XPS results from surface to depth of stopper (SUS303) and position ring (1.4305).
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5175",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Role of Biomarkers in Medicine",title:"Role of Biomarkers in Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The use of biomarkers in basic and clinical research has become routine in many areas of medicine. They are accepted as molecular signatures that have been well characterized and repeatedly shown to be capable of predicting relevant disease states or clinical outcomes. In Role of Biomarkers in Medicine, expert researchers in their individual field have reviewed many biomarkers or potential biomarkers in various types of diseases. The topics address numerous aspects of medicine, demonstrating the current conceptual status of biomarkers as clinical tools and as surrogate endpoints in clinical research. This book highlights the current state of biomarkers and will aid scientists and clinicians to develop better and more specific biomarkers for disease management.",isbn:"978-953-51-2506-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2505-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5443-3",doi:"10.5772/61449",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"role-of-biomarkers-in-medicine",numberOfPages:260,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f47eae7f8443697d384b2c8e763f0c55",bookSignature:"Mu Wang and Frank A. Witzmann",publishedDate:"August 17th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5175.jpg",numberOfDownloads:23339,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 6th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 27th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 31st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 30th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"40766",title:"Prof.",name:"Mu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"mu-wang",fullName:"Mu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40766/images/4722_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Wang is the Director of Proteomics and a tenured Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Indiana University School of Medicine. His research centers around biomarkers and drug target discovery and deciphering the protein interaction networks in complex human diseases with use of high-throughput proteomics technologies. He has been actively collaborating with many investigators both across the United States and internationally to advance knowledge related to human health. He received numerous awards including an International Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Young Investigator’s Award in 2004. He has published more than 80 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters and served as a reviewer for many funding agencies such as the NIH and the US Department of Defense.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Indiana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"200552",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:"A.",surname:"Witzmann",slug:"frank-witzmann",fullName:"Frank Witzmann",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200552/images/4942_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Witzmann is the Scientific Director of Proteomics and Professor of Physiology at the Indiana University School of Medicine. He has been involved in proteomics for nearly 30 years (before the term was coined), applying global protein expression analyses in various research paradigms. He currently directs the use of mass spectrometry–based proteomic approaches in a broad range of collaborative projects where both narrowly focused and comprehensive protein expression profiling and post-translational modification characterization are used to investigate the mechanistic molecular underpinnings of renal pathologies, cardiovascular disease, and biomarker discovery in various conditions. He has published more than 170 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters and served as a reviewer for many funding agencies.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Indiana University School of Medicine - Lafayette",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"411",title:"Cancer Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-cancer-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"50247",title:"Cancer Biomarkers",doi:"10.5772/62421",slug:"cancer-biomarkers",totalDownloads:3860,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Cancer biomarkers (CB) are biomolecules produced either by the tumor cells or by other cells of the body in response to the tumor. Every cell type has its unique molecular signature and identifiable characteristics such as levels or activities of myriad of genes, proteins, or other molecular features; therefore, biomarkers can facilitate the molecular definition of cancer. Our aim was providing updated knowledge and performing detailed review about CB regarding their molecular and biochemical characterization and their clinical utility in screening, diagnosis, follow-up, or therapeutic stratification for cancer patients. Focusing on conventional, the FDA approved as well as promising future biomarkers in most common cancers. In addition, emphasizing on their prospective role may be of great value in improving the management of cancer patients. The challenge and future prospective of biomarkers, by facilitating the combination of therapeutics with diagnostics, promise to play an important role in the development of personalized medicine.",signatures:"Hala Fawzy Mohamed Kamel, and Hiba Saeed Bagader Al-Amodi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50247",authors:[{id:"179315",title:"Dr.",name:"Hala",surname:"Fawzy Mohamed Kamel",slug:"hala-fawzy-mohamed-kamel",fullName:"Hala Fawzy Mohamed Kamel"},{id:"184928",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiba",surname:"Al-Amodi",slug:"hiba-al-amodi",fullName:"Hiba Al-Amodi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50384",title:"Dynamics of Cancer-Related Proteins in Patients with Bladder Cancer",doi:"10.5772/62525",slug:"dynamics-of-cancer-related-proteins-in-patients-with-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy in the urologic field. Preoperative predictive biomarkers of cancer progression and prognosis are imperative for optimizing appropriate treatment for patients with BC. The prediction of patient outcomes before initial treatment would enable physicians to choose better modalities and avoid unnecessary aggressive treatments. In addition, preoperative molecular markers are expected to be a minimally invasive tool for predicting precise prognosis and progression in patients with BC. The proteins secreted from the tumor cells reflect various states of tumors in real time and at given conditions, and those expression patterns are different from normal cell components. Approximately 20–25% of cellular proteins are in extracellular spaces, and these proteins have important roles in invasion, angiogenesis, regulation of cell-to-cell interactions, and metastasis. It has been suggested that tumor-secreting proteins are a promising source for tumor diagnostic biomarkers. Proteomic analysis was utilized to identify the secreted proteins in sera from patients with BC. Several biomarkers associated with BC are reviewed here.",signatures:"Kazumasa Matsumoto, Morihiro Nishi, Hideyasu Tsumura, Ken-ichi Tabata, Tetsuo Fujita and Masatsugu Iwamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50384",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50384",authors:[{id:"72554",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",surname:"Fujita",slug:"tetsuo-fujita",fullName:"Tetsuo Fujita"},{id:"77105",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatsugu",surname:"Iwamura",slug:"masatsugu-iwamura",fullName:"Masatsugu Iwamura"},{id:"77108",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken-Ichi",surname:"Tabata",slug:"ken-ichi-tabata",fullName:"Ken-Ichi Tabata"},{id:"77109",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazumasa",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"kazumasa-matsumoto",fullName:"Kazumasa Matsumoto"},{id:"179613",title:"Dr.",name:"Morihiro",surname:"Nishi",slug:"morihiro-nishi",fullName:"Morihiro Nishi"},{id:"179614",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideyasu",surname:"Tsumura",slug:"hideyasu-tsumura",fullName:"Hideyasu Tsumura"}],corrections:null},{id:"50301",title:"Emerging