These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6003",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Robotics - Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts",title:"Robotics",subtitle:"Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book analyses the legal, ethical and social aspects of using deep-learning AI robotic products. The collective effort of distinguished international researchers has been incorporated into one book suitable for the broader audience interested in the emerging scientific field of roboethics. The book has been edited by Prof. George Dekoulis, Aerospace Engineering Institute, Cyprus, expert on state-of-the-art implementations of robotic systems for unmanned spacecraft navigation and other aerospace applications. We hope this book will increase the sensitivity of all the community members involved with roboethics. The significance of incorporating all aspects of roboethics right at the beginning of the creation of a new deep-learning AI robot is emphasised and analysed throughout the book. AI robotic systems offer an unprecedented set of virtues to the society. However, the principles of roboethical design and operation of deep-learning AI robots must be strictly legislated, the manufacturers should apply the laws and the knowledge development of the AI robots should be closely monitored after sales. This will minimise the drawbacks of implementing such intelligent technological solutions. These devices are a representation of ourselves and form communities like us. Learning from them is also a way to improve ourselves.",isbn:"978-953-51-3636-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3635-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4577-6",doi:"10.5772/66612",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"robotics-legal-ethical-and-socioeconomic-impacts",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"15ab11f5bb5aac89956dd8b42f261011",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",publishedDate:"December 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6003.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13987,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:48,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 13th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 11th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9833/images/system/9833.jfif",biography:"Prof. George Dekoulis received his PhD in Space Engineering and Communications from Lancaster University, UK, in 2007. He was awarded a First Class BEng (Hons) degree in Communications Engineering from De Montfort University, UK, in 2001. He has received several awards from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), and the Hudswell International Research Scholarship (IET). He is currently the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology at the American University of Cyprus (AUCY), Cyprus. He was previously a professor at the Aerospace Engineering Institute (AEI), Cyprus. Founder of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society (AESS), Cyprus. General chair of IEEE Aerospace Engineering Innovations 2019 (IEEE AEI 2019), Limassol, Cyprus. He has worked as a professor in Space Computing & Engineering at various departments, such as Space & Planetary Physics, Aeronautical and Space Engineering, Professional Flight, Robotics/Mechatronics & Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. His research focuses on the design of reconfigurable Space Computing and Engineering Systems.",institutionString:"Aerospace Engineering Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1321",title:"Roboethics",slug:"roboethics"}],chapters:[{id:"57406",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Roboethics: The Legal, Ethical and Social Impacts of Robotics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71170",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-roboethics-the-legal-ethical-and-social-impacts-of-robotics",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"George Dekoulis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57406",authors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],corrections:null},{id:"56097",title:"Risk Estimation in Robotics and the Impact of Human Behaviour",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69770",slug:"risk-estimation-in-robotics-and-the-impact-of-human-behaviour",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Within this chapter the emerging topic of automated risk assessment in a domestic scene is discussed, state of the art techniques are reviewed followed by developed methodologies which focus on safer human and robotic interactions with an environment. By using the risk estimation framework, the notion of a quantitative risk score is presented. Hazards within a scene are evaluated and measured using risk elements which provide a numeric representation of specific types of risk. Emphasis is given to the concept of risk as a result of interaction with an environment, specifically whether human or robotic actions in a scene can effect overall risk. To this end, techniques which simulate human or robotic behaviour with regard to risk in an environment are reviewed. Specifically the ideas of interaction and visibility are addressed defining risk in terms of areas within a scene that are visited most often and which are least visible. As with any behaviour simulation techniques, validation of their accuracy is required and a number of simulation evaluation techniques are reviewed. Finally a conclusion as to the current state of automated risk assessment is given, with a brief look at the future of the research area.",signatures:"Rob Dupre and Vasileios Argyriou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56097",authors:[{id:"105175",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",surname:"Argyriou",slug:"vasileios-argyriou",fullName:"Vasileios Argyriou"},{id:"203089",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Dupre",slug:"robert-dupre",fullName:"Robert Dupre"}],corrections:null},{id:"56353",title:"Trajectory Tracking Error Using Fractional Order PID Control Law for Two‐Link Robot Manipulator via Fractional Adaptive Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70020",slug:"trajectory-tracking-error-using-fractional-order-pid-control-law-for-two-link-robot-manipulator-via-",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of trajectory tracking of unknown nonlinear systems of fractional order is solved using fractional order dynamical neural networks. For this purpose, we obtained control laws and laws of adaptive weights online, obtained using the Lyapunov stability analysis methodology of fractional order. Numerical simulations illustrate the obtained theoretical results.",signatures:"Joel Perez P., Jose Paz Perez P. and Martha S. Lopez de la Fuente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56353",authors:[{id:"203938",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel",surname:"Perez",slug:"joel-perez",fullName:"Joel Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"56250",title:"Robots Liability: A Use Case and a Potential Solution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69888",slug:"robots-liability-a-use-case-and-a-potential-solution",totalDownloads:1760,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In this chapter, a system of distribution of responsibility for damages caused by robots is introduced, and its practical application on the results obtained in the real experiences at the University of Almería (Spain) is analyzed. The attribution of liability for damages produced by autonomous agents usually focuses the theoretical discussion on legal and ethical fields on robotics. The European Parliament adopted the report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)) in February 2017. This work includes the master guidelines that the European Commission should take into account to legislate this technology. In its attempt to attribute responsibility for damages caused by robots, the Committee considers that once responsible parties have been identified, their liability level should range, looking the robot’s learning capability and the knowledge learned from its owner. This work proposes the use of responsibility setting matrix as a mechanism to distribute liabilities between the robot, the manufacturer, and the owner, depending on the knowledge programmed by the manufacturer and the one acquired by the robot (through its learning ability and the adjustments made by the owner), that would distribute the responsibility for damages among the three agents involved.",signatures:"Alejandro Zornoza, José C. Moreno, José L. Guzmán, Francisco\nRodríguez and Julián Sánchez-Hermosilla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56250",authors:[{id:"5859",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Guzman",slug:"jose-luis-guzman",fullName:"Jose Luis Guzman"},{id:"22920",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Moreno",slug:"jose-carlos-moreno",fullName:"Jose Carlos Moreno"},{id:"22922",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"francisco-rodriguez",fullName:"Francisco Rodriguez"},{id:"22923",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",surname:"Sanchez-Hermosilla",slug:"julian-sanchez-hermosilla",fullName:"Julian Sanchez-Hermosilla"},{id:"204035",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Zornoza",slug:"alejandro-zornoza",fullName:"Alejandro Zornoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"56025",title:"Cybersecurity of Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Privacy and Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69796",slug:"cybersecurity-of-robotics-and-autonomous-systems-privacy-and-safety",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Robots and autonomous systems in general are set to suffer similar cybersecurity problems that computers have been facing for decades. This is not only worrying for critical tasks such as those performed by surgical, or military robots but also for household robots such as vacuum cleaners or for teleconference robots compromise privacy and safety of their owners. What will happen if these robots are hacked? This study presents a survey on the cybersecurity attacks associated with service robots, and as a result, a taxonomy that classifies the risks faced by users when using service robots, distinguishing between security and safety threads, is presented. We also present the robot software development phase as one the most relevant ones for the security of robots.",signatures:"Francisco J. Rodríguez Lera, Camino Fernández Llamas, Ángel\nManuel Guerrero and Vicente Matellán Olivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56025",authors:[{id:"124522",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Matellan",slug:"vicente-matellan",fullName:"Vicente Matellan"},{id:"211294",title:"Prof.",name:"Camino",surname:"Fernández-Llamas",slug:"camino-fernandez-llamas",fullName:"Camino Fernández-Llamas"},{id:"211295",title:"MSc.",name:"Ángel Manuel",surname:"Guerrero-Higueras",slug:"angel-manuel-guerrero-higueras",fullName:"Ángel Manuel Guerrero-Higueras"},{id:"211296",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",surname:"Rodríguez-Lera",slug:"francisco-javier-rodriguez-lera",fullName:"Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lera"}],corrections:null},{id:"56170",title:"Ethic Reflections about Service Robotics, from Human Protection to Enhancement: Case Study on Cultural Heritage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69768",slug:"ethic-reflections-about-service-robotics-from-human-protection-to-enhancement-case-study-on-cultural",totalDownloads:1606,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In a vision of future implications of human‐robot interactions, it is vital to investigate how computer ethics and specifically roboethics could help to enhance human’s life. In this chapter, the role of design expertise will be emphasized by setting multiple disciplines into a constructive dialogue. The reflections will take into consideration different themes, such as acceptability and aesthetics, but above all the ability to generate value and meaning in different contexts. These contexts could find a description in the concept of human enhancement, connected through each other with the skills of the design research. The methodology of the design research will find applicability in the case study of Virgil, where a roboethic approach is contextualized into a cultural heritage field. In this field, it is shown how the ethical approach will bring a benefit to local communities, but at large to any social and cultural strategies involved in the stakeholders’ network.",signatures:"Luca Giuliano, Maria Luce Lupetti, Sara Khan and Claudio Germak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56170",authors:[{id:"203858",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Germak",slug:"claudio-germak",fullName:"Claudio Germak"},{id:"203861",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Giuliano",slug:"luca-giuliano",fullName:"Luca Giuliano"},{id:"203862",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Luce",surname:"Lupetti",slug:"maria-luce-lupetti",fullName:"Maria Luce Lupetti"},{id:"211018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Khan",slug:"sara-khan",fullName:"Sara Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56304",title:"Mechanical Empathy Seems Too Risky. Will Policymakers Transcend Inertia and Choose for Robot Care? The World Needs It",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70019",slug:"mechanical-empathy-seems-too-risky-will-policymakers-transcend-inertia-and-choose-for-robot-care-the",totalDownloads:1560,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An ageing population, increasing longevity and below-replacement fertility increase the care burden worldwide. This comes with age-related diseases such as Alzheimer disease and other dementias, cardiovascular disorders, cancer and—hardly noticed—pandemic loneliness. The burden, both emotionally and economically, starts to become astronomical and cannot be carried by those few who need to combine care with work and family. Social solidarity programmes are part of the answer, but they do not relieve the human helper. Yet, many hands are needed where but a few are available. Capacity issues can be solved by the introduction of care robots. Research shows that state-of-the-art technology is such that care robots can become nonthreatening social entities and be accepted and appreciated by the lonesome. Massive employment of such devices is impeded, however, sufficient governmental support of R&D is lacking—financially and regulatorily. This is where policymakers should step in and get over their moral prejudices and those of their voters and stop being afraid of losing political backing. They will regain it in the long run.",signatures:"Johan F. Hoorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56304",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56304",authors:[{id:"202564",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Johan",surname:"Hoorn",slug:"johan-hoorn",fullName:"Johan Hoorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"56345",title:"Electronic Prescribing and Robotic Dispensing: The Impact of Integrating Together on Practice and Professionalism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69769",slug:"electronic-prescribing-and-robotic-dispensing-the-impact-of-integrating-together-on-practice-and-pro",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Technology developments offer hospital pharmacies opportunities to enhance efficiency and safety in the dispensing process. Adoption of technology potentially allows release of resources to develop more patient-focused activities. Resource release can be achieved via a variety of impacts, such as efficiency of the dispensing process, reduction of potential for dispensing errors and potential to adjust skill mix. Developing more patient-focused activities can enhance pharmacy development in a broader sense, and as this happens, changes can occur in professional identities across a range of job roles within the pharmacy. These changes offer benefits to the development of the professional model.",signatures:"Roderick J. Beard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56345",authors:[{id:"203288",title:"Dr.",name:"Roderick",surname:"Beard",slug:"roderick-beard",fullName:"Roderick Beard"}],corrections:null},{id:"56684",title:"Human, Not Humanoid, Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70117",slug:"human-not-humanoid-robots",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Robots that resemble human beings can be useful artefacts (humanoid robots) or they can be a new way of expressing scientific theories about human beings and human societies (human robots), and while humanoid robots must necessarily be physically realized, human robots may be just simulated in a computer. If the simulated robots do everything that human beings do, the theory which has been used to construct the robots explains human behaviour and human societies. This chapter is dedicated to human robots and it describes a number of individual and social human phenomena that have already been replicated by constructing simulated human robots and simulated robotic societies. At the end of the chapter, we briefly discuss some of the problems that human robots will pose to human beings.",signatures:"Domenico Parisi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56684",authors:[{id:"203559",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Domenico",surname:"Parisi",slug:"domenico-parisi",fullName:"Domenico Parisi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5597",title:"Field",subtitle:"Programmable Gate Array",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee9b6139297123dec4d906c950913c0d",slug:"field-programmable-gate-array",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8613",title:"Aerospace Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075278075d72ebe02490ff58675119ef",slug:"aerospace-engineering",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8613.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6465",title:"Drones",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50a345acb86d524f7a505e09d1f2fc49",slug:"drones-applications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8588",title:"Military Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03399bdb07c21c27150ee424106395e2",slug:"military-engineering",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8588.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7414",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5066fa20239d3de3ca87b3c45c680d01",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6864",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c320902fc1cfc252c1db006b944996fb",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8360",title:"Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) II",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07085e95809ecc33b1b87b531ab1024c",slug:"field-programmable-gate-arrays-fpgas-ii",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6350",title:"Space Flight",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023c9b0d77a58c0a263c075a7deed7e5",slug:"space-flight",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73639",slug:"corrigendum-to-single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",title:"Corrigendum to: Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Radiopharmaceuticals",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73639.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73639",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73639",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73639",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73639",chapter:{id:"73033",slug:"single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imran",dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2020",datePublished:"January 7th 2021",book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",email:"drarnaqvi@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"302793",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Babar",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",fullName:"Muhammad Babar Imran",slug:"muhammad-babar-imran",email:"muhammadbabarimran@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"73033",slug:"single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imran",dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2020",datePublished:"January 7th 2021",book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",email:"drarnaqvi@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"302793",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Babar",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",fullName:"Muhammad Babar Imran",slug:"muhammad-babar-imran",email:"muhammadbabarimran@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11505",leadTitle:null,title:"Time Series Analysis - New Insights",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tTime Series Analysis is a specific way of analyzing a sequence of data points collected over an interval of time. In time series analysis, analysts record data points at consistent intervals over a set period of time rather than just recording the data points intermittently or randomly. However, this type of analysis is not solely the act of collecting data over time. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the application of Time Series Analysis for Remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing Data is massive, complex, and diverse.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book will provide a discussion of the advanced visualization means for time series data using various geostatistical approaches and methods. Machine Learning methods include supervised and unsupervised clustering of data in addition to selected geospatial applications in the environmental Management domains, as well as in oil and gas and mining. The book will be of special interest to the broader Geomatics Community, and all those professionals dealing with Remote Sensing Data and approaches for integrating spatial and attributes data in meaningful ways, with the help of geospatial technologies.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-306-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-305-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-307-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"29054c3869e21230a405c4aef0904dfd",bookSignature:"Dr. Rifaat Abdalla and Dr. Mohammed El-Diasty",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11505.jpg",keywords:"Python, R, Mat Lab, Supervised Classification, Unsupervised Classification, Simulation, Virtualization, Geostatistical Analysis, GLDAS, GNSS, MEMS, Spatial Data, Modeling",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 7th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 6th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor at Sultan Qaboos University, GIS professional, and accomplished author with over 75 research publications and a total of 4 books in the field of Geomatics and GIS for Disaster Management. Dr. Abdalla is a recipient of several prestigious international awards, including the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) PE&RS Best Scientific Paper by ESRI.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Associate Professor at Sultan Qaboos University whose research interests include positioning, navigation, mobile mapping, GNSS/INS integration, hydrograph, and gravimetry. Dr. Mohammed El-Diasty was with Mansoura University, Egypt for twelve years and with the King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia for nine years prior to joining Sultan Qaboos University in 2021.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",middleName:null,surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/222877/images/system/222877.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rifaat Abdalla is an Associate Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University. He is specialized in GeoInformatics with focus on WebGIS Applications and Remote Sensing Modeling. Dr. Rifaat Abdalla is a Certified GIS Professional (GISP) and Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) from Ontario, Canada. He was with the King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah for five years prior to joining Sultan Qaboos University in 2017. Dr. Abdalla worked in the Oil Industry in Qatar and in the UK. He was also teaching at York University and Ryerson University in Canada. His research interests include Hydrography and Marine Applications for GIS; Modeling and Simulation; Mobile Handheld GIS Visualization; and Disaster Management and Emergency Response Mapping. Dr. Abdalla is a recipient of several prestigious international awards, including the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) PE&RS Best Scientific Paper by ESRI.",institutionString:"Sultan Qaboos University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Sultan Qaboos University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Oman"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"79241",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"El-Diasty",slug:"mohammed-el-diasty",fullName:"Mohammed El-Diasty",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpH8QAK/Profile_Picture_1638789636862",biography:"Dr. Mohammed El-Diasty is an Associate Professor in the Department Civil and Architectural Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University. He received his M.Sc. degree from Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada and received his Ph.D. from Geomatics Engineering Department, York University, Canada. Dr. El-Diasty is a Certified Professional Engineer (P.Eng.) from Ontario, Canada. He was with Mansoura University, Egypt for twelve years and also was with the King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia for nine years prior to joining Sultan Qaboos University in 2021. He was also teaching assistant at York University and Ryerson University in Canada. Dr. El-Diasty is specialized in Geomatics Engineering. His research interests include positioning, navigation, mobile mapping, GNSS/INS integration, hydrography and gravimetry. Dr. El-Diasty is a recipient of several research grants and published scholarly scientific manuscripts in Geomatics Engineering research and practical fields.",institutionString:"Sultan Qaboos University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sultan Qaboos University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Oman"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7465",title:"Trends in Geomatics",subtitle:"An Earth Science Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a32ff40d6c47e2b545b92d5075508c9c",slug:"trends-in-geomatics-an-earth-science-perspective",bookSignature:"Rifaat Abdalla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41343",title:"Malignant Pulmonary Solitary Nodules: High Resolution Computed Tomography Morphologic and Ancillary Features in the Differentiation of Histotypes",doi:"10.5772/54671",slug:"malignant-pulmonary-solitary-nodules-high-resolution-computed-tomography-morphologic-and-ancillary-f",body:'
1. Introduction
Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or "coin lesion" is a rounded lesion that does not exceed 3 cm in diameter, completely surrounded by normal lung parenchyma without other concomitant anomalies (not associated with atelectasis or adenopathy), and often asymptomatic. Lesions bigger than 3 cm are more properly called masses and are often malignant [1,2].
