Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
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Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5496",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mass production companies have become obliged to reduce their production costs and sell more products with lower profit margins in order to survive in competitive market conditions. The complexity and automation level of machinery are continuously growing. This development calls for some of the most critical issues that are reliability and dependability of automatic systems. In the future, machines will be monitored remotely, and computer-aided techniques will be employed to detect faults in the future, and also there will be unmanned factories where machines and systems communicate to each other, detect their own faults, and can remotely intercept their faults. The pioneer studies of such systems are fault diagnosis studies. Thus, we hope that this book will contribute to the literature in this regard.",isbn:"978-953-51-3204-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3203-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4822-7",doi:"10.5772/63169",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-detection",numberOfPages:336,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9d27af6f557a4c54b28af7072dc3fcb6",bookSignature:"Mustafa Demetgul and Muhammet Ünal",publishedDate:"May 31st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5496.jpg",numberOfDownloads:21778,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:56,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:124,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"19106",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Demetgul",slug:"mustafa-demetgul",fullName:"Mustafa Demetgul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19106/images/5677_n.jpg",biography:"Mustafa Demetgul was born in Duzce, Turkey, in 1978. He received the BSc degree, MS degree, and PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. From 2007 to 2009, he was a postdoc with the Mechanical Engineering Department, Florida International University, Florida, USA. Here he has been involved in research on structural health monitoring and energy harvesting. He currently works at the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Marmara University, as an Assoc. Prof. Dr. His research interests are fault diagnosis, energy harvesting, intelligent materials, automation systems, structural health monitoring, and artificial intelligence systems. He is the director of Fault Diagnosis and Structural Health Monitoring Lab in Marmara University. He is an editorial board member at many international journals. He has publications in many international journals and symposiums on failure diagnosis and fault detection.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"193819",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammet",middleName:null,surname:"Ünal",slug:"muhammet-unal",fullName:"Muhammet Ünal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193819/images/5678_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammet Ünal works as an assistant professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul (Turkey). His research interests are system identification, parameter optimization, real-time control, and structural health monitoring. His primary research interests are vibration analysis and fault diagnosis of mechanical systems. Dr. Ünal has written several papers in vrious fields of mechatronics engineering and one book on control engineering.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"717",title:"Control Theory",slug:"engineering-control-engineering-control-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"54861",title:"Fault Detection and Isolation",doi:"10.5772/67870",slug:"fault-detection-and-isolation",totalDownloads:1872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fault diagnosis of a class of linear multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) systems is developed here. An emulator‐based scheme is proposed to detect and isolate faults in a system formed by interconnected subsystems. Emulators, which are hardware or software devices, are connected to the input and measurement outputs in cascade with the subsystems whose faults are to be diagnosed. The role of an emulator is to induce variations in cascade combination of the nominal fault‐free subsystem so as to mimic the actual perturbations that may occur in the subsystem during the offline identification phase. The emulator‐generated data are employed in the reliable identification of the nominal system, the associated Kalman filter, and a map that relates the emulator parameters to the feature vector. In the operational stage, the Kalman filter residual is used to detect a fault in the system; the emulator parameter that has varied is estimated, and using the emulator‐feature vector map, the faulty subsystem is isolated. The main contributions of this work are accurate and reliable identification of the system, the fault diagnosis of multivariable systems using feature vector-emulator map fault diagnosis of multivariable systems, and the establishment of the key properties of the Kalman filter for fault detection. The proposed scheme was successfully evaluated on a number of simulated as well as physical systems.",signatures:"Rajamani Doraiswami and Lahouari Cheded",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54861",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54861",authors:[{id:"28398",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajamani",surname:"Doraiswami",slug:"rajamani-doraiswami",fullName:"Rajamani Doraiswami"},{id:"37808",title:"Prof.",name:"Lahouari",surname:"Cheded",slug:"lahouari-cheded",fullName:"Lahouari Cheded"}],corrections:null},{id:"54590",title:"Adaptive Signal Decomposition Methods for Vibration Signals of Rotating Machinery",doi:"10.5772/67530",slug:"adaptive-signal-decomposition-methods-for-vibration-signals-of-rotating-machinery",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibration‐based condition monitoring and fault diagnosis are becoming more common in the industry to increase machine availability and reliability. Considerable research efforts have recently been directed towards the development of adaptive signal processing methods for fault diagnosis. Two adaptive signal decomposition methods, i.e. the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the local mean decomposition (LMD), are widely used. This chapter is intended to summarize the recent developments mostly based on the authors’ works. It aims to provide a valuable reference for readers on the processing and analysis of vibration signals collected from rotating machinery.",signatures:"Wei Guo and Ming J. Zuo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54590",authors:[{id:"191997",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Guo",slug:"wei-guo",fullName:"Wei Guo"},{id:"192000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming J.",surname:"Zuo",slug:"ming-j.-zuo",fullName:"Ming J. Zuo"},{id:"192189",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhua",surname:"Chen",slug:"wenhua-chen",fullName:"Wenhua Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"53779",title:"Enhanced Principles in Design of Adaptive Fault Observers",doi:"10.5772/67133",slug:"enhanced-principles-in-design-of-adaptive-fault-observers",totalDownloads:1316,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, modified techniques for fault estimation in linear dynamic systems are proposed, which give the possibility to simultaneously estimate the system state as well as slowly varying faults. Using the continuous-time adaptive observer form, the considered faults are assumed to be additive, thereby the principles can be applied for a broader class of fault signals. Enhanced algorithms using H∞ approach are provided to verify stability of the observers, giving algorithms with improved performance of fault estimation. Exploiting the procedure for transforming the model with additive faults into an extended form, the proposed technique allows to obtain fault estimates that can be used for fault compensation in the fault tolerant control scheme. Analyzing the ambit of performances given on the mixed H2/H∞ design of the fault tolerant control, the joint design conditions are formulated as a minimization problem subject to convex constraints expressed by a system of linear matrix inequalities. Applied enhanced design conditions increase estimation rapidity also in noise environment and formulate a general framework for fault estimation using augmented or adaptive observer structures and active fault tolerant control in linear dynamic systems.",signatures:"Dušan Krokavec, Anna Filasová and Pavol Liščinský",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53779",authors:[{id:"18818",title:"Prof.",name:"Dušan",surname:"Krokavec",slug:"dusan-krokavec",fullName:"Dušan Krokavec"},{id:"22287",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Filasová",slug:"anna-filasova",fullName:"Anna Filasová"},{id:"195026",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavol",surname:"Liscinsky",slug:"pavol-liscinsky",fullName:"Pavol Liscinsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"54865",title:"An Assessment on the Non-Invasive Methods for Condition Monitoring of Induction Motors",doi:"10.5772/67917",slug:"an-assessment-on-the-non-invasive-methods-for-condition-monitoring-of-induction-motors",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ability to forecast motor mechanical faults at incipient stages is vital to reducing maintenance costs, operation downtime and safety hazards. This paper synthesized the progress in the research and development in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of induction motors. The motor condition monitoring techniques are mainly classified into two categories that are invasive and non-invasive techniques. The invasive techniques are very basic, but they have some implementation difficulties and high cost. The non-invasive methods, namely MCSA, PVA and IPA, overcome the disadvantages associated to invasive methods. This book chapter reviews the various non-invasive condition monitoring methods for diagnosis of mechanical faults in induction motor and concludes that the instantaneous power analysis (IPA) and Park vector analysis (PVA) methods are best suitable for the diagnosis of small fault signatures associated to mechanical faults. Recommendations for the future research in these areas are also presented.",signatures:"Muhammad Irfan, Nordin Saad, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth S.\nAsirvadam, Abdullah S. Alwadie and Muhammad Aman Sheikh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54865",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54865",authors:[{id:"9739",title:"Dr.",name:"Nordin",surname:"Saad",slug:"nordin-saad",fullName:"Nordin Saad"},{id:"174671",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosdiazli B. Ibrahim",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"rosdiazli-b.-ibrahim-ibrahim",fullName:"Rosdiazli B. Ibrahim Ibrahim"},{id:"177286",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Irfan",slug:"muhammad-irfan",fullName:"Muhammad Irfan"},{id:"191337",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijanth",surname:"Sagayan",slug:"vijanth-sagayan",fullName:"Vijanth Sagayan"},{id:"192401",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aman",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"muhammad-aman-sheikh",fullName:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh"},{id:"205830",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Alwadie",slug:"abdullah-alwadie",fullName:"Abdullah Alwadie"}],corrections:null},{id:"54322",title:"Evaluation of Novelty Detection Methods for Condition Monitoring applied to an Electromechanical System",doi:"10.5772/67531",slug:"evaluation-of-novelty-detection-methods-for-condition-monitoring-applied-to-an-electromechanical-sys",totalDownloads:1570,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dealing with industrial applications, the implementation of condition monitoring schemes must overcome a critical limitation, that is, the lack of a priori information about fault patterns of the system under analysis. Indeed, classical diagnosis schemes, in general, outdo the membership probability of a measure in regard to predefined operating scenarios. However, dealing with noncharacterized systems, the knowledge about faulty operating scenarios is limited and, consequently, the diagnosis performance is insufficient. In this context, the novelty detection framework plays an essential role for monitoring systems in which the information about different operating scenarios is initially unavailable or restricted. The novelty detection approach begins with the assumption that only data corresponding to the healthy operation of the system under analysis is available. Thus, the challenge is to detect and learn additional scenarios during the operation of the system in order to complement the information obtained by the diagnosis scheme. This work has two main objectives: first, the presentation of novelty detection as the current trend toward the new paradigm of industrial condition monitoring and, second, the introduction to its applicability by means of analyses of different novelty detection strategies over a real industrial system based on rotatory machinery.",signatures:"Miguel Delgado Prieto, Jesús A. Cariño Corrales, Daniel Zurita\nMillán, Marta Millán Gonzalvez, Juan A. Ortega Redondo and René\nde J. Romero Troncoso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54322",authors:[{id:"190434",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Delgado-Prieto",slug:"miguel-delgado-prieto",fullName:"Miguel Delgado-Prieto"},{id:"194487",title:"MSc.",name:"Jesus A.",surname:"Cariño",slug:"jesus-a.-carino",fullName:"Jesus A. Cariño"},{id:"194935",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Zurita-Millán",slug:"daniel-zurita-millan",fullName:"Daniel Zurita-Millán"},{id:"194936",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",surname:"Millán Gonzalvez",slug:"marta-millan-gonzalvez",fullName:"Marta Millán Gonzalvez"},{id:"194937",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan A.",surname:"Ortega Redondo",slug:"juan-a.-ortega-redondo",fullName:"Juan A. Ortega Redondo"},{id:"194938",title:"Dr.",name:"René De J.",surname:"Romero Troncoso",slug:"rene-de-j.