Comparative analysis between the requirements of the Standard and ISO standards.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7781",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Improving Quality of Life - Exploring Standard of Living, Wellbeing, and Community Development",title:"Improving Quality of Life",subtitle:"Exploring Standard of Living, Wellbeing, and Community Development",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The authors of this volume provide a window into what influences the quality of life, why people live longer, and why we are relatively better off compared to decades ago. While the potential ways of measuring life quality are abundant, understanding what causes improvement requires careful study and consideration. This volume provides useful insight into these challenges and helps to highlight a clear and important separation between wellbeing and standard of living, both relevant to assessing the quality of life. Standard of living refers to the material welfare of a group. Wellbeing, on the other hand, encapsulates harder-to-measure subjective preferences. Together they help us to understand the quality of life of certain groups at specific times, and in specific communities.",isbn:"978-1-83968-814-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-813-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-815-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77595",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"improving-quality-of-life-exploring-standard-of-living-wellbeing-and-community-development",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8130b1bca2a4feb7f313f127d302dcdd",bookSignature:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",publishedDate:"November 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7781.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2378,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 12th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 1st 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",biography:"Ryan M. Yonk is a senior faculty fellow at the American Institute for Economic Research, Massachusetts. He holds a Ph.D. from Georgia State University and an MS and BS from Utah State University. He has held academic positions at North Dakota State University, Utah State University, and Southern Utah University, and was one of the founders of the Strata Policy. He is the author or editor of numerous books including Politics and Quality of Life: The Role of Well-Being in Political Outcomes, Green V. Green, and Nature Unbound: Bureaucracy vs. the Environment. He has also (co) authored numerous articles in academic journals including Public Choice, Applied Research in Quality of Life, and the Journal of Private Enterprise. His research explores how policy can be better crafted to achieve greater individual autonomy and prosperity.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"281",title:"Sociology",slug:"sociology"}],chapters:[{id:"75319",title:"Intergenerational Support Networks and Wellbeing in Old Age",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96302",slug:"intergenerational-support-networks-and-wellbeing-in-old-age",totalDownloads:260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Family is the main informal support system for the older population. Focusing on social network types, the chapter discusses the relevance of family-centered networks, restricted and diverse networks for wellbeing, and psychosocial risk in the aging process. Social network types and social support effectiveness are also pointed out as good predictors of health, mental health, and social or community participation. Familistic cultures represent different demands on informal support and social care, bringing enormous importance to the heiresses generations. Interpersonal relationships between generations are fueled by reciprocity in support throughout the life cycle. Intergenerationality closes its cycle when the offspring support their parents in older ages. Normativity in this cycle is broken with childlessness, which is less and less exceptional today. The emphasis on family ties in social care and the childless population’s increase transform future support expectations, challenging societies.",signatures:"Sónia Guadalupe and Henrique Testa Vicente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75319",authors:[{id:"334774",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sónia",surname:"Guadalupe",slug:"sonia-guadalupe",fullName:"Sónia Guadalupe"},{id:"335607",title:"Prof.",name:"Henrique",surname:"Testa Vicente",slug:"henrique-testa-vicente",fullName:"Henrique Testa Vicente"}],corrections:null},{id:"76859",title:"GDP Almost Perfectly Predicts Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97788",slug:"gdp-em-almost-perfectly-em-predicts-survival",totalDownloads:148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This article extends results reported by Bechtel, G. and Bechtel, T. (2021). These previous findings induce the hypothesis confirmed here; namely, that gross domestic product GDP nearly perfectly predicts survival in the world’s entire population. The fractional polynomial regressions here are run over the pre-pandemic period 1991–2016. During the subsequent pandemic, the American Center for Disease Control reported that life expectancy at birth in the USA dropped one year during the first six months of 2020, the largest drop since World War 11. The drops in African and Hispanic life expectancy at birth during this period were 2.7 and 1.9 years (Aljazeera; Democracy Now, February 18, 2021). The USA is the worst covid-19-effected population. It is now imperative to confirm that life expectancy at birth is well predicted from GDP in all nations over 1991–2018. This pre-pandemic control for each nation will accurately calibrate it’s subsequent yearly survival drops due to Covid-19. This is especially important in light of the trade war between the United States and China, which has increased the need for accurate measurement of the human effects of this war.",signatures:"Gordon G. Bechtel and Timothy Bechtel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76859",authors:[{id:"334750",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Gordon G.",surname:"Bechtel",slug:"gordon-g.-bechtel",fullName:"Gordon G. Bechtel"},{id:"334759",title:"MSc.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Bechtel",slug:"timothy-bechtel",fullName:"Timothy Bechtel"}],corrections:null},{id:"75343",title:"Economic and Financial Crimes and the Development of Society",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96269",slug:"economic-and-financial-crimes-and-the-development-of-society",totalDownloads:417,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to study the detailed dynamics of economic and financial crimes within the European Union member states, namely corruption, shadow economy, tax evasion, money laundering, cybercrime and financial frauds. Our econometric modelling focuses on the impact of the vector of financial and economic crime proxies upon economic prosperity and human development. In accordance to the reviewed literature, for our sample of European Union countries, corruption and shadow economy have a negative effect upon the vector of development proxies while money laundering and cybercrimes belonging to “white collars” are positively correlated with the vector of development proxies that we analyze. All the data are interpreted and discussed, and then conclusions are drawn. Governmental policies on economic prosperity and societal wellbeing should focus on reducing corruption and shadow economy, in order to favour benefits in the field of economic and human development.",signatures:"Monica Violeta Achim, Sorin Nicolae Borlea, Viorela Ligia Văidean, Decebal Remus Florescu, Eugenia Ramona Mara and Ionut Constantin Cuceu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75343",authors:[{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim"},{id:"335290",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorin Nicolae",surname:"Borlea",slug:"sorin-nicolae-borlea",fullName:"Sorin Nicolae Borlea"},{id:"342058",title:"Dr.",name:"Viorela Ligia",surname:"Vaidean",slug:"viorela-ligia-vaidean",fullName:"Viorela Ligia Vaidean"},{id:"344208",title:"Dr.",name:"Decebal Remus",surname:"Florescu",slug:"decebal-remus-florescu",fullName:"Decebal Remus Florescu"},{id:"344209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramona",surname:"Mara",slug:"ramona-mara",fullName:"Ramona Mara"},{id:"344210",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionut Constantin",surname:"Cuceu",slug:"ionut-constantin-cuceu",fullName:"Ionut Constantin Cuceu"}],corrections:null},{id:"76802",title:"Role of Green Spaces for Maintaining Well-Being in Residential Community Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97681",slug:"role-of-green-spaces-for-maintaining-well-being-in-residential-community-development",totalDownloads:396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The planned green spaces are the most significant social spaces for people to interact on a daily basis and also considered as one of the sustainability indicators for maintaining the well-being in residential Communities. The benefits of green space for wellbeing are extensively recognized and progressively more documented. Due to increasing urbanization and housing demand, Residential communities are growing in suburbs and few in the urban core. Due to which depletion in per capita green space is recorded. This book chapter intends to look into the challenges of the residential communities and how Green Spaces (Passive and Active) within the communities helping in bringing back the quality of life and well-being. Further, it discusses the benefits of green spaces at the community level, through case studies. Conceptually this entire study propels the belief that the residential communities usually comprise of the varied age user group and all of them have the right to led a better quality of life. It can be possible only when they are accessible to green space and avail maximum perceived benefits like safety and security concerns, healthy environment, and social cohesion. Housing environments should enable residents to have positive experiences through the allocation of diverse green environments, which lead to physically and mentally happy, healthy living. Such positive experiences affect their happiness level, thus leading to sustainable lives.",signatures:"Prashanti Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76802",authors:[{id:"330407",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashanti",surname:"Rao",slug:"prashanti-rao",fullName:"Prashanti Rao"}],corrections:null},{id:"76716",title:"Standard of Living, Well-Being and Community Development: The Case of Botswana",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97680",slug:"standard-of-living-well-being-and-community-development-the-case-of-botswana",totalDownloads:243,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is considerable evidence in literature that suggests that the concept of standard of living has tended to be predicated on the notion of income alone. However, exploring this concept further, evidence suggests that the notion of standard of living goes beyond simply looking at income to include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), life expectancy, and economic opportunities available to individuals. This suggests that in a given country, when the above-mentioned ‘components’ are accessible to individuals, the expectation is that these will translate into realization of meaningful standards of living and wellbeing. This chapter seeks to explore how standard of living and well-being in Botswana have metamorphosed over time, from the pre-colonial period, through the early years of independence and the time of the discovery of diamonds, up to the present. Additionally, the article examines how community development initiatives across the country, have impacted standard of living and wellbeing of the population. The chapter concludes by suggesting strategies the government of Botswana could adopt in efforts to strengthen community development, with a view, ultimately, to further improve standard of living and wellbeing of the country’s population.",signatures:"Rodreck Mupedziswa, Tumani Malinga and Poloko Nuggert Ntshwarang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76716",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76716",authors:[{id:"305003",title:"Mrs.",name:"Poloko Nuggert",surname:"Ntshwarang",slug:"poloko-nuggert-ntshwarang",fullName:"Poloko Nuggert Ntshwarang"},{id:"334706",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodreck",surname:"Mupedziswa",slug:"rodreck-mupedziswa",fullName:"Rodreck Mupedziswa"},{id:"334708",title:"Dr.",name:"Tumani",surname:"Malinga",slug:"tumani-malinga",fullName:"Tumani Malinga"}],corrections:null},{id:"76934",title:"The Reform in Government Expenditure and the Standard of Living in Bahrain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98249",slug:"the-reform-in-government-expenditure-and-the-standard-of-living-in-bahrain",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The drop of oil prices since the second half of 2014 have affected the credit risk and liquidity situation in Bahrain. Therefore, Bahrain have implemented substantial economic diversification in the economic structure including manufacturing, refining, tourism, trade and finance. With the recognition of the importance of governments expenditure restructuring, Bahrain government introduced number of initiatives such as