SPNs can be found randomly in the course of imaging exams conducted at the level of the neck, upper limbs, chest, abdomen, and are described in approximately 0.9-2% of all chest X-rays [3].
Since the early 80\'s the advent of computed tomography (CT) has resulted in a large increase in the frequency of detection of SPN. In the clinical practice it is important to determine the radiological and pathological features of benign and malignant tumors for an accurate management [4-13].
According to the literature the overall prevalence of SPNs ranged between 8% and 51% [14,15]. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) does not recommend the implementation of screening for lung cancer in the general population because the implementation of these tests is not so far proved able to achieve a reduction of mortality rates [16].
Because the diagnosis and treatment of early stage lung cancer allows more favourable results, a close monitoring for identified lesions is recommended [17].
A SPN can be attributed to various causes. The first step in the clinical evaluation of these lesions is to define the benignity or malignancy. The most common benign etiologies include infectious granulomas and hamartomas, while the most frequent malignant etiologies include primary lung cancer and lung metastases [2].
The clinical relevance of accurately subtyping lung cancers was initially challenged by the advent of novel therapeutic options (targeted therapies, such as erlotinib/gefitinib and bevacizumab, or third-generation chemotherapeutic agents, such as pemetrexed), which are effective in specific lung cancer subtypes, and needed for a more detailed histological definition of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), separating at least squamous-cell carcinoma (SQC) from non-SQC. This event led pathologists to concentrate their efforts on the accurate diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), because further subtyping of NSCLC was an optional and clinically unimportant diagnostic exercise. The generic diagnosis of NSCLC gained popularity originally for cytological samples and later for small biopsies. Currently, on cytological or small biopsy samples, most pathologists are able to correctly distinguish SCLC from NSCLC, and within the NSCLC group to identify well-differentiated or moderately differentiated SQC or adenocarcinoma (ADC). [18,19]
However, a high percentage of cases continues to be simply diagnosed as NSCLC, especially when lacking clear-cut morphologic signs of differentiation. From a practical standpoint, the call back to histological categorization of NSCLC raises several types of questions. Although NSCLC subtyping may be relatively easy and feasible on surgical specimens, there are objective difficulties in examining small biopsies and cytology samples. These techniques often are the only ones for the final diagnosis of lung cancer, as most patients are not candidates for radical surgery. When dealing with these small samples, pathologists may be faced with a higher degree of uncertainty because of the frequent lung tumor heterogeneity and the higher prevalence of poorly differentiated NSCLC among clinically advanced and unresectable cases[18,19]. A useful tool to identify squamous or glandular differentiation and to characterize poorly differentiated NSCLC may be to incorporate ancillary techniques, such as immunohistochemistry. This approach seems the most promising one, although the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the diverse immunohistochemical markers remain to be further defined. Thyroid transcription factor (TTF-1) and/or cytocheratin 7 (CK7) for ADC and p63 and high-molecular weight cytokeratins (HMWCKs) for SQC are the most specific and currently validated immunohistochemical markers that may be suitable for refining most diagnoses even when dealing with quantitatively limited material, such as cytological samples or small-sized biopsies [20,21]. When the pathologist is not able to perform a precise histotype diagnosis, the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) may be proposed as further diagnostic approach for determining the lung histotype maligancies with single polmonary nodule presentation [21].
The aim of our study is to assess whether morphological characteristics of a SPN and ancillary signs allow to differentiate between the following lung malignancies: bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) classified in according to the new criteria, variants of ADC and SCLC.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Patients
From January 2007 to June 2011 we retrospectively reviewed the HRCT examinations of 33 patients (14 females and 19 males) with SPN presentation and histologic diagnosis of SCLC (n = 5), invasive lepidic ADCs (formerly diagnosed nommucinous BAC with > 5 mm invasion) (n=7), invasive mucinous ADCs (formerly diagnosed mucinous BAC)(n=2) and other variants invasive ADCs (acinar, papillary, solid predominant with mucin production, colloid and enteric variants) (n= 19). SQC, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma cases were excluded.
The mean age in the three type of SPNs (SCLC, BACs and ADCs ) were: 60 years ± 6 (SCLC), 67,2 years ±8,2 (BACs) and 71, 3 years ± 8,5 (ADCs) respectively.
2.2. Histological analysis
The histological diagnosis was performed in accordance with the examination of lobectomy in all cases of ADCs and transbronchial biopsy in 5 SCLC. The classification of ADCs tumors was performed in accordance with the criteria of International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Mutlidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma [22]. The following immunostaining analysis were performed in all cases of ADCs: TTF1, CK7, P63 and HMWCKs. The immunostaining of synaptophysin and CD56 was performed in all cases of SCLC.
2.3. HRCT technique
The examinations were performed with three different CT scanners: 16-slices CT (Light Speed Pro 16, GE, Milwaukee, USA), 16-slices CT (Toshiba Aquilion, Japan) and 64-slices CT (Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) by direct volumetric acquisition with high spatial resolution CT (HRCT) in a single inspiratory breath with the patient in a supine position. The technical parameters expected to acquire volumetric reconstruction, are the following: collimation: 1.0-1.25mm, kV: 135, mA: 300, scan time: 0.7 sec / rotation, table speed of 17.85 mm / sec. High-spatial-frequency (bone) reconstruction algorithm was used. Using the axial images the multiplanar reconstructions (MPRs) with high diagnostic quality were obtained.
2.4. Image analysis
All HRCT images of each SNP were read in consensus by two experienced radiologists (M.S., A.R.) in chest CT with respect to morphology and ancillary signs. Size, margins/countours, calcifications, central necrosis or cavitation and air bronchogram were evaluated for the morphologic assessment [23]. Furthermore, in association with the morphological study the following ancillary signs were assessed: pleural connecting striae and ground glass opacity (GGO).
The percentage of ancillary signs and the morphologic appearance were evaluated for the differential diagnosis.
3. Results
Lesion size ranging from 8 mm to 25 mm (mean 20 mm ±10,4 SD) for SCLC, 15 mm to 30 mm ( mean 22,5 ± 5,7 SD) for BACs, 10 mm to 29mm ( mean 21,2 ± 5,9 SD) for ADCs.
In the table are reported the data related to the morphologic features and to the ancillary signs with relatives percentages of the three histotype malignant nodules.
Morfologic features: calcifications within the SPN were absent in all case of SCLC and BACs and found in 1/19 (5,2%) cases of ADCs variants; cavitation was observed in 1/5 (20%) cases of SCLC; margins/countours (irregular or spiculated, multilobulated, frayed) were revealed in SCLC, BACs and variants of ADC in 4/5 (80%) 9/9 (100%) 15/19 (79%) and air bronchogram was revealed in SCLC, BACs and variants of ADC in 2/5 (40%) 5/9 (60%) 8/19 (42%) respectively.
Ancillary signs: air bronchogram and pleural connecting striae were found in SCLC, BACs and variants of ADC in 2/5 (40%), 5/9 (60%), 8/19 (42%) and 3/5 (80%), 9/9 (100%) 17/19 (89%) respectively.
The representative HRTC features for the three type of SPNs for SCLC, BACs and variants of ADC are reported in figures 1,2, figures 3-5 and figures 6-9 respectively.
Figure 1.
Small cell lung carcinoma in a 59 year-old man. HRCT shows spiculated and lobulated nodule with cavitations in the upper left lobe.
Figure 2.
Small cell lung carcinoma in a 69 year-old man.HRCT shows spiculated nodule with pleural connecting striae in the ventral segment of the upper right lobe.
Table 1.
HRCT morphologic and ancillary of 5 small cell lung carcinomas (SLCL), 7 invasive lepidic adenocarcinomas (formely diagnosed bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas pattern, with > 5 mm invasion), 2 invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas (formerly diagnosed mucinous bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas) and 19 other variants invasive ADCs (acinar, papillary, solid predominant with mucin production, colloid and enteric variants).
Figure 3.
Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (formerly diagnosed mucinous bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma) in a 74 year-old female. HRCT shows spiculated nodule with pleural connecting striae in the dorsal segment of the left upper lobe.
Figure 4.
Invasive lepidic adenocarcinoma (formely diagnosed bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma pattern, with > 5 mm invasion) in a 75 year-old female. HRCT shows nodule with irregular contours and GGO in the ventral segment of the left upper lobe.
Figure 5.
Invasive lepidic adenocarcinoma (formely diagnosed bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma pattern, with > 5 mm invasion) in a 75 year-old female. HRCT shows lobulated nodule with air bronchogram and GGO in the left lower lobe.
Figure 6.
Invasive variant enteric adenocarcinoma in a 76 year-old man. HRCT shows spiculated nodule with pleural connecting irregular striae in the dorsal upper right lobe.
Figure 7.
Invasive variant enteric adenocarcinoma in a 79 year-old man. HRCT shows spiculated nodule with pleural connecting striae and GGO in the ventral upper righ lobe.
Figure 8.
Invasive variant colloid adenocarcinoma in a 64 year-old man.HRCT shows lobulated spiculated nodule with pleural connecting striae and GGO in the left lower lobe.
Figure 9.
Invasive variant enteric high grade-fetal adenocarcinoma in a 64 year-old man.HRCT shows spiculated nodule with pleural connecting striae and GGO in the dorsal upper right lobe.
4. Discussion
Adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic subtype of lung cancer in most countries, accounting for almost half of all lung cancers [24]. A widely divergent clinical, radiologic, molecular, and pathologic spectrum exists within lung adenocarcinoma. As a result, confusion exists, and studies are difficult to compare. Despite remarkable advances in understanding of this tumor in the past decade, remains a need for universally accepted criteria for adenocarcinoma subtypes, in particular tumors formerly classified as BAC [18,19].
As the SPN may be the expression of multiple pathologic entities, the incidental finding of SPN by CT raises the issue of differential diagnosis between benign and malignant nodules. Moreover the importance of differential diagnosis between malignant histotypes can affect the prognosis and management of these patients.
A number of terms have been used to describe lung ADC by CT imaging. In particular, for tumors that present as small nodules, the terms used have reflected the various ground glass (nonsolid), solid, or part-solid appearances that can occur. Largely based on the Fleischner Society glossary of terms [21] and the recently suggested guidelines by Godoy and Naidich [25] for subsolid nodules, we propose the following definitions: (1) a pure ground-glass nodule (GGN) (synonym: nonsolid nodule) as a focal area of increased lung attenuation within which the margins of any normal structures, e.g., vessels, remain outlined, (2) a solid nodule as a focal area of increased attenuation of such density that any normal structures, e.g., vessels, are completely obscured, and (3) part solid nodule (synonym: semisolid nodule) as a focal nodular opacity containing both solid and ground-glass components [21,25]. The Fleischner Society glossary of terms for thoracic imaging defines a nodule on a CT scan as “a rounded or irregular opacity, well or poorly defined, measuring up to 3 cm in greatest diameter” in any plane [21]. If the opacity is greater than 3 cm, it is referred to as a mass [21]. The 3 cm cut-off is in keeping with our concept of the maximum accepted size for the pathologic diagnosis of AIS and MIA. The term subsolid nodule has also entered common radiologic usage, referring to both part-solid nodules and a pure GGN [25]. Optimal evaluation of subsolid nodules requires thin-section CT scans (<3 mm thickness) to assess the solid versus ground-glass components [20,21].
The aim of our study is to assess the morphologic and ancillary HRCT features of the histotypes of malignant SPNs considering that often histological and/or cytological material may be unsatisfactory and immunoistochemical techniques may be not performed.
In our study the calcifications within the SPN were absent in all cases of SCLC and BACs and found in one case of ADCs.
The margins were irregular or spiculated, multilobulated in 4/5 (80%) of SCLC, in 9/9 (100%) of cases previously diagnosed as BACs, and in 15/19 (79%) of other variants of ADCs.
The opacity-like bullous, a sign of the presence of air bronchogram, does not help us in making any differential diagnosis, being present in 40% (2/5) of SCLC in 42% (8/19) of variants of ADCs and in 60% (5/9) of formerly diagnosed BACs. The occurrence of cavitations, expression of the speed of growth of the tumor cell and indicative of the presence of necrosis [26,27], was detected only in one aggressive forms of SCLC (20%). In all cases of all variants of ADCs and in cases previously diagnosed as BACs the cavitations were absent.
The SPN may be connected to the pleura by striae or streaks defined as linear density that extends to the pleura and were the result of a fibrosis in the pulmonary peripheral lung. The striae connecting pleura or pleural effusion tags are found with high frequency in the three tumor subtypes, ranking as a sign that directs us to a differential diagnosis of malignancy without giving specific indications about the histotype tumor (80% SCLC, 89% variants of ADCs, 100% formerly diagnosed BACs).
The ground glass perinodular opacity were areas of increased attenuation of hazy lung with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins [29] and intranodular air bronchogram were the result of asymptomatic growth with the larger bronchi free of malignancies. The ground glass opacity (GGO) instead is significantly more present in the lesions slower growing and less invasive locoregional (26,3 % variants of ADCs and 90% formerly diagnosed BACs) than lesions infiltrative rapidly (only 20% of SCLC).