Biomarkers and Clinical Implications in Endometrial Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/62772",slug:"emerging-biomarkers-and-clinical-implications-in-endometrial-carcinoma",totalDownloads:1649,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Endometrial cancer (EmCa) is the most common type of gynecological cancer. EmCa is the fourth most common cancer in the United States, which has been linked to increased incidence of obesity. EmCa can be classified into two main types: Type I and Type II, which include the major histological subtypes. Type I EmCa is hormonally driven, less aggressive, and has a more favorable prognosis. In contrast, Type II EmCa grows independently of hormonal signals, is more aggressive, and generally has an unfavorable prognosis. Various tumor biomarkers [i.e., tumor suppressor p53, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] have been identified in EmCa. Biomarkers of treatment effectiveness involve immunosuppressive factors targeted by microRNA (miRNA)-based therapy. However, there are no reliable biomarker tests for early detection of EmCa and treatment effectiveness. A potential new biomarker is Notch, Interleukin-1, leptin crosstalk outcome (NILCO) that could affect the progression of Type II EmCa. NILCO expression in EmCa might be dependent on patient’s obesity status. This chapter presents updated information on these, and other potential emerging biomarkers for EmCa, and discusses current challenges and clinical implications on this area of research.",signatures:"Danielle Daley-Brown, Gabriela Oprea-Ilies, Alexander Quarshie and Ruben Rene Gonzalez-Perez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50301",authors:[{id:"69859",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruben Rene",surname:"Gonzalez-Perez",slug:"ruben-rene-gonzalez-perez",fullName:"Ruben Rene Gonzalez-Perez"},{id:"179957",title:"MSc.",name:"Danielle",surname:"Daley-Brown",slug:"danielle-daley-brown",fullName:"Danielle Daley-Brown"},{id:"179958",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Oprea-Ilies",slug:"gabriela-oprea-ilies",fullName:"Gabriela Oprea-Ilies"},{id:"186079",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Quarshie",slug:"alexander-quarshie",fullName:"Alexander Quarshie"}],corrections:null},{id:"50713",title:"Oxidative Stress Biomarkers for Diabetic Retinopathy and Medical Management Affecting Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/63353",slug:"oxidative-stress-biomarkers-for-diabetic-retinopathy-and-medical-management-affecting-oxidative-stre",totalDownloads:1912,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Changes in dietary habits and lifestyles associated with rapid economic growth have dramatically increased the incidence of diabetes and related vascular complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes, is associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Several metabolic abnormalities are implicated in its pathogenesis; however, the exact mechanism remains to be determined. Among them, oxidative stress is expected to play an important role.",signatures:"Ines Cilenšek, Sara Mankoč Ramuš, Mojca Globočnik Petrovič and Daniel Petrovič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50713",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50713",authors:[{id:"179297",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Petrovic",slug:"daniel-petrovic",fullName:"Daniel Petrovic"},{id:"180464",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",surname:"Cilenšek",slug:"ines-cilensek",fullName:"Ines Cilenšek"},{id:"180465",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Mankoč Ramuš",slug:"sara-mankoc-ramus",fullName:"Sara Mankoč Ramuš"},{id:"180467",title:"Prof.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Globočnik Petrovič",slug:"mojca-globocnik-petrovic",fullName:"Mojca Globočnik Petrovič"}],corrections:null},{id:"50449",title:"Novel Biomarkers to Understand Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/62595",slug:"novel-biomarkers-to-understand-cardiovascular-complications-in-diabetes",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetic subjects have shown two- to fourfold increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) than without diabetes. Diabetes can be prevented if detected early at prediabetes stage. Progression of diabetes not only causes hyperglycaemia; it also increased the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Different mechanisms, i.e. inflammation, abnormal adipocyte signalling, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, are involved in the progression of diabetes and associated cardiovascular complication. These mechanisms alter different signalling molecules in blood and other body fluids. These altered molecules offer potential biomarkers for the identification and early detection of the disease progression. If we are able to detect the early biomarkers based on the alteration of different mediators responsible for cardiac complications in diabetes, we can prevent the cardiac diseases in diabetes by selective therapy. Different kinds of biomarkers, i.e. miRNA, protein, metabolites, cytokines, and adipokines, can be used together to detect the different stages of the disease. In the present book chapter, we are explaining briefly about characteristics of biomarkers and their applications and different approaches that were used to identify biomarkers. Different existing and novel biomarkers and their scope to detect patients with prediabetes, diabetes and cardiovascular complication in diabetes have been discussed.",signatures:"Ramu Adela and Sanjay K. Banerjee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50449",authors:[{id:"180276",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjay K",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"sanjay-k-banerjee",fullName:"Sanjay K Banerjee"},{id:"180471",title:"Mr.",name:"Ramu",surname:"Adela",slug:"ramu-adela",fullName:"Ramu Adela"}],corrections:null},{id:"50539",title:"Biomarkers, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/62555",slug:"biomarkers-obesity-and-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Obesity and overweight are among the major health problems in the world today. The excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue is accompanied by low‐grade inflammation, adipokine secretion dysregulation, oxidative stress, and an alteration of the secretion of gut hormones and food intake related to peptides. This is related to the development of cardiovascular diseases, which have been increased worldwide during the last 15 years approximately. The biomarkers are tremendously important to predict, diagnose, and observe the therapeutic success of common complex multifactorial metabolic diseases, such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. This chapter presents a review of the most common biomarkers that have been used in the prevention, treatment, prognosis, and diagnosis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases.",signatures:"Monica Navarro Meza and Jesus Alcala‐Bejarano Carrillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50539",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50539",authors:[{id:"180604",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Navarro-Meza",slug:"monica-navarro-meza",fullName:"Monica Navarro-Meza"},{id:"180615",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús Manuel",surname:"Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo",slug:"jesus-manuel-alcala-bejarano-carrillo",fullName:"Jesús Manuel Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"50212",title:"High-Mobility Group Box-1 Protein a Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Diabetic Retinopathy",doi:"10.5772/62524",slug:"high-mobility-group-box-1-protein-a-potential-inflammatory-biomarker-in-diabetic-retinopathy",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of acquired blindness, which is one of the most feared complications of diabetes among young adults. The cause of vision loss in DR is complex and remains incompletely understood. One of the earliest changes in the development of retinopathy is break down of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the formation of acellular capillaries by unknown mechanism. There is an accumulating body of evidence that demonstrated, chronic low-grade subclinical inflammation and retinal leukocyte stasis are responsible for many of the vascular lesions in DR. In the