More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5269",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D - Basic Overview",title:"A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D",subtitle:"Basic Overview",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D - Basic Overview targets the physiological, biochemical and immunological aspects of vitamin D, including principles, mechanisms and clinical significance. This book covers four sections: ‘Vitamin D on Physical and Physiological Activities’, ‘Vitamin D on Biochemical and Immunological Activities’, ‘Vitamin D on Musculoskeletal and Neurological System’ and ‘Vitamin D on Reproductive System’. Each of these sections is interwoven with the theoretical aspects and experimental techniques of basic and clinical sciences. This book will be a significant source to students, scientists, physicians, healthcare professionals and also other members of this society who are interested in exploring the role of vitamin D in human life. We derive vitamin D from the sunshine, and hence it can also be considered as ‘day’ vitamin.",isbn:"978-953-51-3084-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3083-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4877-7",doi:"10.5772/61867",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"a-critical-evaluation-of-vitamin-d-basic-overview",numberOfPages:332,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9e0a1073183dd1859da3abac7344d03c",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",publishedDate:"April 12th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5269.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22942,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:38,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 25th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 29th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 29th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 17th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",middleName:null,surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/118572/images/2492_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Sivakumar Gowder received his academic training and carried out his research in institutions of high academic ranking in India and the US (University of Madras -Chennai, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences -New Delhi, India; UT Southwestern Medical Center -Dallas, TX, US; LSH Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, US and University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, US). Before working for Qassim University, he worked as a faculty member at the Medical Universities in West Indies. Sivakumar has won prizes and awards in different levels of his academic career. He has developed his own research methods and techniques relevant to his research disciplines and has published several journal articles and book chapters. Sivakumar has also edited many books. Currently, he serves as an author and editor of books; editor in chief for an international journal; editorial member and reviewer for journals; fellow and advisory board member of international organizations and external examiner of doctoral thesis work for international universities. Sivakumar has also served as an invited speaker and chairperson for international conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Qassim University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1204",title:"Vitaminology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-pharmacology-vitaminology"}],chapters:[{id:"52311",title:"Vitamin D and Physical Activity",doi:"10.5772/65103",slug:"vitamin-d-and-physical-activity",totalDownloads:2238,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin following exposure to ultraviolet radiation, producing cholecalciferol, while only a small percentage of the circulating vitamin D is of exogenous origin deriving from food. Following two sequential hydroxylations, in the liver and in the kidneys, vitamin D is fully activated. Although its role in bone physiology and calcium homeostasis is well documented, there is emerging evidence that vitamin D exerts a plethora of additional effects on most tissues regulating the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and immune systems as well as energy homeostasis. Its deficiency/insufficiency poses a major public health problem observed in all age groups and regardless of latitude and insolation. In muscles, vitamin D deficiency is associated with a decline in neuromuscular function including muscular strength, walking speed, balance, jumping and sprinting performance, and aerobic capacity, although the evidence is still weak regarding its effects in the young and the athletes. Supplementation counteracts the negative effects of vitamin D deficiency on performance although in individuals with adequate levels of vitamin D, additional supplementation does not appear to enhance further physical capabilities. The aim of this chapter is to review our current understanding of diverse effects of vitamin D in physical performance in athletic and nonathletic populations.",signatures:"Nikolaos E. Koundourakis and Andrew N. Margioris",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52311",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52311",authors:[{id:"181819",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Koundourakis",slug:"nikolaos-koundourakis",fullName:"Nikolaos Koundourakis"}],corrections:null},{id:"52525",title:"Vitamin D in Oxidative Stress and Diseases",doi:"10.5772/64506",slug:"vitamin-d-in-oxidative-stress-and-diseases",totalDownloads:2208,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The data described in this chapter consider some new information about the benefits of vitamin D3 comparing the results obtained by the authors on the effects of vitamin D3 during oxidative stress with other works available in the literature. In particular, vitamin D3 can induce a concentration-dependent increase in endothelial NO production through eNOS activation consequential to the phosphorylation of p38, AKT, and ERK. Additional information obtained by the author is about the ability of vitamin D3 to prevent the endothelial cell death through modulation of interplay between apoptosis and autophagy. This effect is obtained by inhibiting superoxide anion generation, maintaining mitochondria function and cell viability, activating survival kinases (ERK and Akt), and inducing NO production. The results also describe that vitamin D3 causes human endothelial cell proliferation and migration in a 3-D matrix through NO-dependent mechanisms. These findings support the role of vitamin D3 in the human angiogenic process, suggesting new applications for vitamin D3 in tissue repair and wound healing. Finally, that the authors have demonstrated the ability of vitamin D3 to counteract negative effects of oxidative stress in brain cells. These data suggest the potential therapeutic use of vitamin D to treat or prevent degenerative brain diseases.",signatures:"Francesca Uberti, Vera Morsanuto and Claudio Molinari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52525",authors:[{id:"181353",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Uberti",slug:"francesca-uberti",fullName:"Francesca Uberti"},{id:"185861",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Morsanuto",slug:"vera-morsanuto",fullName:"Vera Morsanuto"},{id:"185862",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Molinari",slug:"claudio-molinari",fullName:"Claudio Molinari"}],corrections:null},{id:"53619",title:"The Multiple Roles of Vitamin D Besides Calcium-Phosphorus Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/66643",slug:"the-multiple-roles-of-vitamin-d-besides-calcium-phosphorus-metabolism",totalDownloads:1773,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin D is a kind of steroid hormone and is well known for its important role in regulating the levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) as well as in mineralization of bone in body. But the vitamin D signaling also exhibits multiple effects, such as anti‐inflammation effects, anticancer effect, and cardiovascular‐ and kidney‐protective effects. From a practical point of view, vitamin D deficiency participates in many pathological progressions and diseases. In some diseases, the administration of vitamin D or vitamin D receptor agonist (VDRA) could rescue the clinical symptoms and improve outcomes. In this review, we briefly deal with these topics, limiting ourselves to comment on some novelty studies about vitamin D signaling, which might help us to understand the multiple effects of vitamin D in some pathological progresses and diseases, which are all worth to be studied further.",signatures:"Jia Guo and Zhangsuo Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53619",authors:[{id:"181830",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",surname:"Guo",slug:"jia-guo",fullName:"Jia Guo"},{id:"182131",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",surname:"Guo",slug:"jia-guo",fullName:"Jia Guo"}],corrections:null},{id:"51750",title:"Clinical and Biochemical Features of Patients with CYP24A1 Mutations",doi:"10.5772/64503",slug:"clinical-and-biochemical-features-of-patients-with-cyp24a1-mutations",totalDownloads:1571,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The CYP24A1 gene encodes 1,25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-24-hydroxylase, a key enzyme responsible for the catabolism of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). Loss-of-function mutations in CYP24A1 lead to increased levels of active vitamin D metabolites. Clinically, two distinct phenotypes have been recognised from this: infants with CYP24A1 mutations present with infantile idiopathic hypercalcaemia, often precipitated by prophylactic vitamin D supplementation. A separate phenotype of nephrolithiasis, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis often presents in adulthood. CYP24A1 mutations should be suspected when a classical biochemical profile of high active vitamin D metabolites, high or normal serum calcium, high urine calcium and low parathyroid hormone is detected. Successful treatment with fluconazole, a P450 enzyme inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in individuals with CYP24A1 mutations. Although CYP24A1 mutations are rare, early recognition can prompt definitive diagnosis and ensure treatment is commenced.",signatures:"Fay Joanne Hill and John A. Sayer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51750",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51750",authors:[{id:"181499",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Sayer",slug:"john-sayer",fullName:"John Sayer"}],corrections:null},{id:"52555",title:"Synthesis of Low Abundant Vitamin D Metabolites and Assaying Their Distribution in Human Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as a New Tool for Diagnosis and Risk Prediction of Vitamin DRelated Diseases",doi:"10.5772/64518",slug:"synthesis-of-low-abundant-vitamin-d-metabolites-and-assaying-their-distribution-in-human-serum-by-li",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter provides an overview of versatile and efficient chemical syntheses of vitamin D derivatives by application of either linear or convergent synthesis approaches. Synthesis of the most relevant naturally occurring vitamin D metabolites and their deuterated counterparts to use as calibration and reference standards in LC-MS/MS assays is also shown. The chapter then summarizes the most important mass spectrometric approaches to quantify important vitamin D metabolites in human biofluids. In addition, new developments are described that are aimed at the pathobiological interpretation of the measured vitamin D metabolite distributions in various human diseases.",signatures:"Lars Kattner and Dietrich A. Volmer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52555",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52555",authors:[{id:"181793",title:"Dr.",name:"Lars",surname:"Kattner",slug:"lars-kattner",fullName:"Lars Kattner"},{id:"186108",title:"Prof.",name:"Dietrich A.",surname:"Volmer",slug:"dietrich-a.-volmer",fullName:"Dietrich A. Volmer"}],corrections:null},{id:"53442",title:"Vitamin D and Sphingolipids: Role in Bone and Neural System",doi:"10.5772/66648",slug:"vitamin-d-and-sphingolipids-role-in-bone-and-neural-system",totalDownloads:1632,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"1-Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is known to play an important physiological role on growth and differentiation in a variety of nonmalignant and malignant cell types through classical actions, mediated by its specific receptor (VDR), and nongenomic actions resulting in the activation of specific signalling pathways. Due to the broad distribution of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in many tissues and the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to regulate fundamental processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, this steroid hormone has been suggested in the treatment of different diseases, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, structural 1,25(OH)2D3 analogues, with weaker collateral effects, have recently entered in clinical trials. Other interesting molecules due to their pleiotropic actions are the bioactive sphingolipids (SLs), in particular ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Cells maintain a dynamic balance of these metabolites since Cer and sphingoid bases mediate cell death, while S1P exerts mitogenic effects and promotes differentiation of several cell types including osteogenic and neural cells. The biological actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 and SLs, in particular S1P, share many common effectors, including calcium regulation, growth factor expression, inflammatory cytokines, etc., but whether they could act synergistically is still unknown and deserves further investigation.",signatures:"Alessia Frati, Mercedes Garcia Gil, Federica Pierucci and Elisabetta\nMeacci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53442",authors:[{id:"182899",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",surname:"Meacci",slug:"elisabetta-meacci",fullName:"Elisabetta Meacci"},{id:"186167",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessia",surname:"Frati",slug:"alessia-frati",fullName:"Alessia Frati"},{id:"186168",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercedes",surname:"Garcia-Gil",slug:"mercedes-garcia-gil",fullName:"Mercedes Garcia-Gil"},{id:"186171",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",surname:"Pierucci",slug:"federica-pierucci",fullName:"Federica Pierucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"52248",title:"Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D in Children with Allergic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/65072",slug:"immunomodulatory-effect-of-vitamin-d-in-children-with-allergic-diseases",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The discovery that many cells express vitamin D receptors and the recognition of widespread vitamin D insufficiency has stimulated interest in the potential role of vitamin D in nonskeleton conditions. There is an increasing evidence to support the role of vitamin D pathway in the regulation of the function of both innate and adoptive immune systems. Vitamin D regulates immune function by inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells, enhancing interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion and inhibiting T-cell functions. Vitamin D has the ability to suppress inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2), while it increases the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. In B cells, vitamin D3 has also been shown to suppress immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody class switch partly through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).",signatures:"Iwona Stelmach, Joanna Jerzyńska and Daniela Podlecka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52248",authors:[{id:"178132",title:"Prof.",name:"Iwona",surname:"Stelmach",slug:"iwona-stelmach",fullName:"Iwona Stelmach"},{id:"185489",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Jerzyńska",slug:"joanna-jerzynska",fullName:"Joanna Jerzyńska"},{id:"185490",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Podlecka",slug:"daniela-podlecka",fullName:"Daniela Podlecka"}],corrections:null},{id:"52223",title:"Non‐Bone Effects of Vitamin D in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults",doi:"10.5772/65079",slug:"non-bone-effects-of-vitamin-d-in-children-adolescents-and-young-adults",totalDownloads:1390,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin D, also known as “sunshine vitamin”, has long been established as an essential component for the maintenance of adequate bone health. Large number of studies are available which demonstrate the various biochemical pathways of vitamin D in bone physiology and its important role in musculoskeletal health. In last five decades, data regarding the non‐bone effects of vitamin D have started to emerge, and now many important non‐bone physiological processes are explained by the biochemical pathways and functions of vitamin D. However, majority of the data regarding extra‐skeletal effects of vitamin D are available regarding adult population. In this chapter, we try to focus on the role of vitamin D in aging and various diseases which are frequently seen in children, adolescents, and young adults such as cancer, type 1 diabetes mellitus, allergies, asthma, and various autoimmune diseases.",signatures:"Mohsin Ali Cheema and Khalid Parvez Lone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52223",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52223",authors:[{id:"182991",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Lone",slug:"khalid-lone",fullName:"Khalid Lone"}],corrections:null},{id:"51838",title:"Role of Vitamin D in Myogenesis",doi:"10.5772/64514",slug:"role-of-vitamin-d-in-myogenesis",totalDownloads:1577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The secosteroid, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] plays a crucial role in regulating bone formation, remodeling and repair. Beyond its well-established role in skeletogenesis, gene-targeting studies support a physiological role for 1α,25(OH)2D3 in muscle development. There is evidence for expression of vitamin D receptor/vitamin D synthesizing enzyme/transport protein, local production of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and uptake of 25(OH)D3, implying the existence of vitamin D-endocrine system in myogenic cells. Recently, much interest has been devoted to the effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on myogenesis. Simply stated, 1α,25(OH)2D3 has potent antiproliferative activity on myoblasts and inhibits myoblast differentiation. Intriguingly, recent studies suggest that 1α,25(OH)2D3 may stimulate protein synthesis in myotubes and have a role in self-renewal of muscle stem cells. 1α,25(OH)2D3 regulates myogenesis probably through its genomic or nongenomic actions. Understanding how vitamin D signaling contributes to muscle homeostasis may provide a valuable insight into an effective intervention strategy for muscle disorders. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about a possible role of vitamin D in myogenesis.",signatures:"Akira Wagatsuma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51838",authors:[{id:"182113",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",surname:"Wagatsuma",slug:"akira-wagatsuma",fullName:"Akira Wagatsuma"}],corrections:null},{id:"52187",title:"Skeletal and Extraskeletal Benefits of Vitamin D",doi:"10.5772/65101",slug:"skeletal-and-extraskeletal-benefits-of-vitamin-d",totalDownloads:1624,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Vitamin D exerts its principal actions on bone metabolism, so it has important benefits on the skeleton. Serum 25(OH)D is directly related to bone mineral density (BMD), so subjects with lower levels have lower BMD and higher prevalence of osteoporosis and fractures, mainly hip and non-vertebral fractures. But, vitamin D has also many other beneficial effects, and its deficit has been associated with a great variety of diseases, such as asthma, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, infections and some liver diseases. It is also remarkable its direct effect on muscle strength, so patients with vitamin D deficiency have higher risk of falls. Supplementation with vitamin D in patients with low 25(OH)D levels has shown a favourable effect not only on bone and muscle, reducing the risk of fracture, but also on inflammation, cell proliferation or immune system, reducing the risk of other diseases and complications. However, observational studies are needed with larger numbers of patients and well-designed randomized clinical trials, with baseline vitamin D determination and accurate monitoring to establish a cause-effect relationship between vitamin D deficiency and some diseases.",signatures:"Enrique Casado and Marta Larrosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52187",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52187",authors:[{id:"72376",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Larrosa",slug:"marta-larrosa",fullName:"Marta Larrosa"},{id:"182440",title:"M.D.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Casado",slug:"enrique-casado",fullName:"Enrique Casado"}],corrections:null},{id:"53279",title:"Optimising Vitamin D Levels after Hip Fractures",doi:"10.5772/66546",slug:"optimising-vitamin-d-levels-after-hip-fractures",totalDownloads:1202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Older people presenting with hip fractures requiring surgery have a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, which is an important modifiable risk factor for falls and fractures. Inadequate sun exposure is the main reason for vitamin D deficiency in older people. Vitamin D supplements, with or without calcium, have been shown to reduce falls and fracture risk in this population. A small number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that increased 25-OHD levels with a loading dose of vitamin D may improve falls and fractures. It is not previously known whether oral vitamin D replenishment using a loading dose is effective, and if it is, what is the interplay this is with patient characteristics, in particular lower limb mobility and 25-OHD levels. The results of a recent multisite randomised controlled trial (REVITAHIP) provide early evidence of the benefits of an early loading-dose oral vitamin D replenishment on functional mobility, falls, fractures, grip strength, health-related quality of life and mortality.",signatures:"Jenson Mak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53279",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53279",authors:[{id:"60765",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenson",surname:"Mak",slug:"jenson-mak",fullName:"Jenson Mak"}],corrections:null},{id:"54240",title:"Vitamin D and Human Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/67394",slug:"vitamin-d-and-human-reproduction",totalDownloads:2192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin D is one of the steroid hormones. The precursor of vitamin D, 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is an intermediary for cholesterol pathway, is available in the skin. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation makes the transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol to provitamin D3, which automatically isomerizes to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). Vitamin D3 is secreted into blood circulation and carried by the vitamin D–binding protein (VDBP). Around 80–90% of vitamin D is from sunlight-derived production in the skin. A little amount of vitamin D is also extracted from foods and/or additional supplementation. Vitamin D has been well known for its function in maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and promoting bone mineralization. Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that vitamin D also modulates reproductive processes in women and men and is involved in many functions of the reproductive system. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D–metabolizing enzymes are found in reproductive tissues of women and men. This chapter presents an up-to-date review for describing the function of vitamin D in female reproduction throughout reproductive ages from menarche to menopause, during pregnancy and lactation, and some disorders affecting women and also the role of vitamin D applied to male fertility.",signatures:"Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani and Samira Behboudi-Gandevani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54240",authors:[{id:"171267",title:"Prof.",name:"Fahimeh",surname:"Ramezani Tehrani",slug:"fahimeh-ramezani-tehrani",fullName:"Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani"}],corrections:null},{id:"52040",title:"Vitamin D and Female Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/64502",slug:"vitamin-d-and-female-reproduction",totalDownloads:2037,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin D deficiency has an impact on the reproduction of more than 40% of reproductive age women globally. Fibroids are more common among African-American females owing to their decreased milk consumption and reduced absorption of ultraviolet rays, supporting the relation between vitamin D deficiency and fibroid development. Vitamin D has an inhibitory effect on leiomyoma cells by suppression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), BCL-2, BCL-w, CDK1, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) protein levels. A growing evidence support the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and endometriosis through overexpression of vitamin D recseptor (VDR) and α-hydroxylase enzyme, however, it is still unclear if the endometriosis patients could benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic outcomes of polycystic ovary (PCO) has been studied and reveled that it is negatively correlated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, free androgen index, and Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) and positively associated with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG), whereas its impact on the ovarian function is still unclear. Vitamin D deficiency may worse the obstetrical outcomes, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, low birth weight, increased cesarean section rate, neonatal asthma, seizures, and preterm labor. The relationship between serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH) D) and pregnancy rates in ART is still debatable, with the need to conduct more clinical trials toward it. The in vitro antiproliferative and prodifferentiative effect of vitamin D might find a role in control of hyperplastic overactive bladder. Several studies support that vitamin D deficiency constitutes a risk factor for development of many types of cancer such as breast, ovarian, and colorectal.",signatures:"Heba Elhusseini, Daria Lizneva, Larisa Gavrilova-Jordan, Noura\nEziba, Mohamed Abdelaziz, Soumia Brakta, Sunil Halder and\nAyman Al-Hendy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52040",authors:[{id:"181842",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",surname:"Al-Hendy",slug:"ayman-al-hendy",fullName:"Ayman Al-Hendy"},{id:"185772",title:"Dr.",name:"Heba",surname:"Elhusseini",slug:"heba-elhusseini",fullName:"Heba Elhusseini"},{id:"185773",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria",surname:"Lizneva",slug:"daria-lizneva",fullName:"Daria Lizneva"},{id:"185774",title:"Dr.",name:"Larisa",surname:"Gavrilova-Jordan",slug:"larisa-gavrilova-jordan",fullName:"Larisa Gavrilova-Jordan"},{id:"185775",title:"Dr.",name:"Noura",surname:"Eziba",slug:"noura-eziba",fullName:"Noura Eziba"},{id:"185776",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdelaziz",slug:"mohamed-abdelaziz",fullName:"Mohamed Abdelaziz"},{id:"185777",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumia",surname:"Brakta",slug:"soumia-brakta",fullName:"Soumia Brakta"},{id:"185778",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Halder",slug:"sunil-halder",fullName:"Sunil Halder"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6222",title:"A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D",subtitle:"Clinical Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d98de6741a343ee917a6727f09d2ab3",slug:"a-critical-evaluation-of-vitamin-d-clinical-overview",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3408",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71cbc4a6caf1e19add9556925b6d2974",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4597",title:"Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89a2f0b8113514563d387fba14e963bd",slug:"basic-principles-and-clinical-significance-of-oxidative-stress",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3853",title:"Pharmacology and Therapeutics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09f9295bff8acbce8a68f3c329d51cd7",slug:"pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2860",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07b45b340578c983659c4376a7bd0e57",slug:"cell-interaction",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5359",title:"New Insights into Cell Culture Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b8c3dd4179c45c938b6f24a4efa94c5",slug:"new-insights-into-cell-culture-technology",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1641",title:"Cholera",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"afebfab613bc604ea17f98395e290eeb",slug:"cholera",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1641.