-romero-troncoso",fullName:"René De J. Romero Troncoso"}],corrections:null},{id:"54040",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Health Assessment for Rotating Machinery Based on Kernel Density Estimation and Kullback-Leibler Divergence",doi:"10.5772/67360",slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-health-assessment-for-rotating-machinery-based-on-kernel-density-estimation-and-",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To avoid severe damages and unexpected shutdowns, fault diagnosis and health assessment of rotating machinery have received considerable attention in recent years. On the other hand, as a great amount of data become acquirable and accessible in industry, data-driven tools have become an emerging research area, acting as a complement to the model-based (or physics-based) fault diagnosis and health assessment methods. In this chapter, based on the kernel density estimation (KDE) and the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLID), a new data-driven fault diagnosis approach and a new health assessment approach are introduced. By utilizing the KDE, the statistical distribution of selected features can be readily estimated without assuming any parametric family of distributions, whereas the KLID is able to quantify the discrepancy between two probability distributions of selected features. An integrated Kullback-Leibler divergence, which aggregates the KLID of all the selected features, is introduced to discriminate various fault types or health status of rotating machinery. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated through three case studies of fault diagnosis and health assessment of rotating machinery.",signatures:"Yu Liu, Chen-Yao Yan and Fan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54040",authors:[{id:"190539",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Liu",slug:"yu-liu",fullName:"Yu Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54206",title:"Dynamics-Based Vibration Signal Modeling for Tooth Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes",doi:"10.5772/67529",slug:"dynamics-based-vibration-signal-modeling-for-tooth-fault-diagnosis-of-planetary-gearboxes",totalDownloads:2277,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibration analysis has been widely used to diagnose gear tooth fault inside a planetary gearbox. However, the vibration characteristics of a planetary gearbox are very complicated. Inside a planetary gearbox, there are multiple vibration sources as several sun-planet gear pairs, and several ring-planet gear pairs are meshing simultaneously. In addition, due to the rotation of the carrier, distance varies between vibration sources and a transducer installed on the planetary gearbox housing. Dynamics-based vibration signal modeling techniques can simulate the vibration signals of a planetary gearbox and reveal the signal generation mechanism and fault features effectively. However, these techniques are basically in the theoretical development stage. Comprehensive experimental validations are required for their future applications in real systems. This chapter describes the methodologies related to vibration signal modeling of a planetary gear set for gear tooth damage diagnosis. The main contents include gear mesh stiffness evaluation, gear tooth crack modeling, dynamic modeling of a planetary gear set, vibration source modeling, modeling of transmission path effect due to the rotation of the carrier, sensor perceived vibration signal modeling, and vibration signal decomposition techniques. The methods presented in this chapter can help understand the vibration properties of planetary gearboxes and give insights into developing new signal processing methods for gear tooth damage diagnosis.",signatures:"Xihui Liang, Ming J. Zuo and Wenhua Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54206",authors:[{id:"191577",title:"Dr.",name:"Xihui",surname:"Liang",slug:"xihui-liang",fullName:"Xihui Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54144",title:"Fault-Tolerant Electrical Machines and Drives",doi:"10.5772/67354",slug:"fault-tolerant-electrical-machines-and-drives",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The last years of research and development in the automotive industry were still focused on designing electrical propulsion units to be eco-friendly and diminish the drawbacks of classical combustion engines. Besides being energy efficient, silent, and high in power density, these must have a serious fault-tolerant ability as driver, and passengers’ safety is probably the most important issue in this filed. The chapter will detail fault-tolerant machines and power electronic architectures with their control for the most common ones, such as switched reluctance machines (SRM) and the permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). Besides detection, solutions will be presented for the machine-drive unit to wisely overcome and compensate occurred faults. A novel modular structure of SRM is presented with increased fault tolerance and possibility of fast repair in case of any machine damage. The solutions will be validated via simulated and experiment-based results.",signatures:"Mircea Ruba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54144",authors:[{id:"190371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Ruba",slug:"mircea-ruba",fullName:"Mircea Ruba"}],corrections:null},{id:"54834",title:"Fault Detection and Isolation of Nonlinear Systems with Generalized Hamiltonian Representation",doi:"10.5772/68084",slug:"fault-detection-and-isolation-of-nonlinear-systems-with-generalized-hamiltonian-representation",totalDownloads:1342,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of fault diagnosis in a class of nonlinear system is considered. Systems that can be written in the so‐called Generalized Hamiltonian Representation (which is equivalent to an Euler‐Lagrange representation) are studied, and a model‐based observer approach for this class of systems is developed. The main advantage of the proposed approach is the facility to design the required observers, which take advantage of the system structure given by the Hamitonian representation. In order to show the proposed schema, a model of a permanent magnet synchronous machine is revised and the fault diagnosis schema presented. Simulation results confirm the effectivity of the proposed schema.",signatures:"Luis Humberto Rodriguez-Alfaro, Efrain Alcorta-Garcia, Cornelio\nPosadas-Castillo and David Alejandro Diaz-Romero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54834",authors:[{id:"191626",title:"Prof.",name:"Efrain",surname:"Alcorta-Garcia",slug:"efrain-alcorta-garcia",fullName:"Efrain Alcorta-Garcia"},{id:"191943",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Humberto",surname:"Rodriguez Alfaro",slug:"luis-humberto-rodriguez-alfaro",fullName:"Luis Humberto Rodriguez Alfaro"},{id:"191944",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornelio",surname:"Posadas Castillo",slug:"cornelio-posadas-castillo",fullName:"Cornelio Posadas Castillo"},{id:"191946",title:"Prof.",name:"David Alejandro",surname:"Diaz Romero",slug:"david-alejandro-diaz-romero",fullName:"David Alejandro Diaz Romero"}],corrections:null},{id:"54400",title:"Process Monitoring Using Data-Based Fault Detection Techniques: Comparative Studies",doi:"10.5772/67347",slug:"process-monitoring-using-data-based-fault-detection-techniques-comparative-studies",totalDownloads:2083,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:27,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Data based monitoring methods are often utilized to carry out fault detection (FD) when process models may not necessarily be available. The partial least square (PLS) and principle component analysis (PCA) are two basic types of multivariate FD methods, however, both of them can only be used to monitor linear processes. Among these extended data based methods, the kernel PCA (KPCA) and kernel PLS (KPLS) are the most well-known and widely adopted. KPCA and KPLS models have several advantages, since, they do not require nonlinear optimization, and only the solution of an eigenvalue problem is required. Also, they provide a better understanding of what kind of nonlinear features are extracted: the number of the principal components (PCs) in a feature space is fixed a priori by selecting the appropriate kernel function. Therefore, the objective of this work is to use KPCA and KPLS techniques to monitor nonlinear data. The improved FD performance of KPCA and KPLS is illustrated through two simulated examples, one using synthetic data and the other using simulated continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) data. The results demonstrate that both KPCA and KPLS methods are able to provide better detection compared to the linear versions.",signatures:"Mohammed Ziyan Sheriff, Chiranjivi Botre, Majdi Mansouri, Hazem\nNounou, Mohamed Nounou and Mohammad Nazmul Karim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54400",authors:[{id:"21281",title:"Prof.",name:"Hazem",surname:"Nounou",slug:"hazem-nounou",fullName:"Hazem Nounou"},{id:"21282",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed N.",surname:"Nounou",slug:"mohamed-n.-nounou",fullName:"Mohamed N. Nounou"},{id:"191340",title:"Mr.",name:"M. Ziyan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"m.-ziyan-sheriff",fullName:"M. Ziyan Sheriff"},{id:"191341",title:"Mr.",name:"Chiranjivi",surname:"Botre",slug:"chiranjivi-botre",fullName:"Chiranjivi Botre"},{id:"191343",title:"Dr.",name:"Majdi",surname:"Mansouri",slug:"majdi-mansouri",fullName:"Majdi Mansouri"},{id:"191345",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Nazmul",surname:"Karim",slug:"m.-nazmul-karim",fullName:"M. Nazmul Karim"}],corrections:null},{id:"55395",title:"Noninvasive Methods for Condition Monitoring and Electrical Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors",doi:"10.5772/67245",slug:"noninvasive-methods-for-condition-monitoring-and-electrical-fault-diagnosis-of-induction-motors",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of noninvasive methods to diagnose stator winding insulation faults of an induction motor. Further, a novel noninvasive method is proposed to diagnose the root cause of winding failure due to unbalanced voltage to avoid catastrophic failure. Therefore, a winding function approach is utilized to derive an analytical expression for stator winding distribution and magnetomotive force (MMF). This tactic qualifies the conductor segment that generates MMF, and it also helps to analyze a healthy current spectrum. One can easily observe higher order harmonics in current spectrum; therefore, a new series of rotor harmonics is introduced to diagnose unbalanced supply. The locus of these harmonics is dependent on the poles, rotor bars, and slip. Due to the rapid complexity in industrial plants, it is inconceivable to continue human inspection to diagnose the faults. Thus, to avoid human inspection, in addition to new series of rotor harmonic, a fully automatic method based on neural network is proposed. This method not only diagnoses unbalanced voltage but it also recognize the percentage of unbalanced voltage by use of feed-forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained by back propagation. Finally, the experimental results shows the validation of this research work proposed method.",signatures:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh, Nursyarizal Mohd Nor, Taib Ibrahim,\nSheikh Tahir Bakhsh, Muhammad Irfan and Hanita Binti Daud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55395",authors:[{id:"192401",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aman",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"muhammad-aman-sheikh",fullName:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh"},{id:"2264",title:"Mr.",name:"Nursyarizal",surname:"Mohd Nor",slug:"nursyarizal-mohd-nor",fullName:"Nursyarizal Mohd Nor"},{id:"193010",title:"Dr.",name:"Taib",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"taib-ibrahim",fullName:"Taib Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"54720",title:"Detection and Analysis of Petroleum Equipment Faults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68227",slug:"detection-and-analysis-of-petroleum-equipment-faults",totalDownloads:1514,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The method fitness‐for‐service (FFS) provides the means by which the operator of a technical system can decide: It can continue to work safely, reducing of working parameters or stopping the equipment and reparation it. A case study concerning a natural gas pipeline is introduced. It brings some applicative aspects: the introduction of the failure probability as an indicator; the reduction of the degree of conservatism; a maintenance program based on pipeline intelligent gauge.",signatures:"Mihail Minescu and Ion Pana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54720",authors:[{id:"194974",title:"Prof.",name:"Minescu",surname:"Mihail",slug:"minescu-mihail",fullName:"Minescu Mihail"},{id:"194975",title:"Prof.",name:"Pana",surname:"Ion",slug:"pana-ion",fullName:"Pana Ion"}],corrections:null},{id:"55233",title:"Automated Fault Detection System for Wind Farms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68844",slug:"automated-fault-detection-system-for-wind-farms",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the pollution and health hazards of nonrenewable resource-based energy generation systems, now focus is on the use of renewable resources. 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\r\n\tData Integrity is one of the hottest topics now and will continue to be in the future. Regulatory authorities around the world have issued a number of guidance documents on data integrity and data governance since the start of 2015 as well as two industry guidance documents. However, all documents are vague and most do not contain detailed examples or advice to help regulated laboratories to implement policies, procedures, and processes to ensure integrity: they outline what needs to be done but there is often insufficient detail for effective implementation. From an analytical perspective, there has not been a detailed focus on data integrity in a regulated analytical laboratory. Hence, the rationale for writing this book. The aim of this book is to provide practical and detailed advice on how to implement data integrity and data governance. The people are involved with data integrity and data governance programs. IT professionals may also find useful information in the topics of networked systems.