retina, diabetes induced sustained proinflammatory responses by increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators leading to damaged vasculature and neovascularization. An emerging issue in DR research is the focus on the mechanistic link between chronic low-grade inflammation and angiogenesis. Recent evidence has revealed that extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein acts as a potent proinflammatory cytokine that triggers inflammation and recruits leukocytes to the site of tissue damage, and exhibits angiogenic effects. The expression of HMGB1 is upregulated in epiretinal membranes and vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative DR and in the diabetic retina. HMGB1 mediates inflammation, breakdown of the BRB, and apoptosis in the diabetic retina. The overall objective of this chapter is to provide the up-to-date literature about the crosstalk between extracellular HMGB1 and DR.",signatures:"Ghulam Mohammad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50212",authors:[{id:"178730",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ghulam",surname:"Mohammad",slug:"ghulam-mohammad",fullName:"Ghulam Mohammad"}],corrections:null},{id:"51471",title:"Potential Biomarkers for Physical Exercise-Induced Brain Health",doi:"10.5772/62458",slug:"potential-biomarkers-for-physical-exercise-induced-brain-health",totalDownloads:2860,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Physical exercise has long been recognized as an effective and economic strategy to promote brain health in humans. The cellular and structural changes in the brains of exercised animals, including enhancements of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, dendritic remodeling, and synaptic plasticity, have been considered as the key biological alterations accounting for exercise-elicited benefits to brain health. However, what transduces body movements into the above-mentioned changes remains largely unknown. Emerging theories indicate that physical activity triggers the release of various factors into the circulation from skeletal muscle (neurotrophins, myokines, and cytokines) and/or adipose tissue (adipokines). In this chapter, we review several of these molecules that are potentially implicated in this process, including neurotrophic factors (BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF), adipokines (adiponectin and irisin), and myokines/cytokines (IL-15). The relationship, either causal or concomitant, between levels of these molecules (particularly in the blood) and brain function after exercise may help to identify biomarkers that can serve as objective indicators to evaluate exercise therapy on diseased or ageing brain. In addition, unmasking biomarkers may be instrumental in elucidating the mechanisms mediating exercise-induced brain health, thereby contributing to novel drug discovery for treatments to maintain brain health.",signatures:"Suk Yu Yau, Ang Li, Xin Sun, Christine J. Fontaine, Brian R. Christie and Kwok-Fai So",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51471",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51471",authors:[{id:"160132",title:"Prof.",name:"Kwok-Fai",surname:"So",slug:"kwok-fai-so",fullName:"Kwok-Fai So"},{id:"179202",title:"Dr.",name:"Suk Yu",surname:"Yau",slug:"suk-yu-yau",fullName:"Suk Yu Yau"},{id:"184848",title:"Dr.",name:"Ang",surname:"Li",slug:"ang-li",fullName:"Ang Li"},{id:"184850",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Sun",slug:"xin-sun",fullName:"Xin Sun"},{id:"184851",title:"BSc.",name:"Christine J",surname:"Fontaine",slug:"christine-j-fontaine",fullName:"Christine J Fontaine"},{id:"184852",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian R",surname:"Christie",slug:"brian-r-christie",fullName:"Brian R Christie"}],corrections:null},{id:"50477",title:"Biomarkers in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/63035",slug:"biomarkers-in-traumatic-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:1626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating traumas for an individual because the complete traumatic spinal cord injury leads to paraplegia or tetraplegia. The mechanical injuries directly cause axonal destruction in fiber tracts, destruction of the neurons, and of the glial cells, and their destruction releases substances whose presence, quantity, and dynamics can be lesional biomarkers. The reactions of partially injured cells simultaneously start and the occurring substances and their quantity may be reaction biomarkers. The lesional biomarkers appear immediately post injury and after several hours there are both lesional biomarkers and reaction biomarkers.",signatures:"Stefan Mircea Iencean and Andrei Stefan Iencean",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50477",authors:[{id:"178794",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Stefan Mircea",surname:"Iencean",slug:"stefan-mircea-iencean",fullName:"Stefan Mircea Iencean"},{id:"185858",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei Stefan",surname:"Iencean",slug:"andrei-stefan-iencean",fullName:"Andrei Stefan Iencean"}],corrections:null},{id:"51678",title:"Biomarkers-Directed Strategies to Treat Autism",doi:"10.5772/62566",slug:"biomarkers-directed-strategies-to-treat-autism",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social, communication, and behavioral symptoms. Recent research has attempted to identify the potential mechanisms that may contribute to the pathogenesis of autism. Biomarkers as noninvasive quantitative biological measures with accurate indication of a specific mechanism can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis required to design the most effective treatments of autism. There is also great hope that the discovery of valid and predictive biomarkers for this disorder will help earlier and more targeted methods for diagnosis and intervention. In this chapter, we discuss some of the current theorized mechanisms contributing to autism, including inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired detoxification, glutamate excitotoxicity, gut-microbiota-brain axis, impaired fatty acid profiling, and serotonin (5-HT)/oxytocin (OT) abnormalities as target to treat autism. Moreover, based on our understanding of the role of these mechanisms, selected treatment strategies are suggested. These strategies include nutraceuticals, probiotics/prebiotics and ω-3 supplementation, targeting glutamate transporters or selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, and intranasal OT treatment. Of course, the joint efforts of scientists, caregivers, and other stakeholders must combine to identify valid, clinically useful autism biomarkers that may lead to efficient treatment strategy and/or combined strategies.",signatures:"Afaf El-Ansary and Hussain Al Dera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51678",authors:[{id:"179201",title:"Prof.",name:"Afaf",surname:"El-Ansary",slug:"afaf-el-ansary",fullName:"Afaf El-Ansary"},{id:"368825",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al Dera",slug:"hussain-al-dera",fullName:"Hussain Al Dera"}],corrections:null},{id:"50714",title:"Biomarkers in Rare Genetic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/63354",slug:"biomarkers-in-rare-genetic-diseases",totalDownloads:2020,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biomarkers offer a way to speed up medical research by shedding light on the physiopathological mechanisms of disease. 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\r\n\tCentral nervous system (CNS) tumors; represents a heterogeneous group comprising more than 100 tumor types originating from the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, and meninges. Primary CNS tumors constitute 2% of all cancers in adults and 15-25% in children. Among glial tumors, glioblastoma is the most common in adults and pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood. Embryonal tumors are also more common in children and are called medulloblastoma if they are located infratentorial. Other Primary CNS tumors include; Many tumors such as meningioma, pituitary adenoma, hemangioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, mixed glio-neuronal tumors can be counted. Secondary CNS tumors; are extraaxially located metastatic tumors and are observed much more frequently than primary CNS tumors. CNS tumors are classified into four grades, from Stage I to IV, according to the Malignant Scale of the World Health Organization (WHO).