streamlining government expenditure, increasing revenues, and redirecting government subsidies towards eligible citizens. Understanding the relationship between revenues, government spending and economic growth is an essential perception in evaluating the efficiency of government’s strategy in managing its resources and the impact on the standard of living in any country. This chapter examines the relationship between total government expenditure as well as sectoral government spending (specifically education and health sectors), oil revenues and the economic growth of Bahrain using time series data over the period 1989–2015. To achieve this aim, the vector error correction model (VECM) is employed. In order to ensure the sustainability of resources and maintain economic growth, Bahrain should continue managing its expenditure, by cutting down expenses on certain sectors through privatization, and increasing spending on health and education sectors.",signatures:"Fatema Alaali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76934",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76934",authors:[{id:"337048",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Fatema",surname:"Alaali",slug:"fatema-alaali",fullName:"Fatema Alaali"}],corrections:null},{id:"75975",title:"Assessing the Sustainability of Community-Driven Development Projects in Lao PDR",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96406",slug:"assessing-the-sustainability-of-community-driven-development-projects-in-lao-pdr",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Community-Driven Development (CDD) approach has been applied to more than 5,000 subprojects in 2,000 villages in the Lao PDR. CDD has the potential to make poverty reduction efforts more responsive to the need, more inclusive, more sustainable, and more cost-effective than traditional, centrally led programs. Many CDD projects could not survive due to financial support since many CDD projects could not sustain costs. The overall objective of this research is to assess the sustainability of CDD projects in Lao PDR with the specific objectives to investigate whether the degree of community contribution does matter for the current existence of CDD projects and to assess whether the community’s contribution could enhance the current performance of CDD projects. Logit regression is the main model to analyze the impact of the community’s contribution to the sustainability of CDD projects in Lao PDR. The result suggests that community participation in labor and finance are key factors for the sustainability of CDD projects.",signatures:"Piya Wongpit, Alay Phonvisay, Keuangkham Sisengnam and Bounmy Inthakesone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75975",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75975",authors:[{id:"336714",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Bounmy",surname:"Inthakesone",slug:"bounmy-inthakesone",fullName:"Bounmy Inthakesone"},{id:"337052",title:"Dr.",name:"Piya",surname:"Wongpit",slug:"piya-wongpit",fullName:"Piya Wongpit"},{id:"337054",title:"Dr.",name:"Keuangkham",surname:"Sisengnam",slug:"keuangkham-sisengnam",fullName:"Keuangkham Sisengnam"},{id:"337055",title:"Dr.",name:"Alay",surname:"Phonvisay",slug:"alay-phonvisay",fullName:"Alay Phonvisay"}],corrections:null},{id:"76957",title:"Networking and Participatory Research Promoting Quality of Life and Well-Being in Portuguese-Speaking African Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97730",slug:"networking-and-participatory-research-promoting-quality-of-life-and-well-being-in-portuguese-speakin",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spread across the planet each human being, individually or in community, aspires for well-being and quality of life, according to the ideal of each one. However, we all believe that there are always ways to live better. For many people the measurement of a better life translates into the guarantee of social rights, the right to basic services, good land, seed and sufficient nutritious food for their community members. The Mechanism to Facilitate the Participation of Universities in the Food and Nutrition Security Council of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries is a cooperative academic network fomented by the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) with support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This mechanism works with teaching, research and extension in the CPLP Food and Nutrition Security Strategy. The pillars of CPLP Strategy are the strengthening of the governance of public policies on Food and Nutrition Security at all levels of government, social protection based on guaranteeing access to food and family farming with a strategy to increase the availability of good quality food, promoting social and environmental sustainability. CPLP University Mechanism has provided training processes for technicians who work in public policies for Food and Nutrition Security and has contributed to the strengthening of postgraduate programs in Portuguese-speaking African countries. As consequence, it has favored participatory research and mixed methods as a theoretical methodological approach. Therefore, it seeks to focus on the territories of Food and Nutrition Security practices to transform reality, as recommended by CPLP Strategy, however, with the autonomous assumptions of the collaborative network. This chapter presents how local researchers perceive the results of a process of inducing an academic network to transform the local reality and promote Food and Nutrition Security in the context of the CPLP.",signatures:"Alister Chitetele Soy Pinto, Ana Pinto de Moura, Augusto Mário Miquitaio, Bas’llele Malomalo, Cristina Amaro da Costa, Daniela Queiroz Zuliani, Delfim Domingos da Costa, Gabriel Cunha Beato, Gaspar Afonso da Graça, Imaculada C.F. Henriques Matias, Jaqueline Sgarbi Santos, Leodinilde Pinto Caetano, Lilian Fernanda Galesi Pacheco, Maitu Abibo Buanango, Miclay Carvalho, Pedro Fernando Chimela Chume, Pedro Acosta Leyva, Vladmir Silves Ferreira and Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76957",authors:[{id:"90684",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Rita Marques",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"maria-rita-marques-de-oliveira",fullName:"Maria Rita Marques De Oliveira"},{id:"300090",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladmir",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"vladmir-ferreira",fullName:"Vladmir Ferreira"},{id:"334523",title:"MSc.",name:"Alister Chitetele",surname:"Soy Pinto",slug:"alister-chitetele-soy-pinto",fullName:"Alister Chitetele Soy Pinto"},{id:"334525",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Pinto De Moura",slug:"ana-pinto-de-moura",fullName:"Ana Pinto De Moura"},{id:"334534",title:"Mr.",name:"Augusto Mário",surname:"Miquitaio",slug:"augusto-mario-miquitaio",fullName:"Augusto Mário Miquitaio"},{id:"334535",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina Isabel Vitória",surname:"Pereira Amaro Da Costa",slug:"cristina-isabel-vitoria-pereira-amaro-da-costa",fullName:"Cristina Isabel Vitória Pereira Amaro Da Costa"},{id:"334536",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Queiroz Zuliani",slug:"daniela-queiroz-zuliani",fullName:"Daniela Queiroz Zuliani"},{id:"334561",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cunha Beato",slug:"gabriel-cunha-beato",fullName:"Gabriel Cunha Beato"},{id:"334562",title:"MSc.",name:"Gaspar",surname:"Afonso Da Graça",slug:"gaspar-afonso-da-graca",fullName:"Gaspar Afonso Da Graça"},{id:"334564",title:"Dr.",name:"Imaculada",surname:"C. F. Henriques Matias",slug:"imaculada-c.-f.-henriques-matias",fullName:"Imaculada C. F. Henriques Matias"},{id:"334574",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaqueline",surname:"Sgarbi Santos",slug:"jaqueline-sgarbi-santos",fullName:"Jaqueline Sgarbi Santos"},{id:"334575",title:"Ms.",name:"Leodinilde",surname:"Pinto Caetano",slug:"leodinilde-pinto-caetano",fullName:"Leodinilde Pinto Caetano"},{id:"334576",title:"Prof.",name:"Lilian Fernanda",surname:"Galesi Pacheco",slug:"lilian-fernanda-galesi-pacheco",fullName:"Lilian Fernanda Galesi Pacheco"},{id:"334577",title:"MSc.",name:"Maitu Abibo",surname:"Bunango",slug:"maitu-abibo-bunango",fullName:"Maitu Abibo Bunango"},{id:"334579",title:"Dr.",name:"Miclay",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"miclay-carvalho",fullName:"Miclay Carvalho"},{id:"334580",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Acosta Leyva",slug:"pedro-acosta-leyva",fullName:"Pedro Acosta Leyva"},{id:"334581",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Fernando",surname:"Chimela Chume",slug:"pedro-fernando-chimela-chume",fullName:"Pedro Fernando Chimela Chume"},{id:"344197",title:"Dr.",name:"Bas’llele",surname:"Malomalo",slug:"bas'llele-malomalo",fullName:"Bas’llele Malomalo"},{id:"344198",title:"Prof.",name:"Delfin",surname:"Domingues Da Costa",slug:"delfin-domingues-da-costa",fullName:"Delfin Domingues Da Costa"}],corrections:null},{id:"75472",title:"Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Gold Mining in Afro-Descendant Communities from Colombia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96407",slug:"socio-economic-and-environmental-implications-of-gold-mining-in-afro-descendant-communities-from-col",totalDownloads:236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ethnic diversity of Colombia is one of the most attractive characteristics of the country, which includes the Afro-descendants, Raizal and Palenquero populations, who have lead an ancestral lifestyle that is an essential component of the culture and heritage of the nation. Thus, the well-being of these communities is translated into a primary need to guarantee their quality of life, in addition to generate a contribution to their struggle for the recognition, inclusion and guarantee of their fundamental rights. In this chapter, a bibliographic analysis was performed in order to evaluate both the conditions in which the Afro collective territories are found, and the different forms of organization of the populations entitled as community councils, with a particular focus on vulnerable populations located in the department of Cauca. In addition, a conceptual diagnosis of the multiple socioeconomic, environmental and health impacts derived from gold mining in Colombia was developed, with special interest in the studies that have been carried out in populations located in areas of great biodiversity, including the Colombian Amazon, biogeographic Chocó and Bolívar, departments in which Afro-descendant communities also live. Finally, a detailed analysis of the different aspects of mining that affect the quality of life and the welfare state of the communities is provided, and some aspects are proposed to be taken into account by the actors involved to achieve the least negative impacts of these activities, emphasizing the current state of the Colombian case.",signatures:"Maria Alcala-Orozco, Jenny Palomares-Bolaños, Neda Alvarez-Ortega, Jesus Olivero-Verbel and Karina Caballero-Gallardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75472",authors:[{id:"334003",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",surname:"Alcala Orozco",slug:"maria-alcala-orozco",fullName:"Maria Alcala Orozco"},{id:"334007",title:"Prof.",name:"Karina",surname:"Caballero Gallardo",slug:"karina-caballero-gallardo",fullName:"Karina Caballero Gallardo"},{id:"346995",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenny",surname:"Palomares-Bolaños",slug:"jenny-palomares-bolanos",fullName:"Jenny Palomares-Bolaños"},{id:"346996",title:"Ms.",name:"Neda",surname:"Alvarez-Ortega",slug:"neda-alvarez-ortega",fullName:"Neda Alvarez-Ortega"},{id:"346997",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Olivero-Verbel",slug:"jesus-olivero-verbel",fullName:"Jesus Olivero-Verbel"}],corrections:null},{id:"75391",title:"An Analysis of Economic Determinants and Crime in Selected Gauteng Local Municipalities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96339",slug:"an-analysis-of-economic-determinants-and-crime-in-selected-gauteng-local-municipalities",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The relationship between macroeconomic objectives and crime is intertwined and cannot be overemphasized. This subject has created an endless debate and at the centre of this debate is what causes the other? In contributing to this academic debate, the current study investigates the impact of macroeconomic objectives on crime. Furthermore, the study examined the question “what causes the other?”. In achieving these two aims, the study employed a Pooled Mean Group and the Granger Causality analysis from 1996–2019. The Pooled Mean Group results reveal that poverty and inequality are the main causes of crime in the Gauteng province. On the other hand, economic growth, education and employment reduces crime. 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Wearable technologies are becoming increasingly popular as personal health system, enabling continuous real-time monitoring of human health on a daily basis and outside clinical environments [1, 2, 3]. The wearable device market is currently having a worldwide profit of around $34 billion and is expected to reach above $50 billion by 2022 owing to wearables’ ease of use, flexibility, and convenience [4]. Real-time monitoring, operational efficiency, and fitness tracking are reported as main factors supporting the market growth of health wearable devices such as smart watches, smart glasses, and other wellness gadgets, with expected $12.1 billion world market by 2021 [5].