In conclusion, ancillary signs (pleural striae and GGO) in association with air bronchogram are suggestive of diagnosis of the invasive lepidic ADCs (formerly diagnosed nommucinous BAC with > 5 mm invasion) and can be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignat SNPs histotypes ( SCLC and ADCs)
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/41343.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/41343.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41343",totalDownloads:2531,totalViews:301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:3,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 25th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 5th 2012",dateFinished:"December 4th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/41343",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/41343",book:{id:"2698",slug:"current-concepts-in-general-thoracic-surgery"},signatures:"Michele Scialpi, Teresa Pusiol, Irene Piscioli, Alberto Rebonato, Lucio Cagini, Lucio Bellantonio, Marina Mustica, Francesco Puma,\nLuca Brunese and Antonio Rotondo",authors:[{id:"167548",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Scialpi",fullName:"Michele Scialpi",slug:"michele-scialpi",email:"michelescialpi@libero.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Patients",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Histological analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. HRCT technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4. Image analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Tuddenham Wj: Glossary of terms for thoracic radiology: recommendations of Nomenclature Committee of Fleischner Society- AJR 19841433509517\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'RossHAlbert, John J. Russell: La valutazione di un nodulo solitario del polmone- Minuti Sett. 2010Anno XXXIV- n.8.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'HolinS. NDworkR. EGlaserSet alSolitary pulmonary nodules found in a community-wide chest roentgenographic survey- Am Tuberc Pulm Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t195979427439\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'BartolottaT. VMidiriMScialpiMSciarrinoEGaliaMLagallaRFocal nodular hyperplasia in normal and fatty liver: a qualitative and quantitative evaluation with contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Eur Radiol. 2004Apr;14458391'},{id:"B5",body:'ScialpiMPierottiLPiscioliIBruneseLRotondoAYoonS. HLeeJ. MDetection of small (<=20 mm) pancreatic adenocarcinoma: histologic grading and CT enhancement features.Radiology20121044 EOF1045 EOF'},{id:"B6",body:'BrancatoBCrocettiEBianchiSCatarziSRissoG. GBulgaresiPPiscioliFScialpiMCiattoSHoussamiNAccuracy of needle biopsy of breast lesions visible on ultrasound: audit of fine needle versus core needle biopsy in 3233 consecutive samplings with ascertained outcomesBreast.\n\t\t\t\t\t201221444954'},{id:"B7",body:'TranfagliaCCardinaliLGattucciMScialpiMFerollaPSinzingerHPalumboBin-pentetreotide spet/ct in carcinoid tumours: is the role of hybrid systems advantageous in abdominal or thoracic lesions? Hell J Nucl Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t20111432747'},{id:"B8",body:'PusiolTZorziM. GMorichettiDPiscioliIScialpiMUselessness of radiological differentiation of oncocytoma and renal cell carcinoma in management of small renal masses. World J Urol. 2011May 21.'},{id:"B9",body:'BrancatoBScialpiMPusiolTZorziM. GMorichettiDPiscioliFNeedle core biopsy should replace fine needle aspiration cytology in ultrasound-guided sampling of breast lesions.Pathologica201152 EOF'},{id:"B10",body:'PusiolTZorziM. GMorichettiDPiscioliIScialpiMUselessness of percutaneous core needle renal biopsy in the management of small renal massesUrol Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t20118711256'},{id:"B11",body:'PusiolTZorziM. GMorichettiDPiscioliIScialpiMUselessness of percutaneous core needle renal biopsy in the management of small renal massesUrol Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t20118711256\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'PusiolTZorziM. GMorichettiGPiscioliIScialpiMSynchronous nonfunctional duodenal carcinoid and high risk gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) of the stomach.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 20111555835'},{id:"B13",body:'PusiolTFranceschettiIScialpiMPiscioliISassiCParolariA. MIncidental Necrotizing Paratubal Granuloma Associated with Multiple NeoplasmsJ. Gynecol Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t201129 EOF32 EOF'},{id:"B14",body:'GohaganJMarcusPFagerstromRet alBaseline findings of a randomized feasibility trial of lung cancer screening with spiral CT scan vs chest radiograph: the Lung Screening Study of National Cancer Institute- Chest.\n\t\t\t\t\t20041261114121\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'SwensenS. JJettJ. RHartmanT. EMidthunD. ESloanJ. ASykesA. MAughenbaughG. LClemens MA: Lung cancer screening with CT: Mayo Clinic experience- Radiology. 20032263756761\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'BachP. BSilvestriG. AHangerMJettJ. Rfor the American College of Chest Physicians: Screening for lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines- 2nd ed. Chest\n\t\t\t\t\t2007suppl):69S-77S.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'SteeleJ. DThe solitary pulmonary nodule.Report of a cooperative study of resected asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules in male- J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1963462139\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'World Health Organisation Classification of TumoursPathology & Genetics, Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymusand Heart. Edited by Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2004'},{id:"B19",body:'TravisW. DColbyT. VCorrinBet alHistological Typing of Lung and Pleural Tumors. Berlin: Springer, 1999'},{id:"B20",body:'LeeH. YGooJ. MLeeH. Jet alUsefulness of concurrent reading using thin-section and thick-section CT images in subcentimetre solitary pulmonary nodulesClin Radiol\n\t\t\t\t\t200964127132'},{id:"B21",body:'HansellD. MBankierA. AMacMahon H, et al. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imagingRadiology2008246697722'},{id:"B22",body:'TravisW. DBrambillaENoguchiMNicholsonA. GGeisingerK. RYatabeYBeerD. GPowellC. ARielyG. JVan SchilP. EGargKAustinJ. HAsamuraHRuschV. WHirschF. RScagliottiGMitsudomiTHuberR. MIshikawaYJettJSanchez-cespedesMSculierJ. PTakahashiTTsuboiMVansteenkisteJWistubaIYangP. CAberleDBrambillaCFliederDFranklinWGazdarAGouldMHasletonPHendersonDJohnsonBJohnsonDKerrKKuriyamaKLeeJ. SMillerV. APetersenIRoggliVRosellRSaijoNThunnissenETsaoMYankelewitzDInternational Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma.J Thorac Oncol. 20116224485'},{id:"B23",body:'TravisW. DLinnoilaR. ITsokosM. GHitchcockC. LCutler GB Jr, Nieman L, Chrousos G, Pass H, Doppman J, Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases.Am J Surg Pathol. 199115652953'},{id:"B24",body:'CuradoM. PEdwardsBShinH. Ret alCancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications, 2007'},{id:"B25",body:'GodoyM. CNaidichD. PSubsolid pulmonary nodules and the spectrum of peripheral adenocarcinomas of the lung: recommended interim guidelines for assessment and managementRadiology2009253606622'},{id:"B26",body:'PentheroudakisGKostadimaLFountzilasGKalogera-fountzilaAKlouvasGKalofonosCPavlidisNCavitating squamous cell lung carcinoma-distinct entity or not? Analysis of radiologic, histologic, and clinical features.Lung Cancer 200445349355'},{id:"B27",body:'OnnAChoeD. HHerbstR. SCorreaA. MMundenR. FTruongM. TVaporciyanA. AIsobeTGilcreaseM. ZMaromE. MTumor cavitation in stage I non-small cell lung cancer: epidermal growth factor receptor expression and prediction of poor outcome.Radiology2005237342347'},{id:"B28",body:'TravisW. DGargKFranklinW. AWistubaI. Iet alEvolving concepts in the pathology and computed tomography imaging of the lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Clin Oncol\n\t\t\t\t\t200523327987'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Michele Scialpi",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Surgical, Radiologic, and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Complex Structure of Radiology 2, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
Department of Surgical, Radiologic, and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Complex Structure of Radiology 2, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
Department of Surgical, Radiologic, and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Complex Structure of Radiology 2, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
Department of Surgical, Radiologic, and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Complex Structure of Radiology 2, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
Department of Surgical, Radiologic, and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
Department of Surgical, Radiologic, and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery “F. Magrassi,” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"2698",type:"book",title:"Current Concepts in General Thoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in General Thoracic Surgery",slug:"current-concepts-in-general-thoracic-surgery",publishedDate:"December 5th 2012",bookSignature:"Lucio Cagini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2698.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0870-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7048-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"141680",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",middleName:null,surname:"Cagini",slug:"lucio-cagini",fullName:"Lucio Cagini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1141"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"41343",type:"chapter",title:"Malignant Pulmonary Solitary Nodules: High Resolution Computed Tomography Morphologic and Ancillary Features in the Differentiation of Histotypes",slug:"malignant-pulmonary-solitary-nodules-high-resolution-computed-tomography-morphologic-and-ancillary-f",totalDownloads:2531,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michele Scialpi, Teresa Pusiol, Irene Piscioli, Alberto Rebonato, Lucio Cagini, Lucio Bellantonio, Marina Mustica, Francesco Puma,\nLuca Brunese and Antonio Rotondo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"167548",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Scialpi",fullName:"Michele Scialpi",slug:"michele-scialpi"}]},{id:"41319",type:"chapter",title:"Primary Lung Cancer Coexisting with Lung Metastases from Various Malignancies",slug:"primary-lung-cancer-coexisting-with-lung-metastases-from-various-malignancies",totalDownloads:3350,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Noritoshi Nishiyama",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141019",title:"Dr.",name:"Noritoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiyama",fullName:"Noritoshi Nishiyama",slug:"noritoshi-nishiyama"}]},{id:"41332",type:"chapter",title:"The Acute Stress Reaction to Major Thoracic Surgery",slug:"the-acute-stress-reaction-to-major-thoracic-surgery",totalDownloads:2077,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Lucio Cagini, Jacopo Vannucci, Michele Scialpi and Francesco Puma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141680",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",middleName:null,surname:"Cagini",fullName:"Lucio Cagini",slug:"lucio-cagini"}]},{id:"41322",type:"chapter",title:"Short and Long Term Results of Major Lung Resections in Very Elderly People",slug:"short-and-long-term-results-of-major-lung-resections-in-very-elderly-people",totalDownloads:1647,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cristian Rapicetta, Massimiliano Paci, Tommaso Ricchetti, Sara Tenconi, Salvatore De Franco and Giorgio Sgarbi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63768",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Rapicetta",fullName:"Cristian Rapicetta",slug:"cristian-rapicetta"},{id:"123437",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimiliano",middleName:null,surname:"Paci",fullName:"Massimiliano Paci",slug:"massimiliano-paci"},{id:"123438",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommaso",middleName:null,surname:"Ricchetti",fullName:"Tommaso Ricchetti",slug:"tommaso-ricchetti"},{id:"163857",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Tenconi",fullName:"Sara Tenconi",slug:"sara-tenconi"},{id:"163858",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"De Franco",fullName:"Salvatore De Franco",slug:"salvatore-de-franco"},{id:"163859",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Sgarbi",fullName:"Giorgio Sgarbi",slug:"giorgio-sgarbi"}]},{id:"41328",type:"chapter",title:"Risk Prediction and Outcome Analysis",slug:"risk-prediction-and-outcome-analysis",totalDownloads:2032,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Constance K. Haan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146494",title:"Dr.",name:"Constance",middleName:"Kay",surname:"Haan",fullName:"Constance Haan",slug:"constance-haan"}]},{id:"41326",type:"chapter",title:"Robot Assisted Thoracic Surgery (RATS)",slug:"robot-assisted-thoracic-surgery-rats-",totalDownloads:1835,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Naohiro Kajiwara, Masatoshi Kakihana, Jitsuo Usuda, Tatsuo Ohira, Norihiko Kawate and Norihiko Ikeda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146594",title:"Dr.",name:"Naohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kajiwara",fullName:"Naohiro Kajiwara",slug:"naohiro-kajiwara"},{id:"149690",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kakihana",fullName:"Masatoshi Kakihana",slug:"masatoshi-kakihana"},{id:"149691",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Usuda",fullName:"Jitsuo Usuda",slug:"jitsuo-usuda"},{id:"149692",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Ohira",fullName:"Tatsuo Ohira",slug:"tatsuo-ohira"},{id:"149693",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kawate",fullName:"Norihiko Kawate",slug:"norihiko-kawate"},{id:"149694",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Ikeda",fullName:"Norihiko Ikeda",slug:"norihiko-ikeda"}]},{id:"41324",type:"chapter",title:"Valved Conduits Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery for Complex Congenital Heart Defects",slug:"valved-conduits-right-ventricle-to-pulmonary-artery-for-complex-congenital-heart-defects",totalDownloads:2739,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Antonio F. Corno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146288",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Corno",fullName:"Antonio Corno",slug:"antonio-corno"}]},{id:"41325",type:"chapter",title:"Surgical Management of the Aortic Root",slug:"surgical-management-of-the-aortic-root",totalDownloads:4930,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"B. Goslin and R. Hooker",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145854",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Hooker",fullName:"Robert Hooker",slug:"robert-hooker"},{id:"160543",title:"Dr.",name:"Brent",middleName:null,surname:"Goslin",fullName:"Brent Goslin",slug:"brent-goslin"}]},{id:"41323",type:"chapter",title:"Robotic Resection of Left Atrial Myxoma",slug:"robotic-resection-of-left-atrial-myxoma",totalDownloads:3785,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Francisco Valderrama Marcos, María Teresa González López and Julio Gutiérrez de Loma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"147306",title:"PhD.",name:"José Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Valderrama Marcos",fullName:"José Francisco Valderrama Marcos",slug:"jose-francisco-valderrama-marcos"},{id:"152924",title:"Dr.",name:"María Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"González López",fullName:"María Teresa González López",slug:"maria-teresa-gonzalez-lopez"},{id:"152925",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez De Loma",fullName:"Julio Gutiérrez De Loma",slug:"julio-gutierrez-de-loma"}]},{id:"41331",type:"chapter",title:"Thoracic Reconstruction",slug:"thoracic-reconstruction",totalDownloads:4132,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Christodoulos Kaoutzanis, Tiffany N.S. Ballard and Paul S. Cederna",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145538",title:"Dr.",name:"Christodoulos",middleName:null,surname:"Kaoutzanis",fullName:"Christodoulos Kaoutzanis",slug:"christodoulos-kaoutzanis"},{id:"154349",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiffany",middleName:null,surname:"Ballard",fullName:"Tiffany Ballard",slug:"tiffany-ballard"},{id:"154350",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Cederna",fullName:"Paul Cederna",slug:"paul-cederna"}]},{id:"41335",type:"chapter",title:"Thoracic Trauma",slug:"thoracic-trauma",totalDownloads:5192,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Slobodan Milisavljević, Marko Spasić and Miloš Arsenijevic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141052",title:"Prof.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Milisavljevic",fullName:"Slobodan Milisavljevic",slug:"slobodan-milisavljevic"},{id:"141640",title:"Dr.",name:"Milos",middleName:null,surname:"Arsenijevic",fullName:"Milos Arsenijevic",slug:"milos-arsenijevic"},{id:"154199",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Spasic",fullName:"Marko Spasic",slug:"marko-spasic"}]},{id:"41330",type:"chapter",title:"Thoracic Vascular Trauma",slug:"thoracic-vascular-trauma",totalDownloads:3714,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nicolas J. Mouawad, Christodoulos Kaoutzanis and Ajay Gupta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145538",title:"Dr.",name:"Christodoulos",middleName:null,surname:"Kaoutzanis",fullName:"Christodoulos Kaoutzanis",slug:"christodoulos-kaoutzanis"},{id:"154348",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Mouawad",fullName:"Nicolas Mouawad",slug:"nicolas-mouawad"},{id:"155489",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajay",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Ajay Gupta",slug:"ajay-gupta"}]},{id:"41320",type:"chapter",title:"Endoscopic Clipping and Application of Fibrin Glue for an Esophago-Mediastinal Fistula",slug:"endoscopic-clipping-and-application-of-fibrin-glue-for-an-esophago-mediastinal-fistula",totalDownloads:2951,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Makino, Hiroshi Yoshida and Eiji Uchida",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"149561",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Makino",fullName:"Hiroshi Makino",slug:"hiroshi-makino"},{id:"149697",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Hiroshi Yoshida",slug:"hiroshi-yoshida"},{id:"149698",title:"Prof.",name:"Eiji",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Eiji Uchida",slug:"eiji-uchida"}]},{id:"41321",type:"chapter",title:"Localized Drug Delivery for Cardiothoracic Surgery",slug:"localized-drug-delivery-for-cardiothoracic-surgery",totalDownloads:1632,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Christopher Rolfes, Stephen Howard, Ryan Goff and Paul A. Iaizzo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146152",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Iaizzo",fullName:"Paul Iaizzo",slug:"paul-iaizzo"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"998",title:"Topics in Thoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96a2e108171c3c4b3c35d81f83baf622",slug:"topics-in-thoracic-surgery",bookSignature:"Paulo F. Guerreiro Cardoso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63142",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Cardoso",slug:"paulo-cardoso",fullName:"Paulo Cardoso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28630",title:"Preoperative Evaluation of Patients for Thoracic Surgery",slug:"preoperative-evaluation-of-patients-for-thoracic-surgery",signatures:"Shanawaz Abdul Rasheed and Raghuraman Govindan",authors:[{id:"77675",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindan",middleName:null,surname:"Raghuraman",fullName:"Govindan Raghuraman",slug:"govindan-raghuraman"},{id:"139369",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanawaz Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Rasheed",fullName:"Shanawaz Abdul Rasheed",slug:"shanawaz-abdul-rasheed"}]},{id:"28631",title:"Pulmonary Resection for Lung Cancer in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis",slug:"pulmonary-resection-for-lung-cancer-in-patients-with-liver-cirrhosis",signatures:"Takashi Iwata",authors:[{id:"71848",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Iwata",fullName:"Takashi Iwata",slug:"takashi-iwata"}]},{id:"28632",title:"The Effect of One Lung Ventilation on Intrapulmonary Shunt During Different Anesthetic Techniques",slug:"the-effect-of-one-lung-ventilation-on-intrapulmonary-shunt-during-different-anesthetic-techniques",signatures:"Gordana Taleska and Trajanka Trajkovska",authors:[{id:"63478",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Taleska",fullName:"Gordana Taleska",slug:"gordana-taleska"},{id:"128189",title:"Prof.",name:"Trajanka",middleName:null,surname:"Trajkovska",fullName:"Trajanka Trajkovska",slug:"trajanka-trajkovska"}]},{id:"28633",title:"Thoracic Critical Care",slug:"thoracic-critical-care",signatures:"Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian and Seyed Amir Mohajerani",authors:[{id:"67039",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyed Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Hashemian",fullName:"Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian",slug:"seyed-mohammad-reza-hashemian"}]},{id:"28634",title:"Standardized Monitoring of Post-Operative Morbidity and Mortality for the Evaluation of Thoracic Surgical Quality",slug:"standardized-monitoring-of-post-operative-morbidity-and-mortality-for-the-evaluation-of-thoracic-sur",signatures:"Jelena Ivanovic, Tim Ramsay and Andrew J. E. Seely",authors:[{id:"63434",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Seely",fullName:"Andrew Seely",slug:"andrew-seely"},{id:"70892",title:"Dr.",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Ramsay",fullName:"Tim Ramsay",slug:"tim-ramsay"},{id:"70893",title:"BSc.