Description of seminal parameters of the two groups.
\r\n\tOver the years, the concept of maintenance became more comprehensive, reducing fault occurrence and increasing industrial system availability. Besides, reliability, safety, and criticality requirements were associated with the system or equipment under analysis. Maintenance strategies or schemes can be classified as corrective (run-to-break), preventive (time-based), and predictive (condition-based maintenance). Corrective maintenance is only performed after an occurrence of a fault. Therefore, it involves unexpected breakdowns, high costs, changes in the production chain, and it could lead to catastrophic events. Preventive maintenance and interventions occur based on a scheduled maintenance plan or the equipment's mean time between failures. Although it is more effective than corrective maintenance, unexpected failure may still occur by preventing most failures. Additionally, the process cost is still high, especially the costs associated with labor, inventory, and unnecessary replacement of equipment or components.
\r\n\tOn the other hand, predictive maintenance analyses the equipment condition so that a possible fault can still be identified at an early stage. Predictive maintenance aims to identify a machine anomaly so that it does not result in a fault. Such maintenance involves advanced monitoring, processing, and signal analysis techniques, which are generally performed non-invasively and, in many cases, in real-time. In the case of machines or processes, these techniques can be developed based on vibration, temperature, acoustic emission, or electrical current signal monitoring. It should be noted that monitoring such signals or parameters to verify the operating condition is called condition monitoring. Condition monitoring aims to observe the machine's current operational condition and predict its future condition, keeping it under a systematic analysis during its remaining life. In this sense, a fault condition can be detected and identified from systematic machine condition monitoring. A diagnosis procedure can be established, whereby properly investigating the fault symptoms and prognosis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book will aim to merge all these ideas in a single volume, aggregate new maintenance experiences, apply new techniques and approaches, and report field experiences to establish new maintenance processes and management paradigms.
\r\n\t
The combination of health and environment is now a major issue on the political agenda of many governments because of its social and cultural relevance to both individual and collective health.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set – as one of its main priorities – the understanding of the relationship between sources of pollution and the effects on health, the development of indicators and the prevention of diseases linked to an unhealthy environment, which are a major cause of mortality and morbidity [1] Sitography (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204585).
Therefore, the ‘eco-epidemiological’ study of the determinants of health and their spatial and temporal distribution is of great interest, as these are strongly linked to social, cultural and environmental factors that mutually interact and affect the genetic heritage of individuals.
To understand which elements should be taken into account, from an epidemiological point of view, in order to assess the impact of different factors on health status is a very complex task.
The combination of environmental, territorial and epidemiological data, as well as other health, demographic, cultural and social indicators, allows us to draw up risk thresholds or possible risk scenarios for a specific population (www.epicentro.iss.it).
It’s now well acknowledged that pollution plays a major role in determining an adverse health effect, and that the health condition of the population varies according to whether environmental pressure is greater or lower in an area compared to another, varying not only over countries, but also within the same country or even the same region.
Human semen is an early sensor of the environmental contamination status and therefore the first to be affected [2, 3]; Kimberley [4, 5, 6].
Chemical substances found in the environment (such as heavy metals and dioxins) in food (such as agro-pharmaceuticals or insecticides), as well as unhealthy life styles or electromagnetic pollution are the main cause of alterations of semen parameters [7, 8]. The well-known mechanisms whereby chemical and physical environmental factors, whether combined or not, interfere with reproductive function are: induction of oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, genetic and epigenetic alterations [9, 10].
Concerning the sperm decline of the last few decades, there is much concern among researchers dealing with human reproduction. More specifically, a major meta-analysis study on data collected from 1973 to 2011 among the male population in Western countries suggest that the concentration of spermatozoa drastically decreased by more than 50%, from 99 million per milliliter to 47 million per milliliter [11] and the situation is certainly no better in some countries such as Africa, India, Brazil and China [12, 13, 14, 15]. The decline in semen quality seems to mirror the impact that pollution and bad lifestyles have had and are still having on human health.
Usually, all forms of stress, whether endogenous or exogenous, affecting the organism lead to a response from the latter, primarily from the basic morpho-functional unit, i.e. the cell.
The cell fate decision machinery is composed of multiple complex signaling pathways, in which p53 plays a central role in coordinating the multiple cellular signaling pathways as well as determining cell fate [16, 17].
When this factor is diverted from its normal control and repair functions, the regulation of cell growth may be blocked and the cell rapidly multiplies abnormally [18, 19].
The first evidence that p53 could control cell fate was gathered from studies using a myeloid leukemia cell line [20]. The finding that p53 can lead to apoptosis was confirmed by analogous experiments in which a temperature-sensitive p53 or WT p53 was also forcibly expressed in erythroleukemia cells [21], in a colon cancer cell line [22] and in a Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line [23]. The p53 protein is not essential for our survival, but its role in protecting our organism from modified cells is crucial, hence the definition of ‘
The N-terminus is strongly phosphorylated while the C-terminus contains phosphorylated, acetylated and sumoylated residues. N-terminal phosphorylations are important for stabilizing p53 and are crucial for acetylation of C-terminal sites, which in combination lead to the p53-mediated response to genotoxic stresses [30].
The degradation of p53 depends on the interaction between two proteins and is mediated by the proteasome. The link between N-terminal Mdm2 and C-terminal p53 leads to the degradation of p53 by Mdm2. Any alterations in the central DNA binding domain of p53 do not cancel the sensitivity of the protein to degradation mediated by Mdm2 [29, 31, 32].
In response to DNA damage, ATM kinase rapidly phosphorylates p53 at Ser15. The serine/threonine kinase Chk2 acts downstream of ATM by phosphorylating p53 at Ser20. These phosphorylated sites in the N-terminus of p53 are in proximity to the Mdm2 binding region of the protein, thus blocking the interaction with Mdm2, leading to stabilization of p53, which eludes proteosomal degradation [30]. Recent studies suggest that constitutive phosphorylation of p53 by protein kinase inhibits the regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding, oligomerisation status, nuclear import/export and ubiquitination [30]. Furthermore, constitutive phosphorylation of p53 by protein kinase C (PKC) at the C-terminal domain contributes to its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway [33].
We studied the p53 protein by using it as a direct indicator of cellular DNA damage caused by environmental toxic factors, comparing levels in male gametes (spermatozoa) and associating them with the fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa themselves. On average, it takes 64 days to complete spermatogenesis, but this varies from individual to individual. Spermatozoa are produced non-stop every day from puberty onwards over a lifetime [34]. This feature could be used to monitor changes in environmental impact, drug response (antioxidants) and/or lifestyle. Sperm chromatin is very compact and stable in the nucleus, unlike the structure of somatic cells. Nuclear condensation in spermatozoa is due to the replacement of about 85% of the DNA-associated lysine-rich histones with protamines, arginine-rich transition proteins [35, 36].
While histones form a ring with DNA (nucleosomes), protamines are bound to the grooves of the DNA helix, wrapping tightly around the strands of DNA (approximately 50 kb of DNA per protamine) to form tight and highly organized rings. Moreover, inter- and intramolecular disulphide bonds between cysteine-rich protamines are also responsible for the compaction and stabilization of the sperm nucleus [36, 37]. This leads to an extreme nuclear condensation and a reduction of about 10% in the size of the nucleus [35]. The BRDT protein (Bromodomain Testis specific) is the key protein that mediates chromatin compaction and can facilitate nuclear remodeling, thus ensuring the transition between the histone organization of the chromatin, or somatic, and the protamine nucleus, typical of the mature spermatozoon [38]. Specific nuclear compaction is relevant to protect the sperm genome from stressogenic insults. Indeed, both physiological and environmental stress, as well as genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, can interfere with the processes of spermatogenesis. These changes can lead to an abnormal chromatin structure incompatible with the reproductive plan. The faults of genomic material found in mature spermatozoa can impair nucleus formation (defective histone and protamine substitution) and maturation, leading to DNA fragmentation (i.e. single- or double-strand breaks) and DNA integrity defects or chromosomal aneuploidy in the spermatozoa [36]. In atypical and immature spermatozoa, DNA may fragment, lose its functional integrity and thus result in functional defects in the spermatozoa. As a matter of fact, DNA fragmentation is particularly common in sub-fertile human spermatozoa [36].
p53 is one of the most investigated tumor suppressor proteins and is involved in cell cycle regulation, through its effects on transcription regulation in response to DNA damage and cell stress, resulting in DNA repair, cellular senescence, growth suppression, or apoptosis. Studies also indicate the involvement of p53 in spermatogenesis [39]. During normal spermatogenesis, p53 is expressed in the intermediate layer of the seminiferous tubules, in spermatocytes and round spermatids, suggesting that it might play a role in spermatogenesis [40, 41].
