Definitions of key piston geometries.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe history of pacing, the newest devices with home monitoring as well as electrophysiologic aspect of cardiac pacing, with an illustration of the standard surgical implantation procedures will be discussed. Major pacing trials will be mentioned to highlight the benefits of the therapy in both sinus node disease and AV block. The rapid evolution of pacing technology will also be touched upon as we will devote a part of the book to pacing algorithms. The book will also discuss cardiac resynchronization therapy, left ventricular pacing leads and ICDs.
The internal combustion engine converts thermal energy of the combustible fuel into mechanical energy that moves the piston and eventually the crankshaft. This energy conversion process occurs within the engine power cylinder system. The power cylinder system comprises the following components: piston, piston rings, cylinder liner, wrist pin, and connecting rod.
The piston is the main component that delivers the mechanical energy through reciprocating motion. And this reciprocating motion is transmitted into rotational motion of the crankshaft to output power through the connecting rod. The connecting rod’s small end is connected to the piston through the wrist pin, and the rod’s big end is connected to the crankshaft. Combustion occurs above the piston in the combustion chamber, which is sealed by the ring pack, especially the top compression of the ring pack. Figure 1 shows these major components of the power cylinder system.
Power cylinder system.
A complete engine cycle consists of four different strokes for a four‐stroke engine along with the piston‐reciprocating motion. These four strokes are intake stroke, compression stroke, expansion stroke, and exhaust stroke as shown in Figure 2.
Four strokes for a complete engine cycle.
As for a modern diesel engine, which is known for its better efficiency over its gasoline counterpart, only about 40% of the energy produced by the engine is converted to the engine output power. About 4–15% of that energy is wasted as mechanical friction loss. And the rest of the energy, which is almost over half of the chemical energy, is dissipated as other forms, for example, heat transfer, blowby loss, and so on, as shown in Figure 3 from the study by Richardson [1].
Power distribution for diesel engines.
And about half of the mechanical friction loss is attributed to the friction in the power cylinder system, including the piston, ring pack, and the connecting rod as shown in Figure 4 [1]. The other part is due to the friction of other components, for example, the valve train system, the crankshaft bearings, and so on.
Mechanical friction power distribution.
The friction loss distribution among piston, piston ring pack, and the connecting rod for the power cylinder system can be found in Figure 5 [1]. As can be found, the piston and ring pack account for higher friction loss than the connecting rod.
Power cylinder system friction power distribution.
The piston of an internal combustion engine is the main component to transmit the thermal energy into mechanical energy. High‐pressure gas from the combustion of the fuel‐air mixture pushes the piston downward to deliver mechanical energy. Thus, the working condition for the piston is severe. Pistons in small engines are made of aluminum while for large lower speed applications, the pistons are made of cast iron [2]. As the load continues to increase for engines, especially in the heavy‐duty industry, steel pistons become widely used nowadays. Figure 6 shows a typical piston for diesel engine with the definitions of the key geometries shown in Table 1.
Key piston geometries.
No. | Definitions |
---|---|
1 | Piston crown |
2 | Piston skirt |
3 | Top land |
4 | Second and third land |
5 | Top groove |
6 | Second and third groove |
Definitions of key piston geometries.
The piston skirt generally has a barrel/parabolic profile that promotes hydrodynamic lubrication due to the edge effect (Figure 7). This skirt profile needs to be optimized in order to minimize piston friction. Piston skirt also grows outward in the radial direction at a high temperature during engine operation.
Piston skirt profile.
In addition to the barrel/parabolic profile in the axial direction, piston skirt usually has ovality in the circumference direction as well. The ovality is defined as the difference between the diameter in the thrust axis and the diameter in the pin axis. The ovality is introduced to reduce wear and the risk of scuffing. Development work related to piston dynamics, friction, scuffing, and so on can be found from the references by different researchers [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
The ring pack is typically composed with three rings: two compression rings and one oil control ring. The main functions of the ring pack are listed as follows:
To seal the combustion chamber in conjunction with the piston lands and the cylinder wall, in order to prevent the high‐pressure gas from leaking into the crankcase that is wasted in producing power.