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
Recently, the industry demands the right property in the right place (application). It is well known the life span of the machinery could be increased and the new properties could be endowed through the application of proper coating systems. Therefore, attempts have been made to develop various coatings with properties suitable for mechanical parts in different applications. For example, a Swiss coating company, Platit, has developed over 100 various coating systems in order to get optimal performance according to the working functions of the tools and machine components [1]. In addition, a German bearing company, Schaeffler, has developed the customized surface technology in which the different coatings are designed for the different bearing systems and this resulted in the increased lifetime, increased functionality, and other added value to the systems [2]. Furthermore, the industry demands new coating systems with very different or opposite properties for the superior properties of the product. For instance, the new coating systems exhibit high hardness and low friction, or high conductivity and high corrosion resistance. To obtain such opposite properties in a single coating system, two or more phases of the coating material must be formed in the nanometer-scale area which is a nanocomposite coating. Therefore, new demands for nanocomposite coatings are gradually increasing.
As shown in Figure 1, nanocomposite coating can be divided into two types, hard matrix nanocomposite coating and soft matrix nanocomposite coating, depending on the matrix material. If the nanocomposite coatings could be formed by the combination of ceramic phases, such as nitrides and carbides, higher hardness, higher thermal stability, and the corrosion and oxidation resistance could be obtained. The properties are very useful for molds and tools. Up to the early twenty-first century, most of the commercialized nanocomposite coatings were made by a combination of ceramic phases. As a result, coatings with the super-hardness over 40 GPa, the ultra-hardness over 70 GPa, and thermal stability over 1100°C had been developed [3, 4]. The crystalline phase of the nanocomposite coating is nitride, carbide, boride, and oxide, and the amorphous phase may be metal or ceramic. In such a case, the properties of the metal phases, such as high toughness, electric conductivity, and low friction, could be obtained with the properties of ceramic phases. Because of the wider spectrum of properties, including opposite properties, the soft matrix coatings could be used in various industrial fields.
Two kinds of nanocomposite coatings are based on the matrix materials: Hard matrix and soft matrix.
In the early twenty-first century, a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating has been used as a protective coating for various parts of the automobile engine. The engine performance has been greatly improved by adopting the low friction and high endurable coating. But automobile companies tried to adopt the new modified engine oils for better lubrication where the various additives are designed to have protective effects on the steel surfaces. But such additives have no compatibility with non-metallic coating and even they could damage DLC coatings [5]. Also the future demands on the internal combustion engine (ICE) systems and the application conditions of the mobility parts for the electric vehicles (EV) are much severe and worse. Future mobility shall be operated under non-lubrication conditions, which lead to more severe conditions for friction and wear of components. Consequently, new coating systems should be developed to have the better capability with the future automobile systems. Nanocomposite coating can be applied to future mobility parts.
The design rules for the nanocomposite coatings are discussed in the previous manuscripts [6, 7] but the most important basic rule is two elements are needed and they should be immiscible or low miscible properly each other [8]. Therefore, it is not easy to manufacture an alloying target made of an element that meets the requirements for depositing a nanocomposite coating by a general conventional target manufacturing method. The most commonly used method for the fabrication of a nanocomposite coating is a multi-cathode sputtering system that uses as many targets as additional elements [9]. However, in order to deposit a nanocomposite coating of a desired composition, it is necessary to control element targets having different sputtering yields to an appropriate power level, and to obtain a uniform coating, it is necessary to control various process parameters [10]. These complex equipment and process conditions hinder the mass production of nanocomposite coatings. In this study, an alloying target with high chemical homogeneity, high structural uniformity, and excellent mechanical properties was developed for the mass production of nanocomposite coatings.
The alloying target could be prepared generally by the preparation of the alloying powders and the subsequent sintering of the alloying powders, which is indexed as a red line in Figure 2. Because the alloying rules for nanocomposite materials are the same for the amorphous materials [11], the first attempts were made to find the proper alloys among amorphous materials and the target making procedures for the alloy systems with the amorphous compositions, such as Zr-Cu and Ti-Cu based alloys, summarized in Figure 2 and it was detailed explained by Moon et al. [6]. Theoretically, if the amorphous alloys with high glass-forming ability (GFA), they could be made as the bulk targets by the casting process. According to our previous study, only one case was successful in Zr-Cu-Si system in which the target with a diameter of 127 mm (5 inches) was successfully prepared by a casting process [12]. Since the amorphous materials have been developed with the GFA of the size around 1–2 mm [13], the larger size targets should be prepared by a two-step process; firstly, the alloying powders are prepared by atomization, and then they are consolidated by the proper sintering processes. If the alloying powders could not be prepared by an atomization process as in Mo-Cu [14], Ti-Al [15], and Al-Cr based systems, the proper ball milling processes were used to prepare the alloying powders. Subsequently, the bulk targets could be made by various sintering processes, such as vacuum hot press (VHP), spark plasma sintering (SPS), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and so on. The targets could be used without trouble during the sputtering process only when they were consolidated to some specific microstructures with sufficient high toughness [6].