\nIn the past decade, the recent progress in developing wearable devices was more focused on monitoring physical parameters, such as motion, respiration rate, etc. [3, 6, 7]. Today, there is a great interest in evolving wearable sensors capable of detecting chemical markers relevant to the status of health. Different approaches have been applied by researchers to design and fabricate wearable biosensors for remote monitoring of metabolites and electrolytes in body fluids including tear, sweat, and saliva [3, 8, 9, 10]. A great example would be the development of small and reliable sensors that would allow continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients [11, 12]. Diabetes is a chronic disease that can significantly impact on quality of life and reduce life expectancy. However, diabetics can stay one step ahead of the disease by monitoring their blood glucose level to minimize the complication of the disease by proper administration of insulin. Currently, blood analysis is the gold standard method for measuring the level of glucose in patient’s blood. However, this technique cannot be applied without penetrating the skin, which can be painful and inconvenient, and requires user obedience. Therefore, current research focuses on the development of portable and wearable devices capable of continuous glucose sensing through noninvasive detection techniques.
\nA majority of the recent studies in this field have targeted the area of personalized medicine, endeavoring to develop miniaturized wearable devices featuring real-time glucose monitoring in diabetic patients [12, 13, 14, 15]. One great example is contact lens which is an ideal wearable device that can be worn for hours without any pain or discomfort [16]. Integration of glucose biosensors into contact lenses has recently been demonstrated by several research groups [9, 17, 18]. However, the level of glucose in tear fluid is very low (0.1–0.6 mM), requiring a high sensitivity of the sensor for picking up the signal from expected chemical reaction [3, 19]. Yao et al. [16] have fabricated a contact lens with integrated sensor for continuous tear glucose monitoring with wireless communication system over a distance of several centimeters. The sensor demonstrated a fast response of 20 s with a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose, which is 10–60 times lower than glucose level in human tear [16].
\nIn addition to glucose, lactate is an important metabolite in the human body, which gets converted into l-lactate under hypoxic condition [20]. l-Lactate levels in tear fluid is about 1–5 mmol L−1, which might increase significantly due to some heath conditions including ischemia, inadequate tissue oxygenation, stroke, and different types of cancer [21]. Thomas et al. [22] demonstrated an invasive detection of lactate in human tear by integrating an amperometric lactate sensor with Pt working (WE) and reference (RE) electrodes as well as a counter electrode (CE) as current drain, on a polymer-based contact lens, measuring lactate in situ in human tears without any need for physical sampling [22].
\nVery recently, Park et al. [17] reported a novel approach for fabricating fully transparent and stretchable smart contact lens capable of wirelessly monitoring the level of glucose in the tears of diabetic patients. Figure 1 shows the layout of fabricated devices made of glucose sensors, wireless circuit, and display pixel on soft and transparent contact lens substrate (Figure 1a and b). The circuit diagram of the device is illustrated in Figure 1a, with radio frequency antenna receiving signals from a transmitter and a rectifier converting the signals to DC (Figure 1a and c). A continuous network of ultralong Ag nanofibers was used as stretchable electrodes for the antenna and interconnects (Figure 1d). In the case of any change in the concentration of glucose in tear, the sensor resistance changes resulting in the light-emitting diode (LED) pixel turning on or off. The device was tested in vitro using a live rabbit, providing substantial finding for smart contact lenses as one of the promising wearable devices in healthcare system [17].
\n(a) (i) Schematic illustration and (ii) operation of the soft, smart contact lens and (iii) the circuit diagram of the smart contact lens system. The soft, smart contact lens is composed of (b) a hybrid substrate; (c) functional devices including rectifier, LED, and glucose sensor; and (d) a transparent, stretchable conductor for antenna and interconnects [
In addition to tear, sweat electrolyte concentrations and blood serum are related [2, 8]. As one of the most readily accessible human biofluids, a great deal of information about the human body and its physical performance could be obtained via monitoring sweat electrolyte concentrations [23, 24]. Several groups have reported the key biomarkers in human sweat (e.g., sodium level, pH change, lactate concentration) relevant to human health and well-being, for monitoring athletic performance during sporting activities [25]. Jia et al. fabricated a skin-worn tattoo-based sensor for real-time monitoring of lactate in human sweat, offering substantial benefits for biomedical as well as sport applications [25]. In another approach, Curto et al. [26] fabricated a wearable and flexible microfluidic platform capable of monitoring changes in the sweat pH in real time. Anastasova et al. [27] developed a flexible microfluidic device for real-time monitoring of metabolite such as lactate as well as electrolytes such as pH and sodium in human sweat. Recently, Gao et al. [28] developed a flexible and wearable device (Figure 2) made of arrays of sensors for real-time monitoring of heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, and Hg in human sweat. The device fabrication method is presented in Figure 2a, showing the deposition and stripping steps on microelectrodes. The sensing mechanism was based on an electrochemical detection of targeted heavy metals through four microelectrodes, including Au and Bi working electrodes, Ag reference electrode, and an Au counter electrode (Figure 2b and c). The fabricated device demonstrated high stability and selectivity toward heavy metals, providing a great platform to advancing the field of wearable biosensors for healthcare application, via monitoring the level of some heavy metals in human sweat [28]. A balanced level of Zn is necessary in the human body as a low and high Zn concentration can lead to pneumonia and liver damages, respectively [29, 30]. High level of Cu in the human body can lead to several diseases including Wilson’s disease and heart, kidney, and liver failures as well as brain diseases [31, 32]. The fabricated device demonstrated high stability and selectivity toward heavy metals, providing a great platform to advancing the field of wearable biosensors for healthcare application [28].
\n(a) A schematic showing the concept of deposition and stripping on microelectrodes. (b) A schematic showing the composition of the microsensor array. (c) Optical image of a flexible sensor array interfacing with a flexible printed circuit connector [
Saliva, as a great diagnostic fluid, can be used in personal health devices for real-time monitoring of chemical markers including salivary lactate analysis [33]. Chai et al. developed a saliva nanosensor with a radio-frequency identification tag, integrated into dental implants for detecting cardiac biomarkers in saliva and predicting close heart attack in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases [34]. In another approach, an instrumented mouthguard was designed and fabricated by Kim et al. [35] for measuring salivary uric acid levels which could be a biomarker for several diseases including hyperuricemia, gout, physical stress, and renal syndrome. The fabricated device showed high selectivity and sensitivity to low level of uric acid as well as great stability during a 4-h operation period [35]. Mannoor et al. [36] developed a hybrid biosensor made of graphene layers printed onto water-soluble silk, for noninvasive detection of bacteria through body fluids including sweat and saliva. This graphene/silk hybrid device illustrated an extremely high sensitivity to bacteria in body fluid with detection limits down to a single bacterium [36]. In addition, the fabricated device provided the potential users with battery-free operation and wireless communication system via radio frequency [36]. Arakawa et al. [37] designed and fabricated a salivary sensor equipped with a wireless measurement system, embedded onto a mouthguard support, featuring a high sensitivity toward detection of glucose over a range of 5–1000 μmol L−1. The device demonstrated a great stability during a 5-h real-time glucose monitoring period in an artificial saliva with a phantom jaw [37]. In a similar approach, de Castro et al. [38] developed a microfluidic paper-based device integrated into a mouthguard, for continues monitoring of glucose and nitrite in human saliva. The saliva samples were collected from periodontitis and/or diabetes patients as well as healthy individuals. The fabricated device featured a low detection limit of 27 and 7 μmol L−1 for glucose and nitrite, respectively [38].