To control the lubrication oil from getting into the combustion chamber from below the piston as well as to distribute the lubrication oil evenly on the cylinder wall.
To transfer heat from the piston to the cylinder wall and eventually to the cooling system. Since the piston crown is exposed to the combustion chamber, it is critical to reduce the piston temperature in order to guarantee the piston’s working condition.
Figure 8 shows typical ring packs for modern gasoline and diesel engines.
IC engine ring pack: (a) gasoline engine and (b) diesel engine.
The top compression ring is the first ring and the main component sealing the combustion chamber for engine blowby control. The top ring is also under the most severe working condition since it is directly exposed to the combustion gas and usually under high pressure and high temperature.
The top compression rings for gasoline engine usually have a rectangular cross section. However, for diesel engine operation, the top compression rings usually are keystone rings (Figure 9) which promotes the breakup of the deposits between the ring and piston groove, thus reducing the possibility of micro‐welding between the piston ring and the piston groove. The top compression ring usually has a parabolic or a barrel profile at its front face in order to enhance the hydrodynamic lubrication between the ring face and the cylinder wall interface (Figure 9).
Top compression ring cross section.
The sealing capability of the top compression ring has significant influence of engine blowby because of the high gas pressure gradient across the top ring. Engine blowby is recognized as the high‐pressure gas leaking into the crankcase through the ring pack. Thus, the top compression ring is desired to conform to the cylinder wall evenly along the ring circumference. Also, due to the high gas pressure gradient across the top ring, the top ring stays against the bottom side of the piston groove most of the time during the engine cycle.
The second ring is a scraper ring which is recognized as 80% for scraping the lubrication oil down and 20% for sealing the combustion chamber. Because of the wedge effect, the scraper ring promotes hydrodynamic lubrication during the up‐strokes (compression and exhaust strokes) and scrapes oil down during the down‐strokes (intake and expansion strokes). Figure 10 shows two types of second rings: one is scraper ring and the other is Napier ring. For the second ring, static twist is usually introduced by cutting off the ring material at one of the back corners. If the lower inside corner is cut off, the ring is a negative static twisted ring, while if the upper inside corner is cut off, the ring has a positive static twist configuration.
Second compression ring cross section.
Although the gas pressure gradient across the second compression ring is much lower than that of the top ring, the second ring also has a noticeable effect on gas flow and gas dynamics. Due to this lower‐pressure gradient across the second ring, the ring inertial force becomes competitive to gas pressure force. The inertial force may lift the second ring up at late compression stroke such that the second ring stays against the top flank of the groove. This process may repeat depending on the pressure buildup above the second ring when it is top seated. This unstable axial in‐groove motion is recognized as ring fluttering [12]. When the ring fluttering occurs, another gas flow path between the ring and groove sides opens. As a result, blowby gas may increase.
It is also possible for the second ring to move inward in the radial direction. This radial movement is known as ring radial collapse [12]. When the ring radial collapse occurs, the gas above the ring can flow past the ring directly between the ring face and the cylinder wall to the lower land. Severe engine blowby can occur at this ring collapse condition. It depends on the ring and piston design which of the two conditions occur, ring fluttering or ring collapse. It is also possible that the two conditions occur simultaneously.
It was found that the static twist has significant influence on the second ring fluttering and radial collapse. The second ring with a negative static twist is more likely to flutter than a positive static twist second ring. However, if the second ring is lifted against the top flank of the groove, the positive static twist configuration will be more likely to collapse than the negative twist configuration. This will be discussed in the “Ring dynamics” section later in this chapter.