It has actually been suggested that the role of the ancestral p53 gene is to ensure the integrity of the genomic germ line and the accuracy of developmental processes [42]. The p53 protein fulfills several functions in the meiotic and premeiotic stages of spermatogenesis [43]. Possibly, p53 plays different roles in DNA repair, depending on the type of damage [44], the stage at which the cell was damaged and the possible repair pathways available [43]; in short: p53 helps the spermatozoon to deal safely with DNA damage [45].
DNA damage, resulting from normal metabolic processes in the cell, occurs at a rate of 1000 to one million molecular lesions per cell per day. Nevertheless, several causes of damage can increase this rate. Causes of alterations in sperm DNA include both extrinsic (environmental and lifestyle factors) and intrinsic causes. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a natural process of cells whereby an aged or damaged cell dies without damaging its neighbors [46].
As for sperm cells, apoptosis mainly occurs to spermatogonia during spermiohistogenesis, a significant factor in blocking the complete development of a damaged cell. Apoptosis also occurs in mature spermatozoa when they manifest alterations that could be passed on to their offspring or that hinder the normal functions of the cell itself [47].
Many studies have been carried out over the years to assess the harmful effects of environmental factors on sperm DNA. The first studies were carried out on the effects of cigarette smoking and new techniques were developed to highlight the damage [48]. When comparing the DNA fragmentation index of spermatozoa from smoking and non-smoking patients, researchers were able to determine that the DNA damage detected in smokers was greater [49]. DNA breaks can be caused by the presence of carcinogens and mutagens in cigarette smoke [50]. Harmful substances, including alkaloids, nitrosamines, nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine are found in cigarettes and produce free radicals [51]. Kunzle et al. [52], an association between cigarette smoking and sperm quality was found among extrinsic causes, i.e. due to environmental factors. Rodgman and Perfetti [53] and Alchinbayev et al. [54] highlight mutagenic properties of cigarette constituents and altered sperm quality.
Oxidative stress (OS) is the focus of in-depth studies, due to the potential harmful effects of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)[55]. An increase in leukocytes is supposed to determine an increase in ROS production in semen but the process is still not very clear [56].
Environmental toxic effects damage sperm nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The assessment of damage related to non-functional spermatozoa is extremely significant for male fertility [57]. Sperm DNA damage reaches higher levels in infertile men than in fertile men and, as a matter of fact, more and more studies prove that sperm DNA damage negatively affects reproductive outcomes [58]. These damages may not only impair fertility, but also increase the transmission of genetic diseases during ART procedures [59]. Spermatozoa produce small amounts of ROS and these play a significant role in many sperm physiological processes, such as capacitation, hyperactivation and sperm-oocyte fusion [60, 61]. However, ROS must be inactivated continuously to keep only a small amount necessary to preserve normal cell function. Overproduction of ROS in semen can result in sperm DNA damage. An overproduction of ROS in semen can result in sperm DNA.
During their maturation process, spermatozoa extrude their cytoplasm, the main source of antioxidants. Once this process is slowed down, the residual cytoplasm forms a cytoplasmic droplet in the sperm mid region. These spermatozoa carrying cytoplasmic droplets are immature and functionally defective [62]. The residual cytoplasm contains a high concentration of certain cytoplasmic enzymes (G6PDH=Glucose-6-Phosphate DeHydrogenase, SOD= SuperOxide Dismutase), which are also a source of ROS [62]. The lack of cytoplasm leads to a decrease in antioxidant defense. This process is the link between poor sperm quality and high levels of ROS [56, 63].
Human ejaculate consists of different cell types: mature and immature spermatozoa, round cells from different stages of the spermatogenic process, leukocytes and epithelial cells. Peroxidase-positive leukocytes and abnormal spermatozoa continuously produce free radicals. Spermatozoa are extremely sensitive to damage caused by excessive ROS because their cytoplasmic membranes contain large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which intensify lipid peroxidation by ROS, resulting in a loss of membrane integrity [55, 64, 65]. There is a strong positive correlation between immature spermatozoa and ROS production, which in turn is negatively connected to semen quality [66]. Moreover, the concentration of mature spermatozoa with damaged DNA was found to increase along with immature spermatozoa in the human ejaculate [47].
Over the last few decades, scientific evidence of the harmful effects on spermatogenesis of occupational exposure chemicals known as endocrine disruptors (EDCs) on the reproductive system has been progressively accumulating [67, 68]. Environmental pollution is one of the main sources of ROS production and has been involved in the pathogenesis of poor semen quality [69]. A study carried out on workers at motorway toll booths, who are constantly exposed to environmental pollutants, correlated blood methaemoglobin and lead levels in semen were inversely correlated, compared to local male inhabitants not exposed to heavy traffic pollution levels. These results suggest that nitrogen oxide and lead, both found in the composition of car exhaust, negatively affect semen quality [70]. Furthermore, increased industrialization has led to a high deposition of highly toxic heavy metals in the atmosphere. Paternal exposure to heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury is associated with a decrease in semen parameters, resulting in a reduced fertility capacity [71, 72].
Global pollution was negatively associated with sperm count in a group of Californian sperm donors. This study shows a significantly negative relationship between sperm concentration and ozone levels measured 0–9, 10–14 and 70–90 days prior to semen collection. Since ozone appears not to be involved in oxygen transport mechanisms, the mechanism of action remains to be clarified, although the observed effect reinforces the evidence on the relationship between spermatogenesis and traffic-related pollution [73].
As for pesticides to which the population is exposed or has been exposed in the past, the available results of specific studies on their effects on spermatogenesis are still inconsistent. This also applies to the well-known DDT, which is now banned in Western countries: the effect of this pesticide on spermatogenesis is low [74]. Reproductive capacity, on the other hand, does not seem to be adversely affected other than marginally [75, 76].
Similar considerations apply to other persistent contaminants in the environment. Contrary to this general consideration, an American study reported a highly significant association between urinary levels of the metabolites of three pesticides and a reduced number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. However, this study also found a decrease in the number of spermatozoa, albeit insignificant [77].
However, Marty et al. [78] found no qualitative differences in the incidence of abnormalities in spermatozoa form and number related to p53 concentration, in contrast to the data reported by Yin et al. [79]. The latter reported that the p53 protein controls germ cell quality by inducing spontaneous apoptosis, failure to do so results in the accumulation of defective cells, which increases the concentration of abnormal spermatozoa and subsequently compromises male fertility. These data are supported by more recent studies reporting a negative correlation with nemaspermic motility [80]. Sperm vitality correlates strongly with the DNA fragmentation index [81] and oxidative stress, caused by harmful environmental exposure, is believed to have a significant role in the development and progression of diseases [82].
The function of p53 to govern the fate of cellular life, when it is damaged, is now well known. p53 monitoring is useful for assessing the effects of pollutants on DNA. Considering the changes of p53 in relation to the degree of the DNA damage, quantitative measurement of the p53 protein on sperm DNA was performed to evaluate:
possible negative effects of pollutants on male fertility in subjects living in high environmental impact area;
possible sperm DNA damage following manipulation of spermatozoa during the separation procedures for ART techniques, evaluating the quality of the embryos too.
For this aim, the method proposed by Raimondo et al. [83] consists of 3 steps:
separation of spermatozoa from seminal fluid using a forensic method [84].
isolation of nuclear DNA from spermatozoa.
quantitative evaluation of the p53 protein by ELISA.
The concentration of the spermatozoa is reported in Mil/ML, 100 micronliters of seminal fluid are used for the p53 protein assay, therefore the p53 protein concentration is correlated to 1/10 of the sperm count per ML. The correlation existing between p53 concentration and number of spermatozoa per ML, allows us to report the p53 values in “p53 ng/million spermatozoa” [83].
p53 protein values are expressed in ng/million spermatozoa.
The ancestral p53 gene is involved in ensuring the integrity of the genomic germline and the replication of developmental processes. The p53 protein is highly expressed in testicles, spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes during pachytene or pre-leptotene, when chromosome pairing, recombination and DNA repair occur. The expression of p53 at these stages of spermatogenesis suggests that it plays a role in meiosis. Apoptosis is a critical process for the integrity of germ cell DNA and in regulating their quantity.
If p53 concentrations are not adequate, this would lead to aberrant spermatogenesis or sperm containing damaged DNA. Failure to control p53 leads to the accumulation of defective cells, which increases the concentration of abnormal spermatozoa [85] and subsequently impair male fertility. These data are supported by more recent studies reporting a negative correlation with nemaspermic motility [81, 86]; additionally, sperm vitality is strongly correlated with DNA fragmentation index [87, 88].