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanovic",fullName:"Jelena Ivanovic",slug:"jelena-ivanovic"}]},{id:"28635",title:"Post-Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome",slug:"post-thoracotomy-pain-syndrome-2",signatures:"Anand Alister Joseph R., Anand Puttappa and Donal Harney",authors:[{id:"68474",title:"Dr.",name:"Anand Alister Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"R",fullName:"Anand Alister Joseph R",slug:"anand-alister-joseph-r"},{id:"135277",title:"Dr.",name:"Donal",middleName:null,surname:"Harney",fullName:"Donal Harney",slug:"donal-harney"}]},{id:"28636",title:"Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Effects of Pulmonary Endarterectomy",slug:"chronic-thromboembolic-pulmonary-hypertension-effects-of-pulmonary-endarterectomy",signatures:"Coen van Kan, Mart N. van der Plas, Jaap J. Kloek, Herre J. Reesink and Paul Bresser",authors:[{id:"67373",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bresser",fullName:"Paul Bresser",slug:"paul-bresser"},{id:"120217",title:"Dr.",name:"Coen",middleName:null,surname:"Van Kan",fullName:"Coen Van Kan",slug:"coen-van-kan"},{id:"120218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mart N.",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Plas",fullName:"Mart N. Van Der Plas",slug:"mart-n.-van-der-plas"},{id:"120219",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaap J.",middleName:null,surname:"Kloek",fullName:"Jaap J. Kloek",slug:"jaap-j.-kloek"},{id:"120220",title:"Dr.",name:"Herre J.",middleName:null,surname:"Reesink",fullName:"Herre J. Reesink",slug:"herre-j.-reesink"}]},{id:"28637",title:"Chest Wall Deformities: An Overview on Classification and Surgical Options",slug:"chest-wall-deformities-an-overview-on-classification-and-surgical-options",signatures:"Michele Torre, Giovanni Rapuzzi, Vincenzo Jasonni and Patricio Varela",authors:[{id:"65069",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Torre",fullName:"Michele Torre",slug:"michele-torre"},{id:"70857",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricio",middleName:null,surname:"Varela",fullName:"Patricio Varela",slug:"patricio-varela"},{id:"70858",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Jasonni",fullName:"Vincenzo Jasonni",slug:"vincenzo-jasonni"},{id:"70859",title:"Dr",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Rapuzzi",fullName:"Giovanni Rapuzzi",slug:"giovanni-rapuzzi"}]},{id:"28638",title:"Pectus Excavatum: A Historical Perspective and a New Metal-Free Procedure",slug:"pectus-excavatum-a-historical-perspective-and-a-new-metal-free-procedure",signatures:"Akira Masaoka and Satoshi Kondo",authors:[{id:"65563",title:"Prof.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Masaoka",fullName:"Akira Masaoka",slug:"akira-masaoka"},{id:"65579",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",fullName:"Satoshi Kondo",slug:"satoshi-kondo"}]},{id:"28639",title:"Surgical Management of Primary Upper Limb Hyperhidrosis – A Review",slug:"surgical-management-of-primary-upper-limb-hyperhidrosis-a-review",signatures:"Geesche Somuncuoğlu",authors:[{id:"69877",title:"Dr.",name:"Geesche",middleName:null,surname:"Somuncuoglu",fullName:"Geesche Somuncuoglu",slug:"geesche-somuncuoglu"}]},{id:"28640",title:"The Evolution of VATS Lobectomy",slug:"the-evolution-of-vats-lobectomy",signatures:"Alan D. L. Sihoe",authors:[{id:"63304",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",middleName:"D. L.",surname:"Sihoe",fullName:"Alan Sihoe",slug:"alan-sihoe"}]},{id:"28641",title:"The Era of VATS Lobectomy",slug:"the-era-of-vats-lobectomy",signatures:"Stefanie Veit",authors:[{id:"69880",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Veit",fullName:"Stefanie Veit",slug:"stefanie-veit"}]},{id:"28642",title:"Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Major Pulmonary Resections",slug:"video-assisted-thoracic-surgery-major-pulmonary-resections",signatures:"Khalid Amer",authors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer",slug:"khalid-amer"}]},{id:"28643",title:"Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Systematic Mediastinal Nodal Dissection",slug:"video-assisted-thoracic-surgery-vats-systematic-mediastinal-nodal-dissection",signatures:"Khalid Amer",authors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer",slug:"khalid-amer"}]},{id:"28644",title:"Pancoast Tumors: Surgical Approaches and Techniques",slug:"pancoast-tumors-surgical-approaches-and-techniques",signatures:"N. Barbetakis",authors:[{id:"63441",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Barbetakis",fullName:"Nikolaos Barbetakis",slug:"nikolaos-barbetakis"}]},{id:"28645",title:"Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Recurrence Patterns, Prognostic Factors and Survival",slug:"stage-i-non-small-cell-lung-cancer-recurrence-patterns-prognostic-factors-and-survival",signatures:"Jung-Jyh Hung and Yu-Chung Wu",authors:[{id:"66673",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yu-Chung Wu",slug:"yu-chung-wu"},{id:"70629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung-Jyh",middleName:null,surname:"Hung",fullName:"Jung-Jyh Hung",slug:"jung-jyh-hung"}]},{id:"28646",title:"Surgical Treatment of Bronchiectasis",slug:"surgical-treatment-of-bronchiectasis",signatures:"Hidir Esme and Sevval Eren",authors:[{id:"68346",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevval",middleName:null,surname:"Eren",fullName:"Sevval Eren",slug:"sevval-eren"},{id:"70264",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidir",middleName:null,surname:"Esme",fullName:"Hidir Esme",slug:"hidir-esme"}]},{id:"28647",title:"Role of Thoracomyoplasty Procedures in Modern Surgery for Intrathoracic Suppurations",slug:"role-of-thoracomyoplasty-procedures-in-modern-surgery-for-intrathoracic-suppurations",signatures:"Petre Vlah-Horea Botianu and Alexandru Mihail Botianu",authors:[{id:"63148",title:"Dr.",name:"Petre Vlah-Horea",middleName:null,surname:"Botianu",fullName:"Petre Vlah-Horea Botianu",slug:"petre-vlah-horea-botianu"},{id:"70843",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandru-Mihail",middleName:null,surname:"Botianu",fullName:"Alexandru-Mihail Botianu",slug:"alexandru-mihail-botianu"}]},{id:"28648",title:"Lung Volume Reduction Surgery",slug:"lung-volume-reduction-surgery",signatures:"James D. Maloney, Nicole K. Strieter and Joshua L. Hermsen",authors:[{id:"64643",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Maloney",fullName:"James Maloney",slug:"james-maloney"},{id:"70554",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Hermsen",fullName:"Joshua Hermsen",slug:"joshua-hermsen"},{id:"124504",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Strieter",fullName:"Nicole Strieter",slug:"nicole-strieter"}]},{id:"28649",title:"Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction for Emphysema",slug:"endoscopic-lung-volume-reduction-for-emphysema",signatures:"Paulo F. Guerreiro Cardoso",authors:[{id:"63142",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",fullName:"Paulo Cardoso",slug:"paulo-cardoso"}]},{id:"28650",title:"Mediastinal Parathyroidectomy: Preoperative Management of Hyperparathyroidism",slug:"mediastinal-parathyroidectomy-preoperative-management-of-hyperparathyroidism",signatures:"Dariusz Sagan, Jerzy S. Tarach, Andrzej Nowakowski, Maria Klatka, Elżbieta Czekajska-Chehab, Andrzej Drop, Beata Chrapko and Janusz Klatka",authors:[{id:"115905",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Sagan",fullName:"Dariusz Sagan",slug:"dariusz-sagan"},{id:"118241",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Tarach",fullName:"Jerzy Tarach",slug:"jerzy-tarach"},{id:"118251",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Nowakowski",fullName:"Andrzej Nowakowski",slug:"andrzej-nowakowski"},{id:"118259",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Klatka",fullName:"Maria Klatka",slug:"maria-klatka"},{id:"118260",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Drop",fullName:"Andrzej Drop",slug:"andrzej-drop"},{id:"118264",title:"Prof.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Klatka",fullName:"Janusz Klatka",slug:"janusz-klatka"},{id:"119841",title:"Dr.",name:"Elzbieta",middleName:null,surname:"Czekajska-Chehab",fullName:"Elzbieta Czekajska-Chehab",slug:"elzbieta-czekajska-chehab"},{id:"119843",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Chrapko",fullName:"Beata Chrapko",slug:"beata-chrapko"}]},{id:"28651",title:"Pulmonary Transplantation and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury",slug:"pulmonary-transplantation-and-ischemia-reperfusion-injury",signatures:"Ashish K. Sharma, Matthew L. Stone, Christine L. Lau and Victor E. Laubach",authors:[{id:"66345",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor E.",middleName:null,surname:"Laubach",fullName:"Victor E. Laubach",slug:"victor-e.-laubach"},{id:"66564",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashish K.",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Ashish K. Sharma",slug:"ashish-k.-sharma"},{id:"66566",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lau",fullName:"Christine L. Lau",slug:"christine-l.-lau"},{id:"118718",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew L.",middleName:null,surname:"Stone",fullName:"Matthew L. Stone",slug:"matthew-l.-stone"}]},{id:"28652",title:"Superior Vena Cava Syndrome",slug:"superior-vena-cava-syndrome",signatures:"Francesco Puma and Jacopo Vannucci",authors:[{id:"64982",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Puma",fullName:"Francesco Puma",slug:"francesco-puma"},{id:"70833",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacopo",middleName:null,surname:"Vannucci",fullName:"Jacopo Vannucci",slug:"jacopo-vannucci"}]},{id:"28653",title:"Compensatory Lung Growth After Pneumonectomy",slug:"compensatory-lung-growth-after-pneumonectomy",signatures:"Lucas G. Fernández, James M. Isbell, David R. Jones and Victor E. Laubach",authors:[{id:"66345",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor E.",middleName:null,surname:"Laubach",fullName:"Victor E. Laubach",slug:"victor-e.-laubach"},{id:"66567",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas G.",middleName:"Guillermo",surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Lucas G. Fernandez",slug:"lucas-g.-fernandez"},{id:"67488",title:"Dr.",name:"David R.",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"David R. Jones",slug:"david-r.-jones"},{id:"118722",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"M. Isbell",fullName:"James M. Isbell",slug:"james-m.-isbell"}]},{id:"28654",title:"Pathophysiology of Extravascular Water in the Pleural Cavity and in the Lung Interstitium After Lung Thoracic Surgery",slug:"pathophysiology-of-extravascular-water-in-the-pleural-cavity-and-in-the-lung-interstitium-after-lung",signatures:"Giuseppe Miserocchi and Egidio Beretta",authors:[{id:"64552",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Miserocchi",fullName:"Giuseppe Miserocchi",slug:"giuseppe-miserocchi"},{id:"114175",title:"Dr.",name:"Egidio",middleName:null,surname:"Beretta",fullName:"Egidio Beretta",slug:"egidio-beretta"}]},{id:"28655",title:"The Role of PET-CT in the Clinical Management of Oesophageal Cancer",slug:"the-role-of-pet-ct-in-the-clinical-management-of-oesophageal-cancer",signatures:"Reubendra Jeganathan, Jim McGuigan and Tom Lynch",authors:[{id:"63165",title:"Dr.",name:"Reubendra",middleName:null,surname:"Jeganathan",fullName:"Reubendra Jeganathan",slug:"reubendra-jeganathan"},{id:"70703",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Lynch",fullName:"Thomas Lynch",slug:"thomas-lynch"},{id:"70704",title:"Mr.",name:"Jim",middleName:null,surname:"McGuigan",fullName:"Jim McGuigan",slug:"jim-mcguigan"}]},{id:"28848",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Transition of Emergent Thoracic Surgery",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-in-the-transition-of-emergent-thoracic-surgery",signatures:"Shao-Jung Hsu and Kuang-Yao Yang",authors:[{id:"69550",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuang-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Kuang-Yao Yang",slug:"kuang-yao-yang"},{id:"70869",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Jung",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",fullName:"Shao-Jung Hsu",slug:"shao-jung-hsu"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2698",title:"Current Concepts in General Thoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dacb5220571f2caf1bd8f3e8adeaff55",slug:"current-concepts-in-general-thoracic-surgery",bookSignature:"Lucio Cagini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141680",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",surname:"Cagini",slug:"lucio-cagini",fullName:"Lucio Cagini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6068",title:"Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fc460064df1f705a67a5e583524f982",slug:"coronary-artery-bypass-graft-surgery",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"948",title:"Perioperative Considerations in Cardiac Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"011b20a2fb98cc4686c97ac6df9e292d",slug:"perioperative-considerations-in-cardiac-surgery",bookSignature:"Cuneyt Narin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/948.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63113",title:"Prof.",name:"Cuneyt",surname:"Narin",slug:"cuneyt-narin",fullName:"Cuneyt Narin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"998",title:"Topics in Thoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96a2e108171c3c4b3c35d81f83baf622",slug:"topics-in-thoracic-surgery",bookSignature:"Paulo F. Guerreiro Cardoso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63142",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Cardoso",slug:"paulo-cardoso",fullName:"Paulo Cardoso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1883",title:"Special Topics in Cardiac Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8af20f3f7f0efabe6eadc5b3b9651c96",slug:"special-topics-in-cardiac-surgery",bookSignature:"Cuneyt Narin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63113",title:"Prof.",name:"Cuneyt",surname:"Narin",slug:"cuneyt-narin",fullName:"Cuneyt Narin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2698",title:"Current Concepts in General Thoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dacb5220571f2caf1bd8f3e8adeaff55",slug:"current-concepts-in-general-thoracic-surgery",bookSignature:"Lucio Cagini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141680",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",surname:"Cagini",slug:"lucio-cagini",fullName:"Lucio Cagini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73846",title:"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc Tin Oxide Nanostructures for Photocatalysis, Energy Harvesting and Electronics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94294",slug:"hydrothermal-synthesis-of-zinc-tin-oxide-nanostructures-for-photocatalysis-energy-harvesting-and-ele",body:'
1. Introduction
Nanotechnology attracted wide attention over the last decades, leading to a very fast development of materials and processing routes. Different areas such as electronics, cosmetics, medicine/biology, optical systems, energy, and many others, have profited from this rapid growth. Having in mind the environmental issues that we are facing in the modern era, the importance of searching for environmentally friendly, recyclable and low cost nanomaterials and fabrication processes is essential [1].
This has been a concern in strategic areas as large area electronics (LAE), one of the fastest growing technologies in the world, with projected market growth from $31.7 billion in 2018 to $77.3 billion in 2029 [2]. LAE includes many segments (e.g., displays, sensors, logic, memory), which are desired to be seamlessly integrated on virtually any object to create smart surfaces. Due to their good electrical properties, transparency, large area uniformity and good mechanical flexibility, oxide thin films have been crucial materials to advance these concepts [3]. Depending on the metal cations (and on the metal to oxygen ratio), metal oxide thin films can be considered as dielectrics, semiconductors or even conductors [4, 5, 6]. Owing to their remarkable electrical properties, In-based materials, such as ITO (indium tin oxide) and IGZO (indium-gallium-zinc oxide) are currently the multicomponent oxide conductor and semiconductor thin films with larger market relevance in LAE [4, 7]. However, indium is an expensive material, due to its scarcity and high market value, appearing in the current list (2020) of the critical raw materials from the European Commission [8]. The same applies for gallium, another element of IGZO. Therefore, the replacement of these materials is imperative to assure long-term sustainability [1].
This quest for new oxide materials is naturally also transposed for nanostructures, as their fascinating properties will certainly boost even further the demand for oxide (nano)materials in a plethora of industries. Departing from critical cations, ZnO is perhaps the most widely studied oxide nanostructure. Its properties are nowadays well-known and useful for multiple applications, from photocatalysis, to solar cells or biosensors [9]. It can also be prepared by a multiplicity of methodologies, from vapor- to solution-based processes [10]. Multicomponent oxide nanostructures, particularly those based on sustainable materials, have been significantly less studied, but already show great potential to enhance properties and enlarge the range of applications of oxides. As in thin films, a great advantage of these multicomponent materials is the possibility of tuning their properties by adjusting the cationic ratio [11, 12]. Zinc tin oxide (ZTO) is one of the multicomponent oxides that has been explored and has shown very interesting properties when compared with its binary counterparts (ZnO and SnO2). In fact, ZTO was already demonstrated to exhibit similar properties to IGZO in low-temperature thin film transistors (TFTs), while avoiding the use of critical raw materials [13].
This chapter provides a literature review on the hydrothermal synthesis of ZTO nanostructures, the main properties of this material, and its applications, highlighting its multifuncionality.
1.1 Hydrothermal synthesis of ZTO nanostructures
Hydrothermal methods have been widely explored and developed in the last years [14]. This method consists in a chemical reaction in an aqueous solution, under high pressure (> 1 atm) and at temperatures usually ranging between 100°C and 300°C. In case of using non-aqueous solvents, the method is called solvothermal. Typically, the solution is kept inside an autoclave and a conventional oven is used as heat source. The pressure inside the autoclave is dependent both on the temperature and the volume used. This allows for a high energy supply for the reactions even at relatively low temperatures. While the typical nucleation and growth mechanism of the oxide nanostructures in these reactions is thought to consist mainly in dissolution–reprecipitation, these mechanisms are often not well understood.
The synthesis of multicomponent oxide materials such as ZTO is usually easier and more efficient by vapor phase methods, such as chemical vapor deposition and thermal evaporation, than by solution processes, due to the higher temperatures of the former. However, vapor phase methods present drawbacks that are important to consider, such as high temperatures (>700°C) and high costs. On the other hand, while inexpensive and simple, the hydrothermal technique still allows for a well-controlled synthesis of the desired nanostructures’ shape and structure with high reproducibility, thus presenting as an excellent alternative to the conventional physical methods [15, 16]. Additionally, while conventional ovens are typically used as the heat source, microwave-assisted synthesis started recently to be widely explored, enabling reduced synthesis duration due to its more efficient and more homogeneous heat transfer process [17].
1.2 Overview on ZTO nanostructures produced by hydrothermal synthesis
ZTO appears commonly in two main forms, a stable one, Zn2SnO4, and ZnSnO3, a metastable phase. The stable Zn2SnO4 phase is an orthostannate with and inverse spinel structure and is a n-type semiconductor with a band gap of 3.6 eV [18]. ZnSnO3, the metastable phase, can have a rhombohedral structure or a perovskite structure either orthorhombic (−orth) or ordered face centered structure (−fcc) [14, 19]. This phase is a well-known piezo/ferroelectric material and presents a band gap of 3.9 eV [18]. Several ZTO nanostructures such as nanoparticles, octahedrons, nanocubes, nanowires, and nanoflowers, have been produced by hydrothermal synthesis, appearing in both ZnSnO3 and Zn2SnO4 phases. Figure 1 shows examples of Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3 nanostructures with different morphologies and dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) produced by hydrothermal synthesis.
Figure 1.
Multiple ZTO nanostructures obtained by hydrothermal synthesis, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): (a) Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles, from reference [28]; (b) fcc-ZnSnO3 nanoparticles produced by our group; (d) rhombohedral-ZnSnO3 nanowires growth on FTO seed-layer, reprinted with permission from [42], copyright (2020) American Chemical Society; (e) orth-ZnSnO3 nanowires synthesized without employing seed-layers (in form of powder), from reference [43]; (f) orth-ZnSnO3 nanoplates, reprinted with permission from [45], copyright (2020) American Chemical Society; (h) orth-ZnSnO3 hollow spheres, reprinted with permission from [47], copyright (2020) American Chemical Society; (i) orth-ZnSnO3 nanocubes produced by our group; and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM): (c) Zn2SnO4 nanorods, reprinted with permission from [37], copyright (2020) American Chemical Society; and (g) Zn2SnO4 nanoplates, reprinted with permission from [34], copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.
Lehnen et al., for example, reported very small Zn2SnO4 quantum dots (with diameters below 30 nm), produced with a microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, followed by high-temperature annealing [20]. Numerous other reports on Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles have been shown (Figure 1a), either using standard hydrothermal synthesis or solvothermal synthesis [16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Regarding ZnSnO3 nanoparticles (Figure 1b), several hydro and solvothermal routes have been reported for its synthesis [29, 30, 31, 32]. For instance, Beshkar et al. reported the use of the Pechini method at 80°C to synthesize fcc-ZnSnO3 nanoparticles, followed by a calcination at 700°C for 2 h [33].