The oil control ring is used to meter and distribute lubrication oil onto the cylinder wall. There are generally two types of oil control rings: two‐piece oil control ring and three‐piece oil control ring (Figure 11). The two‐piece oil control ring consists of a ring body with two rails and a helical spring on the back providing the ring tension force. The three‐piece oil control ring consists of two segments and an expander in between the two segments. The expander provides the radial force to conform the ring to the cylinder wall and also the axial force to push the ring against the top and bottom sides of the groove. The oil control ring is a two‐direction scraper ring that scrapes oil in both upward strokes and downward strokes. During the downward strokes, the bottom rail/segment scrapes oil directly back into the crankcase. The top rail/segment scrapes oil back into the groove through the oil control ring expander. Generally, holes at the back of the oil control ring groove can be found along the circumference in order to allow the oil draining to the crankcase. In some piston design, instead of using these holes at the back of the groove, cast slots are introduced at the bottom edge of the groove for oil drain as an easier solution. During the upward strokes, the bottom rail/segment scrapes oil into the groove through the expander. The recovery of oil scraped by the top rail/segment during these upward strokes depends on the external force on the top rail/segment. At times, the external axial force on the oil control ring overcomes the expander force. As a result, an oil flow crevice is formed between the oil control ring and the groove sides allowing the oil drain into the groove and eventually back to the crankcase.
Oil control ring: two‐piece oil control ring (left), three‐piece oil control ring (right).
The cylinder of a reciprocating engine is the part through which the piston travels. The cylinder may be sleeved or sleeveless depending on the metal used for the engine block. For example, a cast iron engine block generally does not require cylinder sleeve because the iron is hard enough to resist wear between the piston ring and the cylinder wall. However, for aluminum alloy engine blocks that can be found in almost all daily drive cars, cylinder sleeves are required since the aluminum alloy is not hard enough to resist wear between the piston ring and the cylinder wall interface.
Cylinder liners, or cylinder sleeves, are manufactured nowadays using the centrifugal casting process. The centrifugal casting process refers to the technique for casting, which has a permanent mold spinning continuously along its center line at a constant speed. At the same time, molten metal is poured to the mold and thrown toward the inside wall of the mold. Then, the molten metal is solidified after cooling. The spinning orientation of the casting machine can be either horizontal or vertical, depending on the parts it is producing. Horizontal spin is preferred for long and thin cylinder, while vertical spin is preferred for short and wide cylinders. Aluminum engines without sleeves can also be found. The aluminum cylinders are treated with nickel silicone alloy coating or other plasma coating that help reduce cylinder wear. Other techniques have also been explored by the researchers in order to reduce engine friction. One method is to introduce dimples at the mid‐stroke to the cylinder walls [13]. This helps reduce friction because at the mid‐stroke, the piston rings are generally under hydrodynamic friction when the piston speed is high. By introducing the dimples to the cylinder wall, the effective area of contact between the ring faces and the cylinder wall has been reduced. This leads to reduction of viscous friction as claimed.
Typical surface roughness for cylinder liner is 0.4–0.5. This roughness has been reduced significantly, which could help reduce engine oil consumption. Rougher cylinder walls can help retain lubrication oil on the liner surface between micro‐valleys, which is similar to the dimple liner [13]. As a result, friction between the ring/cylinder wall and the piston skirt/cylinder wall interfaces can be reduced due to the lubrication oil in the micro‐valleys. However, this micro‐valley‐retained oil is not scraped from the liner during engine down‐strokes and can stay exposed to high‐temperature gases. As a result, more oil is evaporated and the oil consumption increases.
Cylinder liners are no longer circular when the engine is in operation. The deformation results from mechanical distortion from bolting the cylinder block to the cylinder head, thermal distortion when the thermal load on the liner is not uniform, mechanical load when piston is slapping into the liner, the pressure load from the combustion event, and so on. Cylinder bore distortion is measured from an experiment by researchers [14]. For modeling concern, the cylinder bore distortion is usually defined by a Fourier series [4, 5]:
where
The orders of the distortion are recognized in Table 2.
Zero order | Change in bore diameter |
---|---|
First order | Bore eccentricity |
Second order | Oval deformation |
Third order | Three‐lobe deformation |
Fourth order | Four‐lobe deformation |
Cylinder bore distortion.