We carried out an observational study on 117 male subjects, aged 18–38 years (28.02 + 4.99), permanently living in low and high environmental impact areas from July 2015 to June 2020.
Our purpose is to assess the concentration of the p53 protein on spermatozoa DNA using an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a marker of possible damage. The whole group consisted of 117 males divided as follows: 49 of them permanently living in low environmental impact areas (southern area of Salerno; Campania, Italy), aged 18–38 (28.04 + 4.84) years identified as Group A; 68 of them permanently living in high environmental impact areas (northern area of Naples ‘terra dei fuochi’; Campania, Italy), aged 18–37 (28.01 + 5.13) years identified as Group B. The observation lasted 60 months, among the requirements: homogeneous behavior and lifestyle, no habitual smokers, no alcohol abusers and except for some of them who has used cannabis in the past (whose suspension is reported from 6 to 36 months before the collection of semen), they do not perform activities considered to be an environmental occupational risk and did not suffer from pathological varicocele at preliminary examination with Color Doppler [50, 55, 59, 89, 90].
The examination of the human semen was evaluated using the standardized analysis criteria according to the WHO Laboratory Manual for the examination and processing of human semen, fifth edition – 2010. In Group A, the ejaculate volume ranged from 1.1 to 4.9 mL, and the seminal evaluations were as follows: 24 samples (48.9%) normospermic; 14 (28.6%) mild oligospermic; 7 (14.3%) medium oligospermic; 4 (8.2%) severe oligospermic. In group B, the ejaculate volume varies from 0.6 to 7.1 ml, the seminal evaluations were as follows: 13 (19.1%) normospermic; 20 (29.4%) mild oligospermic; 27 (39.7%) medium oligospermic; 8 (11.8%) severe oligospermic. The Makler Counting Chamber (Sef-Medical Instrumens ltd.) was used to evaluate the nemasperm concentration expressed per ml, the number of spermatozoa as well as the study of the non-nemaspermic or immature nemaspermic cellular component (leukocytes, red blood cells, germ line cells) (Table 1) [49, 53, 91].
Low environmental impact Group A | High environmental impact Group B | |
---|---|---|
MLN spermatozoa/mL | 41.26 ± 14.6 | 27.12 ± 9.8 |
Motility type (a) | 33.7 ± 11.5 | 28.1 ± 9.6 |
Morfology | 15.6 ± 2.8 | 13.8 ± 3.8 |
Vitality | 61.2 ± 6.3 | 57.4 ± 8.1 |
Description of seminal parameters of the two groups.
Sample processing procedures were carried out 30 minutes after ejaculation. Samples were divided into two aliquots, one of which was processed immediately for the p53 ELISA assay and the other frozen at −20° for later examination. A quantitative assessment of p53 corrected according to the number of spermatozoa was performed on all samples and values are expressed in ng/MLN spermatozoa. The method employed was that suggested by Raimondo et al. [83].
Data suggest that there are significant differences in seminal parameters from groups A and B.
These variations are probably due to the effects of environmental factors on the organism, and on semen in particular (Figure 1). This finding is further supported by the fact that the examined groups are homogeneous, as previously reported.
Significant variations in the main seminal parameters in groups A and B.
In order to assess the possible damage to the spermatozoa DNA, we used the quantitative analysis of the p53 protein and results show a significant variation (p < 0.0001) between the two groups: group A; p53= 1.95+1.24: group B; p53= 6.49+4.29 (Figure 2).
Statistical changes in p53 values in the two areas under examination.
These data highlight that environmental factors are strongly associated with seminal parameters alteration and with sperm DNA damage in subjects living in high environmental impact areas and, inevitably, these alterations may interfere with the reproductive plans of couples living in these areas.
Spermatogenesis is male gametogenesis, i.e. the maturation process of male germ cells that takes place in testicles under the stimulus of the hormones FSH and testosterone when the individual has reached puberty. Although it’s the equivalent of oogenesis in women, it differs from the latter mainly in terms of timing: sperm production begins at puberty and lasts a lifetime, oogenesis begins before birth and then stops and resumes when the woman reaches sexual maturity, ending at menopause. Spermatogenesis is not to be confused with spermiogenesis, which is the third and final stage of spermatogenesis, during which the final differentiation takes place, leading to the development of mature spermatozoa [92, 93].
At the end of spermatogenesis, only 15–20% of spermatozoa are normal, the residual being functionally or morphologically abnormal spermatozoa.
Spermatogenesis takes place inside the testes and more precisely in the seminiferous tubules, which are blind-ending tubules that converge in the recti seminiferous tubules. The tubules recti then converge to form the
The blood-testicular barrier has several functions: it ensures the preservation of distinct microenvironments between the two compartments so as to help meiosis and spermiohistogenesis in the adluminal compartment and prevent possible immunological responses following exposure to germ antigens or the transit of macromolecules from the adluminal compartment into the bloodstream.
The spermatogenesis is a complex process in which differentiation and mitosis of a group of starting stem cells take place. The germ cell is called a spermatogonium and divides by mitosis into two cells. The first is a differentiated spermatocyte while the second maintains the features of spermatogonium, to ensure the turnover of the germ cell base [96]. The primary spermatocyte is different from the spermatogonium and takes part in the meiosis process. During the first stage, the primary spermatocyte (a diploid) divides into two secondary spermatocytes (haploids) containing half the genetic patrimony of the primary spermatocyte. The newly formed secondary spermatocyte is still in the meiosis stage and with the second reduction, not reducing its genetic patrimony, it divides into two spermatids. Each spermatid is then ‘refined’ inside the gonad because it is not yet capable of undergoing fertilization. The ‘refining’ is to be understood as a variable length process, aimed at creating and reinforcing the structure of the future spermatozoon, which requires particular elements that are not present in the spermatids in order to fulfill its task [97]. At the final stage, the spermatozoon has a typical structure: mature spermatozoon [98].
The p53 protein was found to have several functions in the meiotic and pre-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis [99]. Possibly, p53 plays different roles in DNA repair, depending on the type of damage, or on the stage at which the cell was damaged, and on the possible repair pathways available [42]. The p53 protein helps sperm to deal safely with DNA damage [100]. A study by Lane shows that p53 plays a role in spermatogenesis: as a matter of fact, mRNA and p53 protein are highly expressed during mouse and rat spermatogenesis and we deal with primary pre-myiotic spermatocytes at the zygotene-pachytene stages, before the beginning of meiotic division [101]. In addition, p53-knockout mice and mice with reduced levels of p53 show germ cell degeneration during the meiotic prophase, which occurs with the appearance of multinucleated giant cells [102]. p53 knockout mice show a higher incidence of testicular cancer, suggesting that p53 plays a role in the prevention of carcinogenesis during the mitotic stages of spermatogenesis [102, 103, 104]. p53 is also capable of mediating stress-induced apoptosis of spermatogonia after DNA damage and after overheating of testicular tissue [105]. The role of p53 in the stress response of spermatogonia is also supported by the extreme reactivity to chemo- and radiotherapy of testicular cancer cells expressing wild-type p53 [106, 107, 108]. This has been proven to be the result of the activation of ‘normally latent’ wild-type p53, which in turn induces a wide apoptotic response [109]. Several studies report the role of the p53 protein in the pre-meiotic and meiotic stages of spermatogenesis [110]. Recently, it has been shown that the accuracy of meiotic crossing over at different genomic locus does not cause severe difficulties in p53 knockout mice [111], moreover, the DNA damage in spermatogonia that induces apoptosis is p53 dependent, the meiotic quality control of chromosomes at meiotic metaphase I is p53 independent. On the other hand, it has been observed that knockout mice for both p53 and ATM genes proceed to later stages of meiosis than those knockout mice with only the ATM gene. Yin et al. [79] reported that p53 mice had impaired apoptosis especially in the tetraploid DNA state. These results suggest that DNA damage at the meiotic stage is p53 dependent.
The proper presence of the p53 protein in spermatogenesis ensures both the quality and the right amount of mature spermatozoa necessary for successful conception. In this observational study, we evaluate the possible correlation between p53 concentration on human sperm DNA and male fertility potential.