Summary of the fabrication of alloying sputtering targets [
Since the alloying targets for the nanocomposite coatings are made with amorphous materials, an amorphous phase could easily be formed during the sputtering process, Figure 3. According to our previous studies [6, 7], rather to get the nanocomposite structure, the sputtering parameters should be carefully selected, such as a high level of sputtering power, high N2: Ar gas mixing ratio, and a high process temperature. An amorphous coating was easily formed when nonreactive sputtering of an alloying target in an Ar gas atmosphere. On the other hand, when reactive sputtering was performed on the same alloying target in an Ar-N2 mixed gas atmosphere, a nanocomposite nitride phase was formed. The amorphous phase coating shows a higher enough toughness to be used as a buffer layer for the hard coatings [16]. Also, since the amorphous coating shows high corrosion protection with high conductivity, it could be used as the coating for the bipolar plate in the fuel cell [17]. The nanocomposite nitride coatings showed high hardness around 20–30 GPa, and according to the data on the coatings from the various amorphous targets with different metal contents, the hardness of the nitride nanocomposite coatings increased linearly with the decreases in the soft-metal content [6]. The nitride coatings showed very low friction properties even compared with DLC coating in the boundary lubrication conditions of the modified oils. Therefore, it could be used in the various applications of ICE and EV systems.
Summary of the properties of the coatings prepared with the Zr-Cu-Al-Mo alloying targets.
Erdemir et al. [18] reported that MoN-Cu coatings showed a better friction coefficient in the boundary lubrication area of basic oil and the existence of a Cu matrix could formulate the formation of easy shear tribofilms. In our studies [19, 20], it is also found that low friction and high durable tribofilms were easily formed after wear tests. According to the investigations by RAMAN and XPS, the tribofilms were considered to be amorphous carbon films that must be formed from the decomposition of engine oils by the catalytic effects of the Cu matrix. The more severe the test conditions resulted in the thicker tribofilms [18]. After the engine ring-liner scuffing test of ZrCuSiN, the tribofilms were formed on the surface of the engine ring and the thickness was about 500–700 nm as shown in Figure 4. Since the thick tribofilms had high hardness and low friction properties, they could prevent the surface of the engine parts effectively even in severe wear conditions.
TEM investigation on the cross-section of tribofilms after engine ring-liner scuffing test [
The most important result from the studies with the alloying targets is that the composition of the coating layer was almost the same as that of alloying target according to electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) data on the surface area and glow-discharge optical-emission spectroscopy (GDOES) data throughout the thick coating layer [6]. In particular, for coatings deposited by microcrystalline targets, excellent composition uniformity between the target and the coating is achieved [6, 11]. These results suggest that using an alloying target with uniform composition and fine microstructure is a convenient method to reduce process cost and deposit the designed composition.
Complex coating technique for the smallest spherical parts (balls, 2–4 mm diameter) of the modern fuel injector is detailed reported by Cha et al. [21]. The fuel injector is responsible for the precise fuel proportioning related to controlled combustion and reduced emissions. Materials of fuel injector have to possess high resistances to high pressure of 200–1000 bar, high temperature, and severe corrosive media related fuels. During injector operation coated ball, which is welded to the needle, moves up and down and contacts with the valve seat to open and close the fuel injection holes. Hence, defects in sealing and contacting surfaces lead to problems like leakage. The material of the ball is SUS440C stainless steel with a hardness of HV 670–700. The coating consists of three layers, Cr as the bonding layer on the substrate, WC as the buffer layer on Cr, and SiO-DLC as the functional top layer. To coat the balls and to maximize the production amount, the rear magnet fixing method was applied. Only 80% of the ball is coated, and the uncoated area of 20% is welded with a needle. The combination of physical vapor deposition (PVD) and plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) coating process and proper jig led to the coating thickness of 1.8–2.17 μm, the coating hardness of 22.2–25.7 GPa, and the coating adhesion of 35 N. This work aims to achieve quality improvements through the optimization of coating pre-treatments, that is, cleaning of the balls before coating. The residue-free cleaning of the balls has utmost importance for coating processes, that is, without a residue-free surface, the coating can fail or be rejected.
Hundreds of balls from the ball manufacturer are supplied in plastic bags with rust-preventing lubricant oil. The process steps at a coating company are ball arrival, cleaning, drying, jig mounting, coating, demounting, thermoshock testing, inspection, and delivery to the assembling company. Before PVD and PACVD coating, the balls are oil-free washed, dried, and then mounted on a coating jig using the rear magnet fixing method in a vertical direction in the coating machine. The defects of coating can be divided into three sorts: material fault (stab, dent, and scratch), cleaning fault (coating spallation caused by residual oil), and coating fault (spallation caused by foreign particles and coating particles). The defects that occurred from ball cleaning and coating are spallation of coating, particles, surface defects, rainbow, and waves of the border area between coated and uncoated zone, Figure 5.
Coating and cleaning defects: Spallation, particle, surface defect and masking (left: Microscope, right: Optical microscope (200x)).