The piston ring dynamics is closely related to their functions, especially for gas control and oil control. Although the top ring is the most important part for gas sealing, while the oil control ring has the highest effect in control oil flow and consumption, the second ring also has significant influence on both gas and oil control. This section discusses the ring dynamics of the second compression ring. The theories can also be applied on the top compression ring and oil control ring as well and the details of the ring dynamics models can be found from Refs. [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
As discussed in Section 1, there are two types of ring dynamics: ring fluttering and ring radial collapse. Piston ring fluttering is the axial movement under the consequence of external force unbalance, especially between gas pressure force and inertial force. The other loads acting on the ring, including friction force, oil film squeezing force, and so on, are relatively small in comparison [6]. It is noted that while the second ring friction is relatively low, the friction forces of the oil ring and the top ring during high cylinder pressures can be large. Also, only the second ring flutter and collapse that occurs around top dead center (TDC) firing conditions is described here. This region is also considered the most important region for ring fluttering and collapse because of its significance on blowby and oil consumption.
Another phenomenon, radial collapse, can occur if the ring is lifted and seated against the top of the ring groove. When the ring is on the top side of the ring groove, the pressure force not only pushes the ring downward but also acts on the front face of the ring pushing it inward. The ring seals the gas pressure at the top, meaning the pressure behind the ring can be much lower. When the pressure force on the ring face exceeds the ring tension and the pressure force behind the ring, the ring collapse will occur. Once it collapses, the gases will escape past the ring face and equalize all around the rings. Once again, there will be no net gas pressure on the ring and the elastic tension of the ring will force the ring back out to the cylinder wall. As can be expected, there is no sealing between the ring face and the cylinder wall. As a result, the gas flow can pass the ring face resulting in high blowby. The ring collapse is one of the unstable behaviors of the ring.
It will depend on the ring and piston design as well as the operating conditions if ring flutter or collapse can occur. It is also possible that both ring flutter and collapse occur at the same time. In either case, the second ring loses its sealing capability allowing gases flowing either around the ring (in the fluttering case) or past the ring face (in the ring collapse case).
The ring design itself also has significant influence on its stability, for example, ring static twist. A negative‐twisted second ring forms an outer edge seal between the ring and groove bottom sides when the ring is at the flank bottom. This allows gases to flow underneath the ring resulting in a very low net downward gas pressure force. In this case, the ring can be easily lifted by the inertial force acting on the ring (Figure 12a). On the other hand, for a positive static twisted second ring, the seal between the ring and the groove bottom occurs at the inner bottom corner. This prevents higher‐pressure gas moving between the ring bottom and the groove bottom, resulting in a higher downward pressure force. The ring is not easy to be lifted by inertial force. Figure 12a depicts a simplistic illustration showing the gas pressure forces acting on the sides of the rings.
Ring‐seating stability: (a) bottom‐seating stability and (b) top‐seating stability.
Similarly, the ring top‐seating stability (Figure 12b) can be explained similarly as for the bottom‐seating condition. However, it should be noted that since a negative‐twisted ring is easier to move down, it will be less likely to collapse. Conversely, the positive‐twisted ring will be more difficult to push down; therefore, the ring will be more likely to collapse radially inward as the pressure above the ring can become higher. In summary, the configuration with positive static twist tends to increase the pressure force holding the second ring down and promoting second ring stability. This positive twist ring is also more susceptible to collapse. On the contrary, the configuration with a negative static twist will tend to promote ring flutter. However, ring radial collapse is less susceptible to occur.
When the second ring flutters or collapses, the blowby will generally be higher. This is because the ring does not seal the gases and the gases flow past the ring. While this can cause high blowby, the pressure in the second land will be very low. This will prevent reverse blowby, which is beneficial for oil consumption. More discussions about ring pack dynamics can be found from Refs [17, 18, 19, 20].