\nIn summary, there is a great potential for micro- and nanosensors’ integration into healthcare monitoring devices, developing new technologies for noninvasive detection of diseases in the human body. Flexible wearable devices offer promising capabilities in real-time monitoring of body fluids including tear, sweat, and saliva. However, more research is required to expand the use of wearable platforms in continuous analysis of body fluids, providing reliable real-time detection of targeting ions and proteins, among other complex analytes.
\nMining companies (notably large ones) have structured management according to the ISO model. It is a fact that the tailings management in these companies usually has a ‘life of its own’ and is not part of the ISO model. In an article recently published in the journal Mine Water and Environment entitled ‘Integrated Risk Management in Mine Tailings Facility’ “see [1]”, the authors presented a way to integrate the two aspects of management above.
The management of Quality, Environment, Safety and Occupational Health of mining companies already follows, for the most part, the ISO model. Tailings management, on the other hand, does not follow (in principle and in a general assessment) a pre-established model. In the article, the authors sought the best (and most consolidated) technical reference in tailings management, represented by Mining Association of Canada (MAC), in order to facilitate this integration. MAC itself recognizes that its model, expressed in the so-called Tailings Guide “in [2] A Guide to the Management of Tailings Facilities”, is based on the ISO 14001 standard “in [3] ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management Systems — Requirements with Guidance for Use”. The ISO 14001 standard “see [3]” (as well as all the ISO management systems standards), in turn, as of 2015, started to follow a unique structure defined by ISO, represented by the so-called Annex SL. Add to this the fact that, in the article mentioned above, a specific approach was developed in terms of Quality management, aimed at design and construction.
In August 2020, the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management “see [4]” was published, developed through an independent process (Global Tailings Review), jointly organized by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), and the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). This became a benchmark for the mineral sector. The so-called Global Standard is comparable to Towards Sustainable Mining® (TSM®), an externally verified performance system for sustainable mining, adopted by MAC, in which tailings management is inserted. TSM® is composed of several protocols, one of which is represented by MAC’s Tailings Guide”see [2]” (and, subsidiarily, by Developing an Operation, Maintenance, and Surveillance Manual for Tailings and Water Management Facilities - OMS Guide “in [5] Developing an Operation, Maintenance, and Surveillance Manual for Tailings and Water Management Facilities”). The Tailings Guide “see [2]” guides how the company should organize a Tailings Management System (TMS) which, according to the Global Standard itself, represents its central element.
The Global Standard “see [4]” also says that the TMS and its various elements need to interact with other systems, such as the Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS), the operations management system as a whole and the regulatory system, and that this interaction between systems is essential for the Standard to be effectively implemented.
In the text of the article entitled ‘Integrated Risk Management in Mine Tailings Facility’ “see [1]”, can be found the most notable differences and main points of attention between the guides published by MAC (Tailings Guide, Third Edition, released in February 2019 “see [6]”; OMS Guide, Second Edition, released in February 2019 “see [7]”) and the ISO 9001 “in [8] ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems, Requirements”, ISO 14001 “see [3]” and ISO 45001 “in [9] ISO 45001:2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, Requirements with Guidance for Use” management system standards.
In March 2021, MAC published version 3.2, which is an update to the third edition of the Tailings Guide, dated February 2019. Changes were made due to the launch in August 2020, of the Global Industry Standard in Tailings Management (the Standard), thus aiming to improve the alignment between the tailings management component of MAC’s TSM® program and the Standard. For the same reason, also in March 2021, MAC published version 2.1, which is an update of the second edition of the OMS Guide, dated February 2019.
In sequence, an analysis is made of the possible impacts of these changes on the differences and points of attention mentioned above, between the two guides published by MAC and the three ISO standards for management systems considered.
In Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, the level of detail in the descriptions of the roles and responsibilities of the Accountable Executive Director has been increased over the previous version.
This greater detail, seeking to clarify the roles and responsibilities of this executive, and greater alignment with the Standard’s requirements, in no way impacts the analysis carried out previously and the perspective of integration of the management mechanisms.
As part of a redistribution of requirements that made up the “Plan” element of the Plan-Do-Verify-Act (PDCA) cycle in Version 3.1 of the Tailings Guide “see [6]”, the Critical Controls requirement was repositioned in Version 3.2 “see [2]”, becoming part of the Risk Management process.
In terms of content, just highlighting the addition made to the text, incorporating two stakeholders (regulatory bodies and COI) into the process of defining high-consequence events. This in no way impacts the analysis made previously and the perspective of integrating management mechanisms.
As part of a redistribution of requirements that made up the “Plan” element of the Plan-Perform-Verify-Act (PDCA) cycle in Version 3.1 of the Tailings Guide “see [6]”, the Quality Management requirement, which was subordinated to Controls, which in turn was included in the Management Process, it was repositioned in Version 3.2 “see [2]”, moving up the hierarchy to becoming one of the components of the “Plan” element of the PDCA cycle.
In terms of content, the text of Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]” incorporated the assertion that quality management must address a wide range of aspects related to tailings facilities, considering the initial and ongoing construction, including specifications for materials and construction procedures (e.g. material compaction), OMS activities such as calibration of surveillance instruments, and Quality Assurance and Quality Control related to the closure plan implementation.
The text added in Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, over the previous one, reinforced this document’s alignment with ISO standards by including what is apparently obvious in terms of what it means to be prepared for an emergency: assessing the range of potential emergency scenarios that could occur, and potential impacts; maintaining the necessary capacity (e.g., personnel, equipment, supplies) to respond; maintaining a state of readiness to respond, in collaboration with external parties (e.g., local first responders) that would be involved in responding to an emergency; developing plans for emergency preparedness; and conducting training and exercises/tests of the plans for emergency preparedness.
We will now analyze other changes promoted in Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, and also in Version 2.1 of the OMS Guide “see [5]”, and their potential impact on the ease of integration between management models advocated in the article ‘Integrated Risk Management in Mining Waste Facility’ “see [1]”, mentioned earlier in this text.
To highlight, in the text added in Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, in relation to the previous one, the emphasis given to the need for the Owner of the tailings facility to demonstrate commitment to a culture that promotes the early recognition of problems, and also with the response to emergencies and participation in post-incident recovery, in collaboration with authorities and communities of interest (COI).
This in no way impacts the analysis made previously and the perspective of integrating management mechanisms.
To highlight, in the text added in Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, in relation to the previous one, the emphasis given to the Engineer of Record (EoR) succession plan.
This in no way impacts the analysis made previously and the perspective of integrating management mechanisms.
The most significant change promoted in version 2.1 of the OMS Guide “see [5]” was precisely the transfer of the text existing in the second edition of this guide, then called ‘Control of Documented Information’, to the Tailings Guide. The text, in addition, was enriched in content, renamed ‘Information Management’, in turn subdivided into two requirements: ‘Information to be Documented’ and ‘Control of Documented Information’. The text has been transferred from the OMS Guide to the Tailings Guide because the latter is applicable to documented information that goes beyond that contained in OMS manuals.
The text of the new ‘Information to be Documented’ requirement even spells out what information must be documented and updated throughout the tailings facility lifecycle, and references to the new Appendix 6 (Information to be Documented to Support Responsible Tailings Management) and Appendix 8 (Technical Considerations) of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, specifically with regard to the closure plan.
In terms of correspondence with the text of the ISO standards, the new text of the Tailings Guide presents itself as more aligned in the richness of details, containing specific characteristics of a specific management system for mining tailings facilities.
To highlight, in the text added in Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, in relation to the previous one, the importance given to the traceability of evidence of competence, in order to ensure that all relevant personnel receive the appropriate training.
This in no way impacts the analysis made previously and the perspective of integrating management mechanisms.
Section 3.1.2 of the OMS Guide - second edition “see [7]”, discussing Communications, was deleted and incorporated into Version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”. The associated appendix (Appendix 7: Factors in Effective Communications, Governance, and the “Human Element” of Tailings Management) was also moved to the Tailings Guide, even with the same numbering.
The three ISO standards do not go as deep as the Tailings Guide on Communications aspects and, in a common way, define the need for the organization to establish, implement and maintain the necessary processes for internal and external communications, including: a) about what to communicate; b) when to communicate; c) with whom to communicate; d) how to communicate; e) who should communicate. The ISO 14001 “see [3]” and ISO 45001 “see [9]” standards also emphasize the need to take into account legal obligations and ensure that the information communicated is consistent with that generated within the scope of the management system, and that it is reliable.
The Tailings Guide “see [2]”, for its part, emphasizes the fact that timely communication of potential problems can be essential to achieving the goal of minimizing harm, and cites two main mechanisms for establishing a corporate culture that encourages people to report problems: establishing a confidential process to promptly receive, investigate and resolve issues; and the development and implementation of whistleblower protection mechanisms to ensure there are no retaliations.
It is also important to cite the content of the aforementioned Appendix 7, which presents a summary of 14 lessons learned on governance and communications, applicable to tailings management and dam safety, extracted, according to the Tailings Guide “see [6]”, from the publication Martin, T. (2001) - Pearl Harbor: Lessons for the Dam Safety Community (presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Dam Association).
The Tailings Guide text “see [2]” incorporated, as one of the inputs to periodic management reviews, the integration of tailings management activities with site-wide systems, such as, where applicable, a site-wide environmental and social management system.
This requirement meets the idea of integration of management mechanisms advocated by the authors.