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-between-madness-and-literature-by-michel-foucault-from-a-philosophical-point-of-view-",title:"Corrigendum to: Between Madness and Literature by Michel Foucault from a Philosophical Point of View of Language",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81441.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81441",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81441",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81441",chapter:{id:"78886",slug:"between-madness-and-literature-by-michel-foucault-from-a-philosophical-point-of-view-of-language",signatures:"Filippo Silvestri",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2021",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2021",datePublished:"April 6th 2022",book:{id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",fullTitle:"Mind and Matter - Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",publishedDate:"April 6th 2022",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"420861",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestri",fullName:"Filippo Silvestri",slug:"filippo-silvestri",email:"filippo.silvestri@uniba.it",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Bari Aldo Moro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"78886",slug:"between-madness-and-literature-by-michel-foucault-from-a-philosophical-point-of-view-of-language",signatures:"Filippo Silvestri",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2021",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2021",datePublished:"April 6th 2022",book:{id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",fullTitle:"Mind and Matter - Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",publishedDate:"April 6th 2022",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"420861",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestri",fullName:"Filippo Silvestri",slug:"filippo-silvestri",email:"filippo.silvestri@uniba.it",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Bari Aldo Moro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},book:{id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",fullTitle:"Mind and Matter - Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",publishedDate:"April 6th 2022",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8295",leadTitle:null,title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Ongoing landscape transformation worldwide has raised global concerns and there is a need to rethink landscaping to protect the environment. This is especially true for previously developed sites, currently abandoned or underused. Instead of consuming green lands, these derelict landscapes need to be redeveloped and given new life, enabling their transition to an increasingly sustainable urban setting. In this scenario, the present book, considers a set of subjects that highlight the diverse nature of the scientific domains associated with landscape reclamation, emphasizing the need to acknowledge that the contribution of each sustainability dimension is equally important. This will offer complementary development opportunities, while enabling redeveloped landscapes to fulfill multiple functions in an integrated way and underline the relevance of multifunctionality to promote sustainable landscape reclamation, planning, and development.",isbn:"978-1-78984-763-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-762-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-523-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78424",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",numberOfPages:118,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"1fb7d9e280708a190a90c3b352c93d45",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6811,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108118/images/system/108118.JPEG",biography:"Luís Loures, Ph.D., is a landscape architect and agronomic engineer, and vice president of the Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portugal. He has a Ph.D. in Planning and a postdoctorate degree in Agronomy. He is also a researcher at VALORIZA – Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, and CinTurs – Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability, and Well-being. At the latter, Dr. Loures is a researcher on several financed research projects focusing on urban planning, landscape reclamation, and urban redevelopment, and the use of urban planning as a tool for achieving sustainable development.",institutionString:"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"13",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"849",title:"Landscape Ecology",slug:"landscape-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"70378",title:"Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a Key Factor for Sustainable Development",slug:"introductory-chapter-landscape-reclamation-as-a-key-factor-for-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:759,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}]},{id:"65633",title:"Project-Based Urban Renewal and Transformation of Urban Landscape in Turkey",slug:"project-based-urban-renewal-and-transformation-of-urban-landscape-in-turkey",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"273493",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Neşe",surname:"Yilmaz Bakir",slug:"nese-yilmaz-bakir",fullName:"Neşe Yilmaz Bakir"}]},{id:"65170",title:"Making Art Involve in the Paradigm of Ecological Landscape Construction in Ancient Villages—Taking Cai Fan and Longtan Ancient Village in Taihu as an Example",slug:"making-art-involve-in-the-paradigm-of-ecological-landscape-construction-in-ancient-villages-taking-c",totalDownloads:930,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"263257",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaobing",surname:"Hu",slug:"xiaobing-hu",fullName:"Xiaobing Hu"},{id:"317016",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",surname:"Yalin",slug:"zhang-yalin",fullName:"Zhang Yalin"}]},{id:"64407",title:"The Impact of Landscape Reclamation on Mangrove Forest and Coastal Areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"the-impact-of-landscape-reclamation-on-mangrove-forest-and-coastal-areas-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",surname:"Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere"}]},{id:"65057",title:"Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",totalDownloads:881,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon"}]},{id:"64951",title:"Coastal Landscapes of Peninsular Malaysia: The Changes and Implications for Their Resilience and Ecosystem Services",slug:"coastal-landscapes-of-peninsular-malaysia-the-changes-and-implications-for-their-resilience-and-ecos",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"216874",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jamilah",surname:"Mohd Salim",slug:"jamilah-mohd-salim",fullName:"Jamilah Mohd Salim"},{id:"236273",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Razali",surname:"Sheriza",slug:"mohd-razali-sheriza",fullName:"Mohd Razali Sheriza"},{id:"263959",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadzilah Majid",surname:"Cooke",slug:"fadzilah-majid-cooke",fullName:"Fadzilah Majid Cooke"},{id:"275587",title:"Ms.",name:"Maizatul Azwa",surname:"Radzi",slug:"maizatul-azwa-radzi",fullName:"Maizatul Azwa Radzi"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7476",title:"Land Use",subtitle:"Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b0c406adac8447ffeb089e29eac8ea9",slug:"land-use-assessing-the-past-envisioning-the-future",bookSignature:"Luís Carlos Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7476.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9845",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"Processes and Practices Towards Sustainable Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e60932edd4a5d1f03606853a11f7616a",slug:"landscape-architecture-processes-and-practices-towards-sustainable-development",bookSignature:"Luís Loures and Mustafa Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2406",title:"Landscape Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c7b088d1bfbcf17d7f2fe6f47137af2",slug:"landscape-planning",bookSignature:"Murat Ozyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd4ff3f5b34fb2ee8089dc8da74a843a",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5289",title:"Landscape Ecology",subtitle:"The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape Creation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"354db0cb765007d8e48728a1356f2b75",slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8013",title:"Land Use Change and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b3aee3b93d95ecd84c41753486f7a83",slug:"land-use-change-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Seth Appiah-Opoku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137858",title:"Dr.",name:"Seth",surname:"Appiah-Opoku",slug:"seth-appiah-opoku",fullName:"Seth Appiah-Opoku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"48879",title:"Comparison of Additive Technologies for Gradient Aerospace Part Fabrication from Nickel-Based Superalloys",doi:"10.5772/61121",slug:"comparison-of-additive-technologies-for-gradient-aerospace-part-fabrication-from-nickel-based-supera",body:'
1. Introduction
The range of use of nickel superalloys is diverse and covers gas turbines of air, sea, and road transport and industrial turbines for electro- or gas-pumping stations, rocket motors, automatic spacecrafts, and nuclear reactors. The basic units of the turbines where nickel-based superalloys could be used are combustion chambers, guide blades in nozzles, rotor blades, and turbine disks. It is known that with the temperature rise by every 100° at the turbine inlet, the increase in efficiency is about 3–4%. Therefore, the determination to use these heat-resistant nickel superalloys is reasonable and well grounded [42].
In addition to heat resistance, the materials for the turbine blades are required to be creep resistive to possess lasting plasticity, resistance to gas corrosion and oxidation, high strength, fluidity, and viscosity. This is why the nickel superalloys are mainly used for turbine blades and disks.
Five mechanisms are known for the strengthening of superalloys. They are solid solution, dispersion, grain boundary, deformation, and textural strengthening [3, 42]. The first three ones depend on the alloy nature. In nickel-based alloys, strengthening occurs essentially by the dispersive mechanism due to the γ Ni3(Al, Ti) phase release. The phase with the L12–Ni3Al superlattice is the basis for the fabrication of the promising superalloys of a new generation on the nickel base, owing to the observed anomalous temperature dependence of its mechanical properties. This anomaly is manifested in the form of the yield point increase with the temperature growth within a certain temperature interval. It should be mentioned that such behavior is observed exclusively in alloys with a long-range atomic order, i.e., in superlattice alloys.
Depending on the temperature range necessary for the availability of the γ-solution suitable for the hot deformation of the matrix, the following nickel superalloys are distinguished: deformed, hardly deformed, and nondeformable alloys. There exist several basic groups of the alloying elements for the nickel superalloys:
Carbide-generating (Cr, Mo, Nb, Hf, and Ta of etc) and oxide-generating (Cr and Al), the latter protect an article against corrosion
Grain boundary (B, C, and Zr)
γ precipitates for the (Al, Ti, Hf, and Ta) phases coherent to the austenitic matrix and ensuring the dispersion strengthening. Studies show that their percentage must not exceed 24–26%. The shape of the γ phase particles (spherical, cubic, and lamellar) depends on the nonconformity degree to the lattice parameter of matrix and temperature regimens of synthesis. It influences the mechanical properties of the article.
Finally, austenitic γ-matrix additives (Co, Fe, Cr, and Mo) are known, which form an fcc lattice with nickel and ensure the solid solution strengthening.
Meanwhile, the formation of σ, μ, and Laves phases resulting in the decrease of the nickel superalloys strength and plasticity is extremely undesirable. It is considered that the basic task for the achievement of the nickel alloy’s lasting strength is the ability to control the grain size and orientation, with respect to the size of the article (component). Ensuring the primary grain growth by the oriented crystallization and, if possible, creating single-crystal articles are considered in recent years to be the main line of studies under this technology.
1.1. The nickel superalloy using at the additive technologies
Machining of Ni superalloys by conventional methods is difficult due to rapid work hardening. Therefore, powder metallurgy methods, such as conventional casting, powder sintering, and/or self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) are not allowed to fabricate Ni superalloy-based functional parts directly.
Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) has been applied to produce Ni superalloy-based parts from corresponded powders. The AM is able to make three-dimensional objects from computer-aided design (CAD) models. Studies in ATs date back to the mid-1980s. Since then, there has been a rapid advance in its development. Actually, selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/M) (DTM and 3D Systems), laser engineered net shaping (LENS) (Sandia Lab), direct metal deposition (DMD) (POM and Optomec), and 3D laser cladding (LC) or 3D laser welding (LW) technologies could be utilized as metal powders and to produce functional parts.
In the case of the SLS/M technology, a layer-by-layer fabrication is realized by powder delivering into the bed substrate. Traditionally, a powder fraction ranging from 20 to 60 μm and a laser beam diameter ~50–70 μm that allows the manufacture of more precise parts and tools are used. In the cases of the very similar LENS, DMD, and 3D LC/LW methods, a coaxial nozzle with the laser beam delivery system, the multichannel powder feeding system, and the numerically controlled multiaxis table are carried out. The particle flow through the nozzle demands particles’ sizes to be of more than hundred micron and the beam diameter increasing to some centimeters, so modest precision and increasing productivity could be achieved. Hence, these methods are more suitable for the repair of tools and articles. An electron beam melting (EBM) process is occupying a separate place; i.e., it conducts into vacuum and is characterized to an oxidation and/or nitration absence and good productivity and precision. The 3D LW of a nickel alloy-based wire could be boosted to greater productivity but very modest precision. On the whole, the necessity of AT application is connected with the heightened requirements to the physical and mechanical characteristics of construction materials used in aerospace technologies, and also with the wide prospects opened by the AT for the fabrication of ready-to-serve articles.
The selective laser melting (SLM) of an Inconel 625 (Ni–Cr 21.5%, Mo 9.0%, Nb and Ta 3.6% in wt.%) superalloy using an Nd:YAG pulsed laser to produce thin wall parts with an emphasis on attaining parts with minimum top surface and side surface roughness was obtained [23]. A sample with 9-mm top surface roughness and 10-mm side roughness was produced. A significant fatigue crack propagation in laser rapid manufactured Inconel 625 structures was reported by [7], and the cracks were observed along the growth direction of the specimens, which was predominantly along the [111] plane. A comparison of the SLM and EBM processes for the Inconel 625 superalloy is given at paper by [24]. They identified γ"-Ni3Nb bct platelets coincident with the NiCr fcc matrix [111] planes. Similar precipitation and grain orientations (textures) were observed by for the SLM fabricated Inconel 718 components too, although the γ" precipitate platelets were coincident with the NiCr fcc matrix [001] planes rather than the [111] planes. Porous structures of the Inconel-625 by new cross-thin-wall strategy were fabricated at study of [30]. It was found that the yield strength of the fabricated structures followed the power law and decreased from 423 ± 8 MPa for 2.63 ± 0.14% porosity to 226 ± 6.8 MPa for 11.57 ± 0.52% porosity.
An increase in fatigue resistance after the LC process in comparison with wrought and investment cast Inconel 625 was discussed by [44]. The addition of Cr3C2 ceramic particles into the Inconel 625 alloy deposited onto a ferrite steel substrate by the LC was analyzed by [45]. As a result, the hard precipitates in the coating microstructure lead to hardness increasing.
[47, 48] described the effect of Al2O3 and CeO2 nanoparticle inclusions into a Ni-based superalloy GH4033 (Ni–Cr 22%; Ti 2.8%; Al 1%; C 0.08%; Fe <1%; Cu, Pb, Bi, Sn, Sb, and As <0.01% in wt.%) during the LC process. The results show that the interface grains, after adding proper nano-Al2O3 (1% by mass), grow from epitaxial to nonepitaxial shape gradually, and the columnar dendrites become thinner and denser with cellular shape. Moreover, the dispersive nano-Al2O3 particles mainly distribute around cellular substructure and grain boundaries, which prevent the diffusion of alloying elements and restrains the formation of new phase. The addition of 2.0 wt.% nano-CeO2p showed the most significant improvement effects into the laser-cladded NiCoCrAlY coatings. After adding nano-CeO2p, an improvement of the microhardness and microstructure uniformity on the cross section and the thermal shock resistance as well were remarked. Results indicate [49] that the hot corrosion resistance of the coatings with nanoparticles is better than that of the one without nanoparticles, among which the one with nano-CeO2 presented the best hot corrosion resistance. Another effect was observed that the frictional coefficient of the coatings increases and presents the decrease trend with the increase of sliding distance after adding nanoparticles. Moreover [50], the wear rate of the coatings with SiC nanoparticles is only 34.0–64.5% of the coating without nanoparticles.
[60, 6] developed laser induction hybrid rapid cladding process (LIHRC) for the NiCrAlY powder. The preliminary mechanical cryomilling induced the formation of γ′-Ni3Al and the dissolution of β-NiAl in cryomilled NiCrAlY powder, which in turn was only composed of γ/γ′ (γ: Ni, Cr-rich phase). The oxide products formed on the surface of cryomilled and noncryomilled coatings were predominantly composed of α-Al2O3, Cr2O3, NiCr2O4, and AlYO3, but the mechanical cryomilling a significant improves the oxidation resistance of the NiCrAlY coating by the LIHRC. [43] reported about the SLM process optimization into the NiCr alloy. The authors observed an unusual growth direction-oriented columnar microstructure of [100] texture (corresponding to the [200] plane). Furthermore, columnar grain growth crossing the melt pools was revealed during the SLM process, and this growth was increasing while the laser scanning speed was decreasing.
The results showed that as the laser scanning speed increased, microhardness decreased at the horizontal surface but increased at the vertical surface, and an increase in yield strength and ultimate tensile strength was observed.
[16] produced a Ni-based superalloy Rene-41 (Ni–Cr 20%, Mo 10.5%, Co 12%, Fe 5%, Ti 3%, Al 1.8%, C 0.12% in wt.%) parts by the DMD process. The columnar grain growth was fixed with well-oriented cellular dendrites and with a primary arm spacing of approximately 35 μm. The additional solution aging at 1065 °C for 4 h and followed by air quenching and aged at 760 °C for 16 h followed by air cooling for the Rene-41 superalloy led to the extensive precipitation of γ, which resulted in high hardness and ductility, and the subsequent alignment and coalescence of γ precipitates induced low-strength [16, 58] reported about crack healing in the Rene88DT superalloy prepared by a laser solid forming after an HIP procedure. [20] reported about good laser weldability of the PM1000 superalloy (Ni–20 Cr, 3Fe–0.5Ti, 0.3Al–0.6Y2O3 wt.%) account of a dispersion strengthened of yttrium oxide particles.
The Waspaloy (19.5% Ni–Cr, 13.5% Co, 4.3% Mo, 3.0% Ti, 1.3% Al, 0.1% C in wt.%) is an established nickel-based superalloy widely used in the manufacture of compressor discs and combustor cans for the aeroengine gas turbines. [10] developed the DMD process with wire deposit for the Waspaloy. A columnar-dendritic solidification structure with the Ni3(Al, Ti) precipitate phase (γ) forms with the dendrites growing approximately in the plane of the wall and at an angle of around 30° to the build direction. Mumtaz et al. (2012) developed the SLM process of high-density specimens from the Waspaloy. The laser parameters were determined for a high-power pulsed Nd:YAG laser.
The nickel-based niobium-modified superalloy Inconel 718 (Ni–Cr 19.0%, Fe 18.5%, Nb 5.0%, Mo 3.0% in wt.%) is considered as an important material in aeronautic, astronautic, and nuclear industries in virtue of its excellent high-temperature yield strength, anti oxygenic property, hot corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and rupture resistance. [2] used the Inconel 718 powder to fabricate cylinder by the SLM method in an argon and nitrogen environment. As-fabricated cylinders were oriented in the build direction (z-axis) and perpendicular to the build direction (x-axis) exhibited columnar grains and arrays of γ" (body-centered tetragonal) Ni3Nb oblate ellipsoidal precipitates oriented in a strong [200] texture. [11] discussed a high-temperature oxidation property in the INT-718 superalloy parts during the SLM process. They determined that the oxidation process was controlled by the outward diffusion of oxide-forming elements and in ward penetration of oxygen. Depending on the applied laser energy density, the coarsened columnar dendrites, clustered dendrites, and slender and uniformly distributed columnar dendrites could form [12]. The optimally prepared fully dense Inconel 718 parts had a uniform microhardness distribution with a mean value of 395.8 HV0.2, a considerably low-friction coefficient of 0.36, and a reduced wear rate of 4.64 × 10–4 mm3/N m in sliding wear tests. [19] developed a laser solid forming (LSF) for the Inconel 718 superalloy and ensured that the predominant γ columnar dendrites directionally growing along the deposition direction. Primary dendrite arm space measurement revealed spaces of 11.5, 17.5, and 38.0 mm at the bottom, the middle, and the top section of the LSF sample, respectively, in accordance with the Kurz–Giovanola–Trivedi dendrite growth model.
A multiscale finite element model and stochastic analysis was developed to simulate the evolution of the microstructure of the Nb-bearing nickel-based superalloy (INT 718) during a laser additive manufacturing solidification by [26]. The simulations show that a small equiaxed dendrite arm spacing under a high cooling rate and a low-temperature gradient-to-growth rate (G/R) ratio is beneficial in forming discrete Laves phase particles. Therefore, the improvement of hot cracking resistance by controlling the morphology of the Laves phase particles is possible via analyzing the cracking patterns to numerical analyzed. Safdar et al. (2014) developed detailed CFD models that described melt pool flows dominated by Marangoni and buoyancy-driven convection and taken into account an anisotropic-enhanced thermal conductivity during the DMD process for the Inconel 718. For the repair of the nickel-based turbine blades without hot cracking, [55] recommended a laser powder deposition (LPD) process. The 3D finite element model, including parameters of overlapping and bead geometry, has been developed to simulate the multibead pulse LPD process applied to the Ni-based SX turbine blade repair, using the ANSYS code and element reactivation technology.
[55] reported optimal parameters for the DMD of the Inconel 718. With optimal parameters of laser treatment applied, the authors obtained a directional solidification microstructure with an average distance of 5–10 μm between the columnar crystallites. Between the columnar crystal trunk and the columnar crystallite, the microcomposition segregation was observed. Nb, Mo, and Ti concentrated in the crystal trunk. The segregation was sufficiently lower after heat treatment, and segregation ratios were about 1.
[56] precisely developed the DMD process for the filler wire from the Inconel 718 in the Ar environment. The fracture surfaces revealed the presence of both Al2O3 and Cr2O3 films, although the latter was reasoned to be the main oxide in the IN718. The exposed surface of the oxide film on the fracture surface has poor wetting with the metal and thus may nucleate some intermetallic compounds, such as the Laves, Ni3Nb-d, Nb-rich MC, and c0 compounds.
[4] obtained the LC process-induced microstructural characteristics for the INT-738 (Ni–Cr 16%, Co 8.3%, Ti 3.38%, Al 3.4%, W 2.6%, Ta 1.7%, Mo 1.7% in wt.%) superalloy with coarse columnar grains in the range of about 56–158 μm in diameter, and the secondary dendritic arm spacing is about 1.7 μm. The IN-738 alloy after the LC was a supersaturated γ solid solution, but any precipitation of γ particles from the γ matrix was effectively suppressed. [21] reported about liquation cracks in the IN738LC alloy after the LW which were associated with grain boundaries constituents such as γ–γ′ eutectic, MC carbide, Cr–Mo boride, and Ni–Zr intermetallic. [5] informed about crack-free laser welds of the INT-738 nickel-based superalloy under preheating at approximately 800°C. [59] informed about minimization of the boundary liquation and interface cracking styles into the Inconel 738 after the DMD. With an extra high-temperature gradient and cooling rate during the deposition process, laser deposition is able to produce directional solidification structure and to control the microstructure.
The LW of the cast Ni-based superalloy K418 (Ni–Cr 12.54%, Mo 4.59%, Al 5.81%, Nb 2.35%, Ti 0.97%, Fe 0.17%, C 0.13%, B 0.13% in wt.%) turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft were conducted in [18]. It was remarked that the structure of the laser-welded seam was extremely heterogeneous and consisted mainly of FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite in a form of solid solution dendrites with inclusions of Ni3Al γ phase and Laves particles, as well as with MC globular or needle-shaped carbides distributed by boundaries between the dendrites.
[29] reported about the LW of the cast nickel-based superalloy K418. Microstructures consisted mainly of austenite solid solution dendrites but also had fine-dispersed Ni3(Al, Ti) γ phase, MC needle-shaped carbides, and Nb, Ti, and Mo-enriched particles distributed in regions between the dendrites. The microcracks were caused by the liquation of low melting point eutectics in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and at the grain boundary.