Nowadays, researchers from the industry and the academic area are developing the ring pack dynamics model in three‐dimensional (3D) in order to capture the variation along the ring circumference with the consideration of cylinder liner ID deformation. In addition, the influence from piston secondary motion can also be implemented to further understand the ring pack behavior. This will capture the gas flow in the circumference direction, which the current commercial two‐dimensional (2D) models are not capable of. As a result, the ring dynamics, oil consumption, friction, and wear for the ring pack can be better modeled and understood to guide design. The next section is an introduction to the 3D modeling work for the ring pack.
The 2D ring pack dynamics model is still widely used in the automotive and heavy‐duty industries during product development, given the experience and fidelity built on this approach. Some improving activities include implementing wear model at the ring face and side based on different wear mechanism, oil consumption model due to oil evaporation, oil throw‐off, oil scraped back to the combustion, and so on. In addition, 3D ring pack dynamics models are being developed using different approaches, including full FEA with hexahedron element, discretizing the ring using space beam elements, and so on, with different orders of success. The 3D model approach will be discussed in the next section with more detail.
In engine power cylinder system development, utilizing CAE tool has become a standard approach to design and optimize the system. Traditional CAE tools are two‐dimensional (2D) which considers the ring motion along the cylinder axis and the twist. However, the variation along the ring circumference is assumed to be identical. The demand for better understanding of the power cylinder system requires three‐dimensional (3D) CAE tools to simulate the variation along the ring circumference as well. Researchers have started working on 3D modeling. One variation along the ring circumference is the contact pressure between the ring face and the cylinder bore interface, and the ring side and piston groove side interface. The interactions are discussed in this section.
When the free‐state ring is installed into the cylinder liner, the ring is constrained at its front face by the cylinder wall. Every point on the ring front face needs to be tracked whether it is in contact with the cylinder wall or not. However, due to the computation time and resource, it is not possible with the existing computation tool. And the most important thing is how the contact force/pressure distributes along the ring circumference. Thus, in this section, the ring is specified constrained at 13 different cross‐section locations along the circumference [21, 22, 23]. The ring conformability is modeled using finite element method (FEM) [24, 25] for a keystone compression ring. The approach solving the problem is based on penalty method‐based optimization that minimizes the strain energy of the piston ring [26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
As shown in Figure 13, the middle constraint locates at the ring back (opposite to the ring gap) front face. Other constraints are symmetric about the ring back and distribute with an increment of about 30°. The free‐shape ring mesh and the deformed ring mesh without temperature compensation are shown in Figure 13.
Free‐shape and deformed ring meshes.
The green mesh shown in Figure 13represents the free‐shape ring while the red mesh represents the deformed ring shape under the cylinder bore constraints without temperature compensation. It is obvious that the ring is pushed inward from its free state. The constraint forces that push the ring to its deformed position are shown in Figure 14. The blue and red bars represent the constraint forces at a certain circumference location at the upper and lower corners at ring face. And the green and purple dots show the separation gaps between the ring face and the cylinder bore.
Constraint force and separation gap.
From Figure 14, it is found that the two contact forces at the same cross section are identical since the ring has a symmetric cross section and there is no twisting moment on the ring. The plot also shows that the constraint force at the ring back is the highest. At the cross sections approximately 30° away from the ring back, the lowest constraint forces are found for the sections that are in contact against the cylinder wall. The constraint forces at the ring tips vanish such that the ring separates from the cylinder wall in its front face at its two tips. The separation gap is defined as the radial distance between the cylinder wall ID and the ring tip OD. A 34‐μm separation gap is found for this specific ring from the FEA model.
Another example is given in this section for ring‐cylinder bore‐groove side contact using a scraper ring with a positive static twist. The scraper ring has a taper face and cuts off at the ring inner upper corner, which promotes positive twist when installing the ring into the piston groove. The cross section of the scraper ring is shown in Figure 15.
Constraints on ring cross section.