The current cleaning process is composed of three-times-cleaning, five-times-rinsing and two-times-drying. And the sequence is 1st cleaning- 1st rinsing- 2nd cleaning- 2nd rinsing- 3rd cleaning- 3rd, 4th, 5th rinsing- N2 drying and finally vacuum drying. First cleaning detergents are a mix of amine, alcohol, hydrocarbon and acid, whereas 2nd cleaning is alcohol and amine, in the third cleaning alcohol and hydrocarbon are combined. Rinsing is carried out at 40°C in an ultrasonic bath and vacuum drying at 80°C. In total, 30 % of total coating defects can be avoided by optimizing the cleaning procedures. Therefore, the defects of cleaning shall be revised.
Several trials as revision are conducted: ① the reduction of cleaning amount, ② the addition of up-and-down-movement during cleaning, ③ spraying, ④ gauze washing, ⑤ the change of cleaning conditions (detergent concentration, temperature, and duration), ⑥ the cleaning of ultrasonic bath in acetone, ⑦ the boiling, and ⑧ the acid etching. These are compared with measurement of corrosion test on metal surfaces and of total organic carbon, but not representative both for the testing by massive amounts and mass production.
Especially, the evaluation through fluorescence analyzers, for example, CleanoSpector by Sita Co., Germany [22] and Recognoil by TechTest Co., Czech Republic [23], can clarify the effects of cleanliness. CleanoSpector measured relative fluorescence unit for current cleaning 4, for revised process 1.7 (additional pre-treatment to current process, i.e., the addition of acetone cleaning in ultrasonic bath, de-ionized (DI) water boiling and acetone cleaning in ultrasonic bath), and for non-washed ball 415–598. Recognoil ®2 W can measure fluorescence intensity and show as image: fluorescence intensity for current cleaning 1.103 and for revised process 740 and for non-washed ball 2.000.000. Figure 6 shows images of fluorescence detector Recognoil ®2 W-current cleaning (left) vs. revised cleaning (right), and the red color is oil residue. Both analyzers showed excellent measuring and detecting performance. As a main result, the best cleaning performance showed the addition of acetone cleaning in ultrasonic bath, DI water boiling and again acetone cleaning in ultrasonic bath.
Results of Recognoil ®2 W-current (left) vs. revised cleaning (right). Red color is oil residue.
In summary, the quality of coated balls is essentially achieved through cleaning before coating. The retained residue on the cleaned ball surface causes the defects like spallation of coating, particles, surface defects, rainbow, and waves of the border area between coated and uncoated zone. From many conducted trials and measuring methods, the addition of acetone cleaning in the ultrasonic bath, DI water boiling, and acetone cleaning showed high effective cleaning method. And the evaluation through fluorescence analyzers enabled excellent measuring and detecting performance, in contrast, the measurements of corrosion test on metal surfaces and of total organic carbon were not applicable.
Recent CO2 regulations for light-duty passenger cars, especially in Europe, decreases from 130 g/km (2015), 95 (2021), 80 (2025) to 59.4 (2030) [24]. Automakers endeavor to improve powertrain design for fuel efficiency and satisfy emissions requirements. The fuel injector is the main component of precise fuel metering to control combustion characteristics and reduce emissions. Currently, fuel injectors are developed with higher pressures to meet the CO2 regulation and get competitiveness. The injector is composed of the coil and the needle assembly, which has a stopper, armature, position ring, needle bar, and ball. Materials of injector shall have resistances for high pressure, high temperature, corrosion, and abrasion. The stopper and position ring are continuously impacted by the vertical motion of adjacent parts during operation and are currently applying expensive carburizing heat treatment [21, 25, 26]. Thus, it is necessary to develop a cost-effective heat treatment. New developed carburizing has a marginally different hardening principle from conventional carburizing methods. The structure of current carburized austenitic stainless steel is that carbon is dissolved in the metal matrix to increase the surface hardness caused by high compressive stresses, whereas there is no carbide formation to worsen the corrosion resistance [27] and weldability. Concerning expanded austenite structure, that is, S-phase, nitrogen atoms diffused into the face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice at low temperature, and the S-phase containing layer has high carrion resistance and high surface hardness [28, 29]. The objectives of this work were to develop low-temperature vacuum carburizing and their acid etching of stainless steels for modern injector parts.
As experimental and results, the concerned parts were stopper (SUS303, 0.05 C-0.3 Si-1.9 Mn-0.03 P-0.32 S-17.2 Cr-8.5 Ni-0.25 wt% Mo) and position ring (1.4305, 0.05 C-0.3 Si-1.9 Mn-0.03 P-0.31 S-17.6 Cr-8.6 Ni-0.4 Cu-0.4 wt% Mo), which made by stainless steel containing 2 wt% Mn for machinability. At first, currently applied parts were measured, carburized layer thickness of 21.3–24.1 μm and hardness HV0.05 914–959.
To substitute the current low-temperature gas carburizing process, new low-temperature vacuum carburizing, and acid etching pre-treatment were developed to reduce the cost and improve product quality.
Stainless steels with more than 12 wt% chromium have Cr2O3 passivation layer with corrosion resistance, but this layer plays as a barrier layer for carburizing. The pre-treatments for deletion of passive layer, for example, acid etching, NH4Cl, plasma, and halogen gas, are necessary. Acid etching was chosen and it was to find their optimal condition, for example, acid media, concentration, and duration. Moreover, the objective was to avoid the formed soot during carburizing. Soot causes failure at laser welding with the formation of pores and the reduction of corrosion resistance [30]. In this work, low-temperature vacuum carburizing was performed in a commercial vacuum carburizing furnace (VH556–10, Rübig, Austria). High purity acetylene (C2H2, 99.90%) and hydrogen (H2, 99.999%) were used as the process gases. Low-temperature vacuum carburizing was carried out for 24 h (including heating and cooling times) with a carburizing potential (Kc) of 0.32 at a working pressure of 800 Pa and a temperature of 450°C. Process conditions were partly used as reported in previous work [25, 26], and further optimized.