Another addition made in version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see {2]” was the requirement that management review describe the current conditions related to the tailings facility, including a summary of construction activities since the last review, as well as any significant changes that have taken place since the last management review, including: an assessment of whether the tailings facility is continuing to meet the design intent; and a summary of any deviations from the design or expected conditions since the last management review, including an assessment of the cumulative impacts of those deviations.
Finally, to highlight an item added in version 3.2 of the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, the list of changes that should be considered for the continuous improvement of the tailings management system: relevant new or emerging technologies, practices or knowledge related to tailings management.
Such particularities found in the Tailings Guide text in no way compromise the analysis made before and the perspective of integration of management mechanisms.
From the “Do” element of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle in version 3.1 of the Tailings Guide “see [6]”, Section 5.3 was deleted, which described a checklist that could assist in the implementation of the tailings management framework throughout the life cycle. Appendix A.5.1 - Considerations for Managing Throughout the Life Cycle of a Tailings Facility, which included, in version 3.1 of the Tailings Guide “[6]”, an illustrative sample of a master checklist, to be used as a tool for Owners in implementing the tailings management framework, has been deleted in version 3.2 “see [2]”. The checklist has been replaced by MAC in the Tailings Guide by a Table of Conformance, as a reference for Gap Analysis in relation to the TSM® Tailings Management Protocol.
As part of the effort to bring TSM® into line with the standard, MAC has added a new supporting appendix (Appendix 6: Information to be Documented to Support Responsible Tailings Management) on information requirements related to: site characterization; design information; documentation on construction and as-built conditions; and closure plan.
The Standard developed by the Global Reporting Initiative has 77 requirements for tailings management, covering six thematic areas, which in turn are subdivided into 15 principles. MAC conducted a detailed analysis “in [10] Equivalency Between Requirements for Sustainable Mining and the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management” of the TSM requirements against the Standard. Considering the form and content of this gap analysis, the authors of this text carried out a comparative analysis of each of the 77 requirements of the Standard with those of the ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 standards, indicating how the management system(s) of mining companies could be used to implement the requirements of the Standard. The analysis was complemented by the indication of the sections of the Tailings Guide that would support the structuring of this integrated management system. The result of this analysis is embodied in Table 1.
Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management X ISO Standards | |
---|---|
G. I. Standard | ISO Standards |
TOPIC I: Affected Communities | |
PRINCIPLE 1: Respect the rights of project-affected people and meaningfully engage them at all phases of the tailings facility lifecycle, including closure. | |
Requirement 1.1 | Recognize the applicability of the UNGP when determining external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of its environmental and OH&S management system (4.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), and also by seeking to understand the needs and expectations of its stakeholders (4.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001). Explicitly make this commitment in its policy (5.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 3 - Policy and Commitment), include the UNGP in its compliance obligations (6.1.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.4 - Conformance Management) and periodically assess compliance (9.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 6 - Performance Evaluation). |
Requirement 1.2 | Recognize the applicability of the FPIC when determining external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of its environmental, OH&S management system (4.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), and also by seeking to understand the needs and expectations of its stakeholders (4.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001). Explicitly make this commitment in its policy (5.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 3 - Policy and Commitment), include the FPIC in its compliance obligations (6.1.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.4 - Conformance Management) and periodically assess compliance (9.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 6 - Performance Evaluation). |
Requirement 1.3 | When implementing the process of understanding stakeholders needs and expectations (4.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), include the involvement of those affected by the project among the compliance obligations (6.1.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.4 - Conformance Management). From there, periodically assess this compliance (9.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 6 - Performance Evaluation). From the perspective of ISO 9001, clause 4.2 determines that the needs and expectations of interested parties must be understood in terms of their effect or potential effect on the organization’s ability to provide products and services that meet customer requirements, regulatory requirements and applicable bylaws. These needs and expectations must be monitored and reviewed periodically. |
Requirement 1.4 | Emphasize the participation of non-managerial level workers in hazard identification (5.4/ISO 45001), and establish the necessary process(es) to receive and respond (in accordance with the UNGP) to relevant communications from stakeholders (7.4/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications, with emphasis on key mechanisms required to ensure confidentiality and protection of whistleblowers), protecting workers from retaliation when reporting incidents, hazards and risks (5.1/ISO 45001). |
TOPIC II: Integrated Knowledge Base | |
PRINCIPLE 2: Develop and maintain an interdisciplinary knowledge base to support safe tailings management throughout the tailings facility lifecycle, including closure. | |
Requirement 2.1 | By establishing the process to determine the external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of the environmental and OH&S management system (4.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), ensure that the knowledge is updated at least every 5 years and whenever there is any relevant change in the tailings disposal structure or in the local social, environmental and economic context. Incorporate into this process of analyzing the context and when making commitments in the environmental policy (5.2/ISO 14001) the uncertainties related to climate change (corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 3 - Policy and Commitment). |
Requirement 2.2 | When implementing requirements 8.3.2 of ISO 9001 (Design and development planning) and 8.3.3 (Design and development input), relevant topics such as climatic, seismological, geomorphological, geological, geochemical, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions can be considered as important information for elaboration of the tailings dam project. Tailings Guide - Appendix 6: Information to be Documented to Support Responsible Tailings Management |
Requirement 2.3 | Ensure that the methodology(ies) established to identify and assess environmental and occupational hazards/risks contemplates plausible failure modes, site conditions and the properties of the slurry (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management). Ensure that, when flowable materials are present in tailings disposal structures with a consequence classification of “High”, “Very High” or “Extreme”, according to criteria in Annex 2 of the Standard), the results include estimates of the physical area impacted by a possible failure, flow arrival times, depth and velocities, and material deposition depth. When establishing the planning for response to potential emergency situations, consider the results of the above analysis (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness). Update the risk assessment and response planning whenever there is any relevant change in the tailings disposal structure or in the impacted physical area (8.1/ISO 14001 – 8.1.3/ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.5 Managing Change). |
Requirement 2.4 | Update the risk assessment and response planning contemplated in R 2.3 whenever there is any relevant change in the tailings disposal structure, in the impacted physical area or in the knowledge base. |
PRINCIPLE 3: Use all elements of the knowledge base - social, environmental, local economic and technical - to inform decisions throughout the tailings facility lifecycle, including closure. | |
Requirement 3.1 | Keep the identification and assessment of environmental and occupational hazards/risks updated (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management), as well as the operational control planning (8.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 5.1 Operation, Maintenance, and Surveillance Manual), in view of knowledge about climate change and using the principles of Adaptive Management. Make appropriate adjustments in emergency planning (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness). The knowledge base attributed to climate can be verified both in the planning phase (8.3.2/ISO 9001) and in the requirement regarding changes in projects and development (8.3.6/ISO 9001), applicable throughout the life cycle of tailings facilities. |
Requirement 3.2 | For new tailings facilities, ensure that in the process of identification and assessment of environmental and occupational hazards/risks (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management), a multi-criteria analysis of location alternatives, technological and viable strategies for the management of tailings is made in order to minimize risks to people and the environment. The assignment of responsibilities and authorities must ensure the need for approval by the ITRB or an independent senior technical reviewer (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001, corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility). For existing facilities, ensure that the identification and assessment of environmental and occupational hazards/risks (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management) is kept up to date in terms of technologies, of the design of the disposal structures and tailings management strategies to minimize risks and improve environmental performance. When considering the requirements of ISO 9001 that can be applied to both new tailings facilities and existing facilities, it is possible to consider the need for risk assessment in 6.1 (Action to address risks and opportunities) which makes reference to item 4.2 (Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties), in addition to item 8.3.3 (Design and development input), especially with regard to the assessment of potential consequences of failures (paragraph “e”). |
Requirement 3.3 | Implement the process of identification and assessment of environmental and occupational hazards/risks from the stage of conceptual and feasibility studies (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management), including the impacts of social and economic nature, and ensuring that, in the case of identification of potential acute or chronic impacts at a relevant level, mitigation measures are established and implemented according to a hierarchy of controls (8.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management +4.8 Operation, Maintenance, and Surveillance Manuals +5.1 Operation, Maintenance, and Surveillance Manual). Item 8.3.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development inputs) provides for the need to assess the potential consequences of failures, in addition to the need to retain documented information, which may consider the uncertainties regarding climate change and its social, environmental consequences and economic, in the scope of tailings facilities. |
Requirement 3.4 | Ensure that the identification and assessment of environmental and occupational hazards/risks (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management) is kept up to date, including as a result of knowledge about climate change or about long-term impacts (8.1/ISO 14001 – 8.1.3/ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.5 Managing Change). |
TOPIC III: Design, construction, operation and monitoring of the tailings facility | |
PRINCIPLE 4: Develop plans and design criteria for the tailings facility to minimize risk for all phases of its lifecycle, including closure and post-closure. | |
Requirement 4.1 | In the environmental and occupational risk assessment process (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Waste Guide: 4.1 Risk Management) consider, for all categories of impacts, the classification of consequences of the highest indicated level in Annex 2, Table 1 of the Standard. |