Concerning 1D structures, while several reports on Zn2SnO4 nanowires exist, these consist essentially in vapor phase methods, more specifically in thermal evaporation at high temperature (>750°C) [19], showing the difficulty in obtaining the stable phase of ZTO in the nanowire form [34]. This is emphasized by the fact that there are only a few reports for Zn2SnO4 nanowires from hydrothermal synthesis, mostly assisted by seed-layers. For example, Zn2SnO4 nanowires were grown on a stainless steel seed-layer and from Mn3O4 nanowires [35, 36]. Zn2SnO4 nanorods by hydrothermal synthesis were also reported by Chen et al. (Figure 1c), but only organized in 3D flowerlike superstructures [37]. Regarding ZnSnO3, only a few reports for nanowires exist, also consisting typically in physical processes (carbon-thermal reaction, thermal evaporation or CVD processes) [38, 39]. For hydrothermal processing of ZnSnO3 nanowires seed-layers are typically used. Lo et al. employed an FTO thin film as seed-layer for this end (Figure 1d) [40, 41, 42]. A different approach was reported by Men et al. who transformed ZnO nanowires into ZnSnO3 nanowires by a hydrothermal synthesis [41]. Recently, our group demonstrated for the first time ZnSnO3 nanowires obtained by an one-step hydrothermal synthesis without employing any seed-layer (Figure 1e) [32, 43].
2D structures of ZTO have also been reported. Joseph et al. synthesized fcc-ZnSnO3 flakes by a hydrothermal method at only 100°C [44]. Guo et al. produced orth-ZnSnO3 nanoplates (Figure 1f) by a hydrothermal process at 260°C for 24 h [45]. Chen et al. obtained orth-ZnSnO3 nanosheets through a hydrothermal synthesis at 180°C for 12 h, where a precipitate of ZnSn(OH)6 was achieved followed by a calcination at 600°C for 3 h [46]. Zn2SnO4 nanoplates have also been reported, for example, by Cherian et al. (Figure 1g) [34].
There are also several reports regarding 3D ZTO nanostructures. Gao et al. reported the synthesis of ZnSnO3 hollow spheres (Figure 1h) by hydrothermal synthesis at 120°C for 3 h [47]. A commonly reported shape for ZTO nanostructures is the nanocube shape (Figure 1i). For instance, Chen et al. reported a synthesis which could result in ZnSnO3 nanocubes or ZnSnO3 nanosheets, depending on the processing temperature [46]. The octahedron shape is also common, and octahedrons of Zn2SnO4 have been reported by several groups, being these identified as the most stable phase and shape for ZTO nanocrystals. Zn2SnO4 octahedrons constituted by nanoplates can also be formed [48].
While Figure 1 shows the wide range of possibilities offered by hydrothermal synthesis within the ZTO system, it is challenging to obtain structures with a targeted phase (ZnSnO3 or Zn2SnO4 in this case) and shape (e.g. nanosheet or nanowire) [40, 49]. For this end, a comprehensive tailoring of the synthesis parameters is required.
2. Research methods
Usually the hydrothermal synthesis of ZTO nanostructures is performed inside a teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave using a conventional oven as heating source. Nevertheless, as previously shown, there are already a few examples of microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of ZTO nanostructures. As an example of a typical method, our synthesis starts with the dissolution of the zinc and tin precursors separately in 7.5 mL of deionized water, followed by their mixture. Then a surfactant (ethylenediamine, EDA) is added, and the solution is magnetically stirred for 30 minutes. The last step is the addition of the mineralizer agent (NaOH). It is observed that milling the precursors before their dissolution in water leads to a more homogeneous result. After the solution preparation, it is transferred into the autoclave and kept in the oven for 24 h at 200°C. After the synthesis, the resultant precipitate (comprising the nanostructures) should be washed several times with deionized water and isopropyl alcohol, alternately, and centrifuged at each time. The nanostructures are usually dried at ≈60°C, in vacuum, for a at least 2 hours [32, 43].
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Growth mechanism of ZTO nanostructures
3.1.1 Tailoring the chemico-physical parameters of the hydrothermal synthesis
Understanding the influence of each synthesis parameter is a key step in achieving the desired structures. Specifically, considering seed-layer free processes allows evaluation of the intrinsic influence of each synthesis parameter on the nanostructures’ growth. Moreover, the solvent also plays a major role in the process strongly determining the dissolution and diffusion of the species during the synthesis. When the precursors’ solubility is not high enough, precluding an efficient reaction, mineralizer agents can be used (NaOH, KOH, etc.) to increase the solubility of the species [50, 51].
To understand the growth within Zn:Sn:O system it is essential to revise the main equations related with the chemical reactions behind each ZTO phases. The chemical reaction processes for the formation of ZnSnO3 nanostructures have been represented in the literature by the following equations [52]:
Zn2++Sn4++6OH−→ZnSnOH6E1
ZnSnOH6→ZnSnO3+3H2OE2
Regarding Zn2SnO4, its formation has been described by different reactions depending on the precursors and solvents involved in the synthesis. For example, Li et al. represented the chemical reaction of Zn2SnO4 nanowires through the equations below, which have been the most common in literature [35].
Zn2++Sn4++6OH−→ZnSnOH6↓E3
Zn2++4OH−→ZnOH42−E4
ZnSnOH6+ZnOH42−→Zn2SnO4↓+4H2O+2OH−E5
On the other hand, Fu et al. employed a different synthesis method to avoid the use of NaOH, using four different amines (surfactants) instead [53], represented as:
Sn4++3H2O↔H2SnO3+4H+E6
H2SnO3→SnO2↓+H2OE7
Sn4++6OH−→SnOH62−E8
Zn2++4OH−→ZnOH42−E9
SnOH62−+ZnOH42−→Zn2SnO4↓+4H2O+6OH−E10
Several reports show that ZnO and SnO2 crystals can co-exist with ZTO nanostructures when the synthesis parameters differ, even if slightly, from the ideal conditions for ZTO formation. Usually the formation of ZnO (Eq. 11) and SnO2 (Eqs. 12–14) is associated with the two alkaline concentration extremes, higher and lower, respectively [54].
ZnOH42−→ZnO↓+H2O+2OH−E11
Sn4++3H2O↔H2SnO3+4H+E12
H2SnO3→SnO2↓+H2OE13
H++OH−→H2OE14
In fact, in our previous work on seed-layer free synthesis of ZTO nanowires, using zinc and tin chloride precursors at a fixed concentration ratio it was shown that while for lower NaOH concentrations SnO2 nanoparticles were obtained, for higher NaOH concentrations ZnO nanowires (mixed with fcc-ZnSnO3 nanoparticles) were achieved, whereas intermediate NaOH concentrations yielded ZnSnO3 nanowires [32]. As shown in Figure 2, a similar trend is seen even when increasing only the NaOH concentration (keeping the precursors’ concentration fixed). This suggests that there is an optimal concentration of the mineralizer. These results agree with those reported by Zeng et al., [54] however, while the authors suggest specific values of pH for obtaining the different structures (SnO2, Zn2SnO4 and ZnO), in our case the pH is much higher due to the presence of ethylenediamine (EDA) which yields a pH of at least ≈ 12, showcasing the trend specifically with the variation of the NaOH concentration and not necessarily the overall pH [32].
Figure 2.
SEM images of resultant nanostructures from synthesis with different precursors’ molar concentrations, i.e., ZnCl2:SnCl4.5H2O:NaOH of (a) 2:1:12 M, (b) 4:2:24 M (from reference [43]) and (c) 8:4:48 M, respectively, while maintaining the same proportion between them. Increasing the precursors’ molar concentrations the materials obtained follow the common trend when increasing only the NaOH concentration: SnO2 nanoparticles, orth-ZnSnO3 nanowires and ZnO nanowires (mixed with fcc-ZnSnO3 nanoparticles).
As mentioned, the precursors’ solubility is a key factor to achieve a well-controlled synthesis. Our previous work showed that for different zinc precursors (zinc chloride or zinc acetate), maintaining the same tin precursor (tin chloride), the reaction differs, being slower and less homogeneous when using zinc acetate, due its lower solubility in the EDA surfactant. The use of surfactants, such as EDA, cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), is very common specially when aiming to induce the growth of 1D nanostructures. Surfactants act as directing growth agents as their molecules aggregate to the surface of the metallic atoms inducing the growth of specific structures/shapes. The solubility of each precursor in the solvents is a key factor for achieving a better synthesis efficiency and homogeneity. This also influences the Zn to Sn precursor ratio required to optimize the achievement of the desired nanostructures.
The duration and temperature of the synthesis are also crucial to determine the achieved nanomaterials. Several reports showed that below 180°C no ZTO phases are obtained, with the intermediate phase ZnSnOH6 being produced instead [43, 45]. Zeng et al. showed that to obtain Zn2SnO4 nanostructures a temperature of at least 200°C and 20 h of synthesis are necessary [54]. Meanwhile, Guo et al. observed that 12 h at 260°C are required to produce orth-ZnSnO3 nanoplates for that specific solution process [45]. In our work on the synthesis of orth-ZnSnO3 nanowires, it was observed that syntheses with 12 h at 200°C were necessary for a predominant growth of nanowires. However, for very long synthesis, or at higher temperatures (220°C), the decomposition of the ZnSnO3 phase into the more stable phases starts to occur. It was also concluded that lower energy levels favor the growth of the more energetically stable phases (Zn2SnO4, ZnO and SnO2), the metastable ZnSnO3 is achievable for intermediate energy levels, and for higher energy levels the decomposition (into Zn2SnO4 and SnO2) of ZnSnO3 starts to occur. Higher solution volumes, corresponding to higher pressure in the synthesis, were found to be necessary for obtaining the ZnSnO3 phase. A general growth mechanism for orth-ZnSnO3 nanowires and Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles was proposed and is shown in Figure 3 [43].
Figure 3.
Schematic of the growth mechanism of ZTO nanostructures (ZnSnO3 nanowires and Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles) on a hydrothermal synthesis as a function of the energy available and the duration of the synthesis. From reference [43].
While tailoring the chemico-physical parameters is always necessary, the use of a seed-layer material, usually a thin film, can be very effective in strongly inducing the growth of a desired structure by means of an epitaxial growth mechanism. This approach is commonly used when 1D structures are aimed, as briefly mentioned in the previous section. The selection of the seed material depends on the desired material and structure (phase and shape) and while several reports for different structures exist, the relation between different seed materials and grown structures was not detailed yet in literature. This depends on a complex interrelation between preferential epitaxial growth and thermodynamical stability of the multiple phases and shapes within the Zn-Sn-O system. While the seed-layer route presents advantages for specific applications such as gate-all-around transistors or photocatalysis [55, 56], its absence also brings numerous benefits. For instance, one of the main issues related with the use of seed-layers is the common residuals incorporated in the nanostructures, which are usually undesired for the applications. Also, without seed-layers the synthesis is less complex and this approach brings higher degree of freedom concerning the integration of nanostructures into devices [14, 32, 54].
3.1.2 ZTO phase transformations
Obtaining a single phase and shape of a multicomponent oxide as ZTO is highly desirable due to the different characteristic properties of each phase and shape, still by a hydrothermal synthesis is a challenging process as shown in the last section. In addition, the proper identification of the different possible phases obtained is a difficult task.
As previously presented, ZTO can grow in two different structural phases: Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3 (fcc, orth and rhombohedral). Their identification by XRD analysis is challenging since both phases and intermediary compounds show very similar diffraction patterns. While the fcc-ZnSnO3 (ICDD 00–011-0274) has a similar pattern to that of the intermediate phase ZnSn(OH)6 (ICDD 01–073-2384), the orth-ZnSnO3 (ICDD 00–028-1486) pattern can be confused with that of a mixture of Zn2SnO4 and SnO2. In fact, the 00–028-1486 card was deleted from the ICDD database for this reason. Figure 4 shows the XRD peaks of these phases. For clarification, the orth-ZnSnO3 identification was performed by peak indexation, using both treor and dicvol methods, for which the determined crystalline structure was proven to be orthorhombic [32].
Figure 4.
(a) Representation of XRD peaks of ICDD cards of: ZnSn(OH)6, fcc-ZnSnO3, orth-ZnSnO3, Zn2SnO4 and SnO2. Note that the card 00–028-1486 (orth-ZnSnO3) was deleted from ICDD. (b) In-situ XRD patterns of ZnsnO3 nanowires during annealing until 850°C. (c) SEM images of the ZnsnO3 nanowires before and after the in-situ annealing experiments in XRD.
As previously stated, temperature conditions can induce different phase transformations. For instance, Bora et al. studied the phase transformation of fcc-ZnSnO3 nanocubes into the inverse spinel Zn2SnO4 through Raman analysis during in-situ annealing treatment [57]. In this study the phase transformation occurred at 500°C.
Phase transformation in the ZnSnO3 nanowires, synthesized by our group, was investigated by recording XRD patterns in the course of in-situ annealing treatment up to 850°C. Figure 4b shows the XRD patterns at different temperatures, where no phase transformation is observable bellow 750°C. At 850°C the characteristic peaks of Zn2SnO4 and SnO2 start to be more pronounced, suggesting the phase transformation described in Figure 3. Nevertheless, a nanowire-like morphology is still obtained after this in-situ annealing experiment (Figure 4c), which was somehow unexpected from the experimental results used to propose the growth mechanism shown in Figure 3.
Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements up to 1350°C were also performed on ZnSnO3 nanowires to shed light into this. A clear transformation occurred at ≈ 570°C with a mass loss of ≈ 4% (Figure 5), which can be attributed to the expected decomposition of ZnSnO3 into Zn2SnO4 and SnO2. Through XRD patterns (Figure 5b) the orth-ZnSnO3 phase is identified before the annealing, while after the annealing a predominance of SnO2 is noticeable (mixed with Zn2SnO4). SEM images presented in Figure 5c show the nanowires before and after the annealing. After annealing, larger and rounder structures are observed for which energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed a predominance of Sn (Sn/Zn ratio of 14.5), in agreement with the XRD analysis.
Figure 5.
(a) TG and DSC curves of as-prepared ZnSnO3 nanowires at a heating rate of 10°C/min at N2 atmosphere. (b) XRD patterns and (c) SEM images of ZnSnO3 nanowires before and after annealing (TG-DSC measurements).
The difference of the decomposition temperature observed between the DSC and the XRD annealing treatments can probably be attributed to the annealing process in both techniques. While the XRD annealing is performed through the heating of a platinum foil (where the nanostructures are placed), in DSC the nanostructures are placed in a melting pot, leading to a more efficient heating and faster decomposition of the ZnSnO3 nanowires.
These results show that when annealing processes are demanded to improve the ZnSnO3 crystallinity, it is important to consider phase transformations carefully. Furthermore, it is noticeable that the temperatures to achieve these phase transformations as a post-synthesis treatment are significantly larger than those required during hydrothermal synthesis, owing to the higher energy provided during synthesis due to the combined effect of temperature and pressure.
3.2 Physico-chemical properties of ZTO nanostructures
The wide array of ZTO nanostructures present different physico-chemical properties which are imposed not only by the structures’ shape but also by their phase (Zn2SnO4 or ZnSnO3).
Concerning the optical properties, ZTO is a wide band gap semiconductor, with reported band gap values of 3.46–3.6 eV for Zn2SnO4 and 3.6–3.9 eV for ZnSnO3 [18, 32, 35, 58]. Nevertheless, these values are not only dependent on the phase, but also on the shape and size of the nanostructures, with higher band gaps for smaller particles due to the quantum confinement effect [16].
While optical properties of nanostructures can be determined simply, their electrical properties are much more challenging to access, especially when considering the properties of a single nanostructure. For this reason, there are only a few reports on electrical characterization of single ZTO nanostructures. While most reports are focused on nanowires with lengths >10 μm (mostly produced by physical processes), smaller ZnSnO3 nanowires (lengths <1 μm), produced in our group by hydrothermal synthesis, were probed individually by using nanomanipulators inside SEM, as shown in Figure 6a. For these, an average resistivity (in vacuum) of 7.80 ± 8.63 kΩ·cm was achieved [32, 59]. When compared to the ≈73 Ω·cm reported by Xue et al. for ZnSnO3 nanowires produced by thermal evaporation (990°C), this resistivity is significantly higher [60], which can be attributed to the higher defect density expected for lower temperature (200°C) and solution-based processes. Concerning Zn2SnO4 nanowires, Karthik et al. reported a resistivity of 6 Ω·cm in vacuum for nanowires synthesized by vapor phase methods at 900°C [61]. Moreover, for Zn2SnO4 nanostructures, which are an n-type semiconductor, mobilities higher than 112 cm2V−1 s−1 have already been reported, highlighting the relevance of using this material for electronic applications [62].
Figure 6.
(a) SEM image showing the tungsten tips of the nanomanipulators, which are contacting in-situ deposited Pt electrodes for the electrical characterization of a single ZnSnO3 nanowire. Atomic force microscopy characterization of individual ZnO and ZnSnO3 nanowires: (b) topographies in noncontact mode, and (c) contact mode tip oscillation as a function of tip-bias ac-voltage. Reprinted with permission from [63]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.