Our report is based on an observational study involving 169 males over a period from March 2014 to February 2019. The whole group consists of 208 male partners aged 26–38 years with ejaculate volume from 0.6 to 5.8 ml and heterogeneous seminal evaluation: 86/208 (41.3%) normospermic; 19/208 (9.1%) mild oligospermic; 51/208 (24.5%) moderate to oligospermic; 52/208 (25.1%) with severe oligospermic. The ‘control A’ group includes 39 male partners considered ‘fertile’ because we performed the p53 test on their sperm DNA 28 ± 3.5 days after the positive pregnancy test results of their partners (betaHCG> 400 m U/mL). Group B, divided into B1, B2 and B3, includes 169 male partners and was observed over a period of 60 months. These partners do not report previous conceptions, do not smoke, do not abuse alcohol, do not use drugs and do not suffer from pathological varicoceles examined with Color Doppler. The whole group includes married and stable cohabiting partners over a period of 27–39 months, reporting frequent unprotected sex. The p53 values were corrected with respect to spermatozoa concentration, therefore, expressed in ng/million spermatozoa, hence called ‘corrected’ p53 values.
Group A (39 males) shows ‘corrected’ p53 values ranging between 0.35 and 3.20 ng/million spermatozoa and group B (169 males) shows values ranging between 0.68 and 14.53. In group B over the observation period we recorded 21 pregnancies with initial ‘corrected’ p53 values ranging from a minimum of 0.84 to a maximum of 3.29. In subgroup B1, 8 spontaneous pregnancies were obtained from male partners with a ‘corrected’ p53 concentration ranging between 0.84 and 1.34. In subgroup B2, 13 pregnancies were obtained from male partners with a ‘corrected’ p53 concentration ranging between 1.66 and 3.29. In subgroup B3 (121 males) there were neither pregnancies nor miscarriages and the ‘corrected’ p53 values ranged between 3.58 and 14.53.
The results show that participants in group A had ‘corrected’ p53 values between 0.35 and 3.20 and are considered ‘fertile’, although 3 miscarriages occurred over the observation period, 36 out of 39 males (92.3%) had a p53 concentration of less than 1.65. Participants in group B1 had a ‘corrected’ p53 concentration ranging between 0.84 and 1.34, with 8 pregnancies. In group B2 the ‘corrected’ p53 concentration ranged between 1.65 and 3.29 and 13 pregnancies were observed, so this group can be considered ‘potentially fertile’. In group B3 (121 males) with ‘corrected’ p53 values ranging between 3.58 and 14.53, neither pregnancies nor miscarriages were observed, so it was considered ‘potentially infertile’ (Figure 3).
Group A and B with relative “corrected ”p53 concentrations. Spontaneous pregnancies with relative p53 values are reported.
Many factors damage sperm DNA. Considering an increase in the use of assisted reproduction techniques, we would like to assess whether separation techniques can be counted among the probable causes of sperm DNA damage. Spermatozoa can be isolated for several reasons: for medically assisted procreation (MAP) or diagnostic tests [112]. In MAP, the techniques for separating spermatozoa are different and all of them aim to improve the pregnancy rate (PR). The need to select/separate spermatozoa is necessary in cases of infertility due to reduced seminal parameters or to avoid the transmission of sex chromosome diseases. The ideal technique for separating spermatozoa should be easy, fast and affordable, should allow the highest number of motile spermatozoa to be isolated, should not damage or physiologically alter the spermatozoa, should eliminate non-viable spermatozoa, leukocytes and bacteria and should allow selection in the event of hyperspermia (increased ejaculate volume). Currently, no technique meets all these requirements, so the choice of sperm preparation technique is dictated solely by the embryologist’s ability and the quality of the semen [113, 114].
The three spermatozoa separation techniques considered in our work are some of those reported in the 5th edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the examination of human semen and are also the most frequently used in MAP (Medically Assisted Procreation) centres:
This requires semen with parameters at the lower standard limits for sperm number and motility and is often used for sperm preparation for intrauterine insemination (IUI).
Exploits the natural ability of spermatozoa to migrate from the seminal plasma to the culture medium. This technique is less effective than direct swim-up, but is useful when the percentage of motile sperm in the semen is low. Pellet swim-up is often used for in vitro fertilization (IVF).
By centrifuging seminal plasma, cells are separated according to their density. Moreover, motile spermatozoa actively migrate through the gradient forming a pellet at the bottom of the test tube. Usually, a two-layer discontinuous gradient with 40% density in the upper layer and 80% density in the lower layer is used. This technique is mostly used for sperm-deficient ejaculates and for ICSI (IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection).
In order to assess whether separation techniques can lead to spermatozoa DNA damage, we analyzed samples before and after selection procedures (DGC, pellet swim-up and direct swim-up), comparing data with pre-treatment values (control). To this end, we used an innovative technique able to quantify spermatozoa DNA damage. The reference technique is the one proposed by Raimondo et al. [83], the quantitative assessment of p53 protein on spermatozoa DNA corrected for sperm concentration. We used an Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA), a technique that best meets laboratory requirements for accuracy, reliability and repeatability.
For this study, we enrolled 63 males in the period from January 2016 to December 2019, aged 24–31 years, the volume of their ejaculates varies from 2.6 to 4.6 mL and have various patterns of dispermia. The sperm evaluations of the subjects were carried out by examining their semen using the standardized analysis criteria according to the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5th edition, 2010.
The Makler Counting Chamber (Sef-Medical Instrumens Ltd.) was used for the assessment of nemaspermic concentration, expressed per mL, as well as for the study of the non-nemaspermic cellular component (leukocytes, red blood cells, germ line cells) [49, 53, 91].
Enrolled subjects do not suffer from chronic diseases, have not used drugs and medications during the 6 months prior to semen collection, are not exposed to environmental stress at work [115, 116, 117], did not suffer from pathological varicocele at preliminary examination with Color Doppler [118, 119, 120].
Semen samples were processed when liquefied within 30 to 45 minutes after ejaculation.
The samples were then aliquoted into four 0.5 mL aliquots and immediately processed.
The four aliquots were processed as follows:
Control samples were quantitatively assessed for p53 protein at both 0 and 60 minutes. During this period of time, semen is not treated, incubated at 37°C at 5% CO2, in a 15 mL Falcon tube.
An aliquot of semen is placed under the 300 μL layer of culture medium (Quinn’s, SAGE, USA). The test tube is placed at a 45° angle to increase the contact surface of semen and medium for 30 minutes at 37° C in a 5% CO2 incubator. The supernatant fraction is removed and sent for further assessment [121, 122].
A 0.5 mL aliquot of the whole sperm is gently mixed with 1.0 mL of sperm culture medium supplemented with 0.1% human serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich. St. Louis, Catalog – A1653), heated to 37° C, in a 15 mL Falcon tube and centrifuged at 200 g for 8 minutes. The supernatant is discarded and the precipitate (pellet) is mixed with 1.0 mL of culture medium and centrifuged at 100 g for 45 minutes, the supernatant discarded, 300 micronL of culture medium is gently layered onto the final pellet. The test tube is placed at a 45° angle for 30 minutes at 37° C in a 5% CO2 incubator. The supernatant fraction is removed and sent for further assessment [123, 124].
80/40 gradients (Pureception, SAGE, USA) were placed in 15 mL Falcon tubes, followed by layering of 0.5 mL of whole ejaculate and then centrifuged at 200 g for 20 minutes. The gradient is removed and the pellet is washed twice (200 g x 5 minutes) with 1.0 mL of culture medium. The final pellet is layered on the surface with 300 μL of culture medium and placed at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator for 30 minutes. The supernatant fraction is removed and sent for further assessment [125, 126].
All samples are subjected to a quantitative assay of p53 protein corrected in relation to the number of spermatozoa.
Separation of spermatozoa is an important step in ART techniques. Our data show that the Density Gradient Centrifugation (Group d) and Direct Swim-up (Group b) techniques provide superior quality in terms of motility, vitality and apoptosis indices compared to other conventional techniques. In Group (b), apoptosis is superimposable to that of Group (d), while motility and vitality are slightly lower. Group (c) has lower parameters than the other techniques. With regard to the assessment of the p53 protein, the results are in contrast with those of apoptosis: in Group (d), the values are significantly higher than the other techniques (Table 2).
P53 ng/Mln spermatozoa | |||
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Control | 2,72 ± 0,0 | 3,17 ± 2,1 | NS |
Direct swum-up | 2,72 ± 0,3 | 3,18 ± 2,9 | NS |
Pellet swim-up | 2,72 ± 0,2 | 4,02 ± 3,2 | P<0,001 |
Density gradient centrifugation | 2,72 ± 0,3 | 7,87 ± 3,9 | P< 0,0001 |
Variation in p53 protein concentrations, before and after the separation technique used, including statistical changes.