The γ precipitation in the primary γ΄ of the new Ni–Co-base disc superalloy, TMW-4M3 (Ni–Co 25%, Cr 13.5%, Mo 2.8%, Ti 6.2%, Al 2.3%, W 1.2%, C, B, Zr ~0.02–0.03% in wt.%), was studied by [51]. The size of these tiny particles was unlikely to change after a two-step sagging treatment, but a significant growth was detected after creep rupture at 725°C under various stresses. [14] developed a homogenized, activation energy-based crystal plasticity model for the single-crystal Ni-based superalloys that can be implemented in simulations of polycrystalline aggregates. [57] conducted the LENS process optimization for the 84Ni14.4Cu1.6Sn powder alloy. Thick-wall parts with thickness ranged from 20 to 25 mm were fabricated.
Acharya et al. (2014) presented a comprehensive thermal, fluid flow, and solidification model that can predict the temperature distribution and flow characteristics for the processing of the CMSX-4 (Ni–Cr 6.5%, Co 9.6%, W 6.4%, Ta 6.5%, Al 5.6%, Re 3%, Ti 1%, Mo 0.6%, Hf 0.1% in wt.%) alloy powder through the scanning laser epitaxy (SLE) process. The fabrication of equiaxed, directionally solidified, and single-crystal (SX) deposits of the nickel-based superalloys was successfully using a fast-scanning laser beam. Under temperature gradients at the leading and trailing edges of blades are the order 2.9 × 105 and 104 K/m, respectively. In the empirical values for several microstructural characteristics such as the primary dendrite arm spacing of 10–30 μm in the deposit region, unsteadiness of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition criterion value was found, and the oriented-to-misoriented transition criterion is obtained.
Last decade, specific types of studies were devoted to combination of the self-propagated high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and rapid prototyping approaches, which allow synthesized and 3D part fabricated in situ nickel aluminide phases [13, 28, 31, 32, 35, 37]. The experimental parameters controlling the ignition step such as an ignition time, a width of the exothermic reaction zone, and an adiabatic temperature were calculated as a function of initial stoichiometry for different NixAly phases. The increase in Al powder content resulted in the rise in adiabatic temperature and the morphology change of nickel aluminide compounds from needlelike to blocky.
[37] and later [32] showed that the laser reaction sintering of the NiAl consists of a complex reaction with several sequential steps. First, the Al-rich compounds NiAl3 and Ni2Al3 are formed. Subsequently, these phases react with Ni to form NiAl. In the stage of bulk combustion, Ni continuously dissolved into liquid Al(Ni) solution and transformed the NiAl phase and a lot of heat. Finally, the Ni reacted with NiAl phase and formed the terminal product–Ni3Al phase.
Despite the mentioned above serious success in the field of the complex functional articles fabrication out of prepared nickel superalloys, it is still actual to develop new classes of solid, nonbrittle, corrosion- and wear-resistant, and chiefly heat-resistant materials, for instance, on the basis of NixAly phases. There also exists an actual need to generate gradient and laminar structures of the nickel superalloys reinforced by the nickel aluminides, which can be used for production of components and elements for the rocket–space technology. Some approaches to the layered synthesis of intermetallide phases of the NixAly type and gradient of mechanical properties in the obtained laminar structures will be reviewed below. The major task of the work is to develop the basis for the manufacturing of laminar materials with predetermined properties by the different AT approach conditions and to compare conditions required for this.
2. Experimental scheme layerwise fabrication of the FG nickel aluminide’s structures
Earlier, we experimentally approved the layerwise SLM and DMD processes in the Ni + Al system [9, 13, 35, 41] and theoretically substantiated [53] the approach, where the strengthened intermetallides are created directly within the laser-assisted AM process in the Ni metallic matrix due to the synthesis reaction.
The LI initiates a chemical reaction between the particles in the powder mixture of stoichiometric composition (Ni + Al, Ni + Ti, Ni + Ti + Al), and this leads to intermetallic phase composition. Moreover, deviation from stoichiometric ratios causes the aggregation of this excess on the matrix of nickel superalloy.
Earlier, we remarked [39, 40] that the LI-controlled intermetallide synthesis reaction is advantageous because it provides uniform and fine distribution of the inclusions and makes the superalloy matrix more stable, while an additional input of energy from exothermic reaction allows using less energy-requiring laser sources.
In addition to activating the synthesis reaction [37, 39, 53], LI also accelerates the directed crystallization and customizable controls the microstructure’s properties.
Controlling the thickness of the powdered layer (i.e., the reaction zone volume) during the additive manufacturing process (compare the HAZ under the SMS vs. the DMD processes) can affect the character and direction of the exothermic synthesis reaction and activate the scalable process of directed solidification. Furthermore, the laser power and scanning speed also affect the melting-crystallization conditions.
Functionally graded structures (FGS) and FG articles fabricated by applying complex and dissimilar materials ensure the specific properties of the final product. The manufacturing of 3D FG objects by the 3D LC and/or LDMD is one of the most promising techniques capable of meeting various industrial challenges [27, 36, 41]. This approach permits new freedoms in design and manufacturing, thus allowing, for example, to create an object with the desired shape, internal structure, and engineering composition, including the appropriate physic-mechanical properties, within a single-step fabrication process.
Figure 1.
Schematic of the multicomponent-graded structure fabrication by the DMD and SLM processes. Longitudinal—L; transversal—T.
The next powders were used for the FGS fabrication via the LDMD. The aluminum powder had 99 wt.% of Al (TLS Technik GmbH&Co.). The NiCr superalloy Diamalloy 1005 (Sulzer Metco Co.) was used as the Ni powder, which had the following chemical composition: Cr—21.5, Fe—2.5, Mo—9, Nb 3.7 wt.%, bal.–Ni. The powder particles were mainly spherical with the size of ~80–100 µm for 95% of them. The steel substrates of a square shape with a width of 65 and 5 mm height were used. The Diamalloy is equivalent to the Inconel 525 alloy, which was studied earlier in the DMD process [6].
The LDMD method for the FGS fabrication used in the present study is schematically presented in Fig. 1 and was proposed us early [38]. The hatching distance was 2 mm, the layer thickness was ~1 mm, and the powder feeding rate was ~10 g/min. The layers were made out of Ni-based (Diamaloy) and Al powders on a related substrate by the following strategy: the first two layers were of pure NiCr, the next two consisted of 70% NiCr + 30% Al, the third couple of layers were of 50% NiCr + 50% Al, and lastly the upper 7th and 8th layers had the ratio of 30% of NiCr + 70% of Al. Each second layer was formed on the bottom layer after its turning by 90°. For the Fe–Al system, this scheme was successfully approbated at [39, 40]. Argon was the carrying gas. Laser scanning speed was 500 mm/min, laser power varied within the range of 800–1200 W, and laser beam spot diameter was 3 mm. The first channel of the feeder with the Diamaloy powder had a gas flow rate of approximately 20 l/min, while the second one with the Al powder was ~10 l/min.
The following powders were used for the SLM process of FGS fabrication (Fig. 1) in the Ni–Al system. The aluminum powder used was AMDRY 355 (Al + Si 12 wt.%, –45 μm) and nickel powder was Metco 56C-NS (Ni > 99.5 wt.% –75 + 10 μm), which were supplied by Sulzer Metco, GmbH. The scheme of alteration for Ni- and Al-based powders (Ni + Al = 3:1; 1:1; 1:3 wt.%) during the process using SLM approach (Fig. 1) was analogical to the one mentioned above for DMD process.
Granulomorphological analysis of the micron sized powders was carried out by the optical granulomorphometer ALPAGA 500 NANO. The SLM process was performed on the Concept M3 setup (Germany), and the DMD process was realized with the aid of the HAAS 2006D (Nd+3:YAG, 4000 W, cw) with the laser beam delivery system, powder feeding system, coaxial nozzle, and numerically controlled five-axes table (Fig. 1). The FGS results after DMD and SLM processes were compared with each other and with the SLM process of the Ni85Al15 nickel superalloy powder produced by the JSC Polema Ltd. (Tula, RF). The Ni85Al15 powder was represented by a 20- to 63-μm fraction and containing >95 wt.% of intermetallic Ni3Al phase. Results of the LAM processes are shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2.
Appearance of the SLM and DMD processes: (a) SLM in Al + Ni = 1:1 system, three layers, hatch distance 0.1 mm; (b) FGS in Ni–Al after DMD; (c) DMD of cube (5 mm3) from the Ni85Al15 powder.
3. Laser DMD of FG layered nickel aluminides
The optical metallography after FGS fabrication via DMD process is presented in Fig. 3.
Figure 3.
OM micrographs showing the typical microstructures of 3D laser clad coating of NiCr–Al multilayer system: (a) bottom layers ~2–4 mm from substrate; (b) middle layers ~4–6 mm from substrate; (c) top layers ~6–8 mm from substrate.
The photographs are selected in order to show the characteristic microstructures based on the lower (a1, a2), middle (b, b1), and upper (c, c1) parts of the FGS, i.e., where the proportions of the powdered Ni + Al ≈ 3:1; 1:1 and 1:3 by weight ratios were comprised. Under large magnification, these layers are presented on the inserts a1 and a2 for bottom, b1 for panel b, and c1 for panel c. In the lower layers in the photo (Fig. 3a1), a columnar dendrite pattern was observed, which characterized the high-speed quenching of the NiCr superalloy practically without Al additive participation (compare with [6]). The dendrite growth direction (Fig. 3a1) is stipulated for maximum heat dissipation to the massive substrate. We connect superfluous crackability in Figs. 3a1 and a2 (shown by arrows) with the nonoptimal selection of the increment height from one layer to the next. At the top layers (Figs. 3a1 and b), the microstructure radically changes. In the middle (bottom of Fig. 3a2 or Figs. 3b–b1), there is a cellular and rosette microstructure, which can testify to the equivalence of the heat dissipation speeds in different directions from this area. The upper layers (Figs. 3c–c1) have a needle-shaped microstructure with the impregnations of intermetallide phases. At the middle layers, we also observed the triple eutectic structure, which consists of a γ-solid solution on the nickel basis, an α-solid solution on the chromium basis, and also a γ-solid solution on the basis of the Ni3Al intermetallic compound in the middle and NiAl intermetallide phase above. By the boundaries of the (α + γ + γ) triple eutectic colonies, the two-component eutectic is arranged, which includes the γ-solid solution on the Ni basis and AlCr2 intermetallide phase.
Figure 4.
Microhardness distributions of NiCr–Al FG multilayer system.
Figure 5.
X-ray diffraction patterns of NiCr–Al DMD multilayer system.
The results of a microhardness measuring are shown in Fig. 4. If the microhardness is equal to 500–550 HV0.1 near the base, then it unevenly grows and reaches up to 650–750 HV0.1. We connect the separate dips in the microhardness value in the bottom layers (up to 2 mm from the substrate; Fig. 4) with the superfluous cracks, and in the top layers with the indentor entry into the Diamalloy 1005 matrix. On the whole, the measured microhardness values considerably exceed other researchers’ data (200–250 HV0.1 for the Inconel 625 after the DMD process by [6]).
The XRD pattern of a transverse section after the DMD in the NiCr–Al system is shown in Fig. 5. We can draw the following basic conclusions. After the FGS fabrication, the free nickel and aluminum are practically absent, i.e., it has completely interacted with the Ni3Al and NiAl intermetallic phase formation. This distinguishes our results from the data of [6], which fixed both the free nickel, γ-, and δ-Ni3Nb phases under similar DMD regimens with the subsequent annealing. Since the intensity lines of free chromium practically coincide with the intensity lines for the intermetallic compound-AlNi, asserting unambiguously about the free Cr presence is impossible. Meanwhile, the presence of intermetallic phase of AlCr2 is possible.
Figure 6.
SEM micrographs showing typical solidification microstructures of the bottom (a), middle (b), and top (c) deposited layers with places of the EDS analysis of NiCr–Al multilayer gradient (see Table 1).
Fig. 6 shows the SEM data in the bottom, middle, and top layers of the FGS after the layerwise DMD in the NiCr–Al system. For clearness, Figs. 6b–c are similar to Figs. 3b–c, and inserts in Figs. 6b1–c1 are similar to inserts in Figs. 3b1–c1. It is evident that its microelement composition (S1 and S2) practically repeats the initial Diamalloy 1005 composition plus 3.37% wt of Al (see Table 1). By the element relationship in the S3 and S4 areas (Fig. 6b), we have the nickel superalloy matrix depleted by Al. The existence of the metastable Ni5Al3 intermetallic phase is possible, on the boundaries of which free Cr extraction has been observed (see Fig. 6b1 and D1 area also). Finally, a dendritic structure in Fig. 6c (S5 and S6) clearly shows the intermetallide nature of the Ni3Al phase. Fig. 6c1 corresponds to Fig. 3c1. We can assert that in the upper layers, the synthesis of the Ni3Al intermetallide phases (S5–S6 and D2) occurs, as well as a precipitation of the AlCr2 intermetallide phase on the grain boundaries. With sufficient carbon (up to 5 wt.%) and oxygen (up to 3 wt.%) content, we connect with the possibility of their hit from the environment, although the XRD pattern does not fix these elements. [46] informed that the high-temperature oxidation was a great problem after the 3D LC too.
Nevertheless, the main question is Where is aluminum after the layerwise deposition? According to the flow data, in the middle layers, we had to contribute up to 50% of Al, while in upper ones—up to 70% of Al. Meantime, given EDS and XRD data, there was about 10–15% of Al in the middle layers and no more than 30% in the top. Future studies must be conducted to answer this question.
Thus, under the layerwise LDMD in the NiCr–Al system, the formation of the Ni3Al intermetallic compounds was observed. The applicability of the LDMD for creating a functional gradient and building of NixAly intermetallic structures into the nickel superalloy matrix has been experimentally studied. The microhardness values from 500 to 750 HV0.1 were achieved, which precisely connected with the intermetallide phase’s presence in the NiCr matrix.
4. SLM of the FG-layered nickel aluminides
Optimal regimes for the SLM process in the Ni–Al = 1:1 system were as follows: 100, 120, and 140 mm/s for 100 W of the LI and 160, 200, and 240 mm/s for 150 W (Fig. 2a). Optimal regimes for SLM in the Ni–Al = 3:1 system were 160 and 200 mm/s for 150 W. At last, optimal parameters of SLM of prealloyed intermetallic phase (Ni85Al15 powder) were proved to be 120 and 160 mm/s under 150 W.
Figure 7.
Comparative optical metallography after the SLM in Ni + Al = 1:1 (a); Ni + Al = 3:1 (b), and prealloyed Ni85Al15 (c). Magnification is ×500.
The most acceptable from methodical position SLM regime was chosen for all mixtures (P = 150 W, v = 160 mm/s) to carry out a more careful analysis, with subsequent comparison and experimental studying of FGS possibilities via the SLM process in the Ni–Al system with the variable contents of elements. From the analysis in Fig. 7, it is clear that crack’s generation and porosity are observed in all the cases. A recommendation for future studies is to conduct the SLM process in a camera with the temperature increased (see the SLM results of the NiTi at [39, 40]. Dendrite structure obtained after melt cooling is clearly visible.
Figure 8.
Comparative SEM after SLM in Ni + Al = 1:1 (a); Ni + Al = 3:1 (b); and prealloyed Ni85Al15 (c). Magnification is ×6000.
SEM images (Fig. 8) show fine dendrite structure with different grain orientations. Also, we can mention cracks and pores (Figs. 8a, b). Areas S1, S2, and S3 are the places where EDS analysis (Table 2) was carried out. Microelement analysis ensured that we really handle with intermetallic Ni3Al phase (Fig. 8c and\n\t\t\t\tTable 2—S3), intermetallic Ni3AlSi phase (Fig. 8b and\n\t\t\t\tTable 2—S2), and intermetallic NiAlSi phase (Fig. 8a and\n\t\t\t\tTable 2—S1). The recent results obtained for kinetics of coarsening of γ precipitates in Ni superalloys have shown that Si additive varies both magnitude and sign of coherency strains between the precipitate and the matrix.
X-ray diffraction patterns showed (Fig. 9) clear reflections from AlNi phase, characteristic for JCPDS card no. 20-0019, from metastable intermetallic Ni3Al2 phase (JCPDS, card no. 14-0648), pure aluminum (JCPDS, card no. 01-1180), and Al3.21Si0.42 (JCPDS, card no. 41-1222).
Figure 9.
Comparative XRD pattern after SLM in the Ni + Al = 1:1 - (8 layers, violet) and Ni + Al = 3:1 systems (10 layers, black color line). SLM regimen is according to Fig. 7.
X-ray phase analysis was supported by the EDS data. Near the high-intensity Al lines, we noticed intermetallic AlNi and Al3Ni2 phases too. They were synthesized during the laser-controlled SHS process. It is known that metastable Al3Ni2 phase has matching with Ni3Al in whole intensity lines, so the question about Ni3Al phase presence is open. Great solubility of Si in NiAl and Ni2Al3 phases can provoke improvement of strength in these intermetallic phases.
Hence, we have shown that layerwise SLM in Ni–Al system with alteration of Ni and Al content allows to fabricate Ni3Al intermetallic compounds too. Applicability of SLM for creating FGS and building NixAly intermetallic structures in nickel superalloy matrix has been experimentally studied.
5. Laser DMD and SLM of prealloyed nickel aluminide
LDMD and SLM of nickel superalloy (Ni85Al15) were successfully realized (Figs. 2c and 7c–8c) [15, 25]. The measured microhardness (Fig. 10) of the laser deposited 3D part (cube) grows from the substrate to the top irregularly. We believe this to be connected with a local hardness increase in the intermetallic phase locations. We connect certain microhardness dip (HV0.1 350) to the indentor hip on the layer boundary. As a whole, the microhardness values correspond to the similar measurements on the nickel aluminides after the DMD and LENS processes, but some are lower than the microhardness of the laser cladded NiAl phase [6, 52].
The qualitative X-ray analysis results are presented in Fig. 11. After the multilayer laser deposition, we have stronger lines, which are located at the angles of ~2θ of 51.4° and 52.1°, which directly correspond to (111) γ-Ni3Al and metastable (110) Ni2Al intermetallic phases. We can propose that probably iron substrate with an interplanar spacing (110) is visible also. The crystal-lattice orientation of the γ-Ni3Al has preferred direction [111]. On taking into account all the peaks mentioned above, it is reasonable to conclude that this XRD pattern (Fig. 11) best of all coincides with the set of the lines for the Ni3Al intermetallide. It means that during the LDMD process, this phase remains in a stable state, which corresponds with the aim of our study.
Figure 10.
Microhardness distributions of the Ni85Al15 after the multilayer DMD.
Figure 11.
X-ray diffraction pattern of the Ni85Al15 after the multilayer DMD.
SEM images with EDX analysis of the micro- and substructures are shown in Fig. 12. Microstructure study showed that the length of the main dendrite arms was about 15–20 μm, but the grain size was 40–50 μm (Fig. 12b). The secondary dendrite arms varied between 5 and 8 μm. Such structure refinement is connected with a high-speed crystallization from the melt. The dendrite orientation is mainly coplanar with the image; nearby, it is perpendicular to the image plane. Cracks (Fig. 12a) between the second and the first layers were formed on the cooling stage. This broken type indicates the shift nature of plastic deformation under melt cooling.
It should be pointed out that the microstructure mostly consists of columnar-type dendrites, which grew epitaxially from the substrate. Moreover, the growth direction of the columnar dendrites was tied to the laser scanning direction. From Fig. 12b, it is seen that the primary dendrites have almost the same orientation throughout the sample. In contrast, Fig. 12b shows that for the top and the bottom layers, the growth direction of the columnar dendrites changes by 90° in every layer. Hence, during the solidification of the melt pool, cooling mostly occurs via the substrate and the deposit. This leads to the directional growth of the grain counter to the heat dissipation and subsequently the formation of the columnar grains.
Figure 12.
SEM micrographs showing typical solidification microstructures of the laser deposited layers with the laser scanning speed of 600 mm/min, 250 W, and 9 g/min. Step between the layers was 200 μm, and EDS analysis date (table) from whole image square.
The EDS data of the composition distribution from the cladding layer to the substrate are shown in Fig. 12 into inserted table. It can be found that the matrix element Fe enters into the first cladded layer. The dilution of the substrate elements was notable with the increasing of the laser power density. Evidently, the reason is the accelerating diffusion processes for iron and the excessive overheating of the substrate at the high-power density.
6. Conclusion
The aim of this chapter was to emphasize capabilities and performances of the SLM and LDMD processes for FG part fabrication. Comparison of LDMD and SLM processes ensures that a more precise localization of laser beam is the preferred alternative for the fabrication of precise parts in the SLM process compared with the LDMD process. However, DMD warms up a powder volume more deeply, so an FGS with more homogeneous microstructure is being formed. On the other hand, the absence of initial powder around the manufactured objects leads to steep slopes on their edges after the DMD. This decreases the part’s accuracy. In both cases, additional thermal heating of the synthesis zone is preferred.
The LDMD and the SLM of single layers and 3D objects of the Ni3Al intermetallic were successfully prepared. Good metallographic characteristics and interface bonding were obtained. The fabricated microstructure consisted of γ-Ni3Al. At the nickel and aluminum boundary, the NiAl and the Ni3Al intermetallic phase layers are obtained, which possess high-strength characteristics. It is discovered that the concentration of NiAl and Ni3Al phases is heterogeneous. Mechanisms of nickel aluminide intermetallic compound formation in the zone of the LDMD and SLM are studied. Thermal time parameters of the laser treatment required for the formation of these intermetallide compounds, structurally uniform and of maximum width, are revealed in the work.