Requirement 4.2 | The application of clause 8.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development of products and services) makes clear the need to evaluate, in the planning phase (8.3.2/ISO 9001), the items referring to the nature, duration and complexity of the project; stages of required processes, including necessary revisions; project verification and validation requirements; definition of responsibilities and necessary authorities; assessment of required resources; interface control; expected level of control, considering the interested parties. |
Requirement 4.3 | By applying item 8.3.2 of ISO 9001, paragraph “d”, it is possible to verify the establishment of responsibilities and authorities involved in the design and development process and, in addition, paragraph “j” determines the need to establish these responsibilities and authorities as documented information for the project. |
Requirement 4.4 | Item 8.3.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development input) establishes the need to consider issues associated with: functional and performance requirements of the project; verification of similar projects; verification of the need to comply with statutory, regulatory, standards and applicable codes requirements; potential consequences of failures. And, also, to ensure that all information evaluated is considered as controlled. |
Requirement 4.5 | According to item 8.3.4 of ISO 9001 (Design and development controls), the following control measures must be considered: ensure that the results to be achieved are defined; that reviews are conducted to assess the ability of the results to meet the project’s purposes; verification to ensure that the outputs meet the conditions established at the entrance of the projects; determination of the results validation process; guarantee of the solution of the problems identified during the reviews. There is also a need to document all information obtained and decisions made. |
Requirement 4.6 | In item 8.3.5 of ISO 9001 (Design and development output), measures are defined to: ensure that the project input requirements have been met; that the project is fit for purpose; that monitoring and measurement requirements are defined and that acceptance criteria have been defined; guarantee of project safety. |
Requirement 4.7 | For existing tailings facilities, item 8.3.6 of ISO 9001 (Design and development changes) can contribute to their adequacy, as it considers: the possibility of revisions, including their documentation; establishing responsibilities and authorities for making necessary changes; and taking actions to prevent adverse impacts. |
Requirement 4.8 | With regard to the Design Basis Report (DBR), full compliance with clause 8.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development of products and services) provides that all stages are properly documented, including with the approval of those responsible. |
PRINCIPLE 5: Develop a robust design that integrates the knowledge base and minimizes the risk of failure to people and the environment for all phases of the tailings facility lifecycle, including closure and post-closure. | |
Requirement 5.1 | Clause 8.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development of products and services) makes clear the need to evaluate, in the planning phase (8.3.2/ISO 9001), the items referring to: nature, duration and complexity of the project; stages of required processes, including necessary revisions; project verification and validation requirements; definition of responsibilities and necessary authorities; assessment of required resources; interface control; expected level of control, considering the interested parties. |
Requirement 5.2 | The same comment made for R 5.1 applies. |
Requirement 5.3 | By integrating items 8.3.2 (Design and development planning) and 8.3.3 (Design and development input) of ISO 9001, relevant topics such as climatic, seismological, geomorphological, geological, geochemical, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions can be considered as important information for the elaboration of the tailings dam project. |
Requirement 5.4 | The same comment made for R 5.1 applies. |
Requirement 5.5 | The same comment made for R 4.4 applies. For existing tailings facilities, the same comment made for R 4.7 applies. |
Requirement 5.6 | The same comment made for R 4.6 applies. It is important that, in implementing the planning and entry requirements (8.3.2 + 8.3.3/ISO 9001), the requirements for closing the tailings facility have been considered. |
Requirement 5.7 | Clause 8.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development of products and services) establishes the need to define responsibilities and authorities at the various stages of the process. In addition, paragraph “e” (8.3.3/ISO 9001) establishes the need to assess the potential consequences of failures. |
Requirement 5.8 | Item 8.3.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development input) establishes the need to consider statutory, regulatory, standards and codes requirements, thus taking into account the possibility of including international standards. |
PRINCIPLE 6: Plan, build and operate the tailings facility to manage risk at all phases of the tailings facility lifecycle, including closure and post-closure. | |
Requirement 6.1 | For the stages of planning, construction and operation of tailings disposal structures, the application of a methodology based on the requirements of ISO 10005 “in [11] ISO 10005:2018 Quality management systems - Guidelines for quality plans” can be considered, which in turn considers the means for process requirements, product, project or contract. |
Requirement 6.2 | The same comment made for R 6.1 applies. |
Requirement 6.3 | The same comment made for R 6.1 applies. |
Requirement 6.4 | The same comment made for R 6.1 applies. |
Requirement 6.5 | The same comment made for R 4.7 applies. |
Requirement 6.6 | The same comment made for R 4.4 applies. |
PRINCIPLE 7: Design, implement and operate monitoring systems to manage risk at all phases of the facility lifecycle, including closure. | |
Requirement 7.1 | The same comment made for R 4.4 applies. |
Requirement 7.2 | The same comment made for R 4.6 applies. |
Requirement 7.3 | Clause 8.3 of ISO 9001 (Design and development of products and services) establishes the need to define responsibilities and authorities at the various stages of the process. In addition, item “e” of item 8.3.3 (Design and development input) establishes the need to assess the potential consequences of failures. In item 8.3.5 (Design and development output) measures are defined to: guarantee that the project input requirements have been met; that the project is fit for purpose; that monitoring and measurement requirements are defined and that acceptance criteria have been defined; guarantee of project safety. |
Requirement 7.4 | The same comment made for R 4.4 applies. |
Requirement 7.5 | The same comment made for R 6.1 applies. |
TOPIC IV: Management and Governance | |
PRINCIPLE 8: Establish policies, systems and accountabilities to support the safety and integrity of the tailings facility. | |
Requirement 8.1 | Ensure the inclusion, in the Environmental and OH&S policies (5.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), of the commitments with the safe management of tailings facilities, with emergency preparedness and recovery from failures. Alternatively, establish a specific tailings management policy in which these commitments are made explicit (Tailings Guide: 3 Policy and Commitment). |
Requirement 8.2 | Establish and implement a tailings management system based on the MAC Tailings Guide, integrated with the management system(s) in the ISO model (4.4/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001) that include social aspects, possibly using as references the guidelines of ISO 26000 and the requirements of the SA8000 standard in [12] Social Accountability International. 2014. International Standard SA8000. |
Requirement 8.3 | Individual performance evaluations linked to compensation mechanisms are beyond the scope of this text. Nevertheless, it is recommended that the determinations of R 8.3 be considered as compensation criteria that are part of the organization’s human resources policy. |
Requirement 8.4 | Ensure that responsibilities and authorities for relevant functions in the management system are assigned, formally communicated and understood at all levels (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility). |
Requirement 8.5 | The same comment made for R 8.4 applies. |
Requirement 8.6 | Determine the necessary competence of professionals whose performance affects the results of tailings management, ensure that these people are competent, based on appropriate education, training and experience and, where applicable, take actions to acquire the necessary competence and assess effectiveness of the actions taken (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence). |
Requirement 8.7 | Ensure that responsibilities and authorities for relevant functions in the management system are assigned, formally communicated and understood at all levels (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility - 2.2.3 Independent Review). |
PRINCIPLE 9: Appoint and empower an Engineer of Record. | |
Requirement 9.1 | Determine the necessary competence of professionals whose performance affects the results of tailings management, ensure that these people are competent, based on appropriate education, training and experience and, where applicable, take actions to acquire the necessary competence and assess effectiveness of the actions taken (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence). When considering clause 8.4 of ISO 9001 (Control of externally provided processes, products and services), it is possible to identify three important steps in the acquisition of these specialized services in tailings facilities: the first step is that regarding the approval of possible suppliers, considering the necessary competency criteria; the second step refers to the selection of the supplier; and the third stage refers to the performance evaluation, considering the possibility or not of continuity of service provision. |
Requirement 9.2 | Ensure that responsibilities and authorities for relevant functions in the management system are assigned, formally communicated and understood at all levels (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility). |
Requirement 9.3 | It is possible to consider that the establishment of quality management to ensure the proper operation of a tailings disposal structure can be done through Quality Plans, provided for in ISO 10005 “in [13] ISO 10005:2018 Quality management systems - Guidelines for quality plans”, which considers the means to process, product, project, or contract requirements. Tailings Guide: 4.7 Quality Management |
Requirement 9.4 | The same comment made for R 9.2 applies. When considering clause 8.4 of ISO 9001 (Control of externally provided processes, products and services), it is possible to identify three important steps in the acquisition of these specialized services in tailings facilities: the first step is that regarding the approval of possible suppliers, considering the necessary competency criteria; the second step refers to the selection of the supplier; and the third stage refers to the performance evaluation, considering the possibility or not of continuity of service provision. |
Requirement 9.5 | When considering clause 8.4 of ISO 9001 (Control of externally provided processes, products and services), it is possible to identify three important steps in the acquisition of these specialized services in tailings facilities: the first step is that regarding the approval of possible suppliers, considering the necessary competency criteria; the second step refers to the selection of the supplier; and the third stage refers to the performance evaluation, considering the possibility or not of continuity of service provision. |
PRINCIPLE 10: Establish and implement levels of review as part of a strong quality and risk management system for all phases of the tailings facility lifecycle, including closure. | |
Requirement 10.1 | When establishing the process of identification and assessment of environmental and occupational hazards/risks (6.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.1 Risk Management), specify the use of methodologies based on best practices, and establish responsibilities and authorities related to this process (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility), ensuring that it is carried out by a qualified multidisciplinary team (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence), at the minimum defined frequency. Cover the aspects and impacts of a social and economic nature in the process. Submit the assessment result for scrutiny by the ITRB or an independent senior technical reviewer (Tailings Guide/2.2.3 Independent Review), establishing and implementing a plan to mitigate the risks considered unacceptable (8.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001). |
Requirement 10.2 | Implement the process of periodic critical analysis of tailings safety management (Tailings Guide: 7 Management Review for Continuous Improvement), integrated with quality, environmental and OH&S management (9.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), at intervals settled down. Define responsibilities and authorities related to this process (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility), ensuring that the analyzes are carried out by senior technical reviewers with the appropriate qualifications and knowledge (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence) and resources (7.1/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.9 Resources). |