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1. Introduction
The increased world population is demanding more reliable quality livestock products the number of farms is decreasing but the number of animals for per farm and animal production are increasing In addition to this trend livestock production problems also increasing [1]. The solution of these problems comes from multidisciplinary studies from very different fields such as technology. In large enterprises it is not possible to obtain the expected performance without using technology and automation systems from animals with very high genetic values. Daily work on livestock farming is simple in and standard application routinely Data monitoring in the modern dairy farm enables the ongoing control of production, animal health, and welfare [2]. However, as the number of animals increases, error burden and work load increase. Successful livestock farmers will be capable of rapidly adapting their infrastructures to exploit changes in technology for better production. Mechanism and automation systems offer options in front of the user in intense competition for convenience. Currently, most data is extracted manually, yet manual observation is gradually being replaced by many milking systems by automated recording (milk yield, milk conductivity, activity recording and body weight measurements) leading to better data, both in quantity and quality. The number of farms automation systems has increased rapidly since 1980. Almost any medium- to large-sized farmers can benefit from enhanced automation [1, 2]. There are many opportunities for facilities in automation technologies and systems. Today livestock farmers increasingly use robots on production or algorithms to optimize their farm management decisions. Technological developments are creating a new automation system in which smarter and more flexible work possibilities in livestock production [3]. The automation of animal husbandry and integration of on-farm systems and processes have a key role to play in facilitating the process of meeting each of important challenges for competitive market [4]. The main technology are electronic recording, milking, heat detection auto-weighing, auto-drafting, genetic improvement, feeding, barn optimization, and health monitoring, livestock housing and equipment designs. These technologies provide to dairyman many opportunities to make easier and more convenient their decisions about dairy future plans. This chapter deal with valuable information on the latest challenges and key innovations affecting the animal husbandry aspect of milk, meat production and reproductive performances of the herds. Also, innovative approaches to dairy cattle, beef cattle breeding, and reproductive performance characteristics are tried to be summarized with detail research results. This chapter provides an introduction to systematic reviews and discuss the result of innovative research results in animal husbandry, animal welfare, animal health. The aim of this chapter is to present a review of the current scientific viewpoints about the concept and definition of animal husbandry innovations. The use of systematic reviews to address questions about intervention effects, usage, economy, positive and negative points of technology and innovations are discussed. The need of interaction among different disciplines is stressed, as well as the need to scientifically assess innovation using validated indicators. This chapter starts with examining technology requirements in animal production for getting better and good quality animal products and the role of innovation. Also, current innovative technologies and equipment’s possibilities usage results were reviewed using most detailed research results. After these section chapter then examines the different technologies that use to obtain more convenient production knowledge and technologies usage level at farm level. Lastly, the chapter uses worldwide research results to assess the overall level of innovation of animal production. In addition to benefits of the innovation, some suggestions and implications about unintended side effects in its production and application will be summarized.
2. Current technology applications
The benefits of new technology are plentiful and include increased cost efficiency, improved animal welfare, improved working conditions, better production monitoring (e.g. remote monitoring, access to real-time data) and improved provision of important production data. The new technology means producers can work easier and improve cattle welfare, production efficiency, and profitability. Technologic developments provide more efficient, profitable and fast solutions for farmers to get on time process using management and direct manipulation possibilities. Continuous monitoring of disease, and its careful management is essential for the well-being of an animal management [5, 6]. This can be achieved through the detection of early stages and, subsequently, the detection and treatment of the infection [7, 8]. Automation today is super-sophisticated technology and software as well as complicated machinery. A number of computer-assisted image analysis applications are being developed for more convenient animal husbandry. The latest computer programs can identify and classify sounds of animal for specific situations. Many research concluded that these applications could be used to monitor the welfare of animals and provide early identification of disease, physiologic status, and abnormality [9, 10].
The main technology that livestock farmers requirements met is electronic records, milking, heat detection walk-over-weighing, auto-drafting, genetic improvement, feeding, barn environment optimization, and health recording etc. Some sensors are currently available for this purpose, but they do not fulfill all demands. Also, with advances in proteomics and genomics, new biomarkers are being discovered, allowing the disease to be detected at earlier stages. This will lead to assays with higher sensitivity, which can provide additional quantitative information on the level of inflammation ‘on-site’ and ‘on-line’ and which is also faster and less expensive. These technologies provide to dairyman many opportunities to make easier and more convenient their decisions about dairy future plans.
3. Breeding and genetics
In dairy farms which very high genetic value of breeding animals cannot get the expected performance without the use of latest technology. Dairy cattle herd management programs if can be used as effectively, dairy farming will have many advantages for consumer, farmer and also animals. Genetic information and type evaluation of herd members and bulls are particularly suitable for expanded electronic updating. However, to obtain these advantages from this system required to have knowledge of the functions and effective use of the functions. The large amount of data in the obtained on many issues related to animals, herd management, and an individual unless used in decisions about animals, ensuring the heavy data flow, record keeping or assessment will not give the expected results. Breeds in animal husbandry has changed a lot with the use of breeding and gene technology. Till 1980s livestock products demands have been met by breed substitution, cross-breeding, and within-breed selection. But these demand in future is to be met using new techniques such as such as artificial insemination and more specific selection techniques. Genomic selection provides more possibilities for the more high rate of genetic gain in the livestock sector. After all genomic breeding values will be calculated from the genetic marker, rather than from pedigree and phenotypic information in near future. The genome maps for poultry and cattle is completed and these developments provide new opportunities for animal breeding and animal models [11]. Leakey [12] reported that DNA-based tests for genes or markers affecting traits that are difficult to measure currently, such as meat quality and disease resistance, will be particularly useful. But genetic resources still important for helping livestock adapt to changing the climate [13]. Native breeds are to genetic insurance against future challenges. In combination with modem reproductive technologies, there is potential to use frozen and stored germplasm (genetic resource banks) to support conservation measures for the maintenance of genetic diversity in threatened species. Besides the direct application of technologically advanced reproductive procedures, modern approaches to non-invasive endocrine monitoring play an important role in optimizing the success of natural breeding programs [14]. A separate progeny-test category may be developed for farms that collect all data electronically and have those data monitored closely. Automated data collection along with parentage verification offers substantial opportunities for genetic improvement of overall economic merit. Nowadays biological samples are sent laboratory for genetic analysis to identify the relevant genes responsible for productive parameters. Also, selective breeding can reduce the need for alternative methods.
4. Computer and internet usage
New technology in computers, biotechnology and scientific discoveries regarding ruminant nutrition and genetics provide the basis for accelerated progress in milk production for those dairy farmers that adopt these technologies. 10 years ago most dairy farmers focused their attention solely on animal husbandry practices. The use of computers for farm management in dairy sector started in as early in 1990s in many developing countries. As personal computer was developed and the price has dramatically declined, more and more farmers began to use computers by themselves in the last decade. But generally, computers have been used by producers with larger farms. Small-scale farmers bypassed the technology because of its cost and their lack of knowledge about computer use in farming. Many computer programs were described, by which data on data in dairy herds may be processed. The some computer software is designed for timely and direct convenience to farmers. Thus, the breeder can evaluate the monthly lots of data using many formulas with high accuracy using these software. It can also be programmed for annual report for detail evaluation of herd evaluation. In addition to all these, daily milk yields feed consumption, pregnancy check, inseminated cow list can be programmed for daily work routine. In recent years there is a form of high interest to cattle breeding and this is leading to the establishment of intensive farms. The only criteria for the life cycle continuity of these intensive farms would be on maximum profitability and competitiveness ability on market. This concept mainly related to forceful usage of knowledge, technology and management at intensive farms and small enterprises and cattle breeding organizations. Whenever the farmers meet any problem in order to refer to an organization for learning to new solutions and the absolute result most probably they prefer to share with farmers who are more experienced for them [15]. But developed countries heavily use computer and internet that is the main way to reach information [16, 17]. Meanwhile in undeveloped or developing countries, several reasons limit using computer and internet these are listed as high financial cost, difficulties to use technology, loss of knowledge to economic benefits, hesitate to use new technologies, lack of education, strict personality, poor infrastructure, lack of personal experience and not enough time to spent [18]. On the other hand, the country wide effect of the communication instruments extends to 80% and this is enough to eliminate most of the reasons which are mentioned above. If the farmer evaluates the benefits of using computer and internet they will replace this technology in farm management.
5. Electronic identification
The Electronic identification system is started 1970s. However, current laws deal with the visual, readable markings that are placed on the animal (EU Directives 92:102:EEC and EU Directives 820:97:EC) [19]. There are numerous animal ID technologies available to livestock producers. Radio frequency identification (RFID) will likely be used to identify cattle. These devices have an electronic number that will be unique for an individual animal and link that animal to the database [20]. Electronic ear tags, injectable transponders and boluses with a transponder, inside in the reticulum are the latest technology for animal identification technology [18]. Many types of RFID tags (boluses, ear tags, injectable glass tags) are used subcutaneous placement for animal identification. These systems work using radio frequency for sending data. Boluses retain in the first two stomachs of the ruminants and accepted as safe for animal health [21]. They can be administered even to lambs after weaning at the fifth week and the retention rate can reach 100% [22]. The injectable transponders, on the other hand, can be applied easily after birth [23], while the preferable locations differ in each animal species [24, 25, 26]. These technologies (implants, ear tags, and rumen boluses) are available on the market for cattle farmers. All these devices has special chip system for sending data for the base computer for evaluation. These devices has some specific components on their system regarding storing and evaluating data used for evaluating herd data. Some electronic tags has reader which can be receive and store the required many data for evaluation. Some of tag works transferring the number to another storage system for another evaluation stage. Data sends using antenna for transfer data on the system [27]. From a technological point of view, RFID tags can be grouped in two categories according to the carrier frequency band: LF (low frequency) tags function at 125–134.2 kHz, whereas HF (high frequency) tags function at 13.56 MHz. Electronic scales may be justified as a way to determine body condition score automatically. Another technology which is very useful for farmers is electronic weighing system. An easy and powerful electronic weighing system that accurately measures cattle weight. So farmers can monitor cattle performance easily and continuously. These system established on the road the waterer or cattle squeeze. Stored information send to the main computer for evaluation. Complimenting this is auto-drafting, where cattle going through a race are automatically separated on the basis on age, sex, or weight, or any other criteria the producer preferences.
6. Milking automation
Milking automation system is also involve the dairy sector at 1990s [28]. Suitable objective measuring systems are needed in animal husbandry to quickly and safely recognize illness, normal estrus cycle, quiet heat or stress in animals [29, 30]. An automatic milking system requires a completely different management system for milking, feeding, cow traffic, cow behavior and grazing, but also for safeguarding milk quality and animal health [31]. Electronic devices or sensors are the tools that need to take over the human visual inspection for abnormality. In order to develop sensors to detect abnormal milk a definition of abnormal milk is still basic requirements [32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
Sensors have been in the market for a long time, but their use in milking systems is quite new. Because milks were being evaluated by milkers during milking. However, with the development of intelligent milking systems, the use of sensors in the milking systems has become widespread [37].
