 50288 | 0.284 | 0.013* | 2.575 | 2.344 | 0.056 | 0.010* | 0.203 |
Autumn | 291 | 50852 | 0.277 | 0.017* | 2.278 | 1.541 | 0.050 | 0.023* | 0.180 |
Winter | 126 | 66250 | 0.058 | 0.624 | 0.526 | 0.250 | 0.012 | 0.599 | 0.042 |
Spring | 260 | 54160 | 0.230 | 0.048* | 1.972 | 1.195 | 0.043 | 0.049* | 0.156 |
Annual | 1009 | 38960 | 0.446 | 0.000* | 3.925 | 6.126 | 0.086 | 0.000* | 0.309 |
Result of trend analysis rainfall at El solar locality.
Period | Average rainfall | Spearman’s Rank Rho Test | Mann-Kendall Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | rho | p | z-value | Sen’s slope | S | p | tau | ||
JAN | 125 | 60702 | 0.009 | 0.942 | 0.102 | 0.050 | 0.240 | 0.916 | 0.009 |
FEB | 130 | 61884 | 0.120 | 0.306 | 1.240 | 0.547 | 0.027 | 0.215 | 0.098 |
MAR | 135 | 72915 | −0.037 | 0.751 | −0.421 | −0.179 | −93.000 | 0.674 | −0.034 |
APR | 112 | 50504 | 0.282 | 0.014* | 2.314 | 0.957 | 0.051 | 0.031* | 0.183 |
MAY | 60 | 49393 | 0.297 | 0.010* | 2.571 | 0.593 | 563.000 | 0.010* | 0.203 |
JUN | 47 | 79615 | −0.133 | 0.257 | −1.075 | −0.125 | −0.024 | 0.282 | −0.085 |
JUL | 34 | 73537 | −0.046 | 0.695 | −0.412 | −0.041 | −0.910 | 0.680 | −0.033 |
AUG | 42 | 65897 | 0.063 | 0.594 | 0.490 | 0.066 | 0.011 | 0.624 | 0.039 |
SEP | 62 | 65597 | 0.067 | 0.569 | 0.590 | 0.143 | 0.013 | 0.555 | 0.047 |
OCT | 104 | 56327 | 0.199 | 0.087* | 1.766 | 0.608 | 0.039 | 0.077* | 0.140 |
NOV | 114 | 45954 | 0.346 | 0.002* | 2.978 | 1.067 | 0.065 | 0.003* | 0.235 |
DEC | 108 | 50090 | 0.287 | 0.012* | 2.280 | 0.939 | 0.050 | 0.023* | 0.181 |
Summer | 363 | 54028 | 0.231 | 0.046* | 1.985 | 1.888 | 0.044 | 0.047* | 0.157 |
Autumn | 307 | 47158 | 0.329 | 0.004* | 2.763 | 1.805 | 0.061 | 0.006* | 0.219 |
Winter | 123 | 70554 | −0.004 | 0.976 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 3.000 | 0.993 | 0.001 |
Spring | 280 | 48297 | 0.313 | 0.006* | 2.722 | 1.700 | 596.000 | 0.006* | 0.215 |
Annual | 1073 | 40694 | 0.421 | 0.000* | 3.778 | 6.420 | 827.000 | 0.000* | 0.298 |
Result of trend analysis rainfall at Hernandarias locality.
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Milanez",authors:[{id:"114679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Velasquez",slug:"jose-velasquez",fullName:"Jose Velasquez"},{id:"114686",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre Valente",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno",slug:"andre-valente-bueno",fullName:"Andre Valente Bueno"},{id:"114687",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Milanez",slug:"luiz-fernando-milanez",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Milanez"}]},{id:"29360",doi:"10.5772/37591",title:"Determining Exact Point Correspondences in 3D Measurement Systems Using Fringe Projection – Concepts, Algorithms and Accuracy Determination",slug:"determining-exact-point-correspondences-in-3d-measurement-systems-using-fringe-projection-concepts-a",totalDownloads:3269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Christian Bräuer-Burchardt, Max Möller, Christoph Munkelt, Matthias Heinze, Peter Kühmstedt and Gunther Notni",authors:[{id:"113426",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braeuer-Burchardt",slug:"christian-braeuer-burchardt",fullName:"Christian Braeuer-Burchardt"},{id:"136989",title:"Mr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Möller",slug:"max-moller",fullName:"Max Möller"},{id:"136990",title:"Mr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Munkelt",slug:"christoph-munkelt",fullName:"Christoph Munkelt"},{id:"136992",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Heinze",slug:"matthias-heinze",fullName:"Matthias Heinze"},{id:"136993",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kühmstedt",slug:"peter-kuhmstedt",fullName:"Peter Kühmstedt"},{id:"136994",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunther",middleName:null,surname:"Notni",slug:"gunther-notni",fullName:"Gunther Notni"}]},{id:"29356",doi:"10.5772/36127",title:"Shape Measurement by Phase-Stepping Method Using Multi-Line LEDs",slug:"shape-measurement-by-light-source-stepping-method-using-leds",totalDownloads:3094,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Yoshiharu Morimoto, Akihiro Masaya, Motoharu Fujigaki and Daisuke Asai",authors:[{id:"28776",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Morimoto",slug:"yoshiharu-morimoto",fullName:"Yoshiharu Morimoto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72725",title:"Communication Subsystems for Satellite Design",slug:"communication-subsystems-for-satellite-design",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive end-to-end overview of existing communication subsystems residing on both the satellite bus and payloads. These subsystems include command and mission data handling, telemetry and tracking, and the antenna payloads for both command, telemetry and mission data. The function of each subsystem and the relationships to the others will be described in detail. In addition, the recent application of software defined radio (SDR) to advanced satellite communication system design will be looked at with applications to satellite development, and the impacts on how SDR will affect future satellite missions are briefly discussed.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Hung H. Nguyen and Peter S. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung H.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hung-h.-nguyen",fullName:"Hung H. Nguyen"},{id:"316861",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter S.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"peter-s.