7. Outlook
In controlling a multilayer structure, hardness can provide more scalabilities and customizations to apply the 3D FGM in aerospace and nuclear industries by changing the composition of the powder and by using proper CAD modeling. The studies on controlling the residual stresses and revealing LAM conditions for large and/or high-precision samples are provoking further interest.
The results of these studies can be the basis for the development and manufacture of a new class of construction materials—laminar intermetallide composites. From this aspect, nickel–aluminum alloys have a special interest due to their use for the production of units and components for aviation and space equipment, such as fuselage coverings of aircrafts, fuel injectors, screws components, components of the rocket engine nozzle, etc.
Thus, the study by means of the gradient LDMD and SLM in the Ni–Al system under different treatment regimens allowed us to discover that within the wide concentration interval of the AlxNiy phase existence, the synthesis of several intermetallic compounds into nickel matrix is observed. These intermetallic compounds have an interface and differ by their element composition.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Mr. Missemer F. (DIPI, ENISE, France) for the 3D laser cladding processing, Kuznetsov S. (LPI), PhD, for the X-ray analysis data. Nazarov A., PhD, and Kotoban D. would like to thank the support of the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 14-19-00992). Ms. Kakovkina N. is separately grateful for the financial support of the Russian Foundation of Basis Researches (grant no. 14-29-10193 ofi-m).
\n',keywords:"Selective laser melting (SLM), direct metal deposition (DMD), nickel-based superalloy, laser-controlled reaction synthesis, functional graded (FG) intermetallic structures, nickel aluminide",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/48879.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/48879.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48879",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48879",totalDownloads:3073,totalViews:501,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:90,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 31st 2014",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2015",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 25th 2015",dateFinished:"August 4th 2015",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In our papers, the laser beam-aided control of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in Ni–Al systems for the layerwise manufacture of three-dimensional (3D) parts was offered and experimentally realized. As for the laser in situ synthesis of NiAl and Ni3Al intermetallides and their layerwise laser cladding without any visible cracks and pores, it was successfully performed later on. The present chapter is dedicated to the comparison of optimal conditions for the selective laser melting and laser direct metal deposition processes of the nickel-based powders and fabrication of a full-density, functionally graded, and crack-free structures on the maximum deposition rate for technological applications. The effects of laser parameters on the phase composition and microstructure of the resulting intermetallic samples will be discussed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/48879",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/48879",book:{id:"4615",slug:"superalloys"},signatures:"Igor V. Shishkovsky, Aleksey P. Nazarov, Dmitry V. Kotoban and\nNina G. Kakovkina",authors:[{id:"174257",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor V.",middleName:null,surname:"Shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-v.-shishkovsky",email:"shishkowsky@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174257/images/system/174257.jpg",institution:{name:"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"363589",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksey P.",middleName:null,surname:"Nazarov",fullName:"Aleksey P. Nazarov",slug:"aleksey-p.-nazarov",email:"anazarov@hse.ru",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"363590",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kotoban",fullName:"Dmitry V. Kotoban",slug:"dmitry-v.-kotoban",email:"d.kotoban@stankin.ru",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"363591",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina G.",middleName:null,surname:"Kakovkina",fullName:"Nina G. Kakovkina",slug:"nina-g.-kakovkina",email:"dummy+363591@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. The nickel superalloy using at the additive technologies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. Experimental scheme layerwise fabrication of the FG nickel aluminide’s structures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Laser DMD of FG layered nickel aluminides",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. SLM of the FG-layered nickel aluminides",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"5. Laser DMD and SLM of prealloyed nickel aluminide",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"7. Outlook",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Acharya R., Bansal R., Gambone J. J., Das S. (2012) A coupled thermal, fluid flow, and solidification model for the processing of single-crystal alloy CMSX-4 through scanning laser epitaxy for turbine engine hot-section component repair (Part I and Part II). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. doi: 10.1007/s11663-014-0117-9.'},{id:"B2",body:'Amato K.N., Gaytan S.M., Murr L.E., Martinez E., Shindo P.W., Hernandez J., Collins S., Medina F. (2012). Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting. Acta Materialia Vol. 60, pp. 2229–2239.'},{id:"B3",body:'Canh R.W., Haasen P (1983). Physical Metallurgy. 3rd revised and enlarged edition. North-Holland physics publishing, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, Part 1–2 and 3, 2050 p.'},{id:"B4",body:'Chen J., Xue L. (2010) Process-induced microstructural characteristics of laser consolidated IN-738 Superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. Vol. 527, pp. 7318–7328.'},{id:"B5",body:'Chiang M.F., Chen C. (2009). Induction-assisted laser welding of IN-738 nickel–base superalloy. Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 114, pp. 415–419.'},{id:"B6",body:'Dinda G.P., Dasgupta A.K., Mazumder J. (2009) Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: microstructural evolution and thermal stability, Materials Science Engineering A, Vol. 509, pp. 98–104.'},{id:"B7",body:'Ganesh P., Kaul R., Paul C.P., Tiwari P., Rai S.K., Prasad R.C., Kukreja L.M. (2010) Fatigue and fracture toughness characteristics of laser rapid manufactured Inconel 625 structures. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 527, pp. 7490–7497.'},{id:"B8",body:'Gill A, Telang A., Mannava S.R., Qian D., Pyoun Y.-S., Soyama H., Vasudevan V.K. (2013). Comparison of mechanisms of advanced mechanical surface treatments in nickel-based superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 576, pp. 346–355.'},{id:"B9",body:'Gureev D.M., Petrov A.L., Shishkovsky I.V. (1999) Formation of intermetallics phases under laser sintering of powdered SHS compositions, Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 3688-36, Jan. pp. 237–242. doi:10.1117/12.337516.'},{id:"B10",body:'Hussein N.I.S., Segal J., McCartney D.G., Pashby I.R. (2008) Microstructure formation in Waspaloy multilayer builds following direct metal deposition with laser and wire. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 497, pp. 260–269.'},{id:"B11",body:'Jia Q., Gu D. (2014a) Selective laser melting additive manufactured Inconel 718 superalloy parts: high-temperature oxidation property and its mechanisms. Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 62, pp. 161–171.'},{id:"B12",body:'Jia Q., Gu D. (2014b) Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 superalloy parts: densification, microstructure and properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 585, pp. 713–721.'},{id:"B13",body:'Kamashev A.V., Panin A.S., Petrov A.L., Shishkovskii I.V. (2001). Laser-controlled synthesis of nickel-aluminum intermetallic compounds. Technical Physics Letters. Vol. 27, Number 6, pp. 498–499. doi: 10.1134/1.1383837.'},{id:"B14",body:'Keshavarz S., Ghosh S. (2013) Multi-scale crystal plasticity finite element model approach to modeling nickel-based superalloys. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, pp. 6549–6561.'},{id:"B15",body:'Kotoban D., Grigoriev S., Shishkovsky I. (2014). Study of 3D laser cladding for Ni85Al15 superalloy. Physics Procedia. Vol. 56, pp. 263–269.'},{id:"B16",body:'Li J., Wang H.M. (2010). Microstructure and mechanical properties of rapid directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy Rene_41 by laser melting deposition manufacturing. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 527, pp. 4823–4829.'},{id:"B17",body:'Li J., Wang H.M., Tang H.B. (2013) Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ni-base superalloy Rene_41. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 550, pp. 97– 102.'},{id:"B18",body:'Liu X.-B., Yu G., Guo J., Gu Y.-J., Pang M., Zheng C.-Y., Wang H.-H. (2008). Research on laser welding of cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 453, pp. 371–378.'},{id:"B19",body:'Liu F., Lin X., Leng H., Cao J., Liu Q., Huang C., Huang W. (2013). Microstructural changes in a laser solid forming Inconel 718 superalloy thin wall in the deposition direction. Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 330–335.'},{id:"B20",body:'Lemmen H.J.K., Sudmeijer J., Richardson I.M., Zwaag S. (2007). Laser beam welding of an oxide dispersion strengthened super alloy. Mater Sci., Vol.42, pp. 5286–5295.'},{id:"B21",body:'Montazeri M., Ghaini F.M. (2012). The liquation cracking behavior of IN738LC superalloy during low power Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding. Materials Characterization, Vol.67, pp. 65–73.'},{id:"B22",body:'Mumtaz K.A., Erasenthiran P., Hopkinson N. (2008). High density selective laser melting of Waspaloy®. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 195 (2008), pp. 77–87.'},{id:"B23",body:'Mumtaz K., Hopkinson N. (2009). Top surface and side roughness of Inconel 625 parts processed using selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 15/2, pp. 96–103.'},{id:"B24",body:'Murr L.E., Martinez E., Amato K.N., Gaytan S.M., Hernandez J., Ramirez D.A., Shindo P.W., Medina F., Wicker R.B. (2012). Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 28(1), pp. 1–14.'},{id:"B25",body:'Nazarov A., Safronov V., Khmyrov R., Shishkovsky I. (2015). Fabrication of gradient structures in the Ni–Al system via SLM process. IUTAM Symposium on Growing Solids, June 23–27, Moscow, Russia.'},{id:"B26",body:'Nie P., Ojo O.A., Li Z. (2014). Numerical modeling of microstructure evolution during laser additive manufacturing of a nickel-based superalloy. Acta Materialia, Vol. 77, pp. 85–95.'},{id:"B27",body:'Ocylok S., Weisheit A., Kelbassa I. (2010) Functionally graded multi-layers by laser cladding for increased wear and corrosion protection, Physics Procedia Vol. 5, pp. 359–367.'},{id:"B28",body:'Oh J.H., Kirihara S., Miyamoto Y., Matsuura K., Kudoh M. (2002). Process control of reactive rapid prototyping for nickel aluminides. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vo. 334, pp. 120–126.'},{id:"B29",body:'Pang M., Yu G., Wang H.-H., Zheng C.-Y. (2008). Microstructure study of laser welding cast nickel-based superalloy K418. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 207, pp. 271–275.'},{id:"B30",body:'Paul C.P., Mishra S.K., Premsingh C.H., Bhargava P., Tiwari P., Kukreja L. M. (2012). Studies on laser rapid manufacturing of cross-thin-walled porous structures of Inconel 625. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 61, pp.757–770.'},{id:"B31",body:'Qin L., Hu J., Cui C., Wang H., Guo Z. (2008). Effect of al content on reaction laser sintering of Ni–Al powder. Science of Sintering, Vol. 40, pp. 295–301.'},{id:"B32",body:'Qin L., Hu J., Cui C., Wang H., Guo Z. (2009). Effect of Al content on reaction laser sintering of Ni–Al powder. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 473, pp. 227–230.'},{id:"B33",body:'Ren X.D., Zhan Q.B., Yuan S.Q., Zhou J.Z., Wang Y., Ren N.F., Sun G.F., Zheng L.M., Dai F.Z., Yang H.M., Dai W.J. (2014). A finite element analysis of thermal relaxation of residual stress in laser shock processing Ni-based alloy GH4169. Materials and Design, Vol. 54, pp. 708–711.'},{id:"B34",body:'Safdar S., Pinkerton A.J., Li L., Sheikh M.A., Withers P.J. (2013). An anisotropic enhanced thermal conductivity approach for modeling laser melt pools for Ni-base super alloys. Applied Mathematical Modelling, Vol. 37, pp. 1187–1195.'},{id:"B35",body:'Shishkovsky I.V., Makarenko A.G., Petrov A.L. (1999). Conditions for SHS of intermetallic compounds with selective laser sintering of powdered compositions. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 166–170. doi: 10.1007/BF02674431.'},{id:"B36",body:'Shishkovsky I.V. (2001) Synthesis of functional gradient parts via RP methods. Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 7, N 4, pp. 207–211. doi: 10.1108/13552540110402908.'},{id:"B37",body:'Shishkovsky I.V., Kuznetsov M.V., Morozov Yu.G. and Parkin I.P. (2004) Laser-induced combustion synthesis of 3D functional materials: computer-aided design. Journal of Materials Chemistry. Vol. 14, pp. 3444–3448. doi: 10.1039/b406732k.'},{id:"B38",body:'Shishkovsky I., Missemer F., Smurov I. (2012). Direct metal deposition of functional graded structures in Ti-Al system. Physics Procedia. Vol. 39, pp. 382–391. doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.10.052'},{id:"B39",body:'Shishkovsky I., Missemer F., Kakovkina N., Smurov I. (2013a). Intermetallics synthesis in the Fe–Al system via layer-by layer 3D laser cladding. Crystals. Vol. 3, pp. 517–529. doi:10.3390/cryst3040517.'},{id:"B40",body:'Shishkovsky I., Yadroitsev I., Smurov I. (2013b) Fabrication of 3D parts from titanium nickel via layerwise selective laser melting. Technical Physics Letters. Vol. 39(12), pp. 1081–1084. doi: 10.1134/S1063785013120250'},{id:"B41",body:'Shishkovsky I.V. (2015) Laser controlled intermetallics synthesis during surface cladding. In: J. Lawrence et al. (Eds.), Laser Surface Engineering. Processes and Applications," pp. 237–286. Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials, Elsevier Science and Technology, on-line ISBN 978-1-78242-074-3.'},{id:"B42",body:'Sims C.T., Stoloff N.S., Hagel W.C. (1995). Superalloys. Part I–II. John Willey & Sons Publ. 384 p.'},{id:"B43",body:'Song B., Dong S., Coddet P., Liao H., Coddet C. (2014) Fabrication of NiCr alloy parts by selective laser melting: columnar microstructure and anisotropic mechanical behavior. Materials and Design, Vol. 53, pp. 1–7.'},{id:"B44",body:'Theriault, Xue L., Dryden J.R. (2009). Fatigue behavior of laser consolidated IN-625 at room and elevated temperatures. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 516, pp. 217–225.'},{id:"B45",body:'Verdi D., Garrido M.A., Munez C.J., Poza P. (2015). Cr3C2 incorporation into an Inconel 625 laser cladded coating: effects on matrix microstructure, mechanical properties and local scratch resistance. Materials and Design, Vol. 67, pp. 20–27.'},{id:"B46",body:'Vilar R., Santos E.C., Ferreira P.N. (2009). Structure of NiCrAlY coatings deposited on single-crystal alloy turbine blade material by laser cladding. Acta Materialia, Vol. 57(18), pp. 5292–5302.'},{id:"B47",body:'Wang GH., Zuo D., Sun Y., Xu F., Zhang D. (2009). Microstructure of nanometer Al2O3 dispersion strengthened Ni-based high-temperature protective coatings by laser cladding. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 19, pp. 586–591.'},{id:"B48",body:'Wang H., Zuo D., Li X., Chen K., Huang M. (2010a). Effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on microstructure and properties of laser cladded NiCoCrAlY coatings. Journal of Rare Earths, Vol. 28(2), Apr., p. 246.'},{id:"B49",body:'Wang H., Zuo D., Chen G., Sun G., Li X., Cheng X. (2010b). Hot corrosion behaviour of low Al NiCoCrAlY cladded coatings reinforced by nano-particles on a Ni-base super alloy. Corrosion Science, Vol. 52, pp. 3561–3567.'},{id:"B50",body:'Wang H., Zuo D., Wang M., Sun G., Miao H., Sun Y. (2011). High temperature frictional wear behaviors of nano-particle reinforced NiCoCrAlY cladded coatings. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 21, pp. 1322–1328.'},{id:"B51",body:'Yuan Y., Gu Y.F., Zhong Z.H., Shi Z., Osada T., Yokokawa T., Harada H. (2013). γ precipitation in the primary γ΄ of a new Ni–Co-base disc superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 579, pp. 35–40.'},{id:"B52",body:'Yu, Y., Zhou, J., Chen J. (2012). Preparation, microstructure and tribological behavior of laser cladding NiAl intermetallic compound coatings, Wear, Vol. 274– 275, pp. 298–305.'},{id:"B53",body:'Zakiev S.E., Kholpanov L.P., Parkin I.P., Kuznetsov M.V., Morozov Yu. G., Shishkovskii I.V. (2006) Modeling of the thermal processes that occur in the laser sintering of reacting powder compositions. Applied Physics A, Vol. 84(1–2), July, pp. 123–129. doi:10.1007/s00339-006-3586-0.'},{id:"B54",body:'Zhang G.Q., Yao J., Mazumder J. (2011). Laser direct metal deposition technology and microstructure and composition segregation of Inconel 718 Superalloy. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, Vol.18(4), pp. 73–78.'},{id:"B55",body:'Zhang C., Li L., Deceuster A. (2011). Thermomechanical analysis of multi-bead pulsed laser powder deposition of a nickel-based superalloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 211, pp. 1478–1487.'},{id:"B56",body:'Zhang Y.N., Cao X., Wanjara P., Medraj M. (2013). Oxide films in laser additive manufactured Inconel 718. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, pp. 6562–6576.'},{id:"B57",body:'Zhao J., Cao W., Ge C., Tan Y., Zhang Y., Fei Q. (2009a). Research on laser engineered net shaping of thick-wall nickel-based alloy parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 15/1, pp. 24–28.'},{id:"B58",body:'Zhao X., Lin X., Chen J., Xue L., Huang W. (2009b). The effect of hot isostatic pressing on crack healing, microstructure, mechanical properties of Rene88DT superalloy prepared by laser solid forming. Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 504, pp. 129–134.'},{id:"B59",body:'Zhong M., Sun H., Liu W., Zhu X., He J. (2005). Boundary liquation and interface cracking characterization in laser deposition of Inconel 738 on directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 53, pp. 159–164.'},{id:"B60",body:'Zhou S., Dai X., Zheng H. (2011). Analytical modeling and experimental investigation of laser induction hybrid rapid cladding for Ni-based WC composite coatings. Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 613–621.'},{id:"B61",body:'Zhou S., Xiong Z., Dai X., Liu J., Zhang T., Wang C. (2014). Microstructure and oxidation resistance of cryomilled NiCrAlY coating by laser induction hybrid rapid cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 258, pp. 943–949.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",address:"shiv@fian.smr.ru",affiliation:'
Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI) of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara Branch, Samara, Russia
Moscow State Technological University, STANKIN, LIAT, Moscow, Russia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Aleksey P. Nazarov",address:null,affiliation:'
Moscow State Technological University, STANKIN, LIAT, Moscow, Russia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Dmitry V. Kotoban",address:null,affiliation:'
Moscow State Technological University, STANKIN, LIAT, Moscow, Russia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Nina G. Kakovkina",address:null,affiliation:'
Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI) of Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara Branch, Samara, Russia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"4615",type:"book",title:"Superalloys",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Superalloys",slug:"superalloys",publishedDate:"November 25th 2015",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2212-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6641-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:55,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"944"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"48884",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal-Assisted Machining of Nickel-based Alloy",slug:"thermal-assisted-machining-of-nickel-based-alloy",totalDownloads:3108,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Erween Rahim, Norazlan Warap and Zazuli Mohid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174050",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Erween",middleName:null,surname:"Abd Rahim",fullName:"Erween Abd Rahim",slug:"erween-abd-rahim"},{id:"174498",title:"Mr.",name:"Norazlan",middleName:null,surname:"Md Warap",fullName:"Norazlan Md Warap",slug:"norazlan-md-warap"},{id:"174499",title:"Mr.",name:"Zazuli",middleName:null,surname:"Mohid",fullName:"Zazuli Mohid",slug:"zazuli-mohid"}]},{id:"48914",type:"chapter",title:"Spectroscopic and Optoelectronic Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Chalcogen Alloys",slug:"spectroscopic-and-optoelectronic-properties-of-hydrogenated-amorphous-silicon-chalcogen-alloys",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shawqi Al Dallal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174012",title:"Dr.",name:"Shawqi",middleName:null,surname:"Al Dallal",fullName:"Shawqi Al Dallal",slug:"shawqi-al-dallal"}]},{id:"49076",type:"chapter",title:"Superalloys for Advanced Ultra-Super-Critical Fossil Power Plant Application",slug:"superalloys-for-advanced-ultra-super-critical-fossil-power-plant-application",totalDownloads:2807,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Xishan Xie, Yunsheng Wu, Chengyu Chi and Maicang Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73797",title:"Prof.",name:"Xishan",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Xishan Xie",slug:"xishan-xie"},{id:"363727",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yunsheng Wu",slug:"yunsheng-wu"},{id:"363728",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengyu",middleName:null,surname:"Chi",fullName:"Chengyu Chi",slug:"chengyu-chi"},{id:"363729",title:"Dr.",name:"Maicang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Maicang Zhang",slug:"maicang-zhang"}]},{id:"48880",type:"chapter",title:"Precipitation Process in Fe-Ni-Al-based Alloys",slug:"precipitation-process-in-fe-ni-al-based-alloys",totalDownloads:2643,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hector J. Dorantes-Rosales, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata, Jorge L.\nGonzalez-Velazquez, Nicolas Cayetano-Castro and Maribel L.\nSaucedo-Muñoz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76298",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"López-Hirata",fullName:"Víctor Manuel López-Hirata",slug:"victor-manuel-lopez-hirata"},{id:"107864",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Dorantes-Rosales",fullName:"Hector Dorantes-Rosales",slug:"hector-dorantes-rosales"},{id:"363592",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge L.",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Velazquez",fullName:"Jorge L. Gonzalez-Velazquez",slug:"jorge-l.-gonzalez-velazquez"},{id:"363593",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Cayetano-Castro",fullName:"Nicolas Cayetano-Castro",slug:"nicolas-cayetano-castro"},{id:"363594",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel L.",middleName:null,surname:"Saucedo-Muñoz",fullName:"Maribel L. Saucedo-Muñoz",slug:"maribel-l.