The milking robots equipped with sensors to detect signs of mastitis which measures the many characters of the abnormal milk pH, Somatic cell count, milk acidity, milk conductivity etc. systems also can be regarded milking specifications of the system such as parlor performances, milking efficiency etc. [5]. Simple automatic cup removal devices monitor the milk flow rate from individual cows and at a threshold, the milking vacuum is shut off and the system is activated to withdraw the cups from the cow. Post-milking teat disinfection is an established component of many mastitis control strategies. This is normally performed manually in many farmers using either a pressure operated spray lance or more a dip cup. Behavior meter also installed to the milking systems for animal monitoring. The behavior meter continuously records the lying time, lying bouts and the activity of the individual animals. The cow-behavior observations enable animal welfare assessment in different environmental conditions and stressful situations, as well as reproductive and health status [38]. Another options to separation gate usage at automatic management systems.
The cattle separation is a risky and challenging activity that needs to be done frequently. If milkers also make an animal separation, the milking efficiency and parlor performances decrease. Reducing the need and risk of this workforce for separation is an important advantage. The grouping and separation of cattle in the big herd constitutes an enormous workload for the farmers. Electronic separation gates are not common in many cattle farms [19, 20].
Removing the labor required to separate animals can have a significant impact on the performance of the handling and management operations. To a lesser extent, diseased cows need to be brought to the attention of the dairy farmer. Some sensors are currently available for this purpose, but they do not fulfill all demands. When an operator is involved with animal separation, other tasks are not being done and performance suffers. With larger herds, identification and drafting of individuals are major tasks. Automatic drafting is not routinely installed on many dairy farms. Electronic tongue technology gives more advantage for farmers for many aspects [39]. Electronic tongue used potentiometric chemical sensors. An array comprised sensors with plasticized PVC membranes with cross-sensitivity to inorganic and organic cations and anions, chalcogenide glass sensors, chloride-, potassium- and sodium-selective electrodes, and glass pH electrode. Automatic milking systems using newly developed sensors (NIR, SCC and LDH etc.) provide much faster and more effective results. Many biosensor search studies for mastitis diagnosis continue [40].
Viguier et al. [40] reported that the current SCC and alternative methods for detection of mastitis. There are a lot of sensors which are used for good quality milk productions. Faster results have been achieved with the use of microchip technologies. In addition, with these technologies, you are ready to diagnose more successful mastitis with more effective tests and results with wider angle, more accurate results. All these each tests provide rapid mastitis detection. Milk conductivity and appearance of milk is used commonly on the farms. But other methods give another early mastitis detection for the fast and accurate decision for cure disease.
A number of other methods using visible and other light spectra have shown promise in detecting milk abnormalities and measuring various components of milk [39]. Table 1 summarized the technology of main sensors used for mastitis detection.
Detection of the patterns of volatile metabolites produced
To identify different pathogens, such as S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, streptococci and E. coli, and to determine infection-free udder quarters
Integrates solid-phase extraction and NASBA has recently been reported for the identification of low numbers of E. coli
Table 1.
Research results of sensors technology used for mastitis detection.
But De Mol and Ouweltjes [57] reported that the single and combined measures of 29,033 milkings to detect clinical mastitis and concluded that early warning is not reliable with sensors and software currently on the market. Lind et al. [58] reported that as of 2000 there were not yet sufficiently effective methods available to monitor characteristics of milk automatically so as to divert milk from unhealthy cows. Binda et al. [59] reported that many farmers were still reluctant to rely on electronic devices to monitor cow health status.
Automatic milking systems give many information about milk production, milking speed, milk acidity, milk conductivity etc. new sensor added some other new component such as milk progesterone level, milk temperature etc. But radio-frequency identification provide more possibilities for improving the reliability of collecting data.
7. Feeding automation
Computer programmer designed many software for make best option for farmer to ration preparation. Optimal feeding programs can be done for advanced options such as live weight, racing, lactation period and animal feed stock information. These programs use data from the National Research Council in animal feed and feed content.
Various systems for automated animal feeding will be used in many big dairy farms to get better production. They will comprise complete systems include each stage of feeding, feed preparation, mixing equipment and the installations for distributing feed. Feed components such as grass and maize/corn silage as well as mineral feed and feed concentrate will be loaded, mixed and delivered to the feed table built up there by the systems. The Automation systems as simple consists of a control panel, a programmable command manager, a scale, a communication interface and finally all the needed equipment to organize the feeding process and feed provision to the animal of each age groups. Computer-controlled calf feeders have many advantages over traditional calf feeding methods. Calves carry a transponder, and it is possible to follow the daily intake of individual calves [39]. Calves learn to use the computer-controlled milk feeding system fairly easily and this the technology offers a significant reduction in labor cost (73%). These systems can be combined with automatic weighing and health observation system for calf welfare. Calves reared in a group-pen had fewer days of medication than calves in hutches [60] fed milk-replacer from buckets twice a day. Electronic Concentrate Feeding system ensures that each cow is supplied with the exact ration of feed at the exact right time. The Belt Feeder feed distributor is the ideal introduction to the concept of automatic feed supply systems. Small, flexible, economical – the combination of a conveyor belt and sliding scraper. Grothmann et al. [61] reported that the various technical approaches to automation. These are reported that the stationary systems such as conveyor belts and mobile systems such as self-propelled or rail guided feeder wagons. In addition to feeding system automation approaches, rumen activity sensors are very popular innovative techniques for cattle farmers to reduce metabolic disorders. When the sensitive cows exhibit increasing acidosis, this allows a farmer to adjust feeding to prevent major problems [62].
Many electronic sensors can be used for rumen pH and rumen temperature of cattle. Especially rumen bolus can work 100 days continuously and data stored every 15 minutes for future evaluation [63].
The rumination activity is a good indicator of cattle health condition. A certain level of well being is a prerequisite for rumination [64] excitement and stress [65], states of anxiety [66] and various diseases [67, 68] inhibit rumination [69]. Another sensor used for collecting data for cow jaw movement to estimate chewing activity. This sensor works on the principle that the changing pressure of the animal is not detected during opening and closing of the mouth.
8. Health observation
The big hazard for animal production is to disease outbreak. The disease can spread quickly in the confined conditions. Many diseases has specific signals for detection, animals to look for signs of stress, disease, and damage caused by many agents. They alert staff or, potentially, other systems to find the affected animals and identify them report to manger before the problem spreads. An animal disease has serious economic implications on farm productivity. Public institutions and private groups are working collectively to assist individuals in addressing society’s stake in disease prevention and control [69]. The right time detects disease three to 5 days’ sooner, reduce treatment costs, reduce mortality rates, improve production efficiency. The production, product quality, product composition, body condition, and behavior provide a good indication for the health status of animals. By closely monitoring normal pattern changes, the farmers ensure animal health status. Many firms provided programs developed and provided by data collection and analysis products for monitoring animal behavior for the best early detection system. To monitor the health conditions of each cow the sensors are mounted on the cow. Sensor networks consist of several tiny, low price devices and are logically self-organizing ad hoc systems. The role of the sensor network is monitoring the health parameters of animals, gather and convey the information to other sink nodes. Sensors that collect data such as temperature, pH, etc., receive a lot of data, so it is possible to transmit data at intervals. Many new sensor technologies that will be useful in animal health and behavior are developed [70, 71].
Another sensor usage results of an experiment in which a temperature sensor built into a bolus were placed in the rumen of a cow [68, 72, 73]. On-farm scoring of behavioral indicators of animal welfare is challenging but the increasing availability of low cost technology now makes automated monitoring of animal behavior feasible. Furthermore, behavioral measures, such as the occurrence of aggression or stereotypic behavior, are important indicators of welfare problems. Including behavioral-based welfare criteria is, therefore, essential for an overall welfare assessment.
9. Reproductive performances
Estrus detection technology; Average calving interval in cattle farm is the best criteria for comparisons for reproductive performances of the farms which is varying between 13 and 18 months [60, 74], heat detection efficiency vary between 30 and 50% in most dairy herds [69, 75]. Research results showed that the 5–30% of the cows were not in or near oestrus when inseminated [76, 77]. Results of oestrus detection varied depending on the many factor such as threshold value, cow number, barn style, and the statistical method for data analysis. The detection error rates between 17 and 55% and indicate a large number of false warnings [78]. As a result of satisfying oestrus detection and conception rates, purchase and maintenance costs of the oestrus detection system should charge off. A number of both inexpensive to expensive aids and technologies are available to meet some but not all of these criteria [79]. Traditionally, oestrus detection is performed by visual observation of the dairy herd in many countries but this procedure particularly difficult on large dairy farms [80] because of short observation periods during feeding and milking. Galiç et al. [81] reported that the effect of herd size on milk yield, calving age, lactation number, and calving interval is significantly important (P < 0.01) and small farms are generally more successful than large farms. Mean duration of oestrus was calculated by Schofield et al. [82] as 13.5 h with a standard deviation of 2.3 h. [83, 84]. As a result of technical progress in monitoring cows using computers, automatic oestrus detection has become possible. In many studies, different traits have been analyzed for utilization in automatic oestrus detection. The electronic systems are an electronic device that detects cows that stand to be mounted by a herd mate and provides a continuous monitoring of activity [85], radiotelemetry is a computerized estrus detection devices. Also patches give another possibilities using mounting activity of cows. I a cow mount another cow then he transmitter is depressed and a signal sent to a receiver. During this time, date, time and duration of the mount stored and send to the main computer. On computer all these data evaluated and prepared for final decision.
Although costs associated with computerized estrous detection are higher than other methods, the benefits may pay off with increased estrous detection accuracy. Estrus detection errors can result huge economic loses for dairy farms. The economic loses vary $2–$6/day for dairy farms. But missing 1 cycle cost $42 to $126 for a cow. Using detection aids provide advantages because of the prevention of these losses [85]. Pedometers are used to detect the estrus by storing past physical activity the current physical activity and comparing it previous activity data. After analyzing data programs prepare report for cow which is activity accepted as estrus. Beeper or flashing light is also use for alerts the farmer for control this cows [79].
Pedometers also used for estrus detection attached to the leg of the cow to measure the amount of her activity over a unit time span.
Many pedometric systems are commercially available in the market. Also standing activity systems is commercially available in the markets. Standing activity activated by the mounting cow. Radio signal picked up by receiver and relayed to a buffer and a personal computer to analyzing of data. This system record cows number, standing time, date and duration to evaluation on time [79].
Chung et al. [86] reported that voice identification processing can be used to detect estrus both economically (simple microphone) and accurately (over 94% accuracy), either as a stand alone solution. The Mount Count manual version of the Heat Watch system is also available in the markets at more low price which is not required a computer or software to process and display the data. One aid is a pressure sensitive device mounted on the back of each cow, which can be triggered when the cow stands for mounting. Pressure sensitive device is programmed when a certain number of valid mounts have been recorded a light give signals. The second one is effective aids for detecting standing estrus is a marker or teaser animal. Marker animals are worn marking device. When an animal in standing estrus is mounted by the marker animal, the chin-ball marker will rub against the animal in standing estrus, leaving marks on her back and rump. Mounting and standing activity are effective methods for estrus detection. There are many other methods available on the system such as cervical mucus, vaginal characteristics, temperature, blood flow, and hormone changes in blood and milk. But these methods not applicable on the farm level. Milk progesterone level is o good criteria for stage of the cycle or pregnancy. So it can be used for diagnose problem cows in herd [87].