-nguyen",fullName:"Peter S. Nguyen"}]},{id:"75110",title:"Compression of High-Resolution Satellite Images Using Optical Image Processing",slug:"compression-of-high-resolution-satellite-images-using-optical-image-processing",totalDownloads:508,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a novel method for compressing satellite imagery using phase grating to facilitate the optimization of storage space and bandwidth in satellite communication. In this research work, each Satellite image is first modulated with high grating frequency in a fixed orientation. Due to this modulation, three spots (spectrum) have been generated. From these three spots, by applying Inverse Fourier Transform in any one band, we can recover the image. Out of these three spots, one is center spectrum spot and other spots represent two sidebands. Care should be taken during the spot selection is to avoid aliasing effect. At the receiving end, to recover image we use only one spectrum. We have proved that size of the extracted image is less than the original image. In this way, compression of satellite image has been performed. To measure quality of the output images, PSNR value has been calculated and compared this value with previous techniques. As high-resolution satellite image contains a lot of information, therefore to get detail information from extracted image, compression ratio should be as minimum as possible.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Anirban Patra, Arijit Saha, Debasish Chakraborty and Kallol Bhattacharya",authors:[{id:"307075",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasish",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"debasish-chakraborty",fullName:"Debasish Chakraborty"},{id:"319415",title:"Mr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",slug:"anirban-patra",fullName:"Anirban Patra"},{id:"320110",title:"Dr.",name:"Arijit",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"arijit-saha",fullName:"Arijit Saha"},{id:"320111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kallol",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"kallol-bhattacharya",fullName:"Kallol Bhattacharya"}]},{id:"72443",title:"Effective Algorithms for Detection Outliers and Cycle Slip Repair in GNSS Data Measurements",slug:"effective-algorithms-for-detection-outliers-and-cycle-slip-repair-in-gnss-data-measurements",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The chapter describes effective algorithms that are often used in processing data measurements in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). Existing effective algorithm was developed for detection and elimination of outliers from GNSS data measurements. It is based on searching for a so-called optimal solution for which standard deviation and maximum absolute deviation of the measured data from mean values do not exceed specified threshold values, and the number of the detected outliers is minimal. A modification of this algorithm with complexity of Nlog2N is discussed. Generalization of the existing algorithm to the case when data series included some unknown trend will be presented. The processing trend is assumed to be described by an unknown function of time. The generalized algorithm includes the outlier detection algorithm and trend searching algorithm that has been tested using simulated data. A new algorithm will be presented for cycle slip repair using Melbourne-Wübbena linear combination formed from GNSS data measurements on two carrier frequencies. Test results for repair data in the case of multiple (cascade) cycle slips in actual observation data will also be presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Igor V. Bezmenov",authors:[{id:"316406",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor V.",middleName:null,surname:"Bezmenov",slug:"igor-v.-bezmenov",fullName:"Igor V. Bezmenov"}]},{id:"72147",title:"Future Satellite System Architectures and Practical Design Issues: An Overview",slug:"future-satellite-system-architectures-and-practical-design-issues-an-overview",totalDownloads:708,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses existing and future trends on the design and build of “Modular” and “Open” satellite Bus and mission payload along with practical design issues associated with the use of Modular Open System Approach (MOSA). Existing modular Bus and mission payload architectures for typical commercial, civilian, and military satellite systems will be discussed. The chapter provides space industry views on “Open” versus “Close” interfaces design and addresses the challenges associated with open interfaces using Open System Architecture (OSA) approach using MOSA principles. The system interfaces discuss in this chapter include (i) internal to satellite Bus and mission Payload (PL), (2) between satellite Bus and mission payload, and (3) external to both satellite Bus and mission payload.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Tien M. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}]},{id:"72839",title:"Overview of Existing and Future Advanced Satellite Systems",slug:"overview-of-existing-and-future-advanced-satellite-systems",totalDownloads:669,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter presents an overview of legacy, existing, and future advanced satellite systems for future wireless communications. The overview uses top-down approach, starting with a comparison between a typical commercial regular satellite system and a high-throughput satellite (HTS) system, following by a discussion on commonly used satellite network topologies. A discussion on the design of satellite payload architectures supporting both typical regular satellite and HTS with associated network topologies will be presented. Four satellite payload architectures will be discussed, including legacy analog bent-pipe satellite (ABPS); existing digital bent-pipe satellite (DBPS) and advanced digital bent-pipe satellite using digital channelizer and beamformer (AdDBPS-DCB); and future advanced regenerative on-board processing satellite (AR-OBPS) payload architectures. Additionally, various satellite system architectures using AdBP-DCBS and AR-OBPS payloads for the fifth-generation (5G) cellular phone applications will also be presented.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"John Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316500",title:"M.Sc.",name:"John D.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"john-d.-nguyen",fullName:"John D. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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