The mean percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa in the processed samples was evaluated by the AO test [48] and samples processed by pellet Swim-up (Group c) were found to be significantly higher than those processed by density gradient (Group d) and direct Swim-up (Group b). The lower percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa found in Group (b) and Group (d) suggest that these techniques result in a supernatant with fewer spermatozoa with fragmented DNA. The use of apoptotic spermatozoa during ART may be one of the causes of failure of MAP cycles. The negative association between sperm apoptosis and fertilization rate has been documented with several studies [127, 128]. The selection of non-apoptotic spermatozoa should be one of the most important requirements for achieving optimal conception rates in ARTs [128]; it is beyond doubt that to achieve this important parameter, it is necessary to choose a separation technique that comes closest to natural selection.
This work suggests that the spermatozoa preparation techniques commonly used for assisted reproduction techniques result in different levels of apoptosis and spermatozoa DNA damage, which can be assessed by quantifying the p53 protein isolated from spermatozoa DNA. In the future, we plan to use p53 quantization to assess the damage already existing in spermatozoa DNA of potential patients wishing to undergo assisted reproduction techniques, so as to prevent the final result from being further compromised. In case the p53 concentration in the untreated samples is already high, a possible therapy could be evaluated for such patients to improve the starting conditions of spermatozoa thus achieving a better result [5, 6]. This work fits well into a scenario of spermatozoa quality assessment and the importance of having an objective and repetitive data prior to conception both in vivo and in vitro [129].
The p53 protein is thought to play an important role in oocyte maturation, blastocyst development and embryo implantation in human reproduction [130].
p53 protein expression is low in zygotes and at the cleavage stage, but then increases around the blastocyst stage. Blastocysts from in vivo fertilization have low concentrations of p53 protein, while p53 expression is higher in embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. These findings suggest that embryo culture leads to accumulation of p53 protein transcription activity in blastocysts and may be one of the reasons for the delayed growth of embryos. Human embryos generated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have a high nuclear p53 expression, associated with delayed embryo development [131]. From these considerations, a more complex role for the p53 protein emerges, which is different from just controlling the integrity of sperm DNA; it is assumed to control the timing and mode of embryo development [132].
The p53 protein plays an important role in the cell and is normally found in all cell types in the human body. It plays a central role in an extensive control network of proteins that enable the ‘healthy’ condition of a cell and of cellular DNA. The p53 protein is the ‘director’ of a well-orchestrated cell damage detection and control system. When damage occurs, the activity of the p53 protein is crucial in deciding whether to repair it or induce cell death. The death of a cell that has suffered severe DNA damage is vital for the organism because it prevents the reproduction of cells with dangerous and harmful mutations and, in the event of conception, prevents abnormal embryonic development [133].
Its increase is proportional to cellular damage, so its quantitative assessment indicates DNA damage. Also interesting is its role in controlling and regulating the meiosis process of spermatogenesis and its function in monitoring embryonic development.
The idea that the p53 protein performs multiple tasks in systemic cellular control and development and in the control of human reproductive project is gaining momentum. Our work fits well with the knowledge of the presence of the p53 protein in differentiating male fertility.
For our study, we enrolled 117 partners of couples who had undergone medically-assisted procreation (MAP) for conception.
The seminal parameters were assessed according to the criteria of the WHO 2010 manual, shown in Table 3.
Participants | MLN spermatozoa/mL | Type a motility % | Morfology % according to Kruger | Vitality % |
---|---|---|---|---|
117 | 20,14 ↔ 48,31 | 18,5 ↔ 51,6 | 8,5 ↔ 17,8 | 48,8 ↔ 76,5 |
Seminal parameters of the participants.
Participants were assessed for the concentration of the p53 protein on sperm DNA, first proceeding to a DNA extraction using a forensic method and then to a quantization of the p53 protein using ELISA-immunoassay technique, with another calculation of the results, and expressed in ng/MLN spermatozoa [83].
The embryologist chose the MAP technique to be performed, based on the seminal parameters obtained after the capacitation procedure and, in order to ensure consistency in comparison, it was the same for all samples (Percoll gradients): 90 couples (76.9%) using the IVF technique and 27 couples (23.1%) using the ICSI technique.
IVF stands for In Vitro Fertilization with Embryo Transfer and is the first artificial insemination technique used. IVF is recommended for couples with proven fertility problems: for women, especially those suffering from tubal pathologies (obstruction of the fallopian tubes), and for men when there are minor problems with the semen. This technique can be used mainly in patients who have already conceived naturally, because the ability of the sperm to spontaneously penetrate the egg cell is more certain. With IVF (or in vitro fertilization), conception takes place outside the woman’s body: the sperm spontaneously penetrate the egg cell, but everything takes place in a test tube.
ICSI stands for IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection and is used in patients of advanced maternal age (>36 years), in cases where oocyte production is low or, in the case of men, if there is severe seminal damage, such as the total absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate fluid and it is necessary to proceed with the aspiration of sperm directly from the testicle.
The initial phase of ICSI is the same as that of IVF, starting with hormonal stimulation and then moving on to oocyte aspiration. The difference is that in ICSI a spermatozoon is selected by the biologist and injected into the cytoplasm of an oocyte using a micro needle to ‘force’ fertilization. This operation is repeated for all the oocytes to be inseminated. The following stages are exactly the same as IVF.
On the third day of embryo development, the number of embryos that reached the stage of 6–8 was assessed. Pick-up report (IVF + ICSI), fertilization and Pregnancy rate (PR) are shown in Table 4.
1.145 < p53 > 2.45 ng/Mln spermatozoa | 3.20 < p53 > 7.75 ng/Mln spermatozoa | |
---|---|---|
Participants | 51 | 66 |
No. MII oocytes | 380 | 257 |
Embryos | 248 (65.4%) | 104 (40.5%) |
Pregnancies | 28 (PR=54.9%) | 13 (PR=19.7%) |
Number of participants, number of total (MII) oocytes, number of embryos that reached the 6–8 cell stage, pregnancies achieved (PR) for two groups of p53 values.
The results obtained support the theory that a high concentration of the p53 protein in spermatozoa DNA is associated with a low percentage of embryos able to reach the 6–8 cell stage on day three and a lower pregnancy rate (Figure 4).
Interrelation between p53 concentration, embryonic development and PR.
Our work fits well with prediction models and the importance of having objective and repetitive data prior to conception, both in vivo and in vitro [134].
Cytochemistry, fluorescence and electrophoresis techniques have so far been used to assess DNA damage. For our studies, we employed an innovative method called ‘quantitative proteomics’, an analytical chemical technique for determining the amount of protein in a given sample. The methods for identifying proteins are identical to those used in general proteomics, but include quantification as an additional dimension. We used p53, a protein already known as the ‘guardian of the genome’, to assess the effect of environmental and/or dietary toxic factors on human bodies through DNA damage. From our studies, we have identified the spermatozoon as a sentinel cell of environmental impact, as its DNA damage is strongly correlated with pollution. Inevitably, the evolution of these preliminary studies turned to understanding whether DNA damage could influence the fertilizing capacity of males. We think that given our results, this protein can be used as an indicator of environmental impact, and given the renewal characteristics of spermatogenesis, it can also be used as a prevention and follow-up index for environmental remediation. A more extensive use would be to understand whether sperm DNA is compatible with the couple’s optimal reproductive project both in vivo and in vivo (Figure 5).
Schematic representation of the effects of the different concentrations of the p53 protein on human reproduction.
The management of individuals with orofacial clefts extends from infancy till adulthood. Taking impressions of the dental arches is a frequently needed procedure, that can be utilized for recording, measuring and planning. However, conventional impression is considered a technique-sensitive procedure and prone to some complications and limitations, such as dimensional changes and patients’ intolerability, especially in patients with orofacial clefts. Moreover, storage and maintenance of the poured models is a continuous challenge to clinicians. The last decade has witnessed a digital revolution that led to the introduction of digital intraoral scanners for dentistry. Since then, the number of IOS devices as well as their technology are tremendously growing to offer accurate and comfortable replacement for the traditional impression techniques. This chapter summarizes the different IOS technologies, advantages, clinical considerations, and applications in the craniofacial field.
The very first intraoral scanner was introduced in the 1980 [1] and incorporated into the CEREC® by Sirona Dental Systems LLC (Charlotte, NC) system for restorative dentistry. Later after that, many manufacturers introduced multipurpose IOS to the market including the orthodontic purposes. IOS adopt non-optical technologies to provide an intraoral three-dimensional map where data points are captured by either a scanning unit or handheld wand and fed back to a workstation and can be viewed on a monitor. These technologies include confocal imaging, triangulation, and 3D in motion video [2].