-saucedo-munoz"}]},{id:"48943",type:"chapter",title:"Welding Metallurgy of Corrosion-Resistant Superalloy C-276",slug:"welding-metallurgy-of-corrosion-resistant-superalloy-c-276",totalDownloads:2516,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Manikandan Manoharan, Arivazhagan Natarajan and Nageswara\nRao Muktinutalapati",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40270",title:"Prof.",name:"Nageswara Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Muktinutalapati",fullName:"Nageswara Rao Muktinutalapati",slug:"nageswara-rao-muktinutalapati"},{id:"175541",title:"Mr.",name:"Manikandan",middleName:null,surname:"Manoharan",fullName:"Manikandan Manoharan",slug:"manikandan-manoharan"},{id:"175542",title:"Dr.",name:"Arivazhagan",middleName:null,surname:"Natarajan",fullName:"Arivazhagan Natarajan",slug:"arivazhagan-natarajan"}]},{id:"48981",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of the Precipitation and Growth Processes of the Intermetallic Phases in an Fe-Ni Superalloy",slug:"analysis-of-the-precipitation-and-growth-processes-of-the-intermetallic-phases-in-an-fe-ni-superallo",totalDownloads:2733,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Kazimierz J. Ducki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"97020",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazimierz",middleName:null,surname:"Ducki",fullName:"Kazimierz Ducki",slug:"kazimierz-ducki"}]},{id:"48882",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Dental Alloys by Different Methods",slug:"assessment-of-dental-alloys-by-different-methods",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Lavinia Ardelean, Lucien Reclaru, Cristina Maria Bortun and Laura\nCristina Rusu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"91701",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bortun",fullName:"Cristina Maria Bortun",slug:"cristina-maria-bortun"},{id:"174261",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucien",middleName:null,surname:"Reclaru",fullName:"Lucien Reclaru",slug:"lucien-reclaru"},{id:"174262",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Rusu",fullName:"Laura Rusu",slug:"laura-rusu"},{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean"}]},{id:"49105",type:"chapter",title:"Phase Equilibrium Evolution in Single-Crystal Ni-Based Superalloys",slug:"phase-equilibrium-evolution-in-single-crystal-ni-based-superalloys",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lembit Kommel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27339",title:"Dr.",name:"Lembit",middleName:null,surname:"Kommel",fullName:"Lembit Kommel",slug:"lembit-kommel"}]},{id:"49018",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling and Simulation of Shape Memory Alloys using Microplane Model",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-of-shape-memory-alloys-using-microplane-model",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Reza Mehrabi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174341",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Mehrabi",fullName:"Reza Mehrabi",slug:"reza-mehrabi"}]},{id:"48879",type:"chapter",title:"Comparison of Additive Technologies for Gradient Aerospace Part Fabrication from Nickel-Based Superalloys",slug:"comparison-of-additive-technologies-for-gradient-aerospace-part-fabrication-from-nickel-based-supera",totalDownloads:3073,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Igor V. Shishkovsky, Aleksey P. Nazarov, Dmitry V. Kotoban and\nNina G. Kakovkina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174257",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor V.",middleName:null,surname:"Shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-v.-shishkovsky"},{id:"363589",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksey P.",middleName:null,surname:"Nazarov",fullName:"Aleksey P. Nazarov",slug:"aleksey-p.-nazarov"},{id:"363590",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kotoban",fullName:"Dmitry V. Kotoban",slug:"dmitry-v.-kotoban"},{id:"363591",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina G.",middleName:null,surname:"Kakovkina",fullName:"Nina G. Kakovkina",slug:"nina-g.-kakovkina"}]},{id:"48824",type:"chapter",title:"Characterization of Intermetallic Precipitates in Ni-Base Alloys by Non-destructive Techniques",slug:"characterization-of-intermetallic-precipitates-in-ni-base-alloys-by-non-destructive-techniques",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"V. Acharya, S. Ramesh and G.V.S. Murthy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"173875",title:"Dr.",name:"Gudimella",middleName:"V.S.",surname:"Murthy",fullName:"Gudimella Murthy",slug:"gudimella-murthy"},{id:"175085",title:"Ms.",name:"Vidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Acharya",fullName:"Vidhi Acharya",slug:"vidhi-acharya"},{id:"175086",title:"Mr.",name:"Ramesh",middleName:null,surname:"Surla",fullName:"Ramesh Surla",slug:"ramesh-surla"}]},{id:"49100",type:"chapter",title:"Coatings for Superalloys",slug:"coatings-for-superalloys",totalDownloads:3510,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Mathias C. Galetz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174362",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathias",middleName:null,surname:"Galetz",fullName:"Mathias Galetz",slug:"mathias-galetz"}]},{id:"49250",type:"chapter",title:"Properties of the Ultrathin Multilayer Ground State of Fe/Pd",slug:"properties-of-the-ultrathin-multilayer-ground-state-of-fe-pd",totalDownloads:1410,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A.V. dos Santos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174020",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Dos Santos",fullName:"Antonio Dos Santos",slug:"antonio-dos-santos"}]},{id:"48995",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanical Properties of the Thermal Barrier Coatings Made of Cobalt Alloy MAR-M509",slug:"mechanical-properties-of-the-thermal-barrier-coatings-made-of-cobalt-alloy-mar-m509",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zenon Aleksander Opiekun",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"173839",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Zenon Aleksander",middleName:null,surname:"Opiekun",fullName:"Zenon Aleksander Opiekun",slug:"zenon-aleksander-opiekun"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3817",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff86fac7ac8bce142fdc3c0e5a79f30",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",bookSignature:"M. Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3817.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46218",title:"Nanostructure of Materials and Corrosion Resistance",slug:"nanostructure-of-materials-and-corrosion-resistance",signatures:"A. A. El-Meligi",authors:[{id:"169230",title:"Dr.",name:"Amin.",middleName:"A.",surname:"El-Meligi",fullName:"Amin. El-Meligi",slug:"amin.-el-meligi"}]},{id:"46215",title:"Morphology Characterization of Pitting Corrosion on Sensitized Austenitic Stainless Steel by Digital Image Analysis",slug:"morphology-characterization-of-pitting-corrosion-on-sensitized-austenitic-stainless-steel-by-digital",signatures:"Rosinei Batista Ribeiro, Gilbert Silva, Antônio Henriques Jr. Araujo,\nNelson Tavares Matias, José Wilson De Jesus Silva and Bianca\nSiqueira Martins Domingos",authors:[{id:"168751",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosinei",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Rosinei Ribeiro",slug:"rosinei-ribeiro"}]},{id:"46242",title:"Resistance to Corrosion and Passivity of 316L Stainless Steel Directionally Solidified Samples",slug:"resistance-to-corrosion-and-passivity-of-316l-stainless-steel-directionally-solidified-samples",signatures:"Claudia Marcela Méndez, Mónica Mariela Covinich and Alicia Esther\nAres",authors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares"}]},{id:"46240",title:"Stress Corrosion Cracking",slug:"stress-corrosion-cracking",signatures:"O. F. Aly and M. Mattar Neto",authors:[{id:"169259",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Aly",fullName:"Omar Aly",slug:"omar-aly"}]},{id:"46236",title:"Constant Dew Point Corrosion Tests for Metals",slug:"constant-dew-point-corrosion-tests-for-metals",signatures:"Zhenhua Dan, Izumi Muto and Nobuyoshi Hara",authors:[{id:"169257",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Dan",fullName:"Zhenhua Dan",slug:"zhenhua-dan"}]},{id:"46234",title:"Structure Investigations of Rare-Earth Doped Nano-Particles – Extracted from Oxyfluoride Glass Ceramics by Thermal Induction and Corrosion Treatment",slug:"structure-investigations-of-rare-earth-doped-nano-particles-extracted-from-oxyfluoride-glass-ceramic",signatures:"Hui Guo, Yu Hua, Lijuan Zhao and Yiming Li",authors:[{id:"169246",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Hui Guo",slug:"hui-guo"}]},{id:"46232",title:"Recent Advances in Computational Design of Organic Materials for Corrosion Protection of Steel in Aqueous Media",slug:"recent-advances-in-computational-design-of-organic-materials-for-corrosion-protection-of-steel-in-aq",signatures:"Ime Bassey Obot",authors:[{id:"169245",title:"Dr.",name:"Ime",middleName:null,surname:"Obot",fullName:"Ime Obot",slug:"ime-obot"}]},{id:"46226",title:"Microcorrosion Analysis and Their Effect in the Operation of Industrial Equipment of the Electronics Industry of Mexicali",slug:"microcorrosion-analysis-and-their-effect-in-the-operation-of-industrial-equipment-of-the-electronics",signatures:"Gustavo López Badilla, María Marcela Acosta Gómez, Elizabeth\nRomero Samaniego and Sandra Luz Toledo Perea",authors:[{id:"24784",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",fullName:"Gustavo Lopez",slug:"gustavo-lopez"}]},{id:"46217",title:"Modern Methods for Assessing the Corrosion Resistance of Dental Alloys Used in Dentistry",slug:"modern-methods-for-assessing-the-corrosion-resistance-of-dental-alloys-used-in-dentistry",signatures:"Ion Patrascu, Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu and Stefan Milicescu",authors:[{id:"169224",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Patrascu",fullName:"Ion Patrascu",slug:"ion-patrascu"},{id:"170546",title:"Dr.",name:"V.",middleName:null,surname:"Vasilescu",fullName:"V. Vasilescu",slug:"v.-vasilescu"},{id:"170547",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",middleName:null,surname:"Milicescu",fullName:"S. Milicescu",slug:"s.-milicescu"}]},{id:"46220",title:"Polyphenols and Herbal-Based Extracts at the Basis of New Antioxidant, Material Protecting Products",slug:"polyphenols-and-herbal-based-extracts-at-the-basis-of-new-antioxidant-material-protecting-products",signatures:"Lucia Camelia Pirvu",authors:[{id:"169233",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:"Camelia",surname:"Pirvu",fullName:"Lucia Pirvu",slug:"lucia-pirvu"}]},{id:"46222",title:"Production of Anti-Corrosion Coatings on Light Alloys (Al, Mg, Ti) by Plasma-Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)",slug:"production-of-anti-corrosion-coatings-on-light-alloys-al-mg-ti-by-plasma-electrolytic-oxidation-peo-",signatures:"Riyad O. Hussein and Derek O. Northwood",authors:[{id:"169237",title:"Dr.",name:"Derek",middleName:null,surname:"Northwood",fullName:"Derek Northwood",slug:"derek-northwood"}]},{id:"46237",title:"Corrosion Resistance Through the Application of Anti- Corrosion Coatings",slug:"corrosion-resistance-through-the-application-of-anti-corrosion-coatings",signatures:"Api Popoola, OE Olorunniwo and OO Ige",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola"}]},{id:"46239",title:"Hybrid Conducting Nanocomposites Coatings for Corrosion Protection",slug:"hybrid-conducting-nanocomposites-coatings-for-corrosion-protection",signatures:"M. Federica De Riccardis and Virginia Martina",authors:[{id:"77857",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Federica",middleName:null,surname:"De Riccardis",fullName:"M. Federica De Riccardis",slug:"m.-federica-de-riccardis"}]},{id:"46223",title:"An ABS Recycled Coating for Corrosion Protection and Conservation of Copper and Alloys of Cultural or Historic Value",slug:"an-abs-recycled-coating-for-corrosion-protection-and-conservation-of-copper-and-alloys-of-cultural-o",signatures:"C. Menchaca-Campos, M. Hernández-Escampa, F. Rodríguez-Acuña,\nF. Millán-Cruz, P. Rodríguez-Rojas, M. Hernández-Gallegos, R.\nGuardian and J. Uruchurtu",authors:[{id:"48594",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Uruchurtu",fullName:"Jorge Uruchurtu",slug:"jorge-uruchurtu"}]},{id:"46231",title:"Study on the Anticorrosive Behavior of New Hygiene Structured Pigment Based on Waste Core and Nano Shell in Alkyd Paints",slug:"study-on-the-anticorrosive-behavior-of-new-hygiene-structured-pigment-based-on-waste-core-and-nano-s",signatures:"Nivin M. Ahmed and Hesham Tawfik M. Abdel-Fatah",authors:[{id:"92909",title:"Prof.",name:"Nivin M.",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Nivin M. Ahmed",slug:"nivin-m.-ahmed"}]},{id:"46243",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors – Principles, Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-mechanisms-and-applications",signatures:"Camila G. Dariva and Alexandre F. Galio",authors:[{id:"169261",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:"G.",surname:"Dariva",fullName:"Camila Dariva",slug:"camila-dariva"},{id:"170138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Galio",fullName:"Alexandre Galio",slug:"alexandre-galio"}]},{id:"46224",title:"Palm oil as Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminium Car Radiator",slug:"palm-oil-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-aluminium-car-radiator",signatures:"Junaidah Jai",authors:[{id:"169240",title:"Dr.",name:"Junaidah",middleName:null,surname:"Jai",fullName:"Junaidah Jai",slug:"junaidah-jai"}]},{id:"46227",title:"Identification and Application of Corrosion Inhibiting Long- Chain Primary Alkyl Amines in Water Treatment in the Power Industry",slug:"identification-and-application-of-corrosion-inhibiting-long-chain-primary-alkyl-amines-in-water-trea",signatures:"Peter Kusch, Gerd Knupp, Marian Kozupa, Jolanta Iłowska and\nMaria Majchrzak",authors:[{id:"91015",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch"}]},{id:"46238",title:"Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"environmentally-friendly-corrosion-inhibitors",signatures:"Rafael Martinez Palou, Octavio Olivares-Xomelt and Natalya V.\nLikhanova",authors:[{id:"18064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Palou",fullName:"Rafael Martínez Palou",slug:"rafael-martinez-palou"}]},{id:"46245",title:"The Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium by Some of 3- alkyloxyaniline Monomeric Surfactants and Their Analogues Polymers in 0.5 M HCl Solution",slug:"the-corrosion-inhibition-of-aluminium-by-some-of-3-alkyloxyaniline-monomeric-surfactants-and-their-a",signatures:"S.M. Sayyah, S.S.Abd El-Rehim, M.M. El-Deeb and S.M. Mohamed",authors:[{id:"169263",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Sayyah",fullName:"Said Sayyah",slug:"said-sayyah"}]},{id:"46233",title:"Adsorption and Inhibitive Corrosion Properties of Some New Polymeric Compounds as Green Inhibitors on Carbon Steels in Cooling Water Systems",slug:"adsorption-and-inhibitive-corrosion-properties-of-some-new-polymeric-compounds-as-green-inhibitors-o",signatures:"Florina Branzoi and Viorel Branzoi",authors:[{id:"156086",title:"Dr.",name:"Florina",middleName:null,surname:"Branzoi",fullName:"Florina Branzoi",slug:"florina-branzoi"}]},{id:"46221",title:"Fractal Effect of Corrosion on Mechanical Behavior of Unprotected Structural Steel",slug:"fractal-effect-of-corrosion-on-mechanical-behavior-of-unprotected-structural-steel",signatures:"Francisco Casanova del Angel",authors:[{id:"97651",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Casanova Del Angel",fullName:"Francisco Casanova Del Angel",slug:"francisco-casanova-del-angel"}]},{id:"46241",title:"Corrosion of Metals in Wood Products",slug:"corrosion-of-metals-in-wood-products",signatures:"Samuel L. Zelinka",authors:[{id:"169260",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Zelinka",fullName:"Samuel Zelinka",slug:"samuel-zelinka"}]},{id:"46225",title:"Effect of Alternative De-icers on the Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Bridges and Highway Structures",slug:"effect-of-alternative-de-icers-on-the-corrosion-resistance-of-reinforced-concrete-bridges-and-highwa",signatures:"S. O. Nwaubani and A. Katsanos",authors:[{id:"169242",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:"Onyebuchi",surname:"Nwaubani",fullName:"Sunday Nwaubani",slug:"sunday-nwaubani"}]},{id:"46235",title:"Corrosion Detection for Automated Visual Inspection",slug:"corrosion-detection-for-automated-visual-inspection",signatures:"Francisco Bonnin-Pascual and Alberto Ortiz",authors:[{id:"124589",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Alberto Ortiz",slug:"alberto-ortiz"},{id:"169256",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnin-Pascual",fullName:"Francisco Bonnin-Pascual",slug:"francisco-bonnin-pascual"}]},{id:"46219",title:"Corrosion of Biomaterials Used in Dental Reconstruction Dentistry",slug:"corrosion-of-biomaterials-used-in-dental-reconstruction-dentistry",signatures:"I. Patrascu, E. Vasilescu, E. Gatin and R.R. Cara-Ilici",authors:[{id:"169224",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Patrascu",fullName:"Ion Patrascu",slug:"ion-patrascu"},{id:"170546",title:"Dr.",name:"V.",middleName:null,surname:"Vasilescu",fullName:"V. Vasilescu",slug:"v.-vasilescu"},{id:"152661",title:"Dr",name:"R.",middleName:null,surname:"Cara-Ilici",fullName:"R. Cara-Ilici",slug:"r.-cara-ilici"},{id:"153007",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Gatin",fullName:"Eduard Gatin",slug:"eduard-gatin"}]},{id:"46216",title:"Investigation of Al-Fe Aerospace Alloy Laser-Treated with Different Corrosion Characterization Techniques",slug:"investigation-of-al-fe-aerospace-alloy-laser-treated-with-different-corrosion-characterization-techn",signatures:"Moisés Meza Pariona",authors:[{id:"38666",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Moises",middleName:"Meza",surname:"Pariona",fullName:"Moises Pariona",slug:"moises-pariona"}]},{id:"46244",title:"Developments in Reliability-Based Assessment of Corrosion",slug:"developments-in-reliability-based-assessment-of-corrosion",signatures:"Zahiraniza Mustaffa",authors:[{id:"169262",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahiraniza",middleName:null,surname:"Mustaffa",fullName:"Zahiraniza Mustaffa",slug:"zahiraniza-mustaffa"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4590",title:"New Trends in Alloy Development, Characterization and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"699eba8ca34add2a760b11f168e1795a",slug:"new-trends-in-alloy-development-characterization-and-application",bookSignature:"Zaki Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52898",title:"Prof.",name:"Zaki",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zaki-ahmad",fullName:"Zaki Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8408",title:"Titanium Alloys",subtitle:"Novel Aspects of Their Manufacturing and Processing",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5533136b732dc4ada818553023d4d55",slug:"titanium-alloys-novel-aspects-of-their-manufacturing-and-processing",bookSignature:"Maciej Motyka, Waldemar Ziaja and Jan Sieniawsk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maciej",surname:"Motyka",slug:"maciej-motyka",fullName:"Maciej Motyka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"27",title:"Magnesium Alloys",subtitle:"Design, Processing and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"magnesium-alloys-design-processing-and-properties",bookSignature:"Frank Czerwinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/27.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16295",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Czerwinski",slug:"frank-czerwinski",fullName:"Frank Czerwinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4615",title:"Superalloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a42448fe9dcde752b974c2f79c759ec6",slug:"superalloys",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9991",title:"Iron Ores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1b2c288312233e1be62cd01c7e74fec",slug:"iron-ores",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Shatokha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9991.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"4615",title:"Superalloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a42448fe9dcde752b974c2f79c759ec6",slug:"superalloys",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e08cc35cef3caf389096ca4b999742f",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81569",title:"Impact of Interferon Alpha/Beta in the Management of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104501",slug:"impact-of-interferon-alpha-beta-in-the-management-of-chronic-myeloproliferative-disorders",body:'
1. Introduction
Chronic myeloproliferative disorders are a group of clonal diseases of the stem cell. It is a group of several diseases with some common features. They derive from a multipotential hematopoietic stem cell. A clone of neoplastic cells in all these neoplams is characterized by a lower proliferative activity than that of acute myeloproliferative diseases. In each of these diseases, leukocytosis, thrombocythemia, and polyglobulia may appear at some stage, depending on the diagnosis [1, 2].
The research on interferon has been going on since the 1950s [3]. Then, the attention was paid to its influence on the immune system. It has been noted that it can exert an antiproliferative effect by stimulating cells of the immune system [4]. In 1987, a publication by Ludwig et al. was published, which reported the effectiveness of interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative disorders [5].
More and more new studies have been showing the effectiveness of interferon alpha in reducing the number of platelets, reducing the need for phlebotomies in patients with polycythemia vera and also in reducing the number of leukocytes. Moreover, interferon reduced the symptoms of myeloproliferative disorders such as redness and itching of the skin. Additionally, it turned out to be effective in reducing the size of the spleen.
Further studies on the assessment of remission using molecular-level response assessments indicate that the interferon action in chronic myeloproliferation diseases targets cells from the mutant clone with no effect on normal bone marrow cells [6].
Over the years, interferon alpha-2a and interferon alpha-2b have been introduced into the treatment of chronic myeloproliferation, followed by their pegylated forms. The introduction of pegylated forms allowed for a reduction in the number of side effects and less frequent administration of the drug to patients. In recent years, monopegylated interferon alpha-2b has been used to further increase the interval between drug administrations while maintaining its antiproliferative efficacy.
The exact mechanism of action of interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative disease is still not fully understood, but it has an impact on JAK2 (Janus Kinase) signal transducers and activates the STAT signal pathway (Janus Kinase/SignalTransducer and Activator of Transcription).
Interferon alpha binds to IFNAR1 and IFNAR2c, which are type I interferon receptors. Interferon alpha has an impact on JAK2(Janus Kinase) signal transducers and activates the STAT signal pathway. The disturbances in this signaling pathway are observed in chronic myeloproliferative disorders [7].
Interferon inhibits the JAK-STAT signaling pathway by directly inhibiting the action of thrombopoietin in this pathway [8].
So far, three driver mutations have been described in the course of chronic myeloproliferative diseases that affect the functioning of the JAK-STAT pathway.