The behavior meter continuously records the animal behavior for many purposes (lying time, lying bouts and the activity of the individual cows). The cow-behavior enables animal welfare assessment in different environmental conditions and stress situations, as well as reproductive and health status [28].
Pregnancy check: Pregnancy diagnosis is one of the most important factors to get ideal calving interval. The most common methods are rectal and transrectal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract. Both procedures are required training and time. An experienced practitioner using ultrasound can reliably diagnose pregnancy from 30 days gestation whilst an experienced veterinary is able to diagnose pregnancy from 35 days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) or latex agglutination (LA) tests use either blood or milk to detect a marker of pregnancy. Estrone sulfate, progesterone and glycoproteins are used for indicators of pregnancy in cattle [8, 88, 90]. Estrone sulfate is a conjugated steroid product of estrone, is produced by the fetus and as such offer high specificity. The negative part of this test is to high rate of false negatives and the inability of the test to reliably diagnose pregnancies before 100 days of gestation [88], progesterone [89]. Wireless system was designed to measure many characteristics of cows is also developed to detect early stage of pregnancy in multiple cows.
10. Barn environment control
Animal production starts at environment which is cow lived in. Many factors affect the sensitivity of cows to their surrounding environmental conditions. Latest technologies involve the use of sensors to collect data, followed by data analyses with the objective of enhancing the understanding of the system interactions, and developing control systems [91]. Latest technologies aim to provide adequate data for producers and farmers to optimize the efficiency of their agricultural system, thus increasing the overall performance of the animals. There are many sensors for use at dairy barn environment control automation. Temperature and relative humidity sensors; airspeed sensors, carbon dioxide sensors, ammonia sensors and light sensors etc. When ambient temperature gets warmer than 25°C cow begins use their energies to cool themselves down rather than to produce milk. The effects of heat stress on dairy cattle physiology and productivity have been well established. Milk yield can decrease by about 10 percent. At the same time, if the environmental factors for example air quality are poor, milk production and quality can be affected adversely. However high producing dairy cows need an optimal indoor climate throughout the year, to maintain high production levels. Barn environment is also important for the farm worker. While the thermoneutral zone for cattle ranges from −5 to 25°C [91]; the thermoneutral zone for people is shifted to higher air temperature ranges. Modern technology also helps to control barn environment which is many sensor installations to measure factors such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and luminosity over a large cultivated surface. These sensor and automation systems planned as a capable of recording and adapting to environmental conditions inside the barn. The variety of sensors monitors a wide-ranging range of parameters of interest. Automation systems not only can automate for temperature, but also have wind and rain sensors. The wind sensors feed wind speed data into the controller, which then adjusts curtain height to compensate for higher air transfer rates. The rain sensor can be programmed to close the curtain to a predetermined height when it rains to keep moisture off cows and stalls. Cows likes bright environments. For this reason, equal illumination in barn improves milk yield. This is especially important during short winter days. For this reason the right kind of illumination planning, dimensioned to the size of barn, orientation of barn and roof material is very important for good illumination in barn.
Lighting is the most obvious change with the shift to automatize barn. Digitally controlled LEDs can extend the day, supplementing sun in autumn and winter. LEDs use less energy than traditional lamps, making artificial lighting economical. The availability of specialist barn luminaires makes it possible to tune the color. New technology provided is a self-regulating, micro-climate controlled environment for optimal animal growth and production. New technologic tools can monitor nearly every aspect of animal barn indoor environment. Incorporating the environment-sensing capability of wireless sensor networks into mobile monitoring systems can provide convenient control of the barn microclimate anywhere, anytime for more productive animal production. Environmental sensors and other control facilities of the barn is first component of the barn automation. Secondly computerize system for monitoring and controlling for barn environment. And thirdly supports the communication between this two component.
11. Conclusions
The industrial revolution has made a radical change in the production method and systems throughout the world. The net result has been the more comfortable animal, higher production, and decreased labor. The rapid penetration of these new age technologies will provide a further layer of sophistication of farm work and new strategies in animal production. Some of the technologies are already available on the market for framers but most are at the research stage in labs for new applications. Each new technology can enable productivity, growth and other benefits at farm level for animal and farmers as well as at the level of the country where productivity acceleration is sorely needed. Within countries, technology potential will be affected by their sector, and these activities will be affected within sectors. Although some of these technologies are already available, most are at the research stage in labs. Taking all of the factors into account, someone estimate it will take times for technology effect on current farm activities. Animal farming is to big market for technologic applications for more convenient production. While most of the farmers are reliant on new technologic applications to improve their productivity and competitiveness, technology plays a major role in achieving many critical tasks in many animal farms. In today’s dynamic competitive market, it does not matter where they operate and where they operate for farmers that the use of technology is not an option is a solution for their problems.
\n',keywords:"animal husbandry, futuristic techniques, innovative applications",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/58095.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/58095.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58095",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58095",totalDownloads:3730,totalViews:4177,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,totalAltmetricsMentions:8,impactScore:5,impactScorePercentile:93,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2017",dateReviewed:"November 15th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 18th 2018",dateFinished:"December 9th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Technology is developing rapidly. In this development, the transfer of computer systems and software to the application has made an important contribution. Technologic instruments made farmers can work more comfortable and increased animal production efficiency and profitability. Therefore, technologic developments are the main research area for animal productivity and sustainability. Many technologic equipment and tools made animal husbandry easier and comfortable. Especially management decisions and applications are effected highly ratio with this rapid development. In animal husbandry management decisions that need to be done daily are configured according to the correctness of the decisions to be made. At this point, smart systems give many opportunities to farmers. Milking, feeding, environmental control, reproductive performance constitute everyday jobs most affected by correct management decisions. Human errors in this works and decisions made big effect on last product quality and profitability are not able to be risked. This chapter deal with valuable information on the latest challenges and key innovations affecting the animal husbandry. Also, innovative approaches and applications for animal husbandry are tried to be summarized with detail latest research results.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/58095",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/58095",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition"},signatures:"Serap Göncü and Cahit Güngör",authors:[{id:"215579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Goncu",fullName:"Serap Goncu",slug:"serap-goncu",email:"sgoncu@cu.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"218971",title:"Dr.",name:"Cahit",middleName:null,surname:"Güngör",fullName:"Cahit Güngör",slug:"cahit-gungor",email:"gungorc@cu.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Current technology applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Breeding and genetics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Computer and internet usage",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Electronic identification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Milking automation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Feeding automation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Health observation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Reproductive performances",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"10. Barn environment control",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"11. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Thornton PK. Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences. 2010;365(1554):2853-2867. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0134'},{id:"B2",body:'Ipema AH, Holster HC, Hogewerf PH, Bleumer EJB. Towards an Open Development Environment for Recording and Analysis of Dairy Farm Data'},{id:"B3",body:'Kearney AT. 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1. Introduction
Agriculture is an important sector in the economic development, poverty alleviation and in addressing food insecurity of many countries including Nigeria [1]. The problem of food insecurity represents the biggest crisis of the 21st century worldwide especially with the ongoing challenges posed by the notorious Corona Virus (COVID-19). The main point of concern here is that the impact of food insecurity is spreading from the developing to the developed countries of the world. According to the FAO report of 2018, about 821 million people do not have enough food, 2 billion people suffer from malnutrition and the numbers are rising at a high rate in both Africa and Asia [2]. Nigeria is not exceptional as its population is increasing at an alarming rate and this has glaringly highlighted the need for more food production to meet up and sustain the population demand. For example, the level of food insecurity in the rural areas of Nigeria is reportedly disturbing as it affected about 84% and 56% of the communities in northern and southern parts of the country respectively [3].
Nigeria relies mostly on the importation of agricultural products as about 31 and 23% of the total food demands were imported in 2011 and 2012 respectively [4]. For example, about 8 million metric tons of Rice and 5.6 million tons of Wheat were imported in 2019 to feed its growing population despite its production potential in agriculture [5]. Nigeria imported more than 10 million metric tons of Rice between 2010 and 2014 [6]. It has been suggested that the only way out of food insecurity and poverty is to remarkably attain a sustainable crop production in the country [7]. To improve agricultural productivity in the country, irrigation farming along with the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, mechanized and smart farming as well as other relevant and modern farming technologies is the best alternative option. This will help in reducing the level of hunger, poverty and malnutrition [8]. Therefore, irrigation can be regarded as a powerful factor in increasing crop productivity, more stable incomes and providing employment and increasing prospects for multiple cropping and crop diversification [9]. In the specific context of agriculture, sustainable irrigation strategies need to allow for increased and sustainable crop production to meet the ever-increasing food demands, while preserving natural resources [10, 11]. Moreover, irrigation farming allows farmers to produce all year round thereby resulting in higher agricultural outputs and improved farmer’s income. According to [12], the objective of irrigation practice is to achieve the economical use of available water and ensure equity for distribution over time and space. In addition, the success of any irrigation project depends on the proper functionality of water conveyance and distribution systems. Unfortunately, many irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria are performing far below their potentials due to poor management by both relevant governmental agencies and farmers [13].
It was observed that improvement of the performance of the existing irrigation schemes is one of the possible approaches to water conservation, particularly in dryland areas like northern Nigeria [14]. The term sustainability in irrigation is often characterized through indicators that express the performance of an irrigation scheme not only in terms of its ability to deliver the required irrigation water but also on economic viability, social wellbeing, environmental health, institution arrangement and technological advances. Thus, sustainable irrigated agriculture is said to be attained if irrigation practices do not lead to the depletion of either natural or human resources [11]. To meet the Nigerian population demands of food and fiber, there is a need to employ the concept of sustainability to further improve irrigated agriculture, thereby achieving sustainable food production, processing and value addition [15]. This can be achieved if all the causes and effects of many problems that have been lingering are diagnosed, propose solutions and the suggested solutions are implemented and put into practice. This review was therefore aimed to disclose the current status of the available irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria for their sustainability and functionality. The study will provide inside into what has been going on with regard to maintenance, utilization and level of crop productions in the irrigation schemes from sustainability point of view.
2. The state of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria
This section presents the review on the state of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria and sustainability pillars were used to guide this review. The aim was to get more insight into the global irrigation scheme operations and maintenance practices with the main focus on northern Nigeria. This review yielded a schematic overview of irrigation scheme management using sustainability pillars. This is to evaluate the present state of functionality and the level of impact on the lives of people. Figure 1 shows the map of Nigeria showing the northern part, which constituted three regions (North West, North East and North Central), and southern part, which constituted three regions (South West, South East and South South). The irrigation scheme management sustainability-based review was conducted and restricted to the northern part of the country. The history of irrigation practices in the northern Nigeria begun since when it was realized that the region is characterized with low rainfall and high rate of evaporation which make it either arid or semi-arid regions in addition to abandon arable lands. These made the previous governments of the regions to construct several water storage infrastructures (dams and canals) for irrigation practices. These resulted to several major irrigation schemes available in northern Nigeria most of which are intended to stimulate and facilitate the sustainable food production in the country.
Figure 1.
Map of Nigeria showing 3 northern and southern regions.