Especially, SUS303 and 1.4305 showed different pitting and oxide regeneration behavior by acid etching regarding the chemical composition difference: Stopper (SUS303) and position ring (1.4305) were tested with the variation of acid concentration and duration. As a result, the position ring (1.4305) had lower pitting than that of the stopper (SUS303) and showed carburizing behavior. From diverse acid concentrations (high/middle/low) in nitric-hydrofluoric acid, the mid concentration of pH 1.67 and short time of 55 seconds had no pitting and enabled carburizing on all surfaces with the hardness of HV0.05 902–942, Figure 7.
Carburized stopper (SUS303) as cross section (50x, left) and surface layer (500x, right) (mid acid etching of pH 1.67).
In the case of stopper SUS303, when the acid etching time was short, the carburized layer was not formed. Oppositely, if the time was increased beyond a certain level, the carburized layer was formed, but its hardness had a low value between HV0.05 500 and 600, the reason was that MnS inclusions at the surface led to severe MnS pitting over time. However, in 1.4305 material, at the same time as the above-mentioned acid etching was performed, not only the pitting was disabled, but also the carburized layer was completely formed on the surface.
As a result of application to the product, the position ring (1.4305) had lower pitting and homogenous carburized thickness and hardness than those of the stopper (SUS303) under the same acid condition, Figure 8. For a detailed declaration of this reason, the number, average size, and composition fraction of MnS inclusions were analyzed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The surface before and after acid etching was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). OM Image analyzer resulted from position ring (1.4305) had more and bigger MnS inclusions in position ring than those of stopper. EDX mapping confirmed that Mn, S distribution at stopper and position ring had no significant differences. However, the difference in chemical composition, especially, molybdenum, was shown.
Difference of pitting of carburized layer under same acid condition (left: Stopper (SUS303), right: Position ring (1.4305)).
One of the reasons for different pitting behavior was the different Mo content and related pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) (position ring: 1.4305, 0.4 wt% Mo, stopper: SUS303, and 0.25 wt%). To investigate other reasons, the Mo and Mo-oxide contents of both steels before and after acid etching were analyzed by XPS in-depth, Table 1 and Figure 9. There was no difference before etching, but after etching there was a significant changed in Mo and Mo-oxide composition in depth. And Mo of the position ring (1.4305) was higher at the surface and in-depth as well, Figure 9. In detail, the composition of formed oxide layers at the position ring and stopper were different. Position ring had MoO2, MoO3 at the surface, and Mo, MoO2, and MoO3 in-depth were higher than those of the stopper. Thus, high Mo content led to high pitting resistance, and the formation of a fast Mo-oxide layer because of higher gibbs free energy than Cr2O3 [31].
XPS results (at%) | 1 nm | 8 nm | 17 nm | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stopper (SUS303) | Mo | 64.85 | 62.06 | 64.04 |
MoO2 | 30.20 | 32.61 | 32.33 | |
MoO3 | 4.95 | 5.33 | 3.63 | |
Position ring (1.4305) | Mo | 36.64 | 69.16 | 79.11 |
MoO2 | 45.48 | 25.8 | 13.27 | |
MoO3 | 17.88 | 5.04 | 7.63 |
XPS results from surface to depth of stopper (SUS303) and position ring (1.4305).
XPS comparison of each element (Cr, Mo, O) in weight percent (stopper vs. position ring). a) Stopper initial. b) Stopper after acid etching. c) Position ring initial. d) Position ring after acid etching.
The relatively high content of molybdenum in the 1.4305 steel formed Mo-oxides on the surface during acid etching, which the excessive pitting by the MnS inclusion site was prevented. Furthermore, these oxides (mainly MoO3) resolved easily by hydrogen during low-temperature vacuum carburizing and subsequently enabled activated carburizing [32].
In conclusion, 1.4305 showed outstanding carburizing properties, hardness of HV0.05 911–1059, the thickness of 20–25 μm, including satisfaction of weldability and low roughness of Rz 0.809 μm, Figure 10. In final, stopper material was changed to position ring material 1.4305, and subsequently the test for mass production is carried out.
Developed pre-treated and carburized layer on position ring (1.4305).
In summary, the objectives of this work were to develop low-temperature vacuum carburizing and their acid etching for injector parts, which were stopper (SUS303) and position ring (1.4305). Currently applied parts had the carburized thickness of 21.3–24.1 μm and the hardness of HV0.05 914–959. The new carburizing and acid etching should enhance the hardness-related wear resistance and durability, the reduction of production cost, and product quality. As an experimental result, SUS303 and 1.4305 showed different pitting and oxide regeneration behavior by acid etching due to the material composition difference. In SUS303, when the acid etching time was short, the carburized layer was not formed. If the time was increased, the carburized layer was formed, but its hardness was low, the reason is that MnS inclusions at the surface led to severe MnS pitting. In 1.4305, at the same time as the acid etching pre-treatment was performed, not only the pitting was suppressed, but the carburized layer was completely formed on the surface. The relatively high content of molybdenum in 1.4305 formed Mo-oxides on the surface during acid etching, which the excessive pitting by the MnS inclusion site was prevented. Furthermore, these oxides (mainly MoO3) were resolved easily by hydrogen during carburizing and subsequently enabled activated carburizing [32]. In conclusion, 1.4305 showed excellent carburizing properties: hardness of HV0.05 911–1059, thickness of 20–25 μm, satisfaction of weldability, and low roughness. Therefore, the stopper material was changed to position ring material 1.4305.