The ZnSnO3 phase is well-known for its piezoelectric properties. A piezoelectric polarization along the c-axis of ≈59 μC/cm2 was reported by Inaguma et al. for ZnSnO3, being much higher than the ≈5 μC/cm2 reported for ZnO [64, 65]. Moreover, the piezoelectric constants of individual ZnSnO3 and ZnO nanowires produced by hydrothermal synthesis were recently determined by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements as 23 pm/V and 9 pm/V, respectively (Figure 6b and c) [63]. The enhanced piezoelectric properties reported for ZnSnO3 are related with the higher displacement of the Zn atom in the ZnO6 octahedral cell when compared to the one of the Sn atom in the SnO6 octahedral cell, leading to a higher polarization along the c-axis [66]. Even when compared with other 1D nanostructures produced by hydrothermal synthesis, only the piezoelectric constant of the well-known BaTiO3 (31.1 pm/V) and LiNbO3 (25 pm/V) exceeds the value reported for ZnSnO3. Having sustainability in mind, ZnSnO3 is then a very good alternative to both BaTiO3 and LiNbO3 as these contain critical raw materials [63].
Table 1 summarizes the optical, electrical, and piezoelectric properties of some of the most typical oxide semiconductor nanostructures. These properties show the potential of ZTO compared with other binary and ternary compounds to achieve the desired multifunctionality to meet the concepts of IoT and smart surfaces while avoiding the use of critical raw materials.
Optical, electrical and piezoelectric properties of some of the most typical oxide semiconductor nanostructures.
The properties marked with * are referent to the bulk materials. Abbreviations: n/a – not applicable.
3.3 Application of ZTO nanostructures
The multicomponent nature, together with the wide range of different ZTO nanostructures provide this material system with truly impressive multifunctionality, which will be briefly covered next, mostly focusing on photocatalysis, energy harvesting and electronic applications.
3.3.1 Photocatalysis and piezo(photo)catalysis
Industrial actions and human activities play a negative environmental impact, raising water pollution [80]. Oxide nanostructured materials present great advantages for breakdown of water pollutants, as their band gaps are close to the visible light range and they have high surface-to-volume ratios [81]. Moreover, multicomponent oxides such as ZTO have a higher stability in aqueous environments when compared with binary compounds, which is significantly advantageous for photocatalytic applications [82].
The mechanism of photocatalytic activity of ZTO under UV light can be represented by the equations below [14, 54, 83]:
ZTO→e−+h+E15
e−+h+→energyE16
h++H2O→H++OH˙E17
h++OH−→OH˙E18
e−+O2→O˙2−E19
O°2−+H+→HO˙2E20
OH°O°2−HO°2+dye→degradation productsE21
Considering photocatalytic activity under visible light, Jain et al. [84] proposes the following equations:
Zn2SnO4+hv→Zn2SnO4ecb−+Zn2SnO4h+E22
Zn2SnO4ecb−+O2→Zn2SnO4+O2−.E23
Zn2SnO4h++OH−→OH.E24
O2−.+H2O→OH−+HO2.E25
HO2.+H2O→OH.H2O2E26
H2O2→2OH˙E27
Dye+OH.→CO2+H2O+degradation productsE28
Zn2SnO4 nanocrystals were used for the degradation of 50% of reactive red 141 dye in 270 min under sunlight [85]. Different ZnSnO3 structures such as nanowires and nanoplates were already used as photocatalysts for organic pollutants (for example, methylene blue and rhodamine B) [33, 40, 86]. Due to its high optical band gap (3.3–3.9 eV) UV light is usually required to photoactivate this material. Nevertheless, fcc-ZnSnO3 nanoparticles were already reported with a very satisfactory photocatalytic behavior on methylene blue degradation under visible light (0.0156 min−1) [81].
Alternatives to the conventional photocatalytic approach have also been explored, making use of the piezoelectric properties of materials such as ZnSnO3 (nanowires and nanoplates) for piezocatalysis (in the dark) [87] or for piezophotocatalysis (under illumination) [42, 87, 88]. Indeed, piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity (associated with perovskite structures) have shown to play an important role in photocatalysis, since the photogeneration of electron–hole pairs is enhanced by the dipole moment formed by the polarization electric field across polar materials [89, 90]. A schematic representation of the piezocatalytic mechanism is presented in Figure 7b and shows the influence of the characteristic polarization of the piezoelectric materials, which contributes to the generation of hydroxyl radicals and consequently degradation of rhodamine B. The dye degradation was achieved in 2.5 h, with a degradation rate of 4.5 × 10−2 min−1 [87].
Figure 7.
(a) Piezocatalysis using ZnSnO3 nanoparticles under ultrasound exposure. (b) Schematic of the piezocatalytic mechanism. Reprinted with permission from [87]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.
Other interesting applications of photocatalytic properties have been reported, such as the photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli using ZTO nanocubes under visible light. Only a 10% surviving rate was found for the bacteria, whereas the absorption of the visible light was attributed to the inherent surface defects enhancing the absorption edge in the visible region [82]. With this in mind, lower cost methods for nanostructure production (as hydrothermal methods), which typical result in more defective structures, might be advantageous for these applications as defect levels near the band edges may increase the absorption for lower energy levels.
3.3.2 Piezoelectric energy harvesting with ZTO nanostructures
Nanogenerators are devices that can convert external stimulus into electrical energy, being highly interesting for smart and self-sustainable surfaces, as they can be used for sustainable energy sources, biomedical systems and smart sensors [91]. Due to its excellent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, different ZnSnO3 nanostructures (i.e., nanowires, nanoplates, nanocubes) have been widely explored for energy harvesting devices and sensitive human motion sensors, through their piezoelectric (induction of electrical charge by the applied mechanical strain) and piezoresistive (electrical resistivity change by the applied mechanical strain) effects, respectively [45, 66, 92, 93, 94]. The fcc-ZnSnO3 nanocubes have been the most popular ZTO structures for these applications. For instance, Wang et al. reported the nanogenerators of fcc-ZnSnO3 nanocubes mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), reaching a maximum output of 400 V, 28 μA at a current density of 7 μA·cm−2 [95]. While, Paria et al. mixed fcc-ZnSnO3 nanocubes with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), achieving a maximum output of ≈40 V and ≈1.4 μA, corresponding to a power density of 3.7 μW·cm−3 (Figure 8a) [94].
Figure 8.
Hybrid nanogenerators of: (a) a composite film based on fcc-ZnSnO3 nanocubes and PVC. Reprinted with permission from [94], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society; and (b) a composite film based on orth-ZnSnO3 nanowires and PDMS. (c) Schematic of the charge generation mechanism in the micro-structured devices of (b). Images (b) and (c) were reprinted with permission from [63], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.
ZnSnO3 nanoplates were also applied for nanogenerators. Guo et al. reported produced nanogenerators fabricated with orth-ZnSnO3 nanoplates embedded in flat films of PDMS, reaching voltage and current outputs of 20 V and 0.6 μA, respectively, under bending stress [45]. More recently in our group, orth-ZnSnO3 nanowires were mixed with PDMS to fabricate nanogenerators of micro-structured composites (Figure 8b) [63]. In the same work, a charge generation and displacement mechanism was proposed, as depicted in Figure 8c. Briefly, the micro-structures induced in PDMS are suggested to improve the force delivery to the nanowires, enhancing its piezoelectric signal, while bringing also a triboelectric contribution to the nanogenerator output. This results in an output voltage, current and instantaneous power of approximately 9 V, 1 μA and 3 μW·cm−2, respectively, when applying a force of only 10 N. For higher forces the devices were capable to reach outputs around 120 V and 13 μA, which was shown to be enough energy to light up LEDs and several small electronic devices [63].
3.3.3 Electronic applications
Electronic applications are always a relevant drive for materials. Multicomponent semiconductor nanostructures as ZTO are particularly interesting for these applications, with wide band gap semiconductors allowing for high-power and high-frequency operations [50]. Field-effect transistors (FETs) are the key elements enabling today’s electronics, being 1D nanostructures particularly interesting in this regard, given the easiness of confining migratory direction of charge carriers through its length, i.e., between source and drain electrodes. Indeed, 1D nanostructures have already proven great usefulness for the upcoming generations of semiconductors in FETs [96]. While several reports already demonstrated ZTO as a candidate for replacement of IGZO in thin film technologies [13], similarly, ZTO is also one of the most promising multicomponent metal oxides for transistors with nanostructures [62]. Demonstrations of discrete Zn2SnO4 nanotransistors have already been made using nanotransfer molding of ZTO inks followed by annealing at 500°C, or by simple pick-and-place approach of drop-casted ZTO nanowires prepared by CVD above 700°C and by thermal evaporation at 1000°C [39, 97, 98]. While the achievement of on/off ratio ≈106 and field-effect mobility ≈20 cm2/Vs is a good demonstration of the ZTO’s potential, transistors using ZTO nanostructures synthesized by solution processes have not been reported yet. Furthermore, these nanostructures have also been used for the resistive switch layer in the emerging type of memory devices known as memristors. Reports show ZTO as the active material in memristors in the form of both Zn2SnO4 nanowires and ZnSnO3 nanocubes, being the latter especially relevant for this application due to its ferroelectric properties. Properties such as high off/on ratios (>105), long retention times (>5 months) and fast response speeds (<20 ns) are obtained for these devices [99, 100].
Transforming ZTO or other nanostructures into well-established LAE semiconductor materials, while highly desirable from the performance and functionality point of view, will still require significant advances in reliable techniques for alignment and density control in transparent (and flexible) substrates [101].
3.3.4 Other applications
Besides the applications briefly presented above, ZTO nanostructures have also been widely used in sensing applications, with gas sensors being the most popular [102]. Their small crystallite size, high surface-to-volume ratios and surface reactivity result in enhanced sensitivities/selectivity, with multicomponent materials typically presenting smaller response times and superior stabilities compared to binary compounds [103]. Moreover, the implementation of these nanostructures in sensors allows miniaturization of the devices, as well as cost reduction. ZnSnO3 has been reported as an excellent humidity sensor, in different nanostructure forms such as nanoparticles or even in composites of ZnSnO3 nanocubes and Ag nanowires [29, 104]. Additionally, ZnSnO3 nanoparticles were used as electrochemical biosensors for label free sub-femtomolar detection of cardiac biomarker troponin T and a composite of Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles and graphene was used for morphine and codeine detection [105, 106]. Recently, Durai et al.. reported ultra-selective sensors, based on ZnSnO3 nanocubes modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), for simultaneous detection of uric acid and dopamine through differential pulse voltammetry technique [107]. Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3 nanostructures of different shapes such as nanoparticles, nanowires and nanocubes, have also been widely explored as photoconductors [23, 108, 109, 110, 111]. While the optical band gap of these materials is typically in the UV energy levels (hence their transparency in visible range), quantum confinement effects or even defect levels near the band edges can be explored to increase the absorption for lower energy levels. Other applications that have been explored using ZTO nanostructures are related with energy storage and conversion. Zn2SnO4 has been widely used as photoanode for dye solar cells in different nanostructure morphologies such as nanoparticles and nanowires [21, 35]. Cherian et al. reported the performance of nanowires and compared with nanoplates of Zn2SnO4 for Li-batteries [34]. Supercapacitors (SC) have also started to be explored using ZTO nanostructures, with Bao et al. having reported the use of Zn2SnO4/MnO2 core shell in carbon fibers showing a capacitance of 621.6 F·g −1 [112].
4. Conclusions
Expanding LAE to IoT and smart surface concepts requires an increasing number of objects to have embedded electronics, sensors and connectivity, driving a demand for compact, smart, multifunctional and self-sustainable technology with low associated costs. While nanomaterials are thought to be able to meet these requirements, playing an important role in the future technological world, low cost and sustainable technologies are demanded. For this, both low cost fabrication methods and sustainable materials must be considered. This chapter shows the versatility of the hydrothermal method to control the growth and morphology of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanostructures, and the variety of shapes that can be produced for each of the different ZTO phases. Compared to other preparation methods, especially vapor phase methods, hydrothermal synthesis reveals a large set of advantages from both research and industrial viewpoints. First, while the multitude of parameters to control requires an in-depth understanding of their role in the final products, it also brings enormous flexibility to tune the synthesis process for the desired results. Also, it can be performed at low temperature (< 200°C), which is compatible with a wide range of substrates for direct growth, while assuring lower costs. This links perfectly with the demonstrated upscaling capability of hydrothermal synthesis which is a crucial aspect for industrial implementation.
Furthermore, a summary of exciting results that have been reported regarding application in devices of these ZTO nanostructures over the past few years is presented. The multifunctionality of this material system is highlighted by its successful implementation in energy harvesters, photocatalysis, electronic devices, sensors, and others.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Ana Pimentel for the TG-DSC measurement.
This work is funded by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through the FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the scope of the project UIDB/50025/2020, and the doctoral grant research number SFRH/BD/131836/2017. This work also received funding from the European Community’s H2020 program under grant agreement No. 716510 (ERC-2016-StG TREND), No. 787410 (ERC-2018-AdG DIGISMART) and No. 685758 (1D-Neon). This work is part of the PhD Thesis in Nanotechnologies and Nanosciences defended by Ana Rovisco at FCT-NOVA entitled “Solution-based Zinc Tin oxide nanostructures: from synthesis to applications” in December 2019.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"hydrothermal synthesis, zinc tin oxide, nanostructures, nanowires, multifunctionality, sustainability",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73846.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73846.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73846",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73846",totalDownloads:443,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"June 9th 2020",dateReviewed:"October 1st 2020",datePrePublished:"November 19th 2020",datePublished:"June 9th 2021",dateFinished:"October 30th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The massification of Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Surfaces has increased the demand for nanomaterials excelling at specific properties required for their target application, but also offering multifunctionality, conformal integration in multiple surfaces and sustainability, in line with the European Green Deal goals. Metal oxides have been key materials for this end, finding applications from flexible electronics to photocatalysis and energy harvesting, with multicomponent materials as zinc tin oxide (ZTO) emerging as some of the most promising possibilities. This chapter is dedicated to the hydrothermal synthesis of ZTO nanostructures, expanding the already wide potential of ZnO. A literature review on the latest progress on the synthesis of a multitude of ZTO nanostructures is provided (e.g., nanowires, nanoparticles, nanosheets), emphasizing the relevance of advanced nanoscale techniques for proper characterization of such materials. The multifunctionality of ZTO will also be covered, with special attention being given to their potential for photocatalysis, electronic devices and energy harvesters.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73846",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73846",signatures:"Ana Isabel Bento Rovisco, Rita Branquinho, Joana Vaz Pinto, Rodrigo Martins, Elvira Fortunato and Pedro Barquinha",book:{id:"10414",type:"book",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Nanomaterials",slug:"novel-nanomaterials",publishedDate:"June 9th 2021",bookSignature:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10414.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-026-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-025-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-027-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"278690",title:null,name:"Karthikeyan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamoorthy",slug:"karthikeyan-krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"175096",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Barquinha",fullName:"Pedro Barquinha",slug:"pedro-barquinha",email:"pmcb@fct.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"175097",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvira",middleName:null,surname:"Fortunato",fullName:"Elvira Fortunato",slug:"elvira-fortunato",email:"emf@fct.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"178884",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Branquinho",fullName:"Rita Branquinho",slug:"rita-branquinho",email:"ritasba@fct.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"197377",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",fullName:"Rodrigo Martins",slug:"rodrigo-martins",email:"rfpm@fct.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"323604",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Rovisco",fullName:"Ana Rovisco",slug:"ana-rovisco",email:"a.rovisco@fct.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323604/images/13653_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"330835",title:"Prof.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz Pinto",fullName:"Joana Vaz Pinto",slug:"joana-vaz-pinto",email:"jdvp@fct.