2.1 Economic aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability
The economic productivity of several human endeavors depends largely on access to water resources [16]. Although about 24% of the global land area suffering from severe water scarcity [17] and 35% of the global population living in areas affected by water shortages [18], the economic development often occurs at the cost of overexploitation of water resources [19]. Agriculture is a major performer in the human appropriation of the limited water resources as about 70% of the global freshwater is consumed by this sector. After abandonment for about four decades due to abundant petroleum resources, the agricultural sector in Nigeria is gradually occupying a dominant position in the development of the national and rural economy. The sector provides not only food but also serves as the major source of employment to the teeming population of Nigeria. The agricultural sector provides jobs to about three-quarters of the Nigerian working population [20]. Farmers are usually less busy on the farm during the dry season, putting into account the rainy (May to October) and the dry (November to April) seasons of Nigeria. Hence, the provision of irrigation facilities that offer the opportunity for all-year-round farming can serve as an alternative source of employment and an additional gain to the Nigerian economy [21].
Recently, drastic agricultural reforms (closure of land borders and banning of importation of major agricultural food products among others) have been made in Nigeria resulting in a sharp increase in crop production which significantly reduce food importation and jobs were created [22, 23]. Agriculture is one of the main economic sectors in Nigeria employing about 60% of the population of the country [23]. This scenario is in line with other developing countries that agriculture provides the leading source of employment. Thus, increasing agricultural productivity is critical to economic growth, development, and the nation’s Gross Domestic Products (GDP). One important way to increase agricultural productivity is through the introduction of improved agricultural technologies and management systems.
In Nigeria, post-project evaluations of the majority of the irrigation schemes revealed that their economic performances are low compared to pre-project predictions (Mohammed & Ali, 2021; Zakari et al., 2021). Such undesirable outcomes are a result of the fact that social and environmental concerns of these schemes were not incorporated in the analysis. The participation issue presents the usefulness of water users’ involvement in the maintenance and sustainability of the irrigation schemes which further improve economic benefit [24]. One of the possible causes of the decline in food production is an inefficient allocation of resources in the agricultural production potentials [25]. For example, Land, labour, capital and water resources are inefficiently allocated thereby leading to a decrease in their productivity. To further improve the economic status of the rural dwellers as well as to attain food security and national growth, irrigation schemes need to be revitalized to increase food and cash crops production [26].
The economic welfare of a country and its ecosystem health is directly linked to water stress and the rate of water depletion (Borsato et al., 2019). Evidently, the Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) has played an important role in discouraging migration from rural to urban centers and alleviating the employment problems of its immediate community [20]. Similarly, there has been a sharp difference from the dry season farmers’ income in Bauchi State when compared with rain-fed farmers for the same kind of farm produce. The dry season (irrigation) farmers get more profit than rain-fed farmers counterparts. This is not unconnected with the high demand for fresh irrigated crops during the dry season [27]. Moreover, a study on the Socio-economic impact of an irrigation project in Taraba State reported similar findings among the farmers in respect of economic gain. Project on the beneficiary of the Fadama II project in Kaduna State indicates an increase in the net farm income of the beneficiary farmers [28]. Hence, creating a more efficient irrigation water management approach has the potential to substantially increase agricultural production, farmers’ incomes, and create employment opportunities.
2.2 Social aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability
Naturally, human beings have inherent needs that they are aiming to satisfy. These needs describe in-born requirements that need to be satisfied for an individual to remain healthy – physically, emotionally and mentally [29]. The management of open-access resources such as irrigation water involved numerous stakeholders with diverse interests which posed a unique challenge to the managers. These interests are the factors that affect individuals’ ethical practices including propensity to compliant or unlawful activities. Ethical awareness is the ability of an individual to identify his deliberate action and understand what consequences that action might cause to others. Thus, for an individual to make an ethically accepted action depends on a person’s moral awareness, motives and the benefits that individual is expected to gain. This depends largely on value-related factors such as culture, knowledge, religious beliefs, public trust and social wellbeing [30]. One of the problems that devastate irrigation water users’ social wellbeing is water scarcity which leads to poor crop production. Water scarcity represents a multidimensional state of human social deprivation characterized by a lack of access to affordable and safe water to satisfy societal needs or a condition in which these needs are met at the expense of the environment [10]. The mission for sustainable natural resource utilization is an essential part of the ongoing 2030 agenda for sustainable development goals (SDGs). It is one of the 169 agreed targets being aimed at monitoring and assessing the level of sustainability with which resources, such as irrigation water are being managed and utilized [31].
This creates a challenge of ensuring societal wellbeing through the supply of human basic needs including food security, income to the rural dwellers and national GDP of which water (through irrigation) plays an essential role [32, 33]. Thus, irrigation contributed immensely to the provision of a wide range of socio-economic benefits on which the wellbeing of society is based [34]. However, irrigation water is subjected to several challenges including climate change, poor management, chemical, wastage, overexploitation and other human-related influences [35, 36, 37, 38].
The social setting can be a social group, a community, town, region or a nation, thus, any change that occur either as ideas, norms, values, roles and social habits can be referred to as social change. When alteration occurs in the rural social system, it is termed as rural social change, and such a change could be in all attributes of a societal unit such as number, quality and importance. Different changes come to the notice of the rural population of the developing countries, including Nigeria. For example, the introduction of large scale irrigation projects, use of the machine in farming practices, application of agrochemicals to control weeds, pests, diseases and increase and sustain the fertility of the soil lead to the transformation of sustainable agriculture and hence, the wellbeing of that society [20]. The attainment of a sustainable agricultural production system is becoming a major concern of agricultural researchers and policymakers all over the world [39]. Implementation of sustainable development, therefore, requires integrated policy, planning and social learning process. Irrigation practices provide employment and stabilization to the rural population and undoubtedly provide major social benefits. A typical example is how the Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP) played an important role in limiting rural–urban migration by creating jobs for the rural dwellers [20].
2.3 Environmental aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability
Environmental impact refers to any change in the environment or in its components that may affect human health, flora, fauna, natural and cultural heritage as well as other physical structures, social, economic or cultural conditions [40]. For example, the challenges facing the irrigation sector in Nigeria is not only to attain food security and eradicate poverty among rural dwellers but also to ensure a healthy environment. Inappropriate management of irrigation schemes might lead to environmental problems such as high water tables, poor drainage, salinization and pollution [13]. The majority of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria are characterized by environmental degradation such as salinity, waterlogging and declining groundwater resources which could adversely affect future demand for water [41]. Both quantity and quality aspects of water are important as these jointly affect the success of irrigation schemes and environmental sustainability [42]. Thus, in the process to establish any socio-economic projects such as irrigation schemes, there is a need to ensure long-term maintenance of valued environmental resources in an evolving human influence [43]. Studies revealed that the majority of the economic development of the developing countries often occur at the expense of overexploitation of water resources which ultimately leads to ecosystem degradation [19].
Even though the extent is different, several environmental-related problems including soil erosion, aquatic weeds infestation, sedimentation, infrastructural deterioration and overgrazing are observed in many irrigation schemes in Nigeria [43]. For example, despite the functioning of the Kano River Irrigation Project (KRIP), there was a serious decline in hectares of land due to environmental-related issues such as waterlogging, salt accumulation (salinity, sodicity, saline-sodic) and reduced fertility [20]. There is a gradually building up of salinity problems in KRIP, even though the threat from salinity is not alarming yet. This problem of salinity has been reportedly alleged to continue to increase as long as irrigation is practiced unless preventive and corrective measures are put in place [44]. Generally, irrigation schemes design, operation and management should seek to maximize not only crop productivity and economic and social gains but also to ensure environmental stability and health as shown on Figure 2 [46]. Thus, irrigation scheme designs should consider using new technologies that ensure water allocation and application efficiencies such as micro irrigation methods (sprinklers and drip). In addition, in situ soil and water conservation methods such as mulch practices and deficit irrigation can significantly improve the overall ecosystem health.
Figure 2.
Framework for sustainable irrigation scheme design, operation and management [45].
2.4 Technological aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability
The development and improvement achieved so far in irrigation technologies are key to addressing the challenges of low agricultural productivity [47]. Availability and access to irrigation water and smart agricultural technologies were considered essential for crop production [48]. For instance, the success of the green revolution in Asia was achieved through the rapid expansion of irrigation areas with availability and access to new technologies including the development of high yielding varieties, fertilizers, micro irrigation techniques, tube-wells and water extraction mechanisms [49]. For example, technological advance provides irrigation sector with methods of optimizing water usage using variety of solutions based on sensor networks, microcontrollers and machine learning or fuzzy logic [45]. These methods have been in use to evaluate and predict optimum water required for irrigation. Such a smart irrigation is a systems made up of solar power station, networking infrastructure and water management and control stations (water storage, sprinkle or drip lines, water pumps, soil moisture sensors and micro-controller unit). In smart irrigation systems, the system components are commonly coupled using the Internet of Everything (IoE) approach as schematically summarized and shown in Figure 3. The use of such irrigation technology exerted a positive and significant impact on sustainable crop production and food security in Nigeria specifically [48].
Figure 3.
Technological advances for coupling smart irrigation components using IoE [45].
Agricultural activities in Jibia Irrigation Project (JIP), Katsina State, depends mainly on power supply from diesel generators and electricity from the national grid to supply water to the farmlands. This has slowed down the pace of irrigation development in the area. The full exploitation of the agricultural potential of JIP and that of Nigeria in general, requires the exploitation of our vast renewable energy sources to provide the needed power. Also, an alternative way to the high power demand of the operation of JIP and the likes is water conservation practices using different types of mulch. KRIP being one of the major irrigated agriculture in the northern Nigeria reported that, the majority of the farmers lack the technical know-how on water conservation and it is based on this that the researchers recommended the need to create awareness to the farmers where major irrigation is taking place. This will assist in achieving water conservation and management strategies in order to effectively and efficiently utilize the limited available water resources.
Irrigation schemes in Nigeria such as Watari Irrigation Project (WIP), Barwa-Minjibir Irrigation Scheme (BMIS), Tomas Irrigation Project (TIP) and Kpong Irrigation Project (KIP) in Niger Delta Basin Development Authority (NDBDA), had to abandon farming activities due to poor water-sharing techniques [50]. Thus, farmers should be fully conversant with irrigation technologies through agricultural machinery and credit facilities. Moreover, farm inputs such as fertilizer, seed, chemical and other materials needed by farmers should be made available to the farmers. Infrastructural decay is also another problem that has been affecting the success of irrigated agriculture in northern Nigeria. About 30% of water structures at WIP were found to be damaged and malfunctioning [51]. Similarly, the conveyance structures were silted and infested by weeds which significantly reduced the carrying capacity of the canal. Also, about 8% of the irrigable area downstream was abandoned due to inadequate supply of water. There is an increased occurrence in soil salinity and sodicity issues within the WIP due to a poor drainage system [52].
In this regard, the majority of the irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria such as Sokoto Rima, Watari, Jibiya and Tomas are operated far below their design capacity due to lack of adoption of improved equipment and poor maintenance [53]. In addition, a larger proportion of the currently used irrigation equipment was purchased during the inception of the projects (the 1970s to 1980s) without replacement. Thus, there is a need to conduct empirical studies in Nigerian irrigation schemes to assess the following;
How farmers demand irrigation technologies.
How their zeal and willingness to adopt improved irrigation technologies are affected by specific agro-ecological and socio-economic characteristics.