JAK2 kinase and JAK1, JAK3, and TYK2 kinases belong to the family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. They are involved in the intracellular signal transduction of the JAK-STAT pathway. It is a system of intracellular proteins used by growth factors and cytokines to express genes that regulate cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. The mechanism of JAK activation is based on the autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues that occurs after ligand binds to the receptor. JAK2 kinase transmits signals from the hematopoietic cytokine receptors of the myeloid lineage (erythropoietin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor thrombopoietin, and lymphoid lineage [9].
A somatic G/T point mutation in exon 14 of the JAK2 kinase gene converts valine to phenylalanine at position 617 (V617F) in the JAK2 pseudokinase domain, which allows constitutive, ligand-independent activation of the receptor to trigger a proliferative signal [10].
Mutation of the MPL gene, which encodes the receptor for thrombopoietin, increases the sensitivity of magekaryocytes to the action of thrombopoietin, which stimulates their proliferation [11].
Malfunction of calreticulin as a result of mutation of the CARL gene leads to the activation of the MPL-JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which is independent of the ligand, as calreticulin is responsible, for the proper formation of the MPL receptor. Consequently, there is a clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells [12].
Below, we provide an overview of some clinical studies on the efficacy of interferon in chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
2. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
2.1 Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera (PV) is characterized by an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood.
Polycythemia vera is caused by a clonal mutation in the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell of the bone marrow. The mutation leads to an uncontrolled proliferation of the mutated cell clone, independent of erythropoietin and other regulatory factors. As the mutation takes place at an early stage of hematopoiesis, an increase of the number of erythrocytes as well as of leukocytes and platelets is observed in the peripheral blood. The cause of proliferation in PV independent from external factors is a mutation in the Janus 2 (JAK2) tyrosine kinase gene. The V617F point mutation in the JAK2 gene is responsible for about 96% mutation, and in the remaining cases the mutation arises in exon 12. Both mutations lead to constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway [13].
As a result of the uncontrolled proliferation, blood viscosity increases, which generates symptoms such as headaches and dizziness, visual disturbances, or erythromelalgia. As the number of all hematopoietic cells, including the granulocytes ones, increases, the difficult to control symptoms of their hyperdegranulation may appear, among which gastric ulcer or skin itching is often observed. During the disease progression, the spleen and liver become enlarged.
The most common complication of the disease is episodes of thrombosis, especially arterial one. During the course of the disease, it can also evolve into myelofibrosis or acute myeloid leukemia.
The treatment of PV is aimed at preventing thromboembolic complications, relieving the general symptoms, the appearance of hepatosplenomegaly as well as preventing its progression.
Each patient should receive an antiplatelet drug chronically, and usually acetylsalicylic acid is the choice. Most often, the treatment is started with phlebotomy in order to rapidly lower the hematocrit level. If cytoreductive therapy is necessary, the drugs of first choice are hydroxycarbamide and interferon [2].
However, the research on the mechanism of the action of interferons is still ongoing. In vitro studies with CD34+ cells from peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with polycythemia vera showed that interferon inhibits clonal changed cells selectively. It was found that interferon alpha-2b and pegylated interferon alpha-2a reduce the percentage of cells with JAK2 V617F mutation by about 40%. Pegylated interferon alpha-2a works by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase P38. It affects CD34+ cells of patients with polycythemia vera by increasing the rate of their apoptosis [6].
A case of a patient with PV with a confirmed chromosomal translocation t(6;8) treated with interferon alpha-2b, which resulted in a reduction of the clone with translocation by 50% from the baseline value, was also described [14].
In 2019, the results of a phase II multicenter study were published, which aimed at assessing the effectiveness of recombinant pegylated interferon alpha-2a in cases of refractory to previously hydroxycarbamide therapy. The study included 65 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and 50 patients with polycythemia vera. All patients had previously been treated with hydroxycarbamide and showed resistance to this drug or its intolerance.
The assessment of the response was performed after 12 months of treatment. Overall response rate to interferon was higher in patients diagnosed with ET than in patients with polycythemia vera. In essential thrombocythemia, the percentage of achieved complete remissions was 43 and 26% of partial remissions. The remission rate in ET patients was higher if calreticulin CALR gene mutation was present. Patients with polycythemia vera achieved complete remission in 22% of cases and partial remission in 38% of cases.
Treatment-related side effects that follow to discontinuation of treatment were reported in almost 14% of patients [15].
The duration of response to treatment with pegylated interferon alpha-2a and the assessment of its safety in long-term use in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders was the goal of a phase II of the single-center study. Forty-three adult patients with polycythemia vera and 40 patients with essential thrombocythemia were enrolled in the study. The complete hematological response was defined as a decrease in hemoglobin concentration below 15.0 g/l, without phlebotomies, a resolution of splenomegaly, and no thrombotic episodes in the case of PV, and for essential thrombocythemia—a decrease platelet count below 440,000/μl and two other conditions as above. The assessment of the hematological response was performed every 3–6 months. The median follow-up was 83 months.
The hematological response was obtained in 80% of cases for the entire group. In patients with polycythemia vera, 77% of patients achieved a complete response (CR) while 7% a partial response (PR). The duration of response averaged 65 months for CR and 35 months for PR. In the group of patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia, CR was achieved in 73% and PR in 3%. The durance of CR was 58 months and PR was 25 months.
The molecular response for the entire group was achieved in 63% of cases.
The overall analysis showed that the duration of hematological remission and its achievement with pegylated interferon alpha-2a treatment is not affected neither by baseline disease characteristics nor JAK2 allele burden and disease molecular status. There was also no effect on age, sex, or the presence of splenomegaly.
During the course of the study, 22% of patients discontinued the treatment, because of toxicity. Toxicity was the greatest at the beginning of treatment. The starting dose was 450 μg per week and was gradually tapered off.
Thus, on the basis of the above observations, the researchers established that pegylated interferon alpha-2a may give long-term hematological and molecular remissions [16].
The assessment of pegylated interferon alpha-2a in group of patients diagnosed with polycythemia vera only was performed. The evaluation was carried out on a group of 27 patients. Interferon decreased the JAK2 V617F allele burden in 89% of cases. In three patients who were JAK2 homozygous at baseline, after the interferon alpha-2a treatment wild-type of JAK2 reappeared. The reduction of the JAK2 allele burden was estimated from 49% to an average 27%, and additional in one patient the mutant JAK2 allele was not detectable after treatment. It can therefore be postulated that the action of pegylated interferon alpha-2a is directed to cells of the polycythemia vera clone [17].
In 2005, the results of treatment by pegylated interferon alpha-2b of 21 patients diagnosed with polycythemia vera and 21 patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia were published. In the case of polycythemia vera in 14 patients, PRV-1 gene mutation was initially detected. In 36% of cases, PRV-1 expression normalized after treatment with pegylated interferon alpha-2b. For the entire group of 42 patients, the remission assessment showed that complete remission was achieved in 69% cases after 6 months of treatment. However, only in 19 patients remission was still maintained 2 years after the start of the study. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b was equally effective in patients with PV and ET. The use and the type of prior therapy did not affect the achievement of remission [18].
Another study with enrolled only PV patients included 136 patients. They were divided into two arms. One group received interferon alpha-2b and the other group received hydroxycarbamide. Interferon dosage was administered in 3 million units three times a week for 2 years and then 5 million units two times a week. Hydroxycarbamide was administered at a dose between 15 and 20 mg/kg/day.
In the group of patients treated with interferon, a significantly lower percentage of patients developed erythromelalgia (9.4%) and distal parasthesia (14%) compared with the group treated with hydroxycarbamide, for whom these percentages were respectively: 29 and 37.5%. Interferon alpha-2b was found to be more effective in inducing a molecular response, which was achieved in 54.7% of cases, in comparison with hydroxycarbamide—19.4% of cases, despite the fact that the percentage of achieved general hematological responses did not differ between the groups and amounted about 70%. The 5-year progression free period in the interferon group was achieved in a higher percentage (66%) than in the hydroxycarbamide group (46.7%) [19].
The most recent form of interferon approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of patients is ropeginterferon. It is human recombinant interferon alpha-2b. Ropeginterferon is a monopegylated form of interferon alpha-2b. Ropeginterferon is conjugated with a two-arm methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG).
Thanks to these changes to the structure of the molecule, it was possible to achieve a significant increase in its half-life. Ropeginterferon can be administered subcutaneously to patients every 14 days. The clinical trials conducted so far have assessed the ropeginterferon dose from 50 micrograms to a maximum dose of 500 microgams administered as standard every 2 weeks. The possible dose change in case of side effects includes not only the reduction of the drug dose itself, but also the extension of the interval between doses. The extension of the dosing interval up to 4 weeks was assessed.
Ropeginterforn was approved in 2019 by the EMA for the use in patients diagnosed with polycythemia vera without splenomegaly, as monotherapy.
Ropeginterferon, like the previous forms of interferons used in treatment, is contraindicated in patients with severe mental disorders, such as severe depression. It is also a contraindication in patients with noncompensatory standard treatment of disorders of the thyroid gland as well as severe forms of autoimmune diseases. The safety profile of ropeginterferon is similar to that of other forms of alpha interferons. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms [20].
Ropeginterferon has been shown to exhibit in vitro activity against JAK2-mutant cells. The activity of ropeginterferon against JAK2-positive cells is similar to that of other forms of interferons used actually for standard therapy. Ropeginterferon has an inhibitory effect on erythroid progenitor cells with a mutant JAK2 gene. At the same time, it has almost no effect on progenitor cells without the mutated allele (JAK2-wile-type) and normal CD34+ cells. A gradual decrease of JAK2-positive cells was observed in patients with PV during ropeginterferon treatment. The examination was performed after 6 and 12 months of treatment. In comparison, the reduction in the percentage of JAK2 positive cells in patients treated with hydroxycarbamide was significantly lower.
These results may suggest that ropeginterferon may cause elimination of the mutant clone, but further prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm this theory. The evaluation was performed on a group of patients enrolled in the PROUD-PV study who were treated in France [21].
In 2017, a multicenter study was opened in Italy. The study was of the second phase. In total, 127 patients with polycythemia vera were included in the study. All patients enrolled on the study had low-risk PV. The clinical trial consisted of two arms. Patients received phlebotomies and low-dose aspirin in one arm and ropeginterferon in the other arm. The aim of the study was to achieve a hematocrit of 45% or lower without any evidence of disease progression. Ropeginterferon was administered every 2 weeks at a constant dose of 100 μg.
The response to the treatment was assessed after 12 months. The reduction of hematocrit to the assumed level was achieved in significantly higher percentage of patients in the ropeginterferon group than of patients who received only phlebotomies and aspirin. In addition, none of the patients treated with ropeginterferon experienced disease progression during the course of the study, while among those treated with phlebotomies, 8% of patients progressed.
Grade 4 or 5 adverse events were not observed in patients treated with ropeginterferon, and the incidence of remaining adverse event (AE) was small and comparable in both arms. The most common side effects in the ropeginterferon group were flu-like symptoms and neutropenia; however, the third-grade neutropenia was the most common (8% of cases) [22].
One of the most important clinical studies on the use of ropeginterferon was the PROUD-PV study and its continuation: the CONTINUATION-PV study. These were three-phase, multicenter studies. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of ropeginterferon in relation to hydroxycarbamide. The study included adult patients diagnosed with polycythemia vera treated with hydroxycarbamide for less than 3 years and no cytoreductive treatment at all. In total, 257 patients received this treatment. The patients were divided into two groups: those receiving ropeginterferon or the other being given hydroxycarbamide.
During the PROUD-study, drug doses were increased until the hematocrit was achieved below 45% without the use of phlebotomies, and the normalization of the number of leukocytes and platelets was reached.
The PROUD-PV study lasted 12 months. After this time, the patients continued the treatment under the CONTINUATION-PV study for further 36 months. After the final analysis performed in the 12th month at the end of PROUD study, it was found that the hematological response rates did not differ between the ropeginterferon and hydroxycarbamide treatment groups. These were consecutively 43% in the ropeginterferon arm and 46% in the control arm.
However, after analyzing the CONTINUATION- PV study, it turned out that after 36 months of treatment, the rates of hematological responses begin to prevail in the group of patients receiving ropeginterferon, 53% versus 38% in the control group. Thus, from the above data, it can be seen that the response rate to ropeginterferon increases with the duration of treatment [23].
Another analysis of patients participating in the PROUD and CONTINUATION studies was based on the assessment of treatment results after 24 months, dividing patients into two groups according to age (under and over 60 years).
The initial comparison of both groups of patients showed that older patients had a more aggressive course of the disease. Patients over 60 years of age had a higher percentage of cells with a mutant JAK2 allele. They experienced both general symptoms and some complications, such as thrombosis, more frequently. Both patients under 60 years of age and over 60 years of age in the ropeginterferon arm had a higher rate of molecular response, namely 77.1 and 58.7% compared with the HU remission: 33.3 and 36.1%, respectively. Significantly higher reductions in the JAK2 allele were observed in both groups of patients after ropeginterferon treatment: it was 54.8% for younger patients and 35.1% for elderly patients. For comparison, this difference in the group of patients treated with HU was 4.5 and 18.4%, respectively.
What is more, the age did not affect the frequency of ropeginterferon side effects. In addition, the incidence of adverse ropeginterferon disorders was similar to that observed in the hydroxycarbamide group [24].
2.2 Essential thrombocythemia
Essential thrombocythemia is a clonal growth of multipotential stem cells in the bone marrow. The consequence of this is increased proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and an increase in the number of platelets in the peripheral blood. The level of platelets above 450,000/μl is considered a diagnostic criterion.
Essential thrombocythemia may progress over time to a more aggressive form of myeloproliferation, i.e., myelofibrosis. The disease can also evolve into acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, both with very poor prognosis. Thromboembolic complications are serious, and they concern over 20% of patients. Thrombosis occurs in the artery and venous area. Moreover, in patients with a very high platelet count, above 1,000,000/μl, bleeding may occur as a result of secondary von Willebrand syndrome [1, 2].
The treatment of ET is primarily aimed to prevent thrombotic complications.
In low-risk patients, only acetylsalicylic acid is used. In cases of high-risk patients, hydroxycarbamide is the first-line drug for most patients. Anagrelide and interferon are commonly used as second-line drugs.
Due to the possible effects of hydroxycarbamide of cytogenetic changes in the bone marrow cells after long-lasting usage, some experts recommend the use of interferon in younger patients in the first line. Interferon is also used as the drug of choice in patients planning a pregnancy [25].
The efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha-2a was assessed on the basis of the group of 39 patients with essential thrombocythemia and 40 patients with polycythemia vera.
Of the overall group, 81% of patients were previously treated prior to the study entry. The patients received pegylated interferon alpha-2a in a dose of 90 μg once a week. The dose of 450 μg was associated with a high percentage of intolerance.
In patients with essential thrombocythemia, the complete remission was achieved in 76%, while the overall hematological response rate brought 81%. Moreover, the molecular remission was achieved in 38%, in 14% of cases, JAK2 transcript became not detectable.
Patients diagnosed with polycythemia vera achieved 70% complete hematological remission and 80% general hematological response to treatment. JAK2 transcript was undetectable in 6% of patients. Molecular remission was achieved in 54% of cases.
Pegylated interferon alpha-2a at the dose of 90 μg per week was very well tolerated. In total, 20% of patients experienced a grade of 3 or 4 of adverse reaction, which was neutropenia. In addition, an increase in liver function tests was observed. Grade 4 of AE was not observed among patients who started the treatment with 90 μg/week while grade 3 neutropenia was an adverse event in only 7% of cases [26].
The effect of interferon alpha-2b treatment in patients with ET and PV was investigated. The study was prospective. Some of the results concerning the group of patients with polycythemia vera are presented in the subsection on polycythemia vera. In total, 123 patients with diagnosed essential thrombocythemia participated in the study. All of them received interferon alpha-2b. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation. The enrolled patients were between 18 and 65 years of age. The treatment they received was, sequentially, interferon alpha-2b in the dose of 3 million units three times a week for the first 2 years, after which time the dose was changed into a maintenance dose, which amounted to 5 million units two times a week.
The analysis showed that the patients with the JAK2 V617F mutation present in a higher percentage achieved an overall hematological response as well as a complete hematological response. The overall hematological response was achieved in 83% of patients with JAK2 mutation, and the complete hematological remission was achieved in 23 cases. In the group of ET patients without the JAK2 V617F mutation, overall hematological response was achieved in 61.4%, while the complete hematological remission was achieved in 12 patients. The 5-year progression-free survival was obtained in 75.9% in the JAKV617F group and only in 47.6% without the mutation.
A significant proportion of patients experienced mild side effects. Grade 3 and 4 of adverse events were severe, most of them being a fever. The isolated cases of elevated liver tests and nausea have also been reported [19].
Pegylated interferon alpha-2b in patients with essential thrombocythemia who were previously treated with hydroxycarbamide, anagrelide, and other forms of interferon alpha, however, due to the lack of efficacy or toxicity, the patients required a change of treatment, was assessed. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b turned out to be effective in these cases. It led to the complete hematological remission in 91% of patients after 2 months of therapy, and in 100% of patients after 4 months. However, merely 11 patients participated in the study. Also only two patients required treatment discontinuation due to the side effects such as depression and general fatigue grade 3 [27].
2.2.1 Pregnancy
In case of pregnant patients, interferon is currently considered the only safe cytoreductive drug. Over the years, several analyses of the results of interferon treatment during pregnancy have been carried out.
The assessment of 34 pregnancies in 23 women diagnosed with ET was performed retrospectively. All the pregnancies included in the analysis were of high risk. This high risk was associated with a high platelet count above 1,500,000/μl, a history of thrombotic episode, severe microcirculation disorders, or a history of major hemorrhage.
It turned out that the use of interferon allowed the birth of an alive child in 73.5% of cases. There was no difference in efficacy between the basic and pegylated forms of interferon alpha. In pregnancies without interferon treatment, the percentage of live births was only 60%. Moreover, it was not found if the presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation had any influence on the course of pregnancy [28].
An analysis of the course of pregnancy in patients with ET was assessed in Italy. Data from 17 centers were taken into account. Data from 122 pregnancies were collected from 92 women. In patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia, the risk of the spontaneous loss of pregnancy is about 2.5 times higher than among the general population. In the contrary to the study quoted above, it was found that the presence of the JAK2 mutation increases the risk of pregnancy loss. The proportion of live births in patients exposed to interferon during pregnancy was 95%, compared with 71.6% in the group of patients not treated with interferon.
The multivariate analysis also showed that the use of acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy had no effect on the live birth rate of patients with ET [29].
Whatever its form, interferon is the drug of first choice in pregnancy. Hydroxycarbamide and anagrelide should be withdrawn for about 6 months, and at least for 3 months, before the planned conception. Experts recommend the use of interferon in high-risk pregnancies [30]. A Japanese analysis of 10 consecutive pregnancies in ET patients showed 100% live births in patients who received interferon [31].
2.3 Myelofibrosis
In myelofibrosis (MF), monoclonal megakaryocytes produce cytokines that stimulate the proliferation of normal, non-neoplastic fibroblasts and stimulate angiogenesis. The consequence of this is the gradual fibrosis of the bone marrow, impaired hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the formation of extramedullary location mainly in the sites of fetal hematopoiesis, i.e., in the spleen and the liver.
The production of various cytokines by neoplastic megakaryocytes leads to the proliferation of normal, noncancerous fibroblasts as well as to increased angiogenesis.
Progressive bone marrow fibrosis leads to worsening anemia and thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, the production of proinflammatory cytokines by megakaryoblasts leads to the general symptoms such as weight loss, fever, joint pain, night sweats, and consequently, progressive worsening of general condition.
The prognosis for myelofibrosis is poor. In about 20% of patients, myelofibrosis evolves into acute myeloid leukemia with poor prognosis.
Currently, the only effective method of treatment that gives a chance to prolong the life is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, this method is only available to younger patients.
The goal of treatment of patients who have not been qualified for allotranspalntation is to reduce the symptoms and to improve the patient’s quality of life. In case of leukocytosis cytoreducing drugs, such as hydroxycarbamide, melphalan, or cladribine can be used. They cause a reduction in the number of leukocytes and may, to some extent, inhibit splenomegaly. Interferon alpha has been used successfully for the treatment of myelofibrosis for many years. The results of its effectiveness will be presented below [2].
Currently, the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib is approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis with enlarged spleen in intermediate and high-risk patients. Ruxolitinib reduces the size of the spleen, reduces general symptoms, and improves the quality of life; however, it does not prolong the overall survival of patients [32].
In 2015, the results of a retrospective study were published to compare the histological parameters of the bone marrow before and after interferon treatment. Twelve patients diagnosed with primary myelofibrosis as well as post-PV MF and post-ET MF were enrolled in the study. Patients were treated with pegylated recombinant interferon alpha-2a or recombinant interferon alpha-2b in standard doses. The time of treatment was from 1 to 10 years. Some patients had previously been treated with hydroxycarbamide or anagrelide. In all cases, karyotype was normal. The prognostic factor of Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) was assessed at the beginning as well as during the treatment.
Bone marrow cellularity decreased in cases with increased bone marrow cellularity before the treatment. After the interferon treatment, a reduction in the degree of bone marrow fibrosis was found. The parameters, such as the density of naked nuclei and the density of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, also improved.
It proves that if the JAK2 V617F mutation had been present, DIPSS was decreased after interferon treatment. This relationship was not observed in patients without the JAK2 V617F mutation. The improvement in peripheral blood morphological parameters and the overall clinical improvement correlated with the improvement in the assessed histological parameters of the bone marrow.
Before the initiation of interferon, seven patients had splenomegaly. During the treatment with interferon, the complete resolution of splenomegaly was achieved in 17% of patients (two cases), and its size decreased in 25% (three cases). A good clinical response was achieved in 83% during interferon therapy. There was no significant difference in response between the two types of interferon used [33].