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Hydrothermal synthesis of ZTO nanostructures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Overview on ZTO nanostructures produced by hydrothermal synthesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Research methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Growth mechanism of ZTO nanostructures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.1 Tailoring the chemico-physical parameters of the hydrothermal synthesis",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.1.2 ZTO phase transformations",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Physico-chemical properties of ZTO nanostructures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3 Application of ZTO nanostructures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.3.1 Photocatalysis and piezo(photo)catalysis",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.3.2 Piezoelectric energy harvesting with ZTO nanostructures",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.3.3 Electronic applications",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"3.3.4 Other applications",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mancini L, Sala S, Recchioni M, Benini L, Goralczyk M, Pennington D. Potential of life cycle assessment for supporting the management of critical raw materials. Int J Life Cycle Assess. 2015;20: 100–16'},{id:"B2",body:'Flexible, Printed and Organic Electronics 2019–2029: Forecasts, Players & Opportunities: IDTechEx. 2020'},{id:"B3",body:'He Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Hou Y, Wan Q. Oxide-based thin film transistors for flexible electronics. J Semicond. 2018;39(1)'},{id:"B4",body:'Martins J, Bahubalindruni P, Rovisco A, Kiazadeh A, Martins R, Fortunato E, et al. Bias Stress and Temperature Impact on InGaZnO TFTs and Circuits. Materials (Basel). 2017;10(12):680'},{id:"B5",body:'Fortunato E, Barquinha P, Martins R. Oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors: a review of recent advances. Adv Mater. 2012;24(22):2945–86'},{id:"B6",body:'Bahubalindruni PG, Kiazadeh A, Sacchetti A, , et al. Influence of Channel Length Scaling on InGaZnO TFTs Characteristics: Unity Current-Gain Cutoff Frequency, Intrinsic Voltage-Gain, and On-Resistance. J Disp Technol. 2016;12(6):515–8'},{id:"B7",body:'Baraton M-I. The Future of TCO Materials: Stakes and Challenges. MRS Proc. 2009;1209:1209-P03–06'},{id:"B8",body:'European Commission. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS. 2020'},{id:"B9",body:'Theerthagiri J, Salla S, Senthil RA, Nithyadharseni P, Madankumar A, Arunachalam P, Maiyalagan, T, Kim, H-S. A review on ZnO nanostructured materials: Energy, environmental and biological applications. Nanotechnology. 2019;30:392001'},{id:"B10",body:'Baskoutas S. Special Issue: Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: Synthesis and Characterization. Materials (Basel). 2018;11(6):873'},{id:"B11",body:'Shankar KS, Raychaudhuri AK. Fabrication of nanowires of multicomponent oxides: Review of recent advances. Mater Sci Eng C. 2005;25(5–8):738–51'},{id:"B12",body:'Facchetti A, Marks TJ, Wiley InterScience (Online service). Transparent electronics : from synthesis to applications. Wiley; 2010. 448 p'},{id:"B13",body:'Fernandes C, Santa A, Santos Â, Bahubalindruni P, Deuermeier J, Martins R, et al. A Sustainable Approach to Flexible Electronics with Zinc-Tin Oxide Thin-Film Transistors. Adv Electron Mater. 2018;4(7):1800032'},{id:"B14",body:'Baruah S, Dutta J. Zinc stannate nanostructures: hydrothermal synthesis. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 201;12:013004'},{id:"B15",body:'Rabenau A. The Role of Hydrothermal Synthesis in Preparative Chemistry. Angew Chemie Int Ed English. 1985;24(12):1026–40'},{id:"B16",body:'Annamalai A, Carvalho D, Wilson KC, Lee M-J. Properties of hydrothermally synthesized Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles using Na2CO3 as a novel mineralizer. Mater Charact. 2010;61:873–81'},{id:"B17",body:'Pimentel A, Ferreira S, Nunes D, Calmeiro T, Martins R, Fortunato E. Microwave Synthesized ZnO Nanorod Arrays for UV Sensors: A Seed Layer Annealing Temperature Study. Materials (Basel). 2016;9(4):299'},{id:"B18",body:'Miyauchi M, Liu Z, Zhao Z-G, Anandan S, Hara K. Single crystalline zinc stannate nanoparticles for efficient photo-electrochemical devices. Chem Commun. 2010;46:1529–31'},{id:"B19",body:'Sun S, Liang S. Morphological zinc stannate: synthesis, fundamental properties and applications. J Mater Chem A. 2017;5:20534–60'},{id:"B20",body:'Lehnen T, Zopes D, Mathur S. Phase-selective microwave synthesis and inkjet printing applications of Zn2SnO4 (ZTO) quantum dots. J Mater Chem. 2012;22(34):17732'},{id:"B21",body:'Tan B, Toman E, Li Y, Wu Y. Zinc Stannate (Zn2SnO4) Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:4162–3'},{id:"B22",body:'Joseph LA, Jeronsia JE, Jaculine MM, Das SJ. Investigations on Structural and Optical Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesized Zn2SnO4 Nanoparticles. Phys Res Int. 2016;2016:1–6'},{id:"B23",body:'Wang YF, Ding Y, Zhao JS, Wang X, Li DJ, Li XF. Optimized Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles with enhanced performance for photodetectors and photocatalysts. RSC Adv. 2016;6(73):69191–5'},{id:"B24",body:'Dimitrievska M, Ivetić TB, Litvinchuk AP, Fairbrother A, Miljević BB, Štrbac GR, et al. Eu3+−Doped Wide Band Gap Zn2SnO4 Semiconductor Nanoparticles: Structure and Luminescence. J Phys Chem C. 2016;120(33):18887–94'},{id:"B25",body:'Šepelák V, Becker SM, Bergmann I, Indris S, Scheuermann M, Feldhoff A, et al. Nonequilibrium structure of Zn2SnO4 spinel nanoparticles. J Mater Chem. 2012;22(7):3117'},{id:"B26",body:'Wu YS, Chang WK, Jou M. Photocatalytic Analysis and Characterization of Zn2SnO4 Nanoparticles Synthesized via Hydrothermal Method with Na2CO3 Mineralizer. Adv Mater Res. 2010;97–101:19–22'},{id:"B27",body:'Sun G, Zhang S, Li Y. Solvothermal Synthesis of Zn2SnO4 Nanocrystals and Their Photocatalytic Properties. Int J Photoenergy. 2014;2014:1–7'},{id:"B28",body:'Jia T, Liu M, Yu D, Long F, Mo S, Deng Z, et al. A Facile Approach for the Synthesis of Zn2SnO4/BiOBr Hybrid Nanocomposites with Improved Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance. Nanomaterials. 2018;8(5):313'},{id:"B29",body:'Singh R, Yadav AK, Gautam C. Synthesis and Humidity Sensing Investigations of Nanostructured ZnSnO3. J Sens Technol. 2011;01(04):116–24'},{id:"B30",body:'Modeshia DR, Walton RI. Solvothermal synthesis of perovskites and pyrochlores: crystallisation of functional oxides under mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;39(11):4303'},{id:"B31",body:'Mageshwari K, Kim TG, Park J. Effect of alkaline concentration on the structural and luminescence properties of ZnSnO3 nanoparticles obtained by facile reflux method. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2016;27(4):4093–7'},{id:"B32",body:'Rovisco A, Branquinho R, Martins J, Oliveira MJ, Nunes D, Fortunato E, et al. Seed-Layer Free Zinc Tin Oxide Tailored Nanostructures for Nanoelectronic Applications: Effect of Chemical Parameters. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2018;1(8):3986–97'},{id:"B33",body:'Beshkar F, Amiri O, Salehi Z. Synthesis of ZnSnO3 nanostructures by using novel gelling agents and their application in degradation of textile dye. Sep Purif Technol. 2017;184:66–71'},{id:"B34",body:'Cherian CT, Zheng M, Reddy M V, Chowdari BVR, Sow CH. Zn2SnO4 Nanowires versus Nanoplates: Electrochemical Performance and Morphological Evolution during Li-Cycling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2013;5(13):6054–60'},{id:"B35",body:'Li Z, Zhou Y, Bao C, Xue G, Zhang J, Liu J, et al. Vertically building Zn2SnO4 nanowire arrays on stainless steel mesh toward fabrication of large-area, flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanoscale. 2012;4:3490–4'},{id:"B36",body:'Zhou T, Liu X, Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhang T. Shape control and selective decoration of Zn2SnO4 nanostructures on 1D nanowires: Boosting chemical–sensing performances. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2019;290:210–6'},{id:"B37",body:'Chen Z, Cao M, Hu C. Novel Zn2SnO4 hierarchical nanostructures and their gas sensing properties toward ethanol. J Phys Chem C. 2011;115:5522–9'},{id:"B38",body:'Xue XY, Chen YJ, Wang YG, Wang TH. Synthesis and ethanol sensing properties of ZnSnO3 nanowires. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;86:1–3'},{id:"B39",body:'Pang C, Yan B, Liao L, Liu B, Zheng Z, Wu T, et al. Synthesis, characterization and opto-electrical properties of ternary Zn2SnO4 nanowires. Nanotechnology. 2010;21:465706'},{id:"B40",body:'Fang C, Geng B, Liu J, Zhan F. d-fructose molecule template route to ultra-thin ZnSnO3 nanowire architectures and their application as efficient photocatalyst. Chem Commun. 2009;(17):2350'},{id:"B41",body:'Men H, Gao P, Zhou B, Chen Y, Zhu C, Xiao G, et al. Fast synthesis of ultra-thin ZnSnO3 nanorods with high ethanol sensing properties. Chem Commun. 2010;46:7581'},{id:"B42",body:'Lo M-K, Lee S-Y, Chang K-S. Study of ZnSnO3-Nanowire Piezophotocatalyst Using Two-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis. J Phys Chem C. 2015;119(9):5218–24'},{id:"B43",body:'Rovisco A, Branquinho R, Martins J, Fortunato E, Martins R, Barquinha P. Growth Mechanism of Seed-Layer Free ZnSnO3 Nanowires: Effect of Physical Parameters. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(7):1002'},{id:"B44",body:'Joseph J, Saseendran SB, Achary SR, Sukumaran AA, Jayaraj MK. Zinc stannate flakes for optoelectronic and antibacterial applications. Dae Solid State Physics Symposium 2018. 2019. p. 030026'},{id:"B45",body:'Guo R, Guo Y, Duan H, Li H, Liu H. Synthesis of Orthorhombic Perovskite-Type ZnSnO3 Single-Crystal Nanoplates and Their Application in Energy Harvesting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9(9):8271–9'},{id:"B46",body:'Chen Y, Yu L, Li Q, Wu Y, Li Q, Wang T. An evolution from 3D face-centered-cubic ZnSnO3 nanocubes to 2D orthorhombic ZnSnO3 nanosheets with excellent gas sensing performance. Nanotechnology. 2012;23(41):415501'},{id:"B47",body:'Wang Y, Gao P, Bao D, Wang L, Chen Y, Zhou X, et al. One Pot, Two Phases: Individual Orthorhombic and Face-Centered Cubic ZnSnO3 Obtained Synchronously in One Solution. Inorg Chem. 2014;53(23):12289–96'},{id:"B48",body:'Ji X, Huang X, Liu J, Jiang J, Li X, Ding R, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of novel Zn2SnO4 octahedron microstructures assembled with hexagon nanoplates. J Alloys Compd. 2010;503:L21–5'},{id:"B49",body:'Jie J, Wang G, Han X, Fang J, Yu Q, Liao Y, et al. Growth of Ternary Oxide Nanowires by Gold-Catalyzed Vapor-Phase Evaporation. J Phys Chem B. 2004;108:8249–53'},{id:"B50",body:'Zhou Z, Lan C, Wei R, Ho JC. Transparent metal-oxide nanowires and their applications in harsh electronics. J Mater Chem C. 2019;7(2):202–17'},{id:"B51",body:'Einarsrud M-A, Grande T. 1D oxide nanostructures from chemical solutions. Chem Soc Rev. 2014;43(7):2187–99'},{id:"B52",body:'Kumari V, Patra AK, Bhaumik A. Self-assembled ultra-small zinc stannate nanocrystals with mesoscopic voids via a salicylate templating pathway and their photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv. 2014;4:13626–34'},{id:"B53",body:'Fu X, Wang X, Long J, Ding Z, Yan T, Zhang G, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic properties of Zn2SnO4. J Solid State Chem. 2009;182(3):517–24'},{id:"B54",body:'Zeng J, Xin M, Li, Wang H, Yan H, Zhang W. Transformation Process and Photocatalytic Activities of Hydrothermally Synthesized Zn2SnO4 Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112(11):4159–67'},{id:"B55",body:'Guerfi Y, Larrieu G. Vertical Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors with Nanoscale Gate-All-Around. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2016;11(1):210'},{id:"B56",body:'Barrocas B, Sério S, Rovisco A, Melo Jorge M. Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Ca0.6Ho0.4MnO3 Films Deposited by RF-Magnetron Sputtering Using Nanosized Powder Compacted Target. J Phys Chem C. 2014;118(1):590–7'},{id:"B57",body:'Bora T, Al-Hinai MH, Al-Hinai AT, Dutta J. Phase Transformation of Metastable ZnSnO3 Upon Thermal Decomposition by In-Situ Temperature-Dependent Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Ceram Soc. 2015;98(12):4044–9'},{id:"B58",body:'Lei M, Sheng Y, Wan L, Bi K, Huang K, Jia R, et al. A novel self-catalytic route to zinc stannate nanowires and cathodoluminescence and electrical transport properties of a single nanowire. J Alloys Compd. 2016;657:394–9'},{id:"B59",body:'Rovisco A. Solution-based Zinc-Tin Oxide nanostructures : from synthesis to applications [PhD Thesis]. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 2019'},{id:"B60",body:'Xue XY, Chen YJ, Li QH, Wang C, Wang YG, Wang TH. Electronic transport characteristics through individual ZnSnO3 nanowires. Appl Phys Lett. 2006;88(18):182102'},{id:"B61",body:'Karthik KRG, Andreasson BP, Sun C, Pramana SS, Varghese B, Sow CH, et al. Physical and Electrical Properties of Single Zn2SnO4 Nanowires. Electrochem Solid-State Lett. 2011;14:K5'},{id:"B62",body:'Kim S, Kim H, Janes DB, Ju S. Interface studies of N2 plasma-treated ZnSnO nanowire transistors using low-frequency noise measurements. Nanotechnology. 2013;24:305201'},{id:"B63",body:'Rovisco A, dos Santos A, Cramer T, Martins J, Branquinho R, Águas H, et al. Piezoelectricity Enhancement of Nanogenerators Based on PDMS and ZnSnO 3 Nanowires through Microstructuration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12(16):18421–30'},{id:"B64",body:'Inaguma Y, Yoshida M, Katsumata T. A Polar Oxide ZnSnO3 with a LiNbO3-Type Structure. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130(21):6704–5'},{id:"B65",body:'Dal Corso A, Posternak M, Resta R, Baldereschi A. Ab initio study of piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization in ZnO. Phys Rev B. 1994;50:10715–21'},{id:"B66",body:'Wu JM, Xu C, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Wang ZL. Flexible and transparent nanogenerators based on a composite of lead-free ZnSnO3 triangular-belts. Adv Mater. 2012;24(45):6094–9'},{id:"B67",body:'Hernández-Ramírez F, Tarancón A, Casals O, Rodríguez J, Romano-Rodríguez A, Morante JR, et al. Fabrication and electrical characterization of circuits based on individual tin oxide nanowires. Nanotechnology. 2006;17:5577–83'},{id:"B68",body:'Nunes D, Pimentel A, Santos L, Barquinha P, Fortunato E, Martins R. Photocatalytic TiO2 Nanorod Spheres and Arrays Compatible with Flexible Applications. Catalysts. 2017;7(2):60'},{id:"B69",body:'Fàbrega C, Hernández-Ramírez F, Daniel Prades J, J. On the photoconduction properties of low resistivity TiO2 nanotubes. Nanotechnology. 2010;21(44)'},{id:"B70",body:'Pimentel A, Samouco A, Nunes D, Araújo A, Martins R, Fortunato E. Ultra-Fast Microwave Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods on Cellulose Substrates for UV Sensor Applications. Materials (Basel). 2017;10(11):1308'},{id:"B71",body:'Ellmer K. Resistivity of polycrystalline zinc oxide films: Current status and physical limit. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2001;34(21):3097–108'},{id:"B72",body:'Zhao M, Wang Z, Mao SX. Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope. Nano Lett. 2004;4(4):587–90'},{id:"B73",body:'Santos L, Nunes D, Calmeiro T, Branquinho R, Salgueiro D, Barquinha P, et al. Solvothermal Synthesis of Gallium–Indium-Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles for Electrolyte-Gated Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(1):638–46'},{id:"B74",body:'Barquinha P, Pereira L, Gonçalves G, Martins R, Fortunato E. Toward High-Performance Amorphous GIZO TFTs. J Electrochem Soc. 2009;156(3):H161'},{id:"B75",body:'Zan H-W, Tsai W-W, Chen C-H, Tsai C-C, Meng H-F. 4.3: High Performance a-IGZO TFT with Nano-Dots Doping. SID Symp Dig Tech Pap. 2011;42(1):28–31'},{id:"B76",body:'Tang H, Zhou Z, Sodano HA. Large-scale synthesis of BaxSr1−xTiO3 nanowires with controlled stoichiometry. Appl Phys Lett. 2014;104(14):142905'},{id:"B77",body:'Huang X, Xie L, Jiang P, Wang G, Liu F. Electrical, thermophysical and micromechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate elastomer composites with surface modified BaTiO3 nanoparticles. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2009;42(24)'},{id:"B78",body:'Salehi H, Shahtahmasebi N, Hosseini SM. Band structure of tetragonal BaTiO3. Eur Phys J B. 2003;32(2):177–80'},{id:"B79",body:'Suzuki K, Kijima K. Optical band gap of barium titanate nanoparticles prepared by RF-plasma chemical vapor deposition. Japanese J Appl Physics. 2005;44(4 A):2081–2'},{id:"B80",body:'Kampouri S, Stylianou KC. Dual-Functional Photocatalysis for Simultaneous Hydrogen Production and Oxidation of Organic Substances. ACS Catal. 2019;9(5):4247–70'},{id:"B81",body:'Najam Khan M, Al-Hinai M, Al-Hinai A, Dutta J. Visible light photocatalysis of mixed phase zinc stannate/zinc oxide nanostructures precipitated at room temperature in aqueous media. Ceram Int. 2014;40:8743–52'},{id:"B82",body:'Khan MN, Jaisai M, Dutta J. Photocatalytic Inactivation of Escherichia coli Using Zinc Stannate Nanostructures under Visible Light. Adv Mater Res. 2015;1131:203–9'},{id:"B83",body:'Tatarchuk T, Peter A, Al-Najar B, Vijaya J, Bououdina M. Photocatalysis: Activity of Nanomaterials. Nanotechnology in Environmental Science. 2018. 209–92'},{id:"B84",body:'Jain S, Shah AP, Shimpi NG. An efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under visible light using zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) nanorods prepared by microwave irradiation. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects. 2020;21:100410'},{id:"B85",body:'Foletto EL, Simões JM, Mazutti M a., Jahn SL, Muller EI, Pereira LSF, et al. Application of Zn2SnO4 photocatalyst prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal route in the degradation of organic pollutant under sunlight. Ceram Int. 2013;39(4):4569–74'},{id:"B86",body:'Borhade A V., Baste YR. Study of photocatalytic asset of the ZnSnO 3 synthesized by green chemistry. Arab J Chem. 2017;10:S404–11'},{id:"B87",body:'Biswas A, Saha S, Jana NR. ZnSnO3 Nanoparticle-Based Piezocatalysts for Ultrasound-Assisted Degradation of Organic Pollutants. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2019;2(2):1120–8'},{id:"B88",body:'Wang Y-T, Chang K-S. Piezopotential-Induced Schottky Behavior of Zn1−xSnO3 Nanowire Arrays and Piezophotocatalytic Applications. Xie R-J, editor. J Am Ceram Soc. 2016;99(8):2593–600'},{id:"B89",body:'Chen F, Huang H, Guo L, Zhang Y, Ma T. The Role of Polarization in Photocatalysis. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2019;58(30):10061–73'},{id:"B90",body:'Liang Z, Yan CF, Rtimi S, Bandara J. Piezoelectric materials for catalytic/photocatalytic removal of pollutants: Recent advances and outlook. Appl Catal B Environ. 2019;241:256–69'},{id:"B91",body:'Askari H, Khajepour A, Khamesee MB, Saadatnia Z, Wang ZL. Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators: Trends and impacts. Nano Today. 2018;22(1):10–3'},{id:"B92",body:'Alam MM, Ghosh SK, Sultana A, Mandal D. Lead-free ZnSnO3/MWCNTs-based self-poled flexible hybrid nanogenerator for piezoelectric power generation. Nanotechnology. 2015;26(16):165403'},{id:"B93",body:'Choi KH, Siddiqui GU, Yang B, Mustafa M. Synthesis of ZnSnO3 nanocubes and thin film fabrication of (ZnSnO3/PMMA) composite through electrospray deposition. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2015;26:5690–6'},{id:"B94",body:'Paria S, Karan SK, Bera R, Das AK, Maitra A, Khatua BB. A Facile Approach To Develop a Highly Stretchable PVC/ZnSnO 3 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator with High Output Power Generation for Powering Portable Electronic Devices. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2016;55(40):10671–80'},{id:"B95",body:'Wang G, Xi Y, Xuan H, Liu R, Chen X, Cheng L. Hybrid nanogenerators based on triboelectrification of a dielectric composite made of lead-free ZnSnO3 nanocubes. Nano Energy. 2015;18:28–36'},{id:"B96",body:'Liu Z, Xu J, Chen D, Shen G. Flexible electronics based on inorganic nanowires. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(1):161–92'},{id:"B97",body:'Hwang JK, Cho S, Dang JM, Kwak EB, Song K, Moon J, et al. Direct nanoprinting by liquid-bridge-mediated nanotransfer moulding. Nat Nanotechnol. 