Requirement 10.3 | Conduct internal audits at planned intervals to provide information on the performance of the tailings system integrated with quality, environmental and OH&S management (9.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 8 Assurance). |
Requirement 10.4 | Define responsibilities and authorities related to this process (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility), ensuring that the analyzes are carried out by the EoR or by a senior independent technical reviewer, with the appropriate qualifications and knowledge (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence), at intervals settled down. |
Requirement 10.5 | When establishing a process to monitor, measure, analyze and evaluate the performance of tailings management, integrated with quality, environmental and OH&S management, define the need to conduct DSRs at the defined frequency and according to best practices, imposing the restriction on the carrying out consecutive works by the same contracted technical manager (9.1/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Tailings Guide: 6 Performance Evaluation - 8 Assurance). |
Requirement 10.6 | When establishing a process to monitor, measure, analyze and evaluate the performance of tailings management, integrated with quality, environmental and OH&S management, define the need to conduct DSRs at the defined frequency (9.1/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Tailings Guide: 6 Performance Evaluation - 8 Assurance), allocating responsibilities and authorities as required (5.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility), and ensuring that DSRs are conducted by competent professionals (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence). |
Requirement 10.7 | Ensure the provision of the necessary financial resources for the planned closure, early closure, rehabilitation, and post-closure of tailings disposal structures (7.1/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.9 Resources). When establishing the process(es) of external communication (7.4.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications), define the obligation of public disclosure with due frequency, in addition to, limited by the provisions of local or national regulations on the matter, seek to influence prospective acquirers to comply with the requirements of the Standard. |
PRINCIPLE 11: Develop an organizational culture that promotes learning, communication and early problem recognition. | |
Requirement 11.1 | Making people who carry out work under the organization’s control aware of their role in preventing failures (5.1 + 7.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Tailings Guide: 3 Policy and Commitment +4.11 Communications + Appendix 7). |
Requirement 11.2 | When establishing the process that aims to ensure the necessary competence of people whose actions may affect the performance of tailings management, integrated with the management of quality, environmental and OH&S (7.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.10 Training and Competence), build a database that integrates workers’ experience in planning, design, and operations at all stages of the tailings disposal structure lifecycle. |
Requirement 11.3 | Make people who perform work under the organization’s control aware of the importance of sharing data and knowledge, effective communication, and the proper implementation of management measures (5.1 + 7.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Guide Tailings: 3 Policy and Commitment +4.11 Communications + Appendix 7). |
Requirement 11.4 | When establishing the process(es), including reporting, investigations and taking action, to determine and manage incidents and non-compliances (10.2/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 6 Performance Evaluation), emphasize human and organizational factors. |
Requirement 11.5 | Making people who carry out work under the organization’s control aware of their role in reporting problems or identifying opportunities to improve the management of tailings disposal structures (5.1 + 7.3/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; 5.4/ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Tailings Guide: 3 Policy and Commitment +4.11 Communications + Appendix 7), protecting them from retaliation (5.4/ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications), in addition to establishing deadlines for response and communication of measures taken and their results. |
PRINCIPLE 12: Establish a process for reporting and addressing concerns and implement whistleblower protections. | |
Requirement 12.1 | When establishing the internal communication process of relevant information on tailings management, integrated with quality, environmental and OH&S management, between the various levels and functions of the organization, define a formal and confidential process to receive, investigate and respond promptly to the concerns raised by employees and contractors (7.4/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications). |
Requirement 12.2 | When establishing the internal communication process of relevant information on tailings management, integrated with quality, environmental and OH&S management, between the various levels and functions of the organization, define a formal and confidential process to receive, investigate and promptly respond to concerns raised by employees and contractors (7.4/ISO 9001 + ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications), safeguarding the whistleblower from dismissal, discrimination or any retaliation. |
TOPIC V: Emergency Response and Long-Term Recovery | |
PRINCIPLE 13: Prepare for emergency response to tailings facility failures. | |
Requirement 13.1 | Establish, implement and maintain the process(es) necessary to prepare and respond to potential emergency situations, taking actions to prevent or mitigate the consequences arising from these situations, including the case of a catastrophic tailings facility failure, testing the planned response actions at the established frequency, when feasible, and periodically review the process(es) and planned response actions, in particular, after the occurrence of emergency situations or tests (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness). Provide relevant information and training related to emergency preparedness and response to relevant stakeholders, including emergency response services, government authorities and, as appropriate, the local community. |
Requirement 13.2 | The same comment made for R 13.1 applies. |
Requirement 13.3 | The same comment made for R 13.1 applies. |
Requirement 13.4 | The same comment made for R 13.1 applies. |
PRINCIPLE 14: Prepare for long-term recovery in the event of catastrophic failure. | |
Requirement 14.1 | When establishing external communications processes (7.4.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications), including what to communicate, when to communicate, to whom to communicate, how to communicate, insert in the process(s) public sector agencies and other organizations, including the actions defined in emergency response planning, to mitigate the consequences arising from these situations (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness). |
Requirement 14.2 | When critically analyzing, as timely as possible, after the occurrence of a catastrophic failure, the planned response to the previously identified scenario(s), consider the social, economic and environmental impacts caused by the emergency situation (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness). |
Requirement 14.3 | When planning and implementing actions to mitigate the consequences arising from emergency situations (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness) arising from catastrophic failure, involve public agencies and other interested parties in the development and implementation of reconstruction, rehabilitation and recovery plans. |
Requirement 14.4 | When planning and implementing actions to mitigate the consequences arising from emergency situations (8.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 5.2 Emergency Preparedness) arising from catastrophic failure, consider, when establishing responsibilities and authorities, the participation of persons affected in the ongoing reconstruction, rehabilitation and rehabilitation works and monitoring activities (5.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.3 Accountability and Responsibility). |
Requirement 14.5 | When establishing the process(es) for external communications, including who to communicate, what to communicate, when to communicate, to whom to communicate and how to communicate, encompass the public disclosure of post-failure results and adapt these activities according to the results and with feedback received from the parties involved (7.4/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications). |
TOPIC VI: Public Disclosure and Access to Information | |
PRINCIPLE 15: Publicly disclose and provide access to information about the tailings facility to support public accountability. | |
Requirement 15.1 | Recognize the applicability of the UNGP (and particularly of Principle 21) when determining external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of its environmental and OH&S management system (4.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), and also by seeking to understand the needs and expectations of its stakeholders (4.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001). Explicitly make this commitment in its policy (5.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 3 - Policy and Commitment), include the UNGP (and particularly of Principle 21) in its compliance obligations (6.1.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 4.4 - Conformance Management) and periodically assess compliance (9.1.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in Tailings Guide: 6 - Performance Evaluation). When establishing the process(es) for external communications, including who to communicate, what to communicate, when to communicate, to whom to communicate and how to communicate, cover the public disclosure of the content established by Requirement 15.1 of the Standard and the obligation to provide local authorities and emergency services with information from the analysis of breach formation (7.4/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications). |
Requirement 15.2 | When establishing the process(es) for external communications, including who to communicate, what to communicate, when to communicate, to whom to communicate and how to communicate, define how and when to respond to stakeholder demands (7.4/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding section in the Tailings Guide: 4.11 Communications). |
Requirement 15.3 | By determining external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of its environmental and OH&S management system (4.1/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), and also seeking to understand needs and expectations of its stakeholders (4.2/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001), assume as one of the compliance obligations the commitment to cooperate with plausible global transparency initiatives aimed at creating databases, inventories or other information repositories (5.3 + 6.1.3/ISO 14001 + ISO 45001; corresponding sections in the Tailings Guide: 3 Policy and Commitment +4.4 Conformance Management). |
Comparative analysis between the requirements of the Standard and ISO standards.
The recent publication of the Global Industry Standard for Tailings Management prompted some modifications or adjustments to the main MAC reference documents, such as the Tailings Guide “see [2]”, but these changes did not have a major impact on the model originally proposed in the article published by authors in the journal Mine Water and Environment entitled ‘Integrated Risk Management in Mine Tailings Facility’ “see [1]“. In a way, however, the Standard induced a different view on the applicability of ISO standards to tailings management, in particular the ISO 9001 standard.
In our previous article, we considered as a differential the use of requirement 8.3 of the ISO 9001:2015 standard, as one of the tools for integrating MAC guides to ISO standards, although the focus was on the design and development of products and services. In line with our purposes, by identifying some works edited by TC 176, the committee responsible for the work on ISO 9001 at ISO, we identified recommendations for using this requirement for process design, as can be seen in the document ISO 9001 Auditing Practices Group - Guidance on: Design and Development Process, “see [13]”.
In addition, through the Standard, it was possible to increase the scope of the applicability of ISO 9001, including, in this text, issues associated with the context of the organization, risk mentality and quality plans, which were not previously considered.
Finally, the interpretation of the Standard led us to conclude that its design did not take into account the current models of management systems, making it repetitive in some of the established requirements, and we believe it is appropriate that, in a future revision, the Standard becomes be organized according to the superior structure of Annex SL, used in the ISO standards of management systems and based on the PDCA cycle.