Acquisition is briefly based on capturing of in-focus (confocal) images and deflecting any defocused images which increases the scan accuracy [3]. Trios IOS AND iTero Element are examples of the majority of the IOS that adopt the confocal imaging. Both offer systems where the teeth are not necessarily powder coated before scanning, thus shorten the scanning time and enhance the color capture [4]. They have a wide use in implant and restorative dentistry, and the orthodontic field.
This technology allows for capturing high-speed data in recording undesirable or inaccessible areas. It uses either a lens or a light source, and a sensor that is sensitive to light for image formation. The is based upon Pythagoras theorem, where by knowing the position and angle of two points of a triangle, we can easily calculate the position of the third point (object). Single detector “prism shaped” or two detectors are used to detect the two different points in the exact time. Cerec (Dentsply Sirona, USA) adopts this technology. Bluecam Cerec requires a reflective powder coating for scanning while Omnicam Cerec can provide a powderless scan [2].
his technology generates a true replica of the oral anatomy using a high-resolution video camera. It captures 3D data in a video sequence and models the data in real time. IOS that adopt this technology require a powder coating. However, it is lighter than that used with IOS with triangulation technology [2]. 3 M ESPE IOS adopt this technology.
The capability of directly recording the patient’s dental arch and creating a digital 3D model alleviates the need for conventional impression techniques which may cause patient discomfort or inconvenience by either the material itself or the impression tray [5, 6, 7]. Neonates, Children, and patients with gag reflex cannot tolerate the conventional procedure, that’s why the intraoral scanning process is much appreciated [8, 9, 10]. It is reported by the literature that patients prefer intraoral scanning process over the traditional impression techniques [11].
Intraoral scanners are proven to save working time in comparison with the conventional techniques [12, 13]. Although IOS do not appear to significantly save time in full arch scans (take less than 3 minutes) when compared to the conventional techniques that take from 3 to 5 minutes. However, they save time afterwards where the following steps of cast pouring, direct communication can be done with the laboratory by emailing the 3D digital model rather than courier delivery or using regular mail [12, 14, 15, 16]. Consequently, IOS can save throughout the working year a considerable amount of money and time [11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20].
Communication between dentist and dental technician can be simplified, strengthened, and improved by being offered a real time assessment of the optical impression quality [15, 20, 21]. In addition to that, IOS can serve as an effective tool for patient education as well as communication which amplifies the psychological involvement that positively affect the overall treatment journey. Also, IOS can be considered as a powerful marketing tool as patients are becoming more interested in technology and digitally equipped dental offices and mention that to their circle of communication [22]. Intraoral scanning leads to digital models which can be saved as an STL file, the clinical and logistic merits of digital models include easy data archival, smart and effective storage, durability with maintaining model integrity and diagnostic versatility [23].
Orofacial cleft is considered as one of the most common congenital disorders. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common craniofacial condition. Orofacial clefts have a significant influence on the development and quality of life not only on of the affected patients but on their families as well. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Kadir et al. reported that 1 child in every 730 births will be born with CL/P (whether associated with syndrome/condition or not) [24].
Palatoplasty for patients with cleft palate is delayed till approximately from 9 to 10 months to avoid any maxillary growth limitation [25, 26]. At this age, the preoperative evaluation of the palate is very challenging because of its small size, not to mention that even in adults it is a very difficult structure to record [27]. Different attempts were conducted for the preoperative evaluation of the anatomy of the palate, yet it was very difficult because of limited accessibility and dynamic movements. Some surgeons depended on clinical examination by eyeballing (looking directly into patients’ mouth while open) [27]. This method of assessment is very subjective and provide insufficient diagnostic information. That’s why, alternative methods as diagnostic plaster models, CBCT scanning of the patient to provide a 3-dimensional anatomy of the palate, and Magnetic resonance scanning have been used to overcome the limitations of the physical examination method [28, 29, 30].
Plaster models have been considered as the gold standard in recording the dental arches [31]. Although plaster casts may record accurately the anatomy of the hard palate, yet it is fails to provide a detailed recording of the soft palate [32]. Despite the presence of alternative radiographic methods as CBCT, high radiation exposure particularly in pediatric patients can be a limitation, in addition to possible images overlap and inaccurate recording of borders of soft tissue structures [33]. Also, studies reported that MRI may provide a gap between the radiographic and clinical case severity, so it cannot be used solely to evaluate patients with cleft palate and should be combined with clinical examination to provide an appropriate treatment plan [34].
The evolution of digital intraoral scanning is considered by most of the orthodontists especially the craniofacial ones as an absolute innovation, literature has reported many studies that validate their use in terms of accuracy in the orthodontic field [35, 36]. Also, recent studies began to validate the use of IOS in recording the palatal tissue and reported intraoral scanning as a reliable method [37, 38]. Among the reported challenges of using IOS to record the soft palate or the palatal area in general is the accessibility as well as recording the posterior part of the soft palate as a smooth surface without any corrugations [32]. There are now intraoral scanners with smaller and thinner scanning tips - thanks to the developing scanning technologies – which significantly improved the accessibility and reduced any discomfort particularly in infant and neonate patients.
Three-dimensional analysis of the records captured by IOS (Figure 1) can offer a diagnostic opportunity that allows for accurate measurements between marked points on the palate. This facilitates the treatment planning part for the care providers where they can accurately record the various occlusal indices required to evaluate the inter-arch relationships [39].
Digital models of a patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate on the right side, which can be used for detailed diagnosis and tailored treatment planning.
Presurgical infant orthopedics, known as (PSIO) started its popularity in the 1950s and was validated later by Matuso in 1988 who noticed that the newborn’s cartilage is soft and non-elastic thus, can be molded [40]. The PSIO is advisable to start as early as from birth up to 4 months due to the high estrogen and hyaluronic acid levels which inhibit the crosslinking of the cartilage matrix and allow for proper cartilage molding [40, 41]. In 1950, Grayson initiated the technique that is widely used till now and named it “presurgical naso-alveolar molding (NAM), this technique allows passive molding that aims mainly for repositioning the deformed alveolar process, nasal cartilage and lengthening of the columella. The Grayson technique itself then went through further modifications aiming for preferable outcomes and more comfort to the patients and their caregivers [42, 43, 44].
The concept of clear orthodontic appliances was first introduced in 1946 by Kesling to align the teeth in better positions [45]. Later after that, the clear aligner treatment (CAT) was introduced by Align Technology (Santa Clara, California). CAT was very acceptable for adult patients [46]. However, it was not that popular for pediatric patients in craniofacial orthopedics and orthodontics, this was related to the possible discomfort, allergy, and respiratory obstruction from impression material in newborns with cleft palate [47]. The introduction of a digital workflow that includes IOS instead of conventional impression techniques then designing and 3D printing of clear aligner for nasoalveolar molding has paved the way to a more friendly yet accurate method of reducing the cleft defect before surgery [48].
The scanning process is usually done using a small-sized scanning tip, the newborn/infant’s head is advised to be stabilized gently with the parent’s hand while keeping the infant seated in the parent’s lap. The overall intraoral scanning process should take less than 3 minutes, an exact reported average of 1 minute 30 seconds up to 2 minutes has been reported in literature [48].
It is worth mentioning that the IOS software is accustomed to record continuous dental arches and interpret any discontinuous surface as a redundant or spurious surface that should be removed [47]. Hence, the most challenging part to be scanned was the cleft gap. However, the orthodontists’ experience in the scanning process plays a significant role (Figure 2). On another hand, the scanning speed is recommended to support up to 3000 images per second with the rationale of reducing any errors that may result from any movement between the scanning tip and the surrounding oral structures [47].
Intraoral scan of an infant with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The digital impression can be used to assess the maxillary arch/segment dimensions and to fabricate a nasoalveolar molding (NAM) aligners.
Fully digital workflow can be implemented to successfully design and manufacture palatal plates for patients with cleft palate or any functional disorder. Applying this workflow in orthodontics requires the synchronization between different technologies to be able to finally create appliances, it is now possible to create palatal plates based on digital intraoral scanning [49].
Xepapadeas AB et al. [50], reported a detailed technique for scanning the patients with Trisomy 21 syndrome for the aim of manufacturing palatal plates. They advised that the orthodontist should make sure to record all the intraoral structures that can crucially affect the fit of the plate as the maxillary tuberosity, labial frenulum, and vestibule. Also, another important tip is to always define a reference point to mark the start of the scan - usually it is the incisive papilla - so that if the scanning position is lost, the papilla or the last scanned area can be taken as a starting point. The scanned data represents the digital working model. At first, adjusting the scan orientation is done then defining the outer borders of the scan to determine the final dimensions of the orthodontic model. The final step includes removing any undercuts or irregularities resulting from registration errors, this is usually done using the free form tool. In patients with cleft palate, it is advised to virtually block the cleft to ensure that all the anatomic structures are recorded rather than being removed and considered as redundant images. Thereby, the digital model is ready to be exported as Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file for the design of the palatal plate.