How their adoption of such improved irrigation technologies may be hampered by poorly functioning markets.
2.5 Institutional aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability
Institutions are the political, social or business organizations (public or private) that are involved in policy-making and implementation. While institutional sustainability is the continuation of the benefit flows to the users/clients/owners/employees or the general public with or without the programmes or organizations that stimulated them in the first place [54]. Institutional performance is considered as one of the yardsticks with which the performance of developmental institutions such as irrigation schemes can be evaluated. At the end of the 20th century, the increasing role and relevance of social and institutional structures in connection with the whole field of contemporary environmental management are gaining prominence. Currently, institutional mandates constituted social well-being, economic gain as well as environmental health. Such a sustainability-based management strategy has gained more attention all over the world as this form an important developmental strategy as enclosed in the ongoing sustainable development goals (SDGs). The main aim of such a strategy was to effectively and sustainably manage and utilize the limited available natural resources [55]. For example, in the irrigation management sector, this approach has in recent years been employed to shift irrigation management toward a community-based by sharing power with multiple sets of other institutions stakeholders [56]. This requires every stakeholder involved in all levels of irrigation management to collectively take responsibility for managing the affairs of the schemes.
The small-scale private irrigation schemes (SPRI) sector in Nigeria is supported by a range of private agents, including irrigation technology service providers, NGOs, water user associations (WUAs) as well as public institutions such as the National Fadama Development Project (NFDP), the Agricultural Development Project (ADP), the State Irrigation Department (SID), river basin development authorities and state and federal government ministries [56]. A study carried in 1972 led to the institution of three models of public irrigation schemes; namely the Bakolori Scheme, the Chad Basin scheme, and Kano River Irrigation Project, subsequently additional eleven more River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) were added across the country after the success of the pilot schemes in 1976 [57].
The Nigerian government does not only own, operate and maintain irrigation schemes, but provides agro-support services such as land preparation, seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, and assists in marketing the produce. The reforms in water institutions such as Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) systems were formulated and implemented to achieve effective operation of the schemes, equitable distribution of irrigation water among farmers, high crop productivity and food security among others [58].
In the Hadeja-Jama’are river irrigation project, the utilization of the project is just 50% while the Zobe dam in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina which was constructed 40 years ago, currently has few irrigation activities as the scheme is not formally developed. Also, at the Bakolori irrigation dam in Zamfara State, under the Sokoto Rima Water Project, the area cultivated is not commensurate with the amount of water in the dam [57]. For instance, at the end of the 1999/2000 irrigation season, out of the 100,300 ha developed only 35,000 ha were irrigated giving a pathetic 35% capacity utilization. Most of the irrigation schemes that the government has invested in are either under-utilized for irrigation or abandoned irrigation schemes like the Hadeja-Jama’are river project, the utilization is 50% while the Zobe dam in Dutsin-Ma in Katsina, which was constructed 40 years ago, currently has little irrigation activities [52]. Cases in points that highlighted the danger of poor irrigation management institutional performance are the findings by [53]. More than 29% of the farmers of Tomas Irrigation Project (TIP) expressed unhappiness with the water allocation method currently used and about 55% of water users hold the opinion that irrigation scheme management, operation and maintenance is an exclusive responsibility of the government. In addition to poor water management, infrastructural decay and stakeholders’ conflict as the major problems affecting the scheme.
3. Conclusion
This chapter presented a review of the operation and management of irrigation schemes in the northern part of Nigeria. The main aim of this study was to identify and relate key values operating in the northern Nigerian irrigation sector from a sustainability point. This includes identifying the causes and effects of impending problems and hence, suggesting ways forward to achieve sustainable food security at the face of the ever-increasing population in the country. The major motivation factor for this review was the fact that studies on assessing the performance of systems such as irrigation schemes using the concept of sustainability are gradually gaining popularity and growing at a high rate in recent years. The appraisal revealed that several impediments have been hindering the performance of irrigation practice in Nigeria which includes inconsistent government policies, low awareness and lack of technical know-how among the farmers on irrigation farming system, and untimely financial intervention.
Another insight of interest gained from the work was that the huge investment in both large- and medium-scale irrigation schemes in the northern part of Nigeria have been resulted in irrecoverable losses due to quite several issues. Some of these problems comprise of under-utilization of water resources, poor management, infrastructural decay and abandonment. Generally, studies revealed that irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria performed far below expectations with approximately 65% capacity utilization. About half (50%) of the farmers express unhappiness, dismay and loss confidence with the way irrigation schemes are operated. Water managers blame farmers to lack enthusiasm toward abiding by the set rule and regulations governing irrigation schemes. In addition, study by [50] revealed that about 45% of the farmers do not participate in the maintenance of the irrigation schemes which further exacerbate the problems. However, some irrigation projects are performing relatively very well. The income and the standard of living of the farmers around well-performing irrigation projects were observed to improve significantly compared to poor performing ones.
Thus, there is a need to holistically improve the general operational performance of the existing irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria through the following;
To encourage participatory irrigation management (users-managers join management).
To ensure effective and competent institutions through improving the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms (surveillance systems, frequent policy review and alterations to suit the situation, legal proceedings and law enforcement, and timely sensitization and awareness campaigns).
Functions of water regulatory institutions should be streamlined with each institution given specific and defined roles to enhance efficiency in irrigation water resource management and this should be organized using the sustainability pillars as schematically shown in Figure 1.
A research effort using a sustainability-based approach is also required to further identify the causes and effects of problems that have been hampering the performance of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria.
There is a need to adopt new water allocation and application methods that can improve water use efficiency.
Acknowledgments
On behalf of the entire authors, I would like to thank the management of Bayero University Kano, Nigeria for the opportunity to conduct this study though Directorate of Research, Innovation and Partnerships (DRIP), Institution Based Research (IBR), a component of the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"irrigation scheme, management, Nigeria, sustainable crop production, sustainability pillars",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81378.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81378.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81378",totalDownloads:16,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 4th 2022",dateReviewed:"February 28th 2022",datePrePublished:"April 18th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 18th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Irrigated agriculture has been identified as an important practice to achieving food security and socio-economic development in the face of rapid population growth and climatic uncertainties. In northern Nigeria, irrigation has long been identified as the key to achieving the much-desired increase in food production to meet the ever-increasing population. However, the existing irrigation schemes encountered several challenges coming from different dimensions including economic, social, environmental, institutional and technological. To attain sustainable crop production, this paper attempts to uncover the underline challenges confronting irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria that cut across sustainability pillars. The findings revealed that irrigation schemes contributed immensely toward achieving food security and improving the wellbeing of rural dwellers. However, the huge investment in large- and medium-scale irrigation schemes have resulted in massive economic losses. This could be attributed to their under-utilization, poor management and abandonment although few ones are performing remarkably well. The study recommends the need to adopt new water allocation and application methods that can improve water use efficiency, users-managers join approach (participatory), effective and competent institutions which include improved monitoring, evaluation and surveillance systems, frequent policy review to suit the situation, law enforcement, and timely sensitization and awareness campaigns.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81378",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81378",signatures:"Nura Jafar Shanono, Nura Yahaya Usman, Mu’azu Dantala Zakari, Habibu Ismail, Shehu Idris Umar, Sunusi Abubakar Amin and Nuraddeen Mukhtar Nasidi",book:{id:"11357",type:"book",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vijay Meena, Dr. Mahipal Choudhary, Dr. Ram Prakash Yadav and Dr. Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-697-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-696-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-698-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The state of irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Economic aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Social aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Environmental aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Technological aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Institutional aspect of irrigation schemes sustainability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hassan IYAMB, Yahaya R. Economic analysis of micro-drip irrigation using integrated Agricultural Research for Development (Iar4d) approach: The case of vegetable innovation platform in rural Nigeria. 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An assessment of the irrigation scheme on registered Rice farmers of the upper Benue Rice basin development Authority in Dadin Kowa, Gombe state, Nigeria. 2015;4(1):1-24. DOI: 10.7828/jmds.v4i1.843'},{id:"B22",body:'Kolawole AO, Oluwatusin FM, Ajiboye A, Aturamu OA, Abdu-Raheem KA, Akokoh FE. Poverty status analysis of irrigation farming households in Nigeria. World Rural Observations. 2020;12(2):15-26. DOI: 10.7537/marswro120220.02'},{id:"B23",body:'FMWRN. National irrigation and drainage policy and strategy. Abuja-Nigeria. 2015. p. 1-26. Available from: https://silo.tips/download/national-irrigation-policy-and-strategy-for-nigeria-part-1-the-need-for-a-policy'},{id:"B24",body:'Borsato E, Martello M, and Marinello F. Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment for Two Di Ff Erent Sprinkler and a Drip Irrigation Systems: A Case Study on Maize Cropping. 2019;9(187):1-15. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture9090187'},{id:"B25",body:'Ohikere AJZ, Ejeh AF. Impact of small scale irrigation technologies on crop production by fadama users in Kogi state, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research. 2012;3(2):854-861'},{id:"B26",body:'Ahmed E, Oyebode A, Igbadun MA, Oiganji HE. Assessment of tomato farmers’ irrigation practice in pampaida millennium village, ikara local government area, Kaduna state, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Science. 2020;4(2):499-509'},{id:"B27",body:'Adama GJ, Jimoh DO, Otache MY. Optimization of irrigation water allocation framework based on genetic algorithm approach. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2020;12:316-329'},{id:"B28",body:'Abdullahi AS, Jahun BG, Sabo MU. Impact of irrigation project on fadama community of Bauchi state Nigeria. International Journal of Advances Engineering Science. 2016;5(1):20-30. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/27487403/impact_of_irrigation_project_on_fadama_community_of_bauchi_state_nigeria'},{id:"B29",body:'Missimer G, Robèrt K-H, Broman G. A strategic approach to social sustainability - part 1: Exploring the social system. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.170'},{id:"B30",body:'Treviño LK, Weaver GR, Reynolds SJ. Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management. 2006;32(6):951-990'},{id:"B31",body:'Shanono NJ. Towards a more human-centered irrigation water management- a review. International Journal of Water Management Diploma. 2021;1(3):5-16. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijwmd/issue/63570/943011'},{id:"B32",body:'Manju S, Sagar N. Renewable energy integrated desalination: A sustainable solution to overcome future fresh-water scarcity in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;73:594-609. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.164'},{id:"B33",body:'Hossain S et al. Identifying future research directions for biodiversity, ecosystem services and sustainability: Perspectives from early-career researchers. 