From Figure 15, four nodes of the cross section at a given circumference location are considered for the ring‐piston groove side interaction and are numbered as node 1, node 2, node 3, and node 4 as shown. These four nodes are constrained by the groove in the axial direction. This means nodes 1 and 2 should stay in contact or above the groove bottom side, while nodes 3 and 4 should stay in contact or below the groove top side. Two nodes on the ring front face are constrained by the cylinder bore in the radial direction, at the front face top and bottom edges, respectively. The groove has zero angles at its top and bottom sides. The nominal clearance between the groove and the ring axial thicknesses is 0.1 mm.
The main parameters describing the ring are listed in Table 3.
Ring material | Steel |
---|---|
Modulus of elasticity | 200.0 GPa |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.3 |
Cylinder bore diameter | 108.0 mm |
Coefficient of thermal expansion | 13.0E‐6/°C |
Thermal conductivity | 45 W/m K |
Ring/gas‐convective coefficient | 25 W/m2 K |
Ring/oil film‐convective coefficient | 100 W/m2 K |
Main parameters for the ring.
The constraint locations along the ring circumference are equally spaced with about 30° from one butt end to the other. The number of constraint locations is found to be able to represent the ring/cylinder liner/groove side contact force/pressure distribution pattern and also save calculation time. Increasing constraint locations will increase computation time exponentially, while decreasing the constraint locations may result in the contact force/pressure pattern not being able to be well represented.
The deformed ring shape is shown in Figure 16 after installing into the cylinder liner and piston groove. The displacement in the z‐direction (axial direction) is amplified by 100 times in order to illustrate the ring deformation distinctly.
Deformed ring shape after installing into the cylinder liner and piston groove.
In this case, the ring back and ring butt ends are in contact with the groove bottom side, while the ring touches the groove top side at about 60° from the end gap (120° from the ring back). The constraint forces between the ring and the piston groove sides are important since it dictates the contact pattern which will affect the ring‐groove side wear eventually. More details about the ring, cylinder liner, and piston groove interactions can be found from Refs. [22, 23].
Ultimately, the interactions between the ring face‐liner bore interface and the ring side‐piston groove side interface are used to model the wear between them [17] as well as the ring pack dynamics that heavily influences engine oil consumption, to further optimize the ring pack and power cylinder design and improve the durability of the subsystem.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9362},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"6926",title:"Biological Anthropology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db6aa70aa47f94b3afa5b4951eba6d97",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alessio Vovlas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6926.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"313084",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Vovlas",slug:"alessio-vovlas",fullName:"Alessio Vovlas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6931",title:"Personality Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc530c17b87275c5e284fcac8047d40e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Catherine Athanasiadou-Lewis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6931.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"287692",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",surname:"Athanasiadou-Lewis",slug:"catherine-athanasiadou-lewis",fullName:"Catherine Athanasiadou-Lewis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4374f31d47ec1ddb7b1be0f15f1116eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. S Firstenberg, Dr. James P. Orlando and Dr. Thomas John Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99c408d20813ec62ec65467c3597d63f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7134",title:"Syphilis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fff77c1e77772f2f9affe655a80cdf52",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7309",title:"Temporal Bone",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e0582cee55e94a3b49cc659548e881d8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ghada Amin Ahmed Khalifa, Dr. Suzan Ahmed Mohamed Salem and Dr. Islam Mohamed Saad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7309.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"212735",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghada Amin Ahmed",surname:"Khalifa",slug:"ghada-amin-ahmed-khalifa",fullName:"Ghada Amin Ahmed Khalifa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7665",title:"Digestive system - Surgical Treatment of Benign and Malignant Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dcc510dce568cb27018a47917639e72",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Pasquale Cianci and Dr. Enrico Restini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7665.