A prospective study was also conducted in patients with low and intermediate-1 risk group myelofibrosis. Seventeen patients were enrolled. Patients received interferon alpha-2b (0.5–3 milion units/three times a week) or pegylated interferon alpha-2a (45–90 μg/week). The duration of therapy was on average 3.3 years.
Most of the patients responded to the treatment. Partial remission was found in seven patients and complete remission in two patients. Moreover, in four cases, the disease was stabilized and in one case the clinical improvement was achieved. Three patients did not respond to treatment at all and progressed to myelofibrosis. Additionally, the assessment in reducing spleen size was performed. At baseline, 15 patients have splenomegaly, nine of them achieved the compete regression of spleen size [34].
However, the efficacy of interferon in the treatment of myelofibrosis appears to be limited only to a less advanced form, when the bone marrow still has an adequate percentage of normal hemopoiesis and the marrow stroma is not significantly fibrotic. In more advanced stages, interferon was not shown to have any significant effect on the regression of the fibrosis process [35].
In 2020, the results of the COMBI study were published. That was a two-phase, multicenter, single-arm study that investigated the efficacy and safety of the combination of ruxolitinib and pegylated interferon alpha. Thirty-two patients with PV and 18 patients with primary and secondary myelofibrosis participated in the study. The patients were at age 18 and older. Remission was achieved in 44% of myelofibrosis cases, including 28% (5 patients) of complete remission. In patients with PV, the results were slightly worse: 31% of remissions, including 9% of complete remissions. Patients received pegylated interferon alpha-2a (45 μg/week) or pegylated interferon alpha-2b (35 μg/week) in low doses and ruxolitinib in doses of 5–20 mg twice a day.
For the entire group of patients (with PV and MF), the initial JAK2 allele burden was 47% at baseline, and after 2 years of treatment with interferon and ruxolitinib, it decreased to 12%.
The treatment toxicity was low. The highest incidence of side effects occurred at initiation of therapy. It was mostly anemia and thrombocytopenia.
The observations from the COMBI study show that, for the combination of interferon in lower doses with ruxolitinib, it may be effective and well tolerated even in the group of patients who had intolerance to interferon used as the only drug in higher doses. The combined treatment improved the bone marrow in terms of fibrosis and its cellularity. It also allowed to improve the value of peripheral blood counts [36].
It is currently known that some of the additional mutations are associated with a worse prognosis in patients with myelorpoliferation, including patients with myelofibrosis. Some of these mutations have been identified as high-risk molecular mutations. These are ASXL1, EZH2, IDH1/2, or SRSF2. Earlier studies have shown their association with a more aggressive course of the disease, worse prognosis, and shorter survival of patients, as well as a poorer response to treatment. Due to their importance, they have been included in the diagnostic criteria of myelofibrosis [37].
It is also known that the presence of driver mutations, i.e., JAK2, CALR, and MPL or triple negativity, may affect the course of myeloproliferation, including the incidence of thromboembolic complications.
The assessment of the influence of driver mutations and a panel of selected additional mutations on the effectiveness of interferon treatment in patients with myelofibrosis was performed on a group of 30 patients. Only the patients with low- and intermediate-1-risk were enrolled in the study. The treatment with pegylated interferon alpha-2a or interferon alpha-2b resulted in a complete remission in two patients and partial remission in nine patients. The disease progressed in three cases. One patient relapsed and four died. The remaining patients achieved a clinical improvement or disease stabilization. In the studied group, it was not found if the effectiveness of interferon treatment was influenced by the lack of driver mutations. Among the group of four patients with additional mutations, two died and one had disease progression. It was a mutation of ASXL1 and SRSF2. The treatment with interferon in patients without additional molecular mutations in the early stages of the disease may prevent further progression of the disease [38].
The side effects of interferon in the group of patients with myelofibrosis are similar to those occurring after the treatment of other chronic myeloproliferative diseases. The most frequently described are hematological toxicity- anemia and thrombocytopenia, less often is the appearance of leukopenia. Hematological toxicity usually resolves with dose reduction or extension of the dose interval. The most frequently nonhematological toxicity was fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, and depression symptoms. All symptoms are usually mild and do not exceed grade 2 [38].
However, the use of interferon in the treatment of myelofibrosis has not been recommended as a standard therapy. Interferon is still being evaluated in clinical trials, or it is used in selected patients as a nonstandard therapy in this diagnosis.
2.4 Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis is characterized by an excessive proliferation of abnormal mast cells and their accumulation in various organs.
The basis for the development of mastocytosis is ligand-independent activation of the KIT receptor, resulting from mutations in the KIT proto-oncogene. The KIT receptor is a trans membrane receptor with tyrosine kinase’s activity. Its activation stimulates the proliferation of mast cells. That excessive numbers of mast cells infiltrate tissues and organs and release mediators such as histamine, interleukine-6, tryptase, heparin, and others, which are responsible for the appearance of symptoms typical of mastocytosis. In addition, the infiltration of tissues for mast cells itself causes damage to the affected organs.
The prognosis of mastocytosis depends on the type of the disease. In the case of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), in the majority of cases prognosis is good and the disease does not shorten the patient’s life, but in aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM), the average follow-up is about 40 months. Mast cell leukemia has a poor prognosis with a median follow-up of approximately 1 year.
Systemic mastocytosis usually requires the implementation of cytoreductive therapy. The first line of therapy is interferon alone or its combination with corticosteroids. In aggressive systemic mastocytosis, the first line in addition to interferon 2-CdA can be used. An effective drug turned out to be midostaurin in the case of the present KIT mutation. In patients without the KIT D816V mutation, treatment with imatinib may be effective. In the case of mast cell leukemia, multidrug chemotherapy is most often required, as in acute leukemias, followed by bone marrow transplantation [39].
Systemic mastocytosis requiring treatment is a rare disease, this is why the studies available in the literature evaluating various therapies concern mostly small groups of patients.
In 2002, the French authors presented their experiences on the use of interferon in patients with systemic mastocytosis. They included 20 patients. The patients received interferon alpha-2b in gradually increased doses.
The patients were assessed after 6 months. In cases in which bone marrow was infiltrated for mast cells at baseline, it still remained infiltrated after 6 months of treatment.
However, the responses were obtained in terms of symptoms related to mast cell degranulation. Partial remission was achieved in 35% of patients and minor remission in 30%. It concerns mainly skin lesions and vascular congestion. Moreover, the assessment of the histamine level in the plasma revealed a decrease of it in patients who previously presented symptoms related to the degranulation of mast cells, such as gastrointestinal disorders and flushing.
A high percentage of side effects were found during treatment. They concerned 35% of patients. Depression and cytopenia were most frequent ones [40].
Another analysis was a report of five patients with systemic mastocytosis treated with interferon and prednisolone. All patients received interferon alpha-2b in a dose of 3 million units three times a week and four patients additionally received prednisolone. Four patients responded to interferon treatment at varying degrees. One patient, who at baseline had bone marrow involvement by mast cells in above 10%, progressed to mast cell leukemia. In two patients, the symptoms C resolved completely and in one of them they partially disappeared. In one case, stabilizing disease was achieved [41].
In 2009, a retrospective analysis of patients treated with cytoreductive therapy due to mastocytosis was published. The authors collected data from 108 patients treated at the Mayo Clinic. This analysis allowed for the comparison of the efficacy of four drugs used in systemic mastocytosis. There were interferon alpha alone or in the combination with prednisone—among 40 patients, hydroxycarbamide—among 26 ones, imatinib—among 22 persons, and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA)—among 22 patients.
After dividing the patients into three additional groups on the basis of the type of mastocytosis—indolent systemic mastocytosis, aggressive systemic mastocytosis, and systemic mastocytosis associated with another clonal hematological nonmast cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD)—the effectiveness of each of type of therapy was assessed.
The highest response rates in indolent and aggressive mastocytosis were achieved with interferon treatment. They were 60% of the responses in both groups, and in the SM-AHNMD group of patients, the percentage was also one of the highest and amounted to 45%. The second most effective drug was 2-CdA. The response rates were 56% for indolent MS, 50% for aggressive MS, and 55% for SM-AHNMD. The patients treated with imatinib achieved response in 14, 50, and 9% by following groups, respectively. In contrast, patients with indolent and aggressive systemic mastocytosis did not respond to hydroxycarbamide treatment at all. The response rate in both groups was 0%. However, patients with MS associated with another clonal hematological nonmast cell lineage disease achieved 21% response to hydroxycarbamide. Additionally, it was found that only interferon relieved symptoms caused by the release of inflammatory mediators by mast cells.
The additional analysis showed no influence of the TET 2 mutation on the response to treatment [42].
In the literature, there are also single cases of mastocytosis presenting trials of nonstandard treatment. That is description of a patient with systemic mastocytosis with mast cell bone marrow involvement. Mutation of c-kit Asp816Val was present. Patient progressed despite treatment with dasatinib and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. The patient developed symptoms related to the degranulation of mast cells and increased ascites.
The patient was treated with pranlukast, which is an anti-leukotriene receptor antagonist due to an asthma episode. The rate of ascites growth decreased significantly after one administration. The patient required paracentesis every 10 days and not every 3 days, as before starting to take the drug. After 15 days of treatment with pranlukast, the patient received interferon alpha, which resulted in complete regression of ascites, resolution of pancytopenia, and complete disappearance of the c-kit mutation clone. The infiltration of mast cells in the bone marrow significantly decreased [43].
Interferon alpha was also effective in a patient with systemic mastocytosis associated with myelodysplastic syndrome with the c-kit D816V mutation, which was refractory to imatinib treatment [44].
Interferon alpha also proved to be effective in the treatment of osteoporotic lesions appearing in the course of mastocytosis.
The series of 10 cases with resolved mastocytosis and osteoporosis-related fractures was presented in 2011. The patients received interferon alpha in a dose of 1.5 million units three times a week as well as pamindronic acid. The patients were treated for an average of 60 months. For the first 2 years, pamindronate was given at a dose of 1 mg/kg every month, and then every 3 months.
During the course of the study, no patient had a new-bone fracture. The level of alkaline phosphatase decreased by 25% in relation to the value before treatment and tryptase by 34%. Bone density increased during treated with interferon and pamindronate. The increase was on average 12% in the spine bones and 1.9% in the hip bones. At the same time, there was no increase in the density of the hip bone and a minimal increase in the density of the spine in patients treated with pamindronate alone.
The results of this observation suggest that it is beneficial to add low doses of interferon alpha to pamindronate treatment in terms of bone density increase [45].
That experiences show that interferon used in systemic mastocytosis significantly improves the quality of life of patients by inhibiting the symptoms caused by degranulation of mast cells. They prevent bone fractures and, in some patients, they cause remission of bone marrow infiltration by mast cells.
2.5 Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a very rare disease. It is characterized by the clonal proliferation of mature neutrophils.
The diagnostic criteria proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) comprise leukocyte counts above 25,000/μl (including more than 80% of rod and segmented neutrophils in the bone marrow blast cells count below 5%), normal neutrophils maturation, and an increase of neutrophilopoiesis. Also the presence of the CSF3R gene mutation is required.
Physical examination often shows enlargement of the liver and spleen, moreover, patients complain on weight loss and weakness [1].
The prognosis varies. The average survival time for patients with CNL is less than 2 years.
Only few descriptions of chronic neutrophilic leukemia are available in the literature, and these are mostly single case reports.
Because it is an extremely rare disease, there are no established and generally accepted treatment standards. In most cases, patients are given hydroxycarbamide or interferon. Patients who are eligible for a bone marrow transplant may benefit from this treatment. Bone marrow allotransplantation remains the only method that gives a chance for a significant extension of life.
The German authors presented a series of 14 cases of chronic neutrophilic leukemia. The group of patients consisted of eight women and six men. The average age was 64.7 years. From the entire group of patients, longer survival was achieved only in three cases. One of these patients was treated with interferon alpha and achieved hematological remission, the other underwent bone marrow allotransplantation from a family donor, and the third one was treated with hydroxycarbamide and transfusions as needed. The follow-up period of the patient after allogeneic matched related donor transplantation (allo-MRD) was 73 months, and for the patient after interferon treatment it was 41 months.
The remaining patients died within 2 years of diagnosis. Six patients, the largest group, died due to intracranial bleeding, three patients died because of leukemia cell tissue infiltration, one patient because of the disease transformation into leukemia, and one patient because of pneumonia [46].
It can be seen from these experiences that treatment with interferon alpha can significantly extend the survival time of patients.
The case of a 40-year-old woman diagnosed with chronic neutrophilic leukemia is presented by Yassin and coauthors. Initially, the patient had almost 41,000 leukocytes in the peripheral blood. In a physical examination, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were not present. Patient received pegylated interferon alpha-2a. The initially dose was 50 μg once a week for the first 2 weeks, then the dose was increased to 135 μg weekly for 6 weeks, and then the dose interval was extended to another 2 weeks. As a result of the treatment, the general condition of the patient improved and the parameters of peripheral blood counts were normalized [47].
Another case report presented in the literature describes a 41-year-old woman diagnosed with CNL accompanied by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The patient had increasing leukocytosis for several months. On the admission to the hospital, leukocytosis was 94,000/μl. Moreover, the number of platelets in the morphology exceeded 1,000,000/μl. More than a year earlier, the patient had splenectomy due to splenomegaly and spleen infraction.
Additionally, JAK2 V617F mutation was found. Some authors suggest that the presence of JAK2 mutation may be associated with longer survival in CNL.
The patient received hydroxycarbamide for 3 months and reduction in the number of leukocytes was achieved. After this time, interferon alpha-2b was added to hydroxycarbamide. As a result, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis disappeared and the renal tests improved [48].
Another case of chronic neutrophilic leukemia with a JAK2 gene mutation concerns a 53-year-old man. The patient’s baseline leukocytosis was 33,500/μl, including the neutrophil count of 29,700/μl. The patient also had splenomegaly.
The treatment with interferon alpha-2b at a dose of 3 million units every other day was started. After a month of treatment, the number of leukocytes was reduced to less than 10,000/μl. Then the patient was treated chronically with interferon alpha-2b in doses of 3 million units every 2 weeks. As a result of the therapy, the number of leukocytes remains between 8 and 10,000/μl. The patient remains in general good condition [49].
A series of two CNL cases are also shown. The first patient was a 70-year-old woman with stable leukocytosis of about 35,000/μl and the remaining morphology parameters in normal range. The patient was only observed for 5 years until hepasplenomegaly progressed rapidly. Then, interferon alpha-2b was included. Due to the treatment, the rapid regression of hepatosplenomegaly was achieved.
The second case is a 68-year-old woman with baseline leukocytosis of almost 14,000/μl. In this case, the treatment with hydroxycarbamide was started immediately. However, no improvement was achieved. After 6 weeks of HU treatment, interferon alpha-2b 3 million units 3 times a week was implemented and leukocytosis decreased. Due to the interferon treatment, the disease stabilized for a long time. Because the patient experienced an adverse reaction, a severe flu-like syndrome, interferon was discontinued. After interferon withdrawal, the disease progressed gradually and the treatment attempts by busulfan and 6-mercaptopurine were unsuccessful. Therefore, interferon was readministered and the disease went into remission. Interferon treatment was continued at a reduced dose. The disease regression was achieved again.
Additionally, the patient showed an improvement in the function of granulocytes in terms of phagocytosis and an improvement in neutral killer (NK) cell function after treatment with interferon [50].
The above examples show that interferon alpha is effective in the treatment of chronic neutrophilic leukemia. The side effects are rare and can be managed with dose reductions. Moreover, in these cases, interferon is also effective in a reduced dose. Disease remission or regression can be achieved without typical of CNL complications, such as intracranial bleeding.
2.6 Another
Interferon has been used in the past to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. The treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is now a standard practice. However, in a small number of patients, they are ineffective or exhibit unmanageable toxicity. Therefore, the attempts are underway to use interferon in combination with TKI in lower doses, which is to ensure the enhancement of the antiproliferative effect while reducing the toxicity.
There are ongoing attempts to use ropeginterferon in patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia, in whom treatment with imatinib alone has not led to deep molecular response (DMR). The first phase study was conducted in a small group of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The patients in first chronic phase treated with imatinib who did not achieve DMR, but in complete hematologic remission and complete cytogenetic remission, were included in the study. Patients have been treated with imatinib for at least 18 months. Twelve patients were enrolled in the study, and they completed the study according to the protocol. These patients received additional ropeginterferon to imatinib and four achieved DMR. Low toxicity was observed during the treatment. Among the hematological toxicities, neutropenia was the most common. There was no nonhematological toxicity with a degree higher than 1/2 during the treatment. Moreover, it has been found that better effects and fewer side effects are obtained when ropeginterferon is administered for a longer time, but in lower doses. The comparison of the effectiveness of interferon in chronic myeloproliferative disorders based on selected articles is presented in Table 1 [51].
Interferon alpha appears to be an effective and safe drug in the most type of chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Nowadays, all forms of its using have similar effectiveness. Interferon alpha can be effective even in cases of resistance for first-line treatment. Trial research is currently underway to combine it with some new drugs, such as ruxolitinib, and to add it to the already well-established therapy, it is a promising option for patients with refractory disease.
From time to time, new forms of interferon, such as ropeginterferon, are introduced, which gives hope for better effectiveness, better safety profile, and greater comfort in its use for patients who have to be treated for many years. In the case of the use of interferons alpha in the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative diseases, there are still opportunities to extend its use and to study its combination with newly introduced drugs.