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Reclaiming salt-affected soil for the production of tomato at Barwa-Minjibir irrigation scheme, Kano. In: International Conference on Green Engineering for Sustainable Development, IC-GESD 2015. Kano Nigeria: Held at Bayero University; 2015'},{id:"B39",body:'Medugu N. Achieving Sustainable Agriculture in Nigeria: A Land-Use Policy Perspective. Tokyo: Industry & Cultural Integration Tour; 2006;10-19:10-19. Available from: http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/3538/1/idris.pdf'},{id:"B40",body:'Ulsido MD, Demisse EA, Gebul MA, Bekelle AE. Environmental impacts of small scale irrigation schemes : Evidence from Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake basins environmental impacts of small scale irrigation schemes: Evidence from Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake basins. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management. 2013;1(63):17-29'},{id:"B41",body:'Sobowale A, Tijani MN, Obayelu AE, Olatunji AS, Shah T. Livelihood analysis of smallholder irrigation farmers In Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture Science Environment. 2014;14:1-17'},{id:"B42",body:'Mohamme A, Ibrahim HA. Variabilty of irrigation water quality in Kano River irrigation project. JORIND. 2015;13(2). Available from: www.ajol.info/journals/jorind'},{id:"B43",body:'Purity N, Adaeze EE. Environmental sustainability and sustainable development in Nigeria : Environmental sustainability and sustainable development in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance Managment Research. 2020;4(1):6-11'},{id:"B44",body:'Maina MM et al. Soil salinity assessment of Kadawa irrigation of the Kano River irrigation project (KRIP). Journal of Food Agriculture Environment. 2012;10(October)'},{id:"B45",body:'Favour A, Misra S, Maskeliunas R, Damasevicius R, Kazanavicius E. Smart irrigation system for environment sustainability in Africa: An Internated of everything (IoE) approach. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2019;16(5):5490-5503 https://www.10.3934/mbe.2019273'},{id:"B46",body:'Fonteh MF. Guidelines for sustainable irrigation system design and management in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2017;12:1747-1755'},{id:"B47",body:'Ngango J, Hong S. Adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies and its impact on land productivity: Evidence from Rwanda. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021;20(8):2302-2312'},{id:"B48",body:'Adebayo O, Bolarin O, Oyewale A, Kehinde O. Impact of irrigation technology use on crop yield, crop income and household food security in Nigeria: A treatment effect approach. Agriculture Food. 2018;3(June):154-171'},{id:"B49",body:'Madhusudan B, Narayanamoorthy A. Impact of irrigation on agricultural growth and poverty alleviation: Macro level analyses in India. Water Policy Research. 2004. p. 1-8. Available from: https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/5130/TATA_2003_Bhattarai.pdf?sequence=1'},{id:"B50",body:'Shanono NJ, Bello M, Muntaqa I, Usman T. Stakeholders conflict and infrastructural decay In Nigerian irrigation schemes: A review. Nigeria Journal of Engineering, Science Technology Research. 2020;6(1):78-90'},{id:"B51",body:'Shanono NJ et al. Hydraulic infrastructures and Asseeement of Watari irrigation project, Kano. Journal of Engineering Technology. 2015;10(2):44-51'},{id:"B52",body:'Bashir et al. Appraisal and mapping of soil salinity and Sodicity problems In sector one of Watari irrigation scheme, Kano state. Nigeria Soil Journal of Social Science. 2020;29(2):54-60'},{id:"B53",body:'Shanono NJ et al. Socio-hydrological study of water users’ perceptions on the management of irrigation schemes at tomas irrigation project, Kano, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Engineering, Science Technology. 2019;5(2):139-145'},{id:"B54",body:'Mugabi J, Kingdom W, Kayaga S. Evaluating the institutional sustainability of an urban water utility: A conceptual framework and research directions. Elsevier. 2013;3:1-21'},{id:"B55",body:'Saravanan VS, Bhawan P. Institutionalising community-based watershed management in India: Elements of institutional sustainability. Water Science and Technology. 1990;45(11):113-124'},{id:"B56",body:'Takeshima H, Okoli SS, Rhoe V. Demand Characteristics for Small-Scale Private Irrigation Technologies: Knowledge Gaps in Nigeria. The Nigeria strategy support program (NSSP); 2010. NSSP Working Paper No. 0018. Available from: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/demand-characteristics-small-scale-private-irrigation-technologies'},{id:"B57",body:'Adelodun B, Choi K. A review of the evaluation of irrigation practice in Nigeria: Past, present and future prospects. African Journal of Agriculture Research. 2018;13(40):2087-2097'},{id:"B58",body:'Ahmad B et al. Impact of institutional features on the overall performance assessment of participatory irrigation management: Farmers’ response from Pakistan. MDPI. 2020;12(497):1-13'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Nura Jafar Shanono",address:"njshanono.age@buk.edu.ng",affiliation:'
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11357",type:"book",title:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vijay Meena, Dr. Mahipal Choudhary, Dr. Ram Prakash Yadav and Dr. Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-697-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-696-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-698-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"188270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",middleName:null,surname:"Chattopadhyay",email:"sudipta_tutun@yahoo.co.in",fullName:"Sudipta Chattopadhyay",slug:"sudipta-chattopadhyay",position:null,biography:"Dr. Sudipta Chattopadhyay received his BSc degree (Physics Honours) from the University of Calcutta and did BTech, MTech, and PhD degrees from the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta in 1999, 2001, and 2011, respectively. Since then, he has started his independent research in the field of Antenna Engineering. He is currently working as an associate professor and head at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mizoram University (a Central University, Government of India), Mizoram, India. Before joining Mizoram University, he served Siliguri Institute of Technology, West Bengal, India, for 15 years as a faculty member. His area of research includes microwave antennas, microstrip and integrated antennas, defected ground structures, and computer-aided design of patch antennas. He regularly serves as the reviewer of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine; IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters; IET Microwaves, Antennas, & Propagation journal, UK; IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Wiley; International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Cambridge; and also Taylor and Francis journal. He has more than 60 publications in referred international journals and international conferences. He has contributed several chapters in different edited research handbooks and is presently acting as a sole editor in the handbook of Trends in Research on Microstrip Antenna. His research and formulations are cited in different research handbooks as well as in well-known undergraduate text book of Antennas and Wave Propagation by J. D. Kraus et al. fourth edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. In the last 2 years, he has been working as the editorial board member of Wiley journal International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering and Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications. He is listed in Marquis Who’s Who in the World, USA, 26th Edition, 2009 and also listed in 2000 Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century, UK, 2010.",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188270/images/6422_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"1",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Mizoram University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},booksEdited:[{id:"5833",type:"book",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",subtitle:"Trends in Research on",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5833.jpg",abstract:"The progress in modern tiny multifunctional wireless devices has dramatically increased the demand for microstrip antennas in recent years. Furthermore, in the last few years, such microstrip antennas found numerous applications in both the military and the commercial sectors. Therefore, microstrip patch antenna has become a major focus to the researchers in the field of antenna engineering. In this book, some recent advances in microstrip antennas are presented. This book contains mainly three sections. In the first section, some new approaches to modern analytical techniques rather than the conventional cavity model, transmission line model, or spectral domain analysis have been discussed. In the second section of the book, a light has been showered on some new techniques for bandwidth enhancement of microstrip radiators. In the last section of the book, the recent trends in microstrip antenna research have been showcased. Some newfangled application-oriented approach to this field is vividly discussed. The book’s main objective is to facilitate the microstrip antenna researchers for exploring the subject in more vibrant manner and also to revolutionize wireless communications. A sufficient number of topics have been covered, some for the first time in a research handbook. I hope that the book will surely be beneficial for scientists, practicing engineers, and researchers working in the field of microstrip antennas.",editors:[{id:"188270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",surname:"Chattopadhyay",slug:"sudipta-chattopadhyay",fullName:"Sudipta Chattopadhyay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"53876",title:"Recent Computer-Aided Design Techniques for Rectangular Microstrip Antenna",slug:"recent-computer-aided-design-techniques-for-rectangular-microstrip-antenna",abstract:"In modern microwave systems, rectangular microstrip patch antennas (RMPAs) are probably the most investigated topics among the planar antennas. There are several methods available in literature, for designing and analyzing such antennas, but most of them are very complex and give only approximate results. In this chapter, we have discussed the most accurate and updated computer-aided design (CAD) formulations related to probe-fed RMPA for computing its fundamental input characteristics (resonant frequency and input impedance) and improving radiation characteristics, i.e. gain and polarization purity (the parameter that signifies how much an RMPA is free from spurious modes). These formulations have evolved in the last decades and have been validated against numerous simulations and measurements. The present CAD formulas for resonant frequency and input impedance can accurately address a wide range of RMPA with patch width to patch length ratio (W/L) from 0.5 to 2.0, a substrate having thickness up to 0.23 λg where λg is the guide wavelength and relative permittivity (εr) ranging over 2.2–10.8. The role of a finite air gap on resonant frequency and gain of an RMPA have also been presented. The chapter will be surely useful to antenna designers to achieve a concrete understanding of the RMPA theory.",signatures:"Sudipta Chattopadhyay and Subhradeep Chakraborty",authors:[{id:"188270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",surname:"Chattopadhyay",fullName:"Sudipta Chattopadhyay",slug:"sudipta-chattopadhyay",email:"sudipta_tutun@yahoo.co.in"},{id:"189392",title:"Mr.",name:"Subhradeep",surname:"Chakraborty",fullName:"Subhradeep Chakraborty",slug:"subhradeep-chakraborty",email:"deepc.jpg@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"5427",title:"Modern Antenna Systems",slug:"modern-antenna-systems",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"15254",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayumi",surname:"Matsunaga",slug:"mayumi-matsunaga",fullName:"Mayumi Matsunaga",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15254/images/4552_n.jpg",biography:"Mayumi Matsunaga, who hails from Fukuoka, Japan, bears B.E., M.E. and D.E. degrees in computer science and communication engineering from Kyushu University, which is located in her native city, and is a member of IEEE. While she was a Ph.D. student at Kyushu University, she studied in 1998 in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Wisconsin-Madison to extend the traditional coupled mode theory to that which includes an analysis of coupled microstrip lines on anisotropic substrates. In 2000, she joined the Faculty of Engineering at Ehime University. In 2017, she joined the Faculty of Engineering at Tokyo University of Technology where she currently specializes in the theory of electromagnetic waves and numerical analyses. She is just as truly appreciative of the Young Engineers\\' Award for her work which she received from the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers in March 2001.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"18749",title:"Dr.",name:"zahra",surname:"atlasbaf",slug:"zahra-atlasbaf",fullName:"zahra atlasbaf",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"147056",title:"Prof.",name:"Xian-Ling",surname:"Liang",slug:"xian-ling-liang",fullName:"Xian-Ling Liang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"187799",title:"Dr.",name:"He-Xiu",surname:"Xu",slug:"he-xiu-xu",fullName:"He-Xiu Xu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air Force Engineering University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"188222",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Keyhan",surname:"Hosseini",slug:"keyhan-hosseini",fullName:"Keyhan Hosseini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tarbiat Modares University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"189327",title:"Prof.",name:"Junping",surname:"Geng",slug:"junping-geng",fullName:"Junping Geng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"189763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tong",surname:"Cai",slug:"tong-cai",fullName:"Tong Cai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Macau",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Macau"}}},{id:"189923",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronghong",surname:"Jin",slug:"ronghong-jin",fullName:"Ronghong Jin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"189925",title:"MSc.",name:"Bin",surname:"Zhou",slug:"bin-zhou",fullName:"Bin Zhou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"189927",title:"MSc.",name:"Guanshen",surname:"Chenhu",slug:"guanshen-chenhu",fullName:"Guanshen Chenhu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
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This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. 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His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. 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She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80777",title:"Starch: A Veritable Natural Polymer for Economic Revolution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102941",signatures:"Obi P. 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