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7797",title:"Caregiving and Home Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"61a5bab01bf8228ef9fb7e3c16072e78",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michael John Stones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"289526",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael John",surname:"Stones",slug:"michael-john-stones",fullName:"Michael John Stones"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7845",title:"Platelets",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d33b20516d6ff3a5b7446a882109ba26",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Steve W. W. Kerrigan and Prof. Niamh Moran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73961",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve W.",surname:"Kerrigan",slug:"steve-w.-kerrigan",fullName:"Steve W. Kerrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7886",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eae80b20d0afc385dbc2b8e798a4bf66",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7886.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7888",title:"Hepatitis A",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Costin Teodor Teodor Streba, Dr. Cristin Constantin Vere and Dr. Ion Rogoveanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-teodor-streba",fullName:"Costin Teodor Streba"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:34},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:33},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:137},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:521,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Osteology",value:1414,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:267},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4392},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1143",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",parent:{title:"Surgery",slug:"surgery"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:76,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"cosmetic-surgery",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7836",title:"The Art of Body Contouring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"983c155c9b836c8e4947bb3946694bc9",slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring",bookSignature:"Alexandro Aguilera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7836.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera Salgado",slug:"alexandro-aguilera-salgado",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera Salgado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5110",title:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"795ab5e7adfc30a3907f52b636c45029",slug:"miniinvasive-techniques-in-rhinoplasty",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5110.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"2989",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",subtitle:"Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e9600ab8fe9125b2c41161d2ee91ff3",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"797",title:"Rhinoplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81bc805ee420b3b2f35cc0a009b6566c",slug:"rhinoplasty",bookSignature:"Michael J. Brenner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63530",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Brenner",slug:"michael-brenner",fullName:"Michael Brenner"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"330",title:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b46d7571b3a7f78d03a83f809c7a637f",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-liposuction-and-fat-transfer",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45721",doi:"10.5772/51677",title:"Minimally Invasive Face and Neck Lift Using Silhouette Coned Sutures",slug:"minimally-invasive-face-and-neck-lift-using-silhouette-coned-sutures",totalDownloads:5777,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Peter Prendergast",authors:[{id:"151254",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Prendergast",slug:"peter-prendergast",fullName:"Peter Prendergast"}]},{id:"19138",doi:"10.5772/20831",title:"Radio-Frequency Assisted Liposuction (RFAL)",slug:"radio-frequency-assisted-liposuction-rfal-",totalDownloads:4444,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"advanced-techniques-in-liposuction-and-fat-transfer",title:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat Transfer",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat Transfer"},signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Malcolm D. Paul, Diego Schavelzon, R. Stephen Mulholland, Matthias Sandhoffer, Peter Lisborg, Antonio Rusciani, Mark Divaris and Michael Kreindel",authors:[{id:"33827",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman"},{id:"59069",title:"Mr.",name:"Malcom D.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"malcom-d.-paul",fullName:"Malcom D. Paul"},{id:"59070",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon"},{id:"59071",title:"Mr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Mulholland",slug:"stephen-mulholland",fullName:"Stephen Mulholland"},{id:"59072",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Sandhoffer",slug:"matthias-sandhoffer",fullName:"Matthias Sandhoffer"},{id:"59073",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Lisborg",slug:"peter-lisborg",fullName:"Peter Lisborg"},{id:"59074",title:"Mr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Rusciani",slug:"antonio-rusciani",fullName:"Antonio Rusciani"},{id:"59075",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Divaris",slug:"mark-divaris",fullName:"Mark Divaris"},{id:"59076",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Kreindel",slug:"michael-kreindel",fullName:"Michael Kreindel"}]},{id:"45717",doi:"10.5772/51399",title:"Experience in the Use of Barbed Threads and Non-Barbed Serdev Sutures in Face and Body Lift – Comparison and