From our previous studies on various coating systems [6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20], the mass production of a nanocomposite coating could be easily possible by using a single alloying target. Furthermore, it is considered that the nanocomposite coating could be prepared with the different phases that possess the desired properties by designing the composition of the alloying target and controlling the conditions of the coating process. Now, it has been tried to develop new coating systems suitable for harsh environments, such as non-lubrication conditions and heavy-loading conditions. Also, the mechanism for the catalytic effects of Cu has not been revealed at all and the effective amount and structure of Cu in the coating should have been studied. It will be discussed in other manuscripts. As advanced surface lubrication, the nanocomposite coatings can substitute the current applied coatings, for example, DLC, SiO-DLC, and ta-C, in near future. With the consideration of economic aspects and reality, coating and heat treatment technology for automotive powertrain components have been developed for low friction and wear reduction. Concerning coating technology injector balls are SiO-DLC coated with PVD and PACVD and proper jig for low friction and wear. For the achievement of coating quality, pre-treatment of coating, and cleaning is essential. Therefore, the improvement of cleaning for the balls was done: the most effective cleaning was the pre-treatment of acetone cleaning in the ultrasonic bath, DI water boiling, and acetone cleaning in ultrasonic bath before the current cleaning process. In particular, the fluorescence analyzers clearly clarified the cleanliness level. Concerning heat treatment technology, low-temperature vacuum carburizing and pre-treatment for injector parts were developed and showed during acid etching Mo-oxides on the surface are formed, especially by 1.4305 with high molybdenum content. Through these Mo-oxides with easy resolution behavior, carburizing was promoted. The changed stopper steel (1.4305) was appropriate for the new vacuum carburizing and their acid etching.
The work “Development of the nanocomposite coatings by using alloying targets “was supported by the Industry Technology Innovation Program (20011767) and funded by the Ministry of Trade, industry, and Energy (MI, KOREA).
The work “Importance on pre-treatment of coating for using the smallest spherical parts of powertrain fuel systems” was carried out with the collaboration of coating company DONGWOO HST.
The part “Effects of molybdenum on hardening properties of stainless steels by low-temperature vacuum carburizing and pre-treatment” was conducted with institutions and companies (KITECH, Dongwoo HST, Samlak). Especially, Dr. Jun-Ho Kim from KITECH is truly appreciated for his collaboration.
The work “Effects of molybdenum on hardening properties of stainless steels by low-temperature vacuum carburizing and pre-treatment” was orally presented at the session “vacuum processes and technology” in the 31st ASM Heat Treating Society Conference (Heat Treat 2021). The expanded abstract was published (DOI: 10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021exabp0107, ASM permitted for this reuse).
Amorphous
Amorphous metal-nitride
Deionized
Diamond-like carbon
Electron probe microanalyzer
Electric vehicle
Face-centered cubic
Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
Glass-forming ability
Hot isostatic pressing
Vickers hardness
Internal combustion engine
Carburizing potential
Nanocomposite
Optical microscope
Plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
Pitting resistance equivalent number
Physical vapor deposition
Raman spectroscopy
Ten-point mean roughness
Scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Silicon oxide-diamond-like carbon
Spark plasma sintering
Tetrahedral amorphous carbon
Transmission electron microscopy
Vacuum hot press
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
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Global cocoa production has been rising fairly steadily over the years by increasing production in growing countries with most of the production taking place in areas of high pathogen biodiversity. Thus, the sustainability of the cocoa economy is under threat as diseases of various statuses now constitute the most serious constraint to production. Most important among these is the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora genus with annual losses of 30–90% of the crop. This economically important pathogen is very diverse in nature and varied across growing countries including species such as palmivora, megakarya, capsici and citrophthora distinguished based on chromosome number, sporangial characteristics and pedicel length. World losses of 20–25% in cacao production are due to black pod disease, an estimate of 700,000 metric tons on global scale reducing global cocoa production. 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Results show that cleaning cacao seed mucilage before sowing enhanced sprouting rate and percent germination. The use of manure mixed with sawdust and loamy soil aided excellent seed germination, seedling vigor and root development. Inoculating cacao seeds with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at point of sowing and early stages in the nursery aided root development and enhanced field establishment and survival during the dry season. Dense shade retarded cacao growth and development during the rainy season, while no shade enhances optimum growth and canopy development. The use of drip irrigation strategies in young cacao plantations increased seedling survival from less than 45% under no irrigation to above 95% at the end of the second dry season. 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At the last decades, they have been getting more and more attention in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, in the present study, we have worked on to understand the structure of edible seaweeds. It is worthy to mention that they can be considered as source of some proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Ilknur Babahan, Birsen Kirim and Hamideh Mehr",authors:null},{id:"67540",title:"Aphid-Plant Interactions: Implications for Pest Management",slug:"aphid-plant-interactions-implications-for-pest-management",totalDownloads:1093,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Aphids are important herbivores and important pest of many field and forest crops. They have specialized long and flexible stylets which are adapted to feeding on phloem sap. To establish successful feeding on host plant, they need to counter a range of both physical and chemical defenses. The defenses employed by plants can have direct effect on the aphid species through difficulty in establishing successful feeding due to the presence of trichomes, thick cell wall, etc. or effect on their biology with lethal consequences in extreme cases (direct defenses). In contrast to this, plants can attract natural enemies of aphids through the release of volatile compounds (the so-called “cry or call for help”) (indirect defense). The information on different defense strategies employed by plants can be utilized to enhance the level of resistance (R) to develop sustainable pest management strategies.",book:{id:"8667",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",fullTitle:"Plant Communities and Their Environment"},signatures:"Sarwan Kumar",authors:null},{id:"72336",title:"Plant Phenology and An Assessment of the Effects Regarding Heavy Metals, Nanoparticles, and Nanotubes on Plant Development: Runner Bean, Artichoke, and Chickpea Seedlings",slug:"plant-phenology-and-an-assessment-of-the-effects-regarding-heavy-metals-nanoparticles-and-nanotubes-",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The relationship between environmental pollution and nutrition in particular, which forms the basis of health, is fundamentally important for protecting human health. Therefore, the data obtained from the examination of how plants and animals consumed as food are affected by environmental pollution can be seen as an indicator of their effects on humans. On the other hand, the role of technology and nanotechnology in life has been increasing in this century, and a considerable amount of heavy metals, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanotubes (NTs) are released to the environment. The results of morphological or anatomical examination of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L) and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plants subjected to copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) heavy metals and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) plants subjected to Au nanoparticles and C70 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are presented with this study in the point of their phenological development process. The three taxa belonging to Fabaceae and Asteraceae families with high economic status and having flowers with characteristic features were chosen deliberately as representatives. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"