In the craniofacial field, accurate diagnostic information, precise understanding of the anatomy, and practice are the key for any successful surgery. Palatoplasty simulation on a 3D printed cleft palate model based on data from intraoral scanner is now a growing viable option. This simulation offers a training opportunity to the medical students and residents to increase their expertise [27].
The 3D filed is rapidly and favorably developing. This includes 3D imaging, scanning and printing. Following the promising development of the 3D filed, it was about time for software creators to incorporate three-dimensional surgical modules into various software programs. Utilizing different 3D technologies together paved the road for virtual surgical planning (VSP) to accessible and widely spread.
Two fundamental elements are needed for VSP; 3D radiographic imaging (CT or CBCT) and intraoral digital impression. The intraoral scan of a patient’s mouth is done in order to obtain a STL file, that will be accurately placed overlaying the dentition on the patient’s CT or CBCT volume. This merging will provide an accurate representation of the patient’s skeleton, dentition and facial soft tissues; i.e. creating a “virtual patient” [51]. Utilizing specific software programs, VSP can be performed with a step-by-step guidance. First, the boundaries of the maxilla, mandible and dentition are identified through landmark identification. Then, the surgical movements of one jaw or both are decided in all dimensions (anteroposterior, lateral, vertical, yaw, pitch and roll) depending on the surgical plan (Figure 3). 3D surgical guide(s) and Inter-mediate or/and final splint(s) can be created virtually and then 3D printed (Figures 4 and 5).
Virtual surgical planning (VSP) showing double-jaw surgery with final splint is in place.
The surgical guides are virtually designed. Screw holes are accurately distributed to avoid any injury to the adjacent structures (such as teeth and nerves). Note that in figure (B), numbers represent the predetermined length of the screws, while screw (*) indicates the need to used angular screw.
The surgical guides for the maxilla and mandible are virtually designed then 3D printed. A, right side of the maxilla; B, left side of the maxilla; C, right side of the mandible; D, left side of the mandible.
The VSP allows for accurate osteotomy cuts, better predictability of the outcomes and significant reduction in the amount of time spent in the operating room [52, 53, 54]. With the current and upcoming advanced in the 3D filed, it is only logical to consider VSP not only as a viable option, but as an upgraded alternative to traditional surgeries.
Digital intraoral scanners can be considered as an accurate novel diagnostic tool in the craniofacial field as well as a safe alternative to the traditional impression techniques especially for infants with craniofacial conditions. They allow for 3D evaluation of the scanned data; this can be very beneficial for infants/newborns with cleft palate by facilitating the treatment plan formulation based on accurate 3D measurements and analysis. Furthermore, IOS can enable the manufacture of craniofacial appliances when combined with a proper digital workflow. Finally, the with the marriage of IOS and 3D printing technology, surgical models can be easily fabricated for surgical training purposes.
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
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Variable rate spraying of the canopy allows growers to apply adjusted volume rate of pesticides to the target, based on canopy size, and to apply plant protection products in an economical and environmentally sound manner. In the field of pesticide application, knowledge of the geometrical characteristics of plantations will guarantee a better adjustment of the dosage of the agrochemicals applied. This technology is integrated with intelligent real-time sensors, which have a high potential for agricultural precision spray applications. This book chapter presents the foundations and applications in agriculture of the primary systems used for real-time spray target detection of the geometrical characterization of tree plantations. Systems based on infrared, ultrasonic, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and stereo vision sensors were discussed, respectively, on their performances to detect spray targets. Among them, laser scanners and stereo vision systems are probably the most promising and complementary techniques for achieving three-dimensional (3D) pictures and maps of plants and canopies. The advantages of data fusion applied in real-time target detection and its accuracy in density estimation of the plants were stressed.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Zhihong Zhang, Xiaoyang Wang, Qinghui Lai and Zhaoguo Zhang",authors:[{id:"227982",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhihong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhihong-zhang",fullName:"Zhihong Zhang"},{id:"239622",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaoyang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaoyang-wang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Wang"},{id:"239624",title:"Prof.",name:"Qinghui",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"qinghui-lai",fullName:"Qinghui Lai"},{id:"239625",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhaoguo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhaoguo-zhang",fullName:"Zhaoguo Zhang"}]},{id:"71024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91133",title:"Implication of Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming for Future Sustainability",slug:"implication-of-urban-agriculture-and-vertical-farming-for-future-sustainability",totalDownloads:1841,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Urban agriculture (UA) is defined as the production of agricultural goods (crop) and livestock goods within urban areas like cities and towns. In the modern days, the urbanization process has raised a question on the sustainable development and growing of urban population. UA has been claimed to contribute to urban waste recycling, efficient water use and energy conservation, reduction in air pollution and soil erosion, urban beautification, climate change adaptation and resilience, disaster prevention, and ecological and social urban sustainability. Therefore, UA contributes to the sustainability of cities in various ways—socially, economically, and environmentally. An urban farming technology that involves the large-scale agricultural production in the urban surroundings is the vertical farming (VF) or high-rise farming technology. It enables fast growth and production of the crops by maintaining the environmental conditions and nutrient solutions to crop based on hydroponics technology. Vertical farms are able to grow food year-round because they maintain consistent growing conditions regardless of the weather outside and are much less vulnerable to climate changes. This promises a steady flow of products for the consumers and a consistent income for growers. Various advantages of VF over traditional farming, such as reduced farm inputs and crop failures and restored farmland, have enabled scientists to implement VF on a large scale.",book:{id:"8939",slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Anwesha Chatterjee, Sanjit Debnath and Harshata Pal",authors:[{id:"312477",title:"Dr.",name:"Harshata",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"harshata-pal",fullName:"Harshata Pal"},{id:"316680",title:"Dr.",name:"Anwesha",middleName:null,surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"anwesha-chatterjee",fullName:"Anwesha Chatterjee"},{id:"316681",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjit",middleName:null,surname:"Debnath",slug:"sanjit-debnath",fullName:"Sanjit Debnath"}]},{id:"59402",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73861",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]},{id:"69221",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89279",title:"Social Value of Urban Rooftop Farming: A Hong Kong Case Study",slug:"social-value-of-urban-rooftop-farming-a-hong-kong-case-study",totalDownloads:994,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"As cities densify, areas available for agriculture within the city become increasingly small and infeasible for mass production. In parallel, many cities have seen a rapid rise in establishing community-based micro-farming, operating within marginal spaces of uncertain ownership or regulations. Prominently in Hong Kong, more than 60 urban rooftop farms have spontaneously appeared in the last 10 years on buildings. High application rates for renting plots in these informal farms suggest a strong demand in the population. Motivations cited by participants of rooftop farms are typically social, although social values have yet to be specifically defined or objectively measured. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government’s new agricultural policy conceives urban agriculture as a commercially productive practice. In consequence, urban rooftop farming lies awkwardly between formal city planning and informal community practices. A study of five rooftop farms in Hong Kong found, through participant opinion surveys and cost-benefit analysis, that the social benefits to participants were multifaceted with a preference on personal socialization and that they were willing to pay for the experience. The results suggest that if the products of rooftop farming could be conceived as being social, rather than food production, individual motivations and state interests could be aligned and the available roof space activated to achieve a more sustainable city.",book:{id:"8308",slug:"agricultural-economics-current-issues",title:"Agricultural Economics",fullTitle:"Agricultural Economics - Current Issues"},signatures:"Ting Wang and Mathew Pryor",authors:[{id:"289674",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ting-wang",fullName:"Ting Wang"},{id:"289677",title:"Prof.",name:"Mathew",middleName:null,surname:"Pryor",slug:"mathew-pryor",fullName:"Mathew Pryor"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59402",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]},{id:"70662",title:"Automation and Robotics Used in Hydroponic System",slug:"automation-and-robotics-used-in-hydroponic-system",totalDownloads:2800,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Hydroponic system requires periodic labor, a systematic approach, repetitive motion and a structured environment. Automation, robotics and IoT have allowed farmers to monitoring all the variables in plant, root zone and environment under hydroponics. This research introduces findings in design with real time operating systems based on microcontrollers; pH fuzzy logic control system for nutrient solution in embed and flow hydroponic culture; hydroponic system in combination with automated drip irrigation; expert system-based automation system; automated hydroponics nutrition plants systems; hydroponic management and monitoring system for an intelligent hydroponic system using internet of things and web technology; neural