Combination",slug:"experience-in-the-use-of-barbed-threads-and-non-barbed-serdev-sutures-in-face-and-body-lift-comparis",totalDownloads:8326,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Vilma L. Padín",authors:[{id:"151562",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilma",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Padin",slug:"vilma-padin",fullName:"Vilma Padin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45717",title:"Experience in the Use of Barbed Threads and Non-Barbed Serdev Sutures in Face and Body Lift – Comparison and Combination",slug:"experience-in-the-use-of-barbed-threads-and-non-barbed-serdev-sutures-in-face-and-body-lift-comparis",totalDownloads:8326,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Vilma L. Padín",authors:[{id:"151562",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilma",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Padin",slug:"vilma-padin",fullName:"Vilma Padin"}]},{id:"49889",title:"Botulinum Toxin in the Nasal Area",slug:"botulinum-toxin-in-the-nasal-area",totalDownloads:1603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-techniques-in-rhinoplasty",title:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty"},signatures:"Diego Schavelzon, Guillermo Blugerman, Gabriel Wexler and Lorena Martinez",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"45713",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Upper Face: Brow and Temporal Lift; Glabella Muscle Ligation",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-upper-face-brow-and-temporal-lift-glabella-muscle-ligation",totalDownloads:5483,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"45721",title:"Minimally Invasive Face and Neck Lift Using Silhouette Coned Sutures",slug:"minimally-invasive-face-and-neck-lift-using-silhouette-coned-sutures",totalDownloads:5777,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Peter Prendergast",authors:[{id:"151254",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Prendergast",slug:"peter-prendergast",fullName:"Peter Prendergast"}]},{id:"49853",title:"Transcutaneous and Transmucosal Serdev Sutures® for Nasal Tip Refinement, Alar Base Narrowing, and Other Corrections",slug:"transcutaneous-and-transmucosal-serdev-sutures-for-nasal-tip-refinement-alar-base-narrowing-and-othe",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-techniques-in-rhinoplasty",title:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty"},signatures:"Nikolay P. Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"66046",title:"Creating the Ideal Buttock (Lifting, Implanting or Fat Grafting)",slug:"creating-the-ideal-buttock-lifting-implanting-or-fat-grafting-",totalDownloads:562,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring",title:"The Art of Body Contouring",fullTitle:"The Art of Body Contouring"},signatures:"Angelo Cuzalina and Armando Retana",authors:null},{id:"45724",title:"Experience in Preventive Measures and Treatment of Complications at Face and Neck Thread Rejuvenation",slug:"experience-in-preventive-measures-and-treatment-of-complications-at-face-and-neck-thread-rejuvenatio",totalDownloads:3095,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"M.A. Sulamanidze, I.S. Vozdvizhenskiy, G.M. Sulamanidze,\nK.M. Sulamanidze and E.G. Azizyan",authors:[{id:"149988",title:"PhD.",name:"Marlen",middleName:null,surname:"Sulamanidze",slug:"marlen-sulamanidze",fullName:"Marlen Sulamanidze"}]},{id:"45709",title:"T3 - Soft Face Lift by Suspension Surgery",slug:"t3-soft-face-lift-by-suspension-surgery",totalDownloads:4859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Pier Antonio Bacci",authors:[{id:"151322",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Bacci",slug:"pier-antonio-bacci",fullName:"Pier Antonio Bacci"}]},{id:"66073",title:"Helium Plasma-Driven Radiofrequency in Body Contouring",slug:"helium-plasma-driven-radiofrequency-in-body-contouring",totalDownloads:471,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"the-art-of-body-contouring",title:"The Art of Body Contouring",fullTitle:"The Art of Body Contouring"},signatures:"Diane Irvine Duncan",authors:null},{id:"49848",title:"Depressor Septi Nasi Muscle Resection or Nerve Block",slug:"depressor-septi-nasi-muscle-resection-or-nerve-block",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"miniinvasive-techniques-in-rhinoplasty",title:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty"},signatures:"Daniel G. Moina and Gabriel M. Moina",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"cosmetic-surgery",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"67947",title:"Management of Nasal Silicone Granuloma",slug:"management-of-nasal-silicone-granuloma",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87188",book:{title:"Dermatologic Surgery"},signatures:"Ago Harlim"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:1},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea97962e99b3e0ebc9b46b48ba5bea14",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8771",title:"Raman Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1354b3097eaa5b27d9d4bd29d3150b27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samir Kumar and Dr. Prabhat Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics-Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mojtaba Kahrizi and Ms. Parsoua Abedini Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:19},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/19310/hiro-o-yamazaki",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"19310",slug:"hiro-o-yamazaki"},fullPath:"/profiles/19310/hiro-o-yamazaki",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()