2010;5:742–8'},{id:"B98",body:'Lim T, Kim H, Meyyappan M, Ju S. Photostable Zn2SnO4 Nanowire Transistors for Transparent Displays. ACS Nano. 2012;6(6):4912–20'},{id:"B99",body:'Dong H, Zhang X, Zhao D, Niu Z, Zeng Q, Li J, et al. High performance bipolar resistive switching memory devices based on Zn2SnO4 nanowires. Nanoscale. 2012;4(8):2571–4'},{id:"B100",body:'Siddiqui GU, Rehman MM, Choi KH. Enhanced resistive switching in all-printed, hybrid and flexible memory device based on perovskite ZnSnO3 via PVOH polymer. Polymer (Guildf). 2016;100:102–10'},{id:"B101",body:'Nunes D, Pimentel A, Santos L, Barquinha P, Pereira L, Fortunato E, et al. Metal oxide nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and applications. Elsevier; 2018. 1–328 p'},{id:"B102",body:'Chen Q, Wang Y, et al. Enhanced acetone sensor based on Au functionalized In-doped ZnSnO3 nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning method. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2019;543:285–99'},{id:"B103",body:'Wan, Sun J, Liu H. Semiconducting Oxide Nanowires: Growth, Doping and Device applications. Nanowires - Implementations and Applications. InTech; 2011. p. 59–98'},{id:"B104",body:'Sharma A, Kumar Y, Shirage PM. Structural, optical and excellent humidity sensing behaviour of ZnSnO3nanoparticles: effect of annealing. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2018;29(13):10769–83'},{id:"B105",body:'Supraja P, Sudarshan V, Tripathy S, Agrawal A, Singh SG. Label free electrochemical detection of cardiac biomarker troponin T using ZnSnO3 perovskite nanomaterials. Anal Methods. 2019;11(6):744–51'},{id:"B106",body:'Bagheri H, Khoshsafar H, Afkhami A, Amidi S. Sensitive and simple simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine using a Zn2SnO4 nanoparticle/graphene composite modified electrochemical sensor. New J Chem. 2016;40(8):7102–12'},{id:"B107",body:'Durai L, Badhulika S. One pot hydrothermal synthesis of large area nano cube like ZnSnO3 perovskite for simultaneous sensing of Uric Acid and Dopamine using differential pulse voltammetry. IEEE Sens J. 2020;1748(c):1–1'},{id:"B108",body:'Dong Y, Wang S, Zou Y, Liu S, Zhu Z, Li J, et al. Zinc Stannate Nanocrystal-Based Ultrarapid-Response UV Photodetectors. Adv Mater Technol. 2018;3(6):1800085'},{id:"B109",body:'Zhang Y, Wang J, et al. High performance ultraviolet photodetectors based on an individual Zn2SnO4 single crystalline nanowire. J Mater Chem. 2010;20(44):9858'},{id:"B110",body:'Zhao Y, Hu L, Liu H, Liao M, Fang X, Wu L. Band Gap Tunable Zn2SnO4 Nanocubes through Thermal Effect and Their Outstanding Ultraviolet Light Photoresponse. Sci Rep. 2015;4(1):6847'},{id:"B111",body:'Xue XY, Guo TL, Lin ZX, Wang TH. Individual core-shell structured ZnSnO3 nanowires as photoconductors. Mater Lett. 2008;62(8–9):1356–8'},{id:"B112",body:'Bao L, Zang J, Li X. Flexible Zn2SnO4/MnO2 Core/Shell Nanocable−Carbon Microfiber Hybrid Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes. Nano Lett. 2011;11(3):1215–20'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ana Isabel Bento Rovisco",address:"a.rovisco@fct.unl.pt",affiliation:'
CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and CEMOP/UNINOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and CEMOP/UNINOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and CEMOP/UNINOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and CEMOP/UNINOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and CEMOP/UNINOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA) and CEMOP/UNINOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10414",type:"book",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Nanomaterials",slug:"novel-nanomaterials",publishedDate:"June 9th 2021",bookSignature:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10414.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-026-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-025-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-027-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"278690",title:null,name:"Karthikeyan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamoorthy",slug:"karthikeyan-krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"207250",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Bideci",email:"alperbideci@duzce.edu.tr",fullName:"Alper Bideci",slug:"alper-bideci",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Abant Izzet Baysal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"62291",title:"Oil Shale Ash Addition Effect in Concrete to Freezing-Thawing",slug:"oil-shale-ash-addition-effect-in-concrete-to-freezing-thawing",abstract:"Modifying the properties of cement by including mineral-based additives into cement ensures benefits such as preventing environmental hazards of waste additives and providing increase in cement amount. Based on these main considerations, as a part of the study in which contribution of ash, obtained as a result of the burning of oil shale rocks in fluidized bed thermal plants, to Portland cement (PC) in 15% ratio is chemically proven, this study is performed in order to understand the direction and severity of the effects that oil shale ash (OSA) might have on the properties of cements. For this purpose, freezing-thawing experiments were performed on cement samples produced with PC 42.5 cement, which has 0, 10, 20, and 30% of OSA additions. It is desired to make a conclusion by finding weight loss factor (AFw) and relative elasticity module (E) loss related with press and ultrasonic test methods based on given experiments. As a result, it was observed that durability of concretes obtained by addition of oil shale rocks in 15% ratio to PC 42.5 cements against freezing/thawing effects is greater than that of PC 42.5 control sample.",signatures:"Sabit Oymael, Alper Bideci and Özlem Sallı Bideci",authors:[{id:"207250",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",surname:"Bideci",fullName:"Alper Bideci",slug:"alper-bideci",email:"alperbideci@duzce.edu.tr"},{id:"260379",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabit",surname:"Oymael",fullName:"Sabit Oymael",slug:"sabit-oymael",email:"sabitoymael@arel.edu.tr"},{id:"260380",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem",surname:"Sallı Bideci",fullName:"Özlem Sallı Bideci",slug:"ozlem-salli-bideci",email:"ozlembideci@duzce.edu.tr"}],book:{id:"8412",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"144548",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Šperl",slug:"martin-sperl",fullName:"Martin Šperl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"259805",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xiaoniu",surname:"Yu",slug:"xiaoniu-yu",fullName:"Xiaoniu Yu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wenzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"260016",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yan",surname:"Gao",slug:"yan-gao",fullName:"Yan Gao",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260379",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabit",surname:"Oymael",slug:"sabit-oymael",fullName:"Sabit Oymael",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260380",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem",surname:"Sallı Bideci",slug:"ozlem-salli-bideci",fullName:"Özlem Sallı Bideci",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260824",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonzalo",surname:"Ruiz",slug:"gonzalo-ruiz",fullName:"Gonzalo Ruiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260827",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lucía",surname:"Garijo",slug:"lucia-garijo",fullName:"Lucía Garijo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260828",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoxin",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoxin-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoxin Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260829",title:"MSc.",name:"José Joaquín",surname:"Ortega",slug:"jose-joaquin-ortega",fullName:"José Joaquín Ortega",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260830",title:"Dr.",name:"Rena C.",surname:"Yu",slug:"rena-c.-yu",fullName:"Rena C. Yu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"oai-pmh",title:"OAI-PMH",intro:'
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\n
We have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\n
As a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\n
We have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\n
As a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
A search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,11,14,15,17,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11555",title:"Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing - New Trends and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"42b6f15e5d9044c3abd00c231efec806",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rodrigo da Rosa Righi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11555.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69889",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"da Rosa Righi",slug:"rodrigo-da-rosa-righi",fullName:"Rodrigo da Rosa Righi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11551",title:"Blockchain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"26f3d47bfbfd96e25e5b46001876cc48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vardan Mkrttchian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11551.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333134",title:"Prof.",name:"Vardan",surname:"Mkrttchian",slug:"vardan-mkrttchian",fullName:"Vardan Mkrttchian"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11458",title:"Human-Robot Interaction - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2003e3388833e911f610e0cd9788a5e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11458.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11506",title:"Antenna Arrays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b378e33d6f6e73721ee0dacbbb89aa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo, Dr. Nijas Kunju and Dr. Aldebaro Klautau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11506.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11470",title:"Graphene - Recent Advances, Future Perspective and Applied Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"409e022e3baf48795e816576a6ee66e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mujtaba Ikram, Dr. Asghari Maqsood and Dr. Aneeqa Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11470.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"286820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mujtaba",surname:"Ikram",slug:"mujtaba-ikram",fullName:"Mujtaba Ikram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Igor Sheremet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11519",title:"Vibration Monitoring and Analysis - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f0d2d82a5c1a49020abf39dc8aabd89d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Louay Yousuf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"322417",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Louay",surname:"Yousuf",slug:"louay-yousuf",fullName:"Louay Yousuf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11525",title:"Wood Industry - Past, Present and Future Outlook",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ccb74142053c89e0e572ac1c5d717a11",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Guanben Du and Dr. Xiaojian Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11525.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"291315",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b4ef3ce01f8f9b113dc28ac847b8c0d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yong A Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203937",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11484",title:"Thin Film Deposition - Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c10a55203c2f0f7d47c743e6cfa2492",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11484.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11121",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"81f076fab2acb567946aeaa4b7281fc1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:166},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1084",title:"Molecular Biology",slug:"medicine-oncology-molecular-biology",parent:{id:"190",title:"Oncology",slug:"medicine-oncology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:15,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1084",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3474",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"981f086256293cca923f54641d4d3cf1",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",bookSignature:"Yue Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3474.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71501",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"yue-cheng",fullName:"Yue Cheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"43677",doi:"10.5772/56102",title:"Polyphenolic Compounds Targeting p53-Family Tumor Suppressors: Current Progress and Challenges",slug:"polyphenolic-compounds-targeting-p53-family-tumor-suppressors-current-progress-and-challenges",totalDownloads:3074,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Nelly Etienne-Selloum, Israa Dandache, Tanveer Sharif, Cyril Auger and Valérie B. Schini-Kerth",authors:[{id:"45256",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanveer",middleName:null,surname:"Sharif",slug:"tanveer-sharif",fullName:"Tanveer Sharif"},{id:"161335",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelly",middleName:null,surname:"Etienne-Selloum",slug:"nelly-etienne-selloum",fullName:"Nelly Etienne-Selloum"},{id:"168402",title:"Ms.",name:"Israa",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",slug:"israa-dandache",fullName:"Israa Dandache"},{id:"168403",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Auger",slug:"cyril-auger",fullName:"Cyril Auger"},{id:"168404",title:"Prof.",name:"Valérie",middleName:null,surname:"Schini-Kerth",slug:"valerie-schini-kerth",fullName:"Valérie Schini-Kerth"}]},{id:"42629",doi:"10.5772/54393",title:"MIG-6 and SPRY2 in the Regulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling: Balancing Act via Negative Feedback Loops",slug:"mig-6-and-spry2-in-the-regulation-of-receptor-tyrosine-kinase-signaling-balancing-act-via-negative-f",totalDownloads:2274,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Yu-Wen Zhang and George F. Vande Woude",authors:[{id:"161875",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yu-wen-zhang",fullName:"Yu-Wen Zhang"},{id:"167333",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Vande Woude",slug:"george-vande-woude",fullName:"George Vande Woude"}]},{id:"43993",doi:"10.5772/55712",title:"Roles of Tumor Suppressor Signaling on Reprogramming and Stemness Transition in Somatic Cells",slug:"roles-of-tumor-suppressor-signaling-on-reprogramming-and-stemness-transition-in-somatic-cells",totalDownloads:1938,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung, Yee Peng Phoon, Hong Lok Lung, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Yue Cheng and Maria Li Lung",authors:[{id:"71501",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"yue-cheng",fullName:"Yue Cheng"}]},{id:"42513",doi:"10.5772/55686",title:"Modeling Tumorigenesis in Drosophila: Current Advances and Future Perspectives",slug:"modeling-tumorigenesis-in-drosophila-current-advances-and-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:2505,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Fani Papagiannouli and Bernard M. Mechler",authors:[{id:"65283",title:"Dr.",name:"Fani",middleName:null,surname:"Papagiannouli",slug:"fani-papagiannouli",fullName:"Fani Papagiannouli"},{id:"163660",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mechler",slug:"bernard-m.-mechler",fullName:"Bernard M. Mechler"}]},{id:"43990",doi:"10.5772/54510",title:"To Grow, Stop or Die? – Novel Tumor-Suppressive Mechanism Regulated by the Transcription Factor E2F",slug:"to-grow-stop-or-die-novel-tumor-suppressive-mechanism-regulated-by-the-transcription-factor-e2f",totalDownloads:2987,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Eiko Ozono, Shoji Yamaoka and Kiyoshi Ohtani",authors:[{id:"75088",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtani",slug:"kiyoshi-ohtani",fullName:"Kiyoshi Ohtani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"43990",title:"To Grow, Stop or Die? – Novel Tumor-Suppressive Mechanism Regulated by the Transcription Factor E2F",slug:"to-grow-stop-or-die-novel-tumor-suppressive-mechanism-regulated-by-the-transcription-factor-e2f",totalDownloads:2993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Eiko Ozono, Shoji Yamaoka and Kiyoshi Ohtani",authors:[{id:"75088",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtani",slug:"kiyoshi-ohtani",fullName:"Kiyoshi Ohtani"}]},{id:"43677",title:"Polyphenolic Compounds Targeting p53-Family Tumor Suppressors: Current Progress and Challenges",slug:"polyphenolic-compounds-targeting-p53-family-tumor-suppressors-current-progress-and-challenges",totalDownloads:3075,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Nelly Etienne-Selloum, Israa Dandache, Tanveer Sharif, Cyril Auger and Valérie B. Schini-Kerth",authors:[{id:"45256",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanveer",middleName:null,surname:"Sharif",slug:"tanveer-sharif",fullName:"Tanveer Sharif"},{id:"161335",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelly",middleName:null,surname:"Etienne-Selloum",slug:"nelly-etienne-selloum",fullName:"Nelly Etienne-Selloum"},{id:"168402",title:"Ms.",name:"Israa",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",slug:"israa-dandache",fullName:"Israa Dandache"},{id:"168403",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Auger",slug:"cyril-auger",fullName:"Cyril Auger"},{id:"168404",title:"Prof.",name:"Valérie",middleName:null,surname:"Schini-Kerth",slug:"valerie-schini-kerth",fullName:"Valérie Schini-Kerth"}]},{id:"42513",title:"Modeling Tumorigenesis in Drosophila: Current Advances and Future Perspectives",slug:"modeling-tumorigenesis-in-drosophila-current-advances-and-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:2510,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Fani Papagiannouli and Bernard M. Mechler",authors:[{id:"65283",title:"Dr.",name:"Fani",middleName:null,surname:"Papagiannouli",slug:"fani-papagiannouli",fullName:"Fani Papagiannouli"},{id:"163660",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mechler",slug:"bernard-m.-mechler",fullName:"Bernard M. Mechler"}]},{id:"43994",title:"MicroRNAs and lncRNAs as Tumour Suppressors",slug:"micrornas-and-lncrnas-as-tumour-suppressors",totalDownloads:1811,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Emanuela Boštjančič and Damjan Glavac",authors:[{id:"34962",title:"Prof.",name:"Damjan",middleName:null,surname:"Glavac",slug:"damjan-glavac",fullName:"Damjan Glavac"}]},{id:"43989",title:"Strain-Specific Allele Loss: An Important Clue to Tumor Suppressors Involved in Tumor Susceptibility",slug:"strain-specific-allele-loss-an-important-clue-to-tumor-suppressors-involved-in-tumor-susceptibility",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3474",slug:"future-aspects-of-tumor-suppressor-gene",title:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene",fullTitle:"Future Aspects of Tumor Suppressor Gene"},signatures:"Nobuko Mori and Yoshiki Okada",authors:[{id:"162477",title:"Prof.",name:"Nobuko",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",slug:"nobuko-mori",fullName:"Nobuko Mori"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1084",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/207250",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"207250"},fullPath:"/profiles/207250",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()