\n',keywords:"chronic myeloproliferative disorders, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, ropeginterferon, pegylated interferon alpha",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81569.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81569.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81569",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81569",totalDownloads:19,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 30th 2022",dateReviewed:"March 14th 2022",datePrePublished:"April 29th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 29th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"It has been noted that interferon can exert an antiproliferative effect by stimulating cells of the immune system. Interferon has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Over the years, interferon alpha-2a and interferon alpha-2b have been introduced into the treatment of chronic myeloproliferation, followed by their pegylated forms. Studies have been showing the effectiveness of interferon alpha in reducing the number of platelets in essential thrombocythemia, reducing the need for phlebotomies in patients with polycythemia vera and also in reducing the number of leukocytes. Additionally, it turned out to be effective in reducing the size of the spleen. Interferon has also been shown to be effective in inducing long-term molecular remissions. The introduction of new forms of interferon such as ropeginterferon and the combination of interferon alpha with newly introduced drugs from other groups causes that interferon remains an important drug in the field of chronic myeloproliferative disorders. The chapter presents the results of clinical trials and the experiences of various centers in its usage for mieloproliferative neoplasms.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81569",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81569",signatures:"Anna Prochwicz and Dorota Krochmalczyk",book:{id:"11275",type:"book",title:"Interferon - Immune Metabolism",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Interferon - Immune Metabolism",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11275.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-886-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-885-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-887-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Prof.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Polycythemia vera",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"2.1.1 Ropeginterferon (monopegylated interferon alfa-2b)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.2 Essential thrombocythemia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.1 Pregnancy",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3 Myelofibrosis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.4 Mastocytosis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.5 Chronic neutrophilic leukemia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.6 Another",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016;127:2391-2405. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544'},{id:"B2",body:'Spivak JL, Barosi G, Tognoni G, et al. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2003:200-224. DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2003.1.200'},{id:"B3",body:'Isaacs A, Lindenmann J. Virus interference. I. The interferon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London—Series B: Biological Sciences. 1957;147:258-267. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1957.0048'},{id:"B4",body:'Hasselbalch HC, Holmström MO. Perspectives on interferon-alpha in the treatment of polycythemia vera and related myeloproliferative neoplasms: Minimal residual disease and cure? Seminars in Immunopathology. 2019;41:5-19. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0700-2'},{id:"B5",body:'Ludwig H, Linkesch W, Gisslinger H, et al. Interferon-alfa corrects thrombocytosis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 1987;25:266-273. DOI: 10.1007/BF00199157'},{id:"B6",body:'Lu M, Zhang W, Li Y, et al. Interferon-alpha targets JAK2V617F-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells and acts through the p38 MAPK pathway. Experimental Hematology. 2010;38:472-480. DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.03.005'},{id:"B7",body:'Kiladjian JJ, Chomienne C, Fenaux P. Interferon-alpha therapy in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia. 2008;22:1990-1998. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.280'},{id:"B8",body:'Wang Q , Miyakawa Y, Fox N, Kaushansky K. Interferon-alpha directly represses megakaryopoiesis by inhibiting thrombopoietin-induced signaling through induction of SOCS-1. Blood. 2000;96:2093-2099'},{id:"B9",body:'Waters MJ, Brooks AJ. JAK2 activation by growth hormone and other cytokines. The Biochemical Journal. 2015;466:1-11. DOI: 10.1042/BJ20141293'},{id:"B10",body:'Brooks AJ, Dai W, O’Mara ML, et al. Mechanism of activation of protein kinase JAK2 by the growth hormone receptor. Science. 2014;344:1249783. DOI: 10.1126/science.1249783'},{id:"B11",body:'Chaligné R, Tonetti C, Besancenot R, et al. New mutations of MPL in primitive myelofibrosis: Only the MPL W515 mutations promote a G1/S-phase transition. Leukemia. 2008;22:1557-1566. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.137'},{id:"B12",body:'Chachoua I, Pecquet C, El-Khoury M, et al. Thrombopoietin receptor activation by myeloproliferative neoplasm associated calreticulin mutants. Blood. 2016;127:1325-1335. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-681932'},{id:"B13",body:'Kralovics R, Passamonti F, Buser AS, et al. A gain-of-function mutation of JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352:1779-1790. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa051113'},{id:"B14",body:'Hino M, Futami E, Okuno S, et al. Possible selective effects of interferon alpha-2b on a malignant clone in a case of polycythemia vera. Annals of Hematology. 1993;66:161-162. DOI: 10.1007/BF01697629'},{id:"B15",body:'Yacoub A, Mascarenhas J, Kosiorek H, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a for polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea. Blood. 2019;134:1498-1509. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000428'},{id:"B16",body:'Masarova L, Patel KP, Newberry KJ, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a in patients with essential thrombocythaemia or polycythaemia vera: a post-hoc, median 83 month follow-up of an open-label, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Haematology. 2017;4:e165-e175. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30030-3'},{id:"B17",body:'Kiladjian JJ, Cassinat B, Turlure P, et al. High molecular response rate of polycythemia vera patients treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Blood. 2006;108:2037-2040. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-009860'},{id:"B18",body:'Samuelsson J, Hasselbalch H, Bruserud O, et al. Nordic study Group for Myeloproliferative Disorders. A phase II trial of pegylated interferon alpha-2b therapy for polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: Feasibility, clinical and biologic effects, and impact on quality of life. Cancer. 2006;106:2397-2405. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21900'},{id:"B19",body:'Huang BT, Zeng QC, Zhao WH, et al. Interferon α-2b gains high sustained response therapy for advanced essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera with JAK2V617F positive mutation. Leukemia Research. 2014;38:1177-1183. DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.06.019'},{id:"B20",body:'European Medicines Agency. Besremi Assessment Report. European Medicines Agency Website. Amsterdam, Netherlands: European Medicines Agency; 2020. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/besremi'},{id:"B21",body:'Verger E, Soret-Dulphy J, Maslah N, et al. Ropeginterferon alpha-2b targets JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera cells in vitro and in vivo. Blood Cancer Journal. 2018;8:94. DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0133-0'},{id:"B22",body:'Barbui T, Vannucchi AM, De Stefano V, et al. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b versus phlebotomy in low-risk patients with polycythaemia vera (low-PV study): A multicentre, randomised phase 2 trial. The Lancet Haematology. 2021;8:e175-e184. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30373-2'},{id:"B23",body:'Gisslinger H, Klade C, Georgiev P, et al. PROUD-PV study group. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b versus standard therapy for polycythaemia vera (PROUD-PV and CONTINUATION-PV): A randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial and its extension study. The Lancet Haematology. 2020;7:e196-e208. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30236-4'},{id:"B24",body:'Gisslinger H, Klade C, Georgiev P, et al. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b: Efficacy and safety in different age groups. Hema. 2020;4:e485. DOI: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000485'},{id:"B25",body:'Geyer HL, Mesa RA. Therapy for myeloproliferative neoplasms: When, which agent, and how? Blood. 2014;124:3529-3537. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-577635'},{id:"B26",body:'Quintás-Cardama A, Kantarjian H, Manshouri T, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a yields high rates of hematologic and molecular response in patients with advanced essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27:5418-5524. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6075'},{id:"B27",body:'Alvarado Y, Cortes J, Verstovsek S, et al. Pilot study of pegylated interferon-alpha 2b in patients with essential thrombocythemia. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2003;51:81-86. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-002-0533-4'},{id:"B28",body:'Schrickel L, Heidel FH, Sadjadian P, et al. German study group MPN, GSG-MPN. Interferon alpha for essential thrombocythemia during 34 high-risk pregnancies: Outcome and safety. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2021;147:1481-1491. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03430-4'},{id:"B29",body:'Melillo L, Tieghi A, Candoni A, et al. Outcome of 122 pregnancies in essential thrombocythemia patients: A report from the Italian registry. American Journal of Hematology. 2009;84:636-640. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21504'},{id:"B30",body:'Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. British Journal of Haematology. 2010;149:352-375. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x'},{id:"B31",body:'Edahiro Y, Yasuda H, Gotoh A, et al. Interferon therapy for pregnant patients with essential thrombocythemia in Japan. International Journal of Hematology. 2021;113:106-111. DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-03001-w'},{id:"B32",body:'Harrison CN, Vannucchi AM, Kiladjian JJ, et al. Long-term findings from COMFORT-II, a phase 3 study of ruxolitinib vs best available therapy for myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2016;30:1701-1707. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.148'},{id:"B33",body:'Pizzi M, Silver RT, Barel A, Orazi A. Recombinant interferon-α in myelofibrosis reduces bone marrow fibrosis, improves its morphology and is associated with clinical response. Modern Pathology. 2015;28:1315-1323. DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.93'},{id:"B34",body:'Silver RT, Vandris K, Goldman JJ. Recombinant interferon-alpha may retard progression of early primary myelofibrosis: A preliminary report. Blood. 2011;117:6669-6672. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-320069'},{id:"B35",body:'Bachleitner-Hofmann T, Gisslinger H. The role of interferon-alpha in the treatment of idiopathic myelofibrosis. Annals of Hematology. 1999;78:533-538. DOI: 10.1007/s002770050554'},{id:"B36",body:'Sørensen AL, Mikkelsen SU, Knudsen TA, et al. Ruxolitinib and interferon-α2 combination therapy for patients with polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis: A phase II study. Haematologica. 2020;105:2262-2272. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.235648'},{id:"B37",body:'Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, et al. Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2013;27:1861-1869. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.119'},{id:"B38",body:'Silver RT, Barel AC, Lascu E, et al. The effect of initial molecular profile on response to recombinant interferon-α (rIFNα) treatment in early myelofibrosis. Cancer. 2017;123:2680-2687. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30679'},{id:"B39",body:'Pardanani A. Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. American Journal of Hematology. 2021;96:508-525. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26118'},{id:"B40",body:'Casassus P, Caillat-Vigneron N, Martin A, et al. Treatment of adult systemic mastocytosis with interferon-alpha: Results of a multicentre phase II trial on 20 patients. British Journal of Haematology. 2002;119:1090-1097. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03944.x'},{id:"B41",body:'Hauswirth AW, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Uffmann M, et al. Response to therapy with interferon alpha-2b and prednisolone in aggressive systemic mastocytosis: Report of five cases and review of the literature. Leukemia Research. 2004;28:249-257. DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00259-5'},{id:"B42",body:'Lim KH, Pardanani A, Butterfield JH, et al. Cytoreductive therapy in 108 adults with systemic mastocytosis: Outcome analysis and response prediction during treatment with interferon-alpha, hydroxyurea, imatinib mesylate or 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. American Journal of Hematology. 2009;84:790-794. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21561'},{id:"B43",body:'Mizuno I, Tominaga R, Gomyo H, et al. Systemic mastocytosis with refractory ascites successfully treated with interferon-α and a leukotriene receptor antagonist. Japanese. 2019;60:1555-1559. DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.60.1555'},{id:"B44",body:'Yoshida C, Takeuchi M, Tsuchiyama J, Sadahira Y. Successful treatment of KIT D816V-positive, imatinib-resistant systemic mastocytosis with interferon-alpha. Internal Medicine. 2009;48:1973-1978. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2294'},{id:"B45",body:'Laroche M, Livideanu C, Paul C, Cantagrel A. Interferon alpha and pamidronate in osteoporosis with fracture secondary to mastocytosis. The American Journal of Medicine. 2011;124:776-778. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.02.038'},{id:"B46",body:'Böhm J, Schaefer HE. Chronic neutrophilic leukaemia: 14 new cases of an uncommon myeloproliferative disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002;55:862-864. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.11.862'},{id:"B47",body:'Yassin MA, Kohla S, Al-Sabbagh A, et al. A case of chronic neutrophilic leukemia successfully treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a. Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports. 2015;8:33-36. DOI: 10.4137/CCRep.S22820'},{id:"B48",body:'Wang R, Tong H, Wang H, et al. Nephrotic syndrome related to chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Internal Medicine. 2014;53:2505-2509. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.2162'},{id:"B49",body:'Zhang X, Pan J, Guo J. Presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in a patient with chronic neutrophilic leukemia and effective response to interferon α-2b. Acta Haematologica. 2013;130:44-46. DOI: 10.1159/000345851'},{id:"B50",body:'Meyer S, Feremans W, Cantiniaux B, et al. Successful alpha-2b-interferon therapy for chronic neutrophilic leukemia. American Journal of Hematology. 1993;43:307-309. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830430416'},{id:"B51",body:'Heibl S, Buxhofer-Ausch V, Schmidt S, et al. A phase 1 study to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the addition of ropeginterferon alpha-2b to imatinib treatment in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) not achieving a deep molecular response (molecular remission 4.5)-AGMT_CML 1. Hematological Oncology. 2020;38:792-798. DOI: 10.1002/hon.2786'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Anna Prochwicz",address:"annaprochwicz@interia.pl",affiliation:'
Department of Hematology, Specialized Hospital, Poland
Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11275",type:"book",title:"Interferon - Immune Metabolism",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Interferon - Immune Metabolism",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11275.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-886-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-885-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-887-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Prof.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"193667",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunusa",middleName:null,surname:"Umar",email:"Umar_y@jic.edu.sa",fullName:"Yunusa Umar",slug:"yunusa-umar",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Jubail Industrial College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"53915",title:"Electrical Properties of Different Polymeric Materials and their Applications: The Influence of Electric Field",slug:"electrical-properties-of-different-polymeric-materials-and-their-applications-the-influence-of-elect",abstract:"In this chapter, a comprehensive study on the general structure of polymers, their properties and applications has been carried out. In particular, the application of polymers for insulating high‐voltage (HV) equipment has been reported, together with the effect of electric field when they are subjected to HV stress. Experimental results related to the effect of partial discharge (PD) on polymeric insulations have been reported and discussed. Practical implications of the results have been discussed, and recommendations are made for future improvement. It is important to obtain new information regarding novel polymeric materials such as nano‐polymers that can possibly outperform the currently used ones. It is also vital to investigate the right information for electrical equipment, i.e. by using the appropriate polymer as solid insulation, minimizing the presence of any metallic sharp object and any other conducting path during manufacture in order to avoid any type of internal or external PD.",signatures:"Sk Manirul Haque, Jorge Alfredo Ardila Rey, Abdullahi Abubakar\nMasúd, Yunusa Umar and Ricardo Albarracin",authors:[{id:"188032",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullahi",surname:"Mas\\'Ud",fullName:"Abdullahi Mas\\'Ud",slug:"abdullahi-mas'ud",email:"abdullahi.masud@gmail.com"},{id:"192893",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Albarracín Sánchez",fullName:"Ricardo Albarracín Sánchez",slug:"ricardo-albarracin-sanchez",email:"rasbarracin@gmail.com"},{id:"193667",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunusa",surname:"Umar",fullName:"Yunusa Umar",slug:"yunusa-umar",email:"Umar_y@jic.edu.sa"},{id:"193668",title:"Dr.",name:"Manirul",surname:"Haque",fullName:"Manirul Haque",slug:"manirul-haque",email:"Haque_m@jic.edu.sa"},{id:"196087",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Ardila Rey",fullName:"Jorge Ardila Rey",slug:"jorge-ardila-rey",email:"jorge.ardila@usm.cl"}],book:{id:"5478",title:"Polymer Dielectrics",slug:"properties-and-applications-of-polymer-dielectrics",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"188032",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullahi",surname:"Mas\\'Ud",slug:"abdullahi-mas'ud",fullName:"Abdullahi Mas\\'Ud",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jubail Industrial College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"190552",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Shi",slug:"wei-shi",fullName:"Wei Shi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"190761",title:"Prof.",name:"Junsheng",surname:"Yu",slug:"junsheng-yu",fullName:"Junsheng Yu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"191569",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul",surname:"Naeem",slug:"abdul-naeem",fullName:"Abdul Naeem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Peshawar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"192893",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Albarracín Sánchez",slug:"ricardo-albarracin-sanchez",fullName:"Ricardo Albarracín Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192893/images/6398_n.jpg",biography:"Ricardo Albarracín received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. (Partial discharge measurements in the UHF range) degrees in Electrical Engineering in 2010 and 2014, respectively, from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Currently, he is Assistant Professor of Electrical machines, Control of electrical machines and drives, and Numerical calculations in engineering modules at the Senior Technical School of Engineering and Industrial Design (ETSIDI), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain. Besides, he is member of the research group Networks and installations of low-voltage and high-voltage (RIBAT) and Assistant to the Director for International Mobility at ETSIDI. His main research interest areas are electrical insulation diagnosis, partial discharges, condition monitoring, power transformers, UHF sensors, and the integration of renewable sources in power systems.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"193668",title:"Dr.",name:"Manirul",surname:"Haque",slug:"manirul-haque",fullName:"Manirul Haque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jubail Industrial College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"195027",title:"Dr.",name:"Yifan",surname:"Zheng",slug:"yifan-zheng",fullName:"Yifan Zheng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"196087",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Ardila Rey",slug:"jorge-ardila-rey",fullName:"Jorge Ardila Rey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jubail Industrial College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"196379",title:"Dr.",name:"Asad",surname:"Mahmood",slug:"asad-mahmood",fullName:"Asad Mahmood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Peshawar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"196380",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahira",surname:"Mahmood",slug:"tahira-mahmood",fullName:"Tahira Mahmood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Peshawar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11662},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22333},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33644}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135278},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{amp:"",hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11778",title:"Correctional Facilities and Correctional Treatment - International Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a933550a6966a04e4677a4c0aea8f5b2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11778.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198691",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",surname:"Abrunhosa Gonçalves",slug:"rui-abrunhosa-goncalves",fullName:"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11556",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0a68fbeb303684344bda285aa06769af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:241},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"166",title:"Statistics",slug:"mathematics-statistics",parent:{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:149,numberOfWosCitations:169,numberOfCrossrefCitations:216,numberOfDimensionsCitations:357,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"166",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9218",title:"Bayesian Inference on Complicated Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cf83c23db5b0ae47192d34ec8091162",slug:"bayesian-inference-on-complicated-data",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7680",title:"Statistical Methodologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9ba6b053350f5e59925bce32b1d692d",slug:"statistical-methodologies",bookSignature:"Jan Peter Hessling",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7680.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hessling",slug:"jan-peter-hessling",fullName:"Jan Peter Hessling"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7372",title:"Bayesian Networks",subtitle:"Advances and Novel Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee81401d110a5f6bca2997a28e8d169b",slug:"bayesian-networks-advances-and-novel-applications",bookSignature:"Douglas McNair",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219757",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"McNair",slug:"douglas-mcnair",fullName:"Douglas McNair"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8362",title:"Time Series Analysis",subtitle:"Data, Methods, and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e98dd03d921c19cc2324e91845d5160",slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Chun-Kit Ngan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227503",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun-Kit",middleName:null,surname:"Ngan",slug:"chun-kit-ngan",fullName:"Chun-Kit Ngan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6703",title:"Statistics",subtitle:"Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f67636870f28cdf080018abaddd953d2",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",bookSignature:"Türkmen Göksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190299",title:"Dr.",name:"Türkmen",middleName:null,surname:"Göksel",slug:"turkmen-goksel",fullName:"Türkmen Göksel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5856",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"950e8a681056d4b6bdc024121529d1ce",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",bookSignature:"Valter Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187136",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"valter-silva",fullName:"Valter Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5964",title:"Bayesian Inference",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b05b9b63cb02573c7e0cc5e877e35c61",slug:"bayesian-inference",bookSignature:"Javier Prieto Tejedor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5964.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177972",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier Prieto",middleName:null,surname:"Tejedor",slug:"javier-prieto-tejedor",fullName:"Javier Prieto Tejedor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5446",title:"Advances in Statistical Methodologies and Their Application to Real Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e5e8e7a09c351b3e0377d6ac6ccc35",slug:"advances-in-statistical-methodologies-and-their-application-to-real-problems",bookSignature:"Tsukasa Hokimoto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69561",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsukasa",middleName:null,surname:"Hokimoto",slug:"tsukasa-hokimoto",fullName:"Tsukasa Hokimoto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3812",title:"Dynamic Programming and Bayesian Inference",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f507023ddf3414519592ec0f0d6b25e3",slug:"dynamic-programming-and-bayesian-inference-concepts-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Saber Fallah",middleName:null,surname:"Nezhad",slug:"mohammad-saber-fallah-nezhad",fullName:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2155",title:"Bayesian Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c08ecbb5580e47a9c16cdaec48c2adc",slug:"bayesian-networks",bookSignature:"Wichian Premchaiswadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10820",title:"Dr.",name:"Wichian",middleName:null,surname:"Premchaiswadi",slug:"wichian-premchaiswadi",fullName:"Wichian Premchaiswadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"59209",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73690",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5471,totalCrossrefCites:65,totalDimensionsCites:97,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69501",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3223,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"64216",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81170",title:"CNN Approaches for Time Series Classification",slug:"cnn-approaches-for-time-series-classification",totalDownloads:3425,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Time series classification is an important field in time series data-mining which have covered broad applications so far. Although it has attracted great interests during last decades, it remains a challenging task and falls short of efficiency due to the nature of its data: high dimensionality, large in data size and updating continuously. With the advent of deep learning, new methods have been developed, especially Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. In this paper, we present a review of our time series CNN approaches including: (i) a data-level approach based on encoding time series into frequency-domain signals via the Stockwell transform, (ii) an algorithm-level approach based on an adaptive convolutional layer filter that suits the time series in hand, and (iii) another algorithm-level approach adapted to time series classification tasks with limited annotated data, which is a global, fast and light-weight framework based on a transfer learning technique with a source learning task similar or different but related to the target learning task. These approaches are implemented on identifying human activities including normal movements of typical subjects and disorder-related movements such as stereotypical motor movements of autistic subjects. Experimental results show that our approaches improve performance of time series classification.",book:{id:"8362",slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",title:"Time Series Analysis",fullTitle:"Time Series Analysis - Data, Methods, and Applications"},signatures:"Lamyaa Sadouk",authors:[{id:"257943",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lamyaa",middleName:null,surname:"Sadouk",slug:"lamyaa-sadouk",fullName:"Lamyaa Sadouk"}]},{id:"56653",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70230",title:"Bayesian Hypothesis Testing: An Alternative to Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) in Psychology and Social Sciences",slug:"bayesian-hypothesis-testing-an-alternative-to-null-hypothesis-significance-testing-nhst-in-psycholog",totalDownloads:3438,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Since the mid-1950s, there has been a clear predominance of the Frequentist approach to hypothesis testing, both in psychology and in social sciences. Despite its popularity in the field of statistics, Bayesian inference is barely known and used in psychology. Frequentist inference, and its null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), has been hegemonic through most of the history of scientific psychology. However, the NHST has not been exempt of criticisms. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to introduce a Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing that may represent a useful complement, or even an alternative, to the current NHST. The advantages of this Bayesian approach over Frequentist NHST will be presented, providing examples that support its use in psychology and social sciences. Conclusions are outlined.",book:{id:"5964",slug:"bayesian-inference",title:"Bayesian Inference",fullTitle:"Bayesian Inference"},signatures:"Alonso Ortega and Gorka Navarrete",authors:[{id:"203438",title:"Dr.",name:"Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"alonso-ortega",fullName:"Alonso Ortega"},{id:"208842",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorka",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"gorka-navarrete",fullName:"Gorka Navarrete"}]},{id:"59936",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75007",title:"Application of Principal Component Analysis to Image Compression",slug:"application-of-principal-component-analysis-to-image-compression",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In this chapter, an introduction to the basics of principal component analysis (PCA) is given, aimed at presenting PCA applications to image compression. Here, concepts of linear algebra used in PCA are introduced, and PCA theoretical foundations are explained in connection with those concepts. Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. Finally, a novel construction of principal components by periodicity of principal components has been included, in order to reduce the computational cost for their calculation, although decreasing the accuracy.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Wilmar Hernandez and Alfredo Mendez",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5470,totalCrossrefCites:64,totalDimensionsCites:97,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. Methodological basis of research is the method of the dynamic standard, index and the coefficient analysis and the method of paired comparisons. The results of the study: (1) the method of the dynamic standard for creation of statistical model of region investment appeal is offered; (2) the normative model of region investment appeal to measure the productivity of the realization of regions investment policy in Russia is created; (3) new factors of region investment appeal are investigated and (4) statistically valid conclusions are drawn and practical recommendations are made. The results of the study are addressed to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in order to justify the amount of federal targeted investment programs financing in Russian regions.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Burtseva Tatiana Alexsandrovna",authors:null},{id:"56460",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"59936",title:"Application of Principal Component Analysis to Image Compression",slug:"application-of-principal-component-analysis-to-image-compression",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In this chapter, an introduction to the basics of principal component analysis (PCA) is given, aimed at presenting PCA applications to image compression. Here, concepts of linear algebra used in PCA are introduced, and PCA theoretical foundations are explained in connection with those concepts. Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. Finally, a novel construction of principal components by periodicity of principal components has been included, in order to reduce the computational cost for their calculation, although decreasing the accuracy.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Wilmar Hernandez and Alfredo Mendez",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"166",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:{name:"University of Urbino",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University, Cyprus",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landesa Rural Development Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"267257",title:"Dr.",name:"Wame",middleName:null,surname:"Hambira",slug:"wame-hambira",fullName:"Wame Hambira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZhvQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T08:16:15.jpg",institutionString:"Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Botswana",institution:null},{id:"256906",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenebe",middleName:null,surname:"Mekonnen",slug:"zenebe-mekonnen",fullName:"Zenebe Mekonnen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256906/images/20300_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ethiopia"}}}]},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. Molete, Maphefo D. Thekiso and Mzubanzi Mabongo",slug:"dental-and-orofacial-trauma-impacts-on-oral-health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-low-and-middl",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82288",title:"Dental Emergency and Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105495",signatures:"Navneet Kaur",slug:"dental-emergency-and-conditions",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:23,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:26,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools"},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/193667",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"193667"},fullPath:"/profiles/193667",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()