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Some methods can be highlighted in the search for geometric representation of the shapes found in the nature, the fractal geometry, the polar geometry, and the superformula of Gielis. This chapter is focusing on bio‐inspired microstrip antennas, especially on leaf‐shaped antennas from the Gielis superformula that open a vast research field for more compact antennas with low visual impact.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Alexandre Jean René Serres, Georgina Karla de Freitas Serres, Paulo\nFernandes da Silva Júnior, Raimundo Carlos Silvério Freire, Josiel do\nNascimento Cruz, Tulio Chaves de Albuquerque, Maciel Alves\nOliveira and Paulo Henrique da Fonseca Silva",authors:[{id:"107092",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"paulo-silva",fullName:"Paulo Silva"},{id:"199230",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre Jean René",middleName:null,surname:"Serres",slug:"alexandre-jean-rene-serres",fullName:"Alexandre Jean René Serres"},{id:"199961",title:"BSc.",name:"Maciel",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"maciel-oliveira",fullName:"Maciel Oliveira"},{id:"199963",title:"MSc.",name:"Josiel",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"josiel-cruz",fullName:"Josiel Cruz"},{id:"205094",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgina Karla",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas Serres",slug:"georgina-karla-freitas-serres",fullName:"Georgina Karla Freitas Serres"},{id:"205095",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Silva Júnior",slug:"paulo-silva-junior",fullName:"Paulo Silva Júnior"},{id:"205097",title:"Dr.",name:"Raimundo Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Silvério Freire",slug:"raimundo-carlos-silverio-freire",fullName:"Raimundo Carlos Silvério Freire"},{id:"205098",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tulio Chaves",middleName:null,surname:"Albuquerque",slug:"tulio-chaves-albuquerque",fullName:"Tulio Chaves Albuquerque"}]},{id:"27693",doi:"10.5772/29971",title:"A Comprehensive Survey on WiMAX Scheduling Approaches",slug:"a-comprehensive-survey-on-wimax-scheduling-approaches-",totalDownloads:3265,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2044",slug:"quality-of-service-and-resource-allocation-in-wimax",title:"Quality of Service and Resource Allocation in WiMAX",fullTitle:"Quality of Service and Resource Allocation in WiMAX"},signatures:"Lamia Chaari, Ahlem Saddoud, Rihab Maaloul and Lotfi Kamoun",authors:[{id:"80143",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Chaari",slug:"lamia-chaari",fullName:"Lamia Chaari"},{id:"80302",title:"PhD.",name:"Ahlem",middleName:null,surname:"Saddoud",slug:"ahlem-saddoud",fullName:"Ahlem Saddoud"},{id:"80303",title:"Prof.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Kamoun",slug:"lotfi-kamoun",fullName:"Lotfi Kamoun"},{id:"81658",title:"MSc.",name:"Rihab",middleName:null,surname:"Maaloul",slug:"rihab-maaloul",fullName:"Rihab Maaloul"}]},{id:"57320",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70173",title:"Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques",slug:"bandwidth-enhancement-techniques",totalDownloads:4763,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In this chapter, a variety of procedures proposed in the literature to increase the impedance bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are presented and discussed. Intrinsic techniques, proximity coupled and aperture-coupled patches, applying horizontally coupled patches to driven patch on a single layer and stacked patches are discussed. Beside the linear polarised solutions, some techniques for designing wideband circular polarised patch antennas are also presented. Furthermore, some other techniques proposed in the literature including log-periodic array of patches, E-shaped patch, L-shaped feeding, microstrip monopole slotted antenna, defected ground/patch technique and the latest works during the recent years are introduced and investigated. It is tried to make a comparison between different methods giving a typical bandwidth that can be obtained using each method, beside discussing about the benefits or limitations that each method has.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi",authors:[{id:"198931",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Razavi Parizi",slug:"seyed-ali-razavi-parizi",fullName:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi"}]},{id:"55913",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69522",title:"Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antennas Using Artificial Neural Network",slug:"design-and-analysis-of-microstrip-patch-antennas-using-artificial-neural-network",totalDownloads:1937,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The microstrip patch antenna can also be designed using an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling technique where size of the antenna is major limitation especially in mobile and wireless applications. In this chapter, analysis and synthesis problems for designing of microstrip patch antennas were discussed using the artificial neural network technique. An analysis problem refers to calculation of resonant frequency of microstrip patch antenna whereas a synthesis problem refers to calculation of dimensions of patch antenna. Both problems are reciprocal of each other. Results are implemented using graphical user interface (GUI) tools of MATLAB programming language. Back‐propagation training algorithm of artificial neural network is used to train the network for minimization of error and computation time. Therefore, the geometric dimensions of patch are obtained with high accuracy in less computation time as compared to simulation software.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Vivek Singh Kushwah and Geetam Singh Tomar",authors:[{id:"198433",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Kushwah",slug:"vivek-kushwah",fullName:"Vivek Kushwah"},{id:"198435",title:"Dr.",name:"Geetam Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Tomar",slug:"geetam-singh-tomar",fullName:"Geetam Singh Tomar"}]},{id:"68080",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87985",title:"Polarization Modulation",slug:"polarization-modulation",totalDownloads:928,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Conventional wireless communication systems use amplitude, frequency, and phase of the carrier wave to carry information. However, actual radio waves also have vector parameters, such as polarization and propagation direction. In this chapter, a modulation scheme using polarizations is explained. The polarization modulation provides an additional degree of freedom for the modulation of the carrier waves. Furthermore, the polarization modulation is suitable to realize simple transceivers using RF signal processing. Antennas are the most important key parts of the polarization modulation systems. Polarization agile antennas, active integrated array antenna which integrates an oscillator and modulators, and polarization discrimination antenna are also introduced.",book:{id:"7414",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",fullTitle:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications"},signatures:"Ichihiko Toyoda",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57320",title:"Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques",slug:"bandwidth-enhancement-techniques",totalDownloads:4758,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In this chapter, a variety of procedures proposed in the literature to increase the impedance bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are presented and discussed. Intrinsic techniques, proximity coupled and aperture-coupled patches, applying horizontally coupled patches to driven patch on a single layer and stacked patches are discussed. 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It is tried to make a comparison between different methods giving a typical bandwidth that can be obtained using each method, beside discussing about the benefits or limitations that each method has.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi",authors:[{id:"198931",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Razavi Parizi",slug:"seyed-ali-razavi-parizi",fullName:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi"}]},{id:"56514",title:"Low-SAR Miniaturized Handset Antenna Using EBG",slug:"low-sar-miniaturized-handset-antenna-using-ebg",totalDownloads:1693,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Advances in wireless communications have paved the way for wide usage of mobile phones in modern society, resulting in mounting concerns surrounding its harmful radiation. Energy absorption in human biological tissues can be characterized by specific absorption rate (SAR). This value refers to the actual amount of electromagnetic energy absorbed in the biological tissues, thus a lower value of SAR indicates a lower radiation exposure risk to the human body. So, our challenge is to introduce mobile handset antennas with low SAR and operating at all mobile and wireless applications. In this chapter, novel configurations of single-element antenna are designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. The antennas operate for most cellular applications: global system for mobile (GSM)-850/900, digital cellular system (DCS)-1800, personal communication service (PCS)-1900, universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS)-2100, and long-term evolution (LTE) bands. The antennas also support wireless applications. The proposed antennas have a compact size and low SAR at all bands. Also, this chapter presents a comprehensive study on the performance of the antenna in the different environments. Furthermore, the antenna performance is tested in the presence of head and hand in free space and in a car. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Kamel Salah Sultan, Haythem Hussien Abdullah and Esmat Abdel-\nFatah Abdallah",authors:[{id:"214874",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamel",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"kamel-sultan",fullName:"Kamel Sultan"}]},{id:"62550",title:"Design Concepts of Low-Noise Amplifier for Radio Frequency Receivers",slug:"design-concepts-of-low-noise-amplifier-for-radio-frequency-receivers",totalDownloads:3164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The development of high-performance radio frequency (RF) transceivers or multi-standard/reconfigurable receivers requires an innovative RF front-end design to ensure the best from a good technology. In general, the performance of front-end and/or building blocks can be improved only by an increase in the supply voltage, width of the transistors or an additional stage at the output of a circuit. This leads to increase the design issues like circuit size and the power consumption. Presently, the wireless market and the need to develop efficient portable electronic systems have pushed the industry to the production of circuit designs with low-voltage power supply. The objective of this work is to introduce an innovative single-stage design structure of low noise amplifier (LNA) to achieve higher performance under low operating voltage. TSMC 0.18 micron CMOS technology scale is utilized for realizing LNA designs and the simulation process is carried out with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The LNA performance measures are analyzed by using an Intel Core2 duo CPU E7400@2.80GHz processor with Agilent’s Advanced Design System (ADS) 2009 version software.",book:{id:"6771",slug:"rf-systems-circuits-and-components",title:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components",fullTitle:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components"},signatures:"Sumathi Manickam",authors:[{id:"245830",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumathi",middleName:null,surname:"Manickam",slug:"sumathi-manickam",fullName:"Sumathi Manickam"}]},{id:"71296",title:"A Review: Circuit Theory of Microstrip Antennas for Dual-, Multi-, and Ultra-Widebands",slug:"a-review-circuit-theory-of-microstrip-antennas-for-dual-multi-and-ultra-widebands",totalDownloads:1260,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, a review has been presented on dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband (UWB). This review has been classified according to antenna feeding and loading of antennas using slots and notch and coplanar structure. Thereafter a comparison of dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband antenna has been presented. The basic geometry of patch antenna has been present along with its equivalent circuit diagram. It has been observed that patch antenna geometry for ultra-wideband is difficult to achieve with normal structure. Ultra-wideband antennas are achieved with two or more techniques; mostly UWB antennas are achieved from coplaner structures.",book:{id:"7414",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",fullTitle:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications"},signatures:"Ashish Singh, Krishnananda Shet, Durga Prasad, Akhilesh Kumar Pandey and Mohammad Aneesh",authors:null},{id:"68080",title:"Polarization Modulation",slug:"polarization-modulation",totalDownloads:925,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Conventional wireless communication systems use amplitude, frequency, and phase of the carrier wave to carry information. However, actual radio waves also have vector parameters, such as polarization and propagation direction. In this chapter, a modulation scheme using polarizations is explained. The polarization modulation provides an additional degree of freedom for the modulation of the carrier waves. 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Polarization agile antennas, active integrated array antenna which integrates an oscillator and modulators, and polarization discrimination antenna are also introduced.",book:{id:"7414",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",fullTitle:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications"},signatures:"Ichihiko Toyoda",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"760",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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