network-based fault detection in hydroponics; additional technologies implemented in hydroponic systems and robotics in hydroponic systems. The above advances will improve the efficiency of hydroponics to increase the quality and quantity of the produce and pose an opportunity for the growth of the hydroponics market in near future.",book:{id:"8939",slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes, Héctor Flores Breceda, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras and Urbano Luna Maldonado",authors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"},{id:"215230",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Vidales Contreras",slug:"juan-antonio-vidales-contreras",fullName:"Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras"},{id:"220744",title:"MSc.",name:"Héctor",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Breceda",slug:"hector-flores-breceda",fullName:"Héctor Flores Breceda"},{id:"252026",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Fuentes",slug:"humberto-rodriguez-fuentes",fullName:"Humberto Rodríguez-Fuentes"},{id:"299825",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Márquez Reyes",slug:"julia-mariana-marquez-reyes",fullName:"Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes"},{id:"303920",title:"Prof.",name:"Urbano",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"urbano-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Urbano Luna Maldonado"}]},{id:"77112",title:"Advancements of Spraying Technology in Agriculture",slug:"advancements-of-spraying-technology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:610,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Plant protection activities are most important practices during crop production. Application of maximum pesticide products with the sprayer. The application of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides is one of the most recurrent and significant tasks in agriculture. Conventional agricultural spraying techniques have made the inconsistency between economic growth and environmental protection in agricultural production. Spraying techniques continuously developed in recent decades. For pesticide application, it is not the only sprayer that is essential, but all the parameters like the type and area of the plant canopy, area of a plant leaf, height of the crop, and volume of plants related to plant protection product applications are very important for obtaining better results. From this point of view, the advancement in agriculture sprayer has been started in last few decades. Robotics and automatic spraying technologies like variable rate sprayers, UAV sprayers, and electrostatic sprayers are growing to Increase the utilization rate of pesticides, reduce pesticide residues, real-time, cost-saving, high compatibility of plant protection products application. These technologies are under the “umbrella” of precision agriculture. The mechanized spraying system, usually implemented by highly precise equipment or mobile robots, which, makes possible the selective targeting of pesticide application on desire time and place. These advanced spraying technologies not only reduces the labour cost but also effective in environmental protection. Researchers are conducting experimental studies on the design, development and testing of precision spraying technologies for crops and orchards.",book:{id:"10454",slug:"technology-in-agriculture",title:"Technology in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Technology in Agriculture"},signatures:"Fiaz Ahmad, Aftab Khaliq, Baijing Qiu, Muhammad Sultan and Jing Ma",authors:[{id:"199381",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"muhammad-sultan",fullName:"Muhammad Sultan"},{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"},{id:"346652",title:"MSc.",name:"Aftab",middleName:null,surname:"Khaliq",slug:"aftab-khaliq",fullName:"Aftab Khaliq"},{id:"349757",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiu",middleName:null,surname:"Baijing",slug:"qiu-baijing",fullName:"Qiu Baijing"},{id:"349778",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"jing-ma",fullName:"Jing Ma"}]},{id:"77058",title:"Solar Technology in Agriculture",slug:"solar-technology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:587,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Promotion of sustainable agriculture is one of the most priority development goal set by United Nations for achieving the food security to meet the ever-increasing global population food demand. Because of extreme importance of agriculture sector, significant technological developments have been made that played pivotal role for sustainable agriculture by value addition in agricultural products and meeting energy demands for machinery and irrigation. These developments include improved cultivation practices, processing units for agricultural products and operation of machinery and irrigation systems based on solar energy. Moreover, the emergence of new technologies and climate smart solutions with reduced carbon footprints have significantly addressed the ever-increasing fuel costs and changing climate needs. PV based solar irrigation pumps and agricultural machinery is typical example of this. Because, awareness of these technological development is essential to overcome energy issues, availability of energy to perform agricultural activities for sustainable agriculture at farm level and socioeconomic uplift of farming community to meet food requirements needs in the future. Therefore, this chapter attempts at providing the introduction of technologies for direct and indirect use of solar energy in the agriculture sector. The typical examples of direct use of solar energy like greenhouses or tunnel farming for cultivation of crops and vegetables and use of solar dryers for drying agricultural products have been comprehensively discussed. Similarly, the solar powered tubewells, tractors, and lights, etc. are few important examples of indirect use of solar energy and have also been discussed in this chapter. The indirect use is made possible by converting solar energy into electrical energy with the help of photovoltaic devices, called “solar cells”. Also radio frequency (RF)-controlled seed sowing and spreading machines are discussed, which provide an eco-friendly method. Moreover, comprehensive discussion is made on solar based technologies in general as well regional context in view of their potential to scale-up and to address anticipated issues. The use of photovoltaics in agriculture is expected to be significant contribution in the near future that require urgent planning for the potential benefits and efficient use at the farm level. Therefore, the co-existence of “agrovoltaics” will be essential for the developments of agriculture and agroindustry.",book:{id:"10454",slug:"technology-in-agriculture",title:"Technology in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Technology in Agriculture"},signatures:"Ghulam Hasnain Tariq, Muhammad Ashraf and Umar Sohaib Hasnain",authors:[{id:"324017",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Ashraf"},{id:"343829",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Hasnain",middleName:null,surname:"Tariq",slug:"ghulam-hasnain-tariq",fullName:"Ghulam Hasnain Tariq"},{id:"415545",title:"Mr.",name:"Umar Sohaib",middleName:null,surname:"Hasnain",slug:"umar-sohaib-hasnain",fullName:"Umar Sohaib Hasnain"}]},{id:"79822",title:"Stored Grain Pests and Current Advances for Their Management",slug:"stored-grain-pests-and-current-advances-for-their-management",totalDownloads:226,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"During the offseason, when fresh food is not available, humans have to consume stored grain food. Unfortunately, these stored grains are later infested with many pests. Foods stored in bags and bins are very much susceptible to infestation with several pests which can cause extensive post-harvest losses, spoilage, and less demand in markets, causing a huge economic crisis. Hence, successful management of stored grain pests becomes necessary to prevent these from insect pests. Current approaches for their management are one of the promising goals, as it includes preventive practices, monitoring, sanitation, and identification of main pathogens. Different management strategies of all the common stored grain pests viz. grain weevils, grain borers, grain moths, flour moths, mealworms, grain and flour beetles, booklice, mites, and parasites are enlisted here.",book:{id:"10899",slug:"postharvest-technology-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Postharvest Technology",fullTitle:"Postharvest Technology - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Rayees Ahmad, Shafiya Hassan, Showkat Ahmad, Syed Nighat, Yendrambamb K. Devi, Kounser Javeed, Salma Usmani, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Sait Erturk, Mustafa Alkan and Barkat Hussain",authors:[{id:"319667",title:"Dr.",name:"Barkat",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"barkat-hussain",fullName:"Barkat Hussain"},{id:"444975",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rayees-ahmad",fullName:"Rayees Ahmad"},{id:"444976",title:"Dr.",name:"Shafiya",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"shafiya-hassan",fullName:"Shafiya Hassan"},{id:"444977",title:"Dr.",name:"Showkat",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"showkat-ahmad",fullName:"Showkat Ahmad"},{id:"444978",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed",middleName:null,surname:"Nighat",slug:"syed-nighat",fullName:"Syed Nighat"},{id:"444979",title:"Dr.",name:"Yendrambamb",middleName:null,surname:"K. Devi",slug:"yendrambamb-k.-devi",fullName:"Yendrambamb K. Devi"},{id:"444980",title:"Dr.",name:"Kounser",middleName:null,surname:"Javeed",slug:"kounser-javeed",fullName:"Kounser Javeed"},{id:"444981",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",middleName:null,surname:"Usmani",slug:"salma-usmani",fullName:"Salma Usmani"},{id:"444982",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Javid",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mohd-javid-ansari",fullName:"Mohd Javid Ansari"},{id:"444983",title:"Dr.",name:"Sait",middleName:null,surname:"Erturk",slug:"sait-erturk",fullName:"Sait Erturk"},{id:"444984",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Alkan",slug:"mustafa-alkan",fullName:"Mustafa Alkan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"26",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. 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In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 9th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfPublishedChapters:86,numberOfPublishedBooks:8,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},subseries:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",annualVolume:11418,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",annualVolume:11419,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",annualVolume:11420,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/216765",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"216765"},fullPath:"/profiles/216765",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()