Relative electric permittivity of dry sand.
\r\n\tThe study of the Mediterranean flora and vegetation, and its associated fauna is very interesting, since it is an area of high diversity, especially the mountain areas (as well as the flora and vegetation of special substrates). Tropical territories are also very interesting because they are areas that act as hot spots on the planet -they have a high rate of endemic species, with the particularity that these areas are subject to strong human actions.
\r\n\tIn spite of the different regulations in the countries, it is convenient to standardize the different regulations, in accordance with the EU Habitats Directive.
The knowledge of electrical properties of soils in physics and electrical engineering are important for many applications. The long-distance electromagnetic telegraph systems from 1820 are used, with two or more wires to carry the signal and the return currents. It was discovered that the earth could be used as a return path to complete the circuit, making the return wire unnecessary [1]. However, during dry weather, the earth connection often developed a high resistance, requiring water on the earth electrode to enable the telegraph to ring [1].
\nAn important radio propagation and engineering problem has been solved in 1909 by A. Sommerfeld. He has solved the general problem of the effect of the finite conductivity of the ground on the radiation from a short vertical antenna at the surface of a plane earth. The surface wave propagation is produced over real ground for the medium frequency AM radio service, where the attenuation of the electric field depends on the dielectric properties of the soil, mainly of the dielectric losses [2]. Considering the word “Soil” means the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, it contains the organic as well as mineral matter. From 1936 up to 1941, Norton, Van der Pol, and Bremmer made the computation of the field strengths at distant points on the flat and spherical Earth’s surface [3, 4].
\nIn agriculture applications, the electrical resistivity methods have been introduced by Conrad Schlumberger in France and Frank Wenner in the United States, for the evaluation of ground electrical resistivity. In saline soils, the electric conductivity measured is high, and the effects of salinity are manifested in the loss of stand, reduced rates of plant growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, total crop failure [5].
\nThe applications like the protection of electrical generating plant are necessary to provide earth connections with low electrical resistance. The radio transmitting and receiving stations for broadcasting is generally covered by radiation transmitted directly along the ground [6]. In electrical engineering, “ground” is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured.
\nFor archeology, geophysics, engineering, and military applications, the so-called ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a technique widely used. The radar signal is an electromagnetic wave that propagates through the earth, and its signal is reflected when an object appears or there is a change in the properties of the earth. In order to determine the depth of an object under the ground, it is necessary to know the electrical properties of the soil [7].
\nThe equations that relate the electric field (E) and magnetic field (H) are based on the electromagnetic theory formulated by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864, whose validity has allowed great advances in diverse areas, such as telecommunications, electricity, electronics, and materials [8].
\nRegarding the behavior of the materials under the action of an electric field, in the conductive materials, the charges can move freely, meaning that the electrons are not associated with an atomic nucleus. In the case of dielectric materials, the charges are associated with an atom or specific molecule [9]. There are two main mechanisms where the electric field distorts the distribution of charge in a dielectric, stretching and rotation. The relationship between the electric dipole moment inducted under the action of an applied electric field is called atomic electric polarizability \n
In a material with an applied electric field, a convenient definition is to consider the contributions of the dipole moment per unit volume; this parameter is called polarization, which is a macroscopic definition instead of a molecular or atomic definition [9, 10]:
\nIt is evident that the contributions of the electric dipole moment in a volume element \n
And the polarization
\nIn Figure 1, the external electric field applied to a dielectric material and the resulting polarization can be observed.
\nPolarization applying external electric field E, to a dielectric material.
From the macroscopic point of view in most of the dielectric material, when the electric field is canceled, the polarization in the material will be nullified. In addition, the polarization of the material will vary as the electric field varies, i.e., \n
It is convenient to define the electric displacement, because it allows to relate by means of the Gaussian law with the free charges; therefore
\nThen
\nThe electrical permittivity is defined as the relationship between the electric displacement vector \n
Result
\nIt is convenient to define [11]:
\nResult
\nThe electric properties of the material are completely defined by means of \n
In problems with electromagnetic fields, four vectors are defined: E and B; D and H. These vectors are assumed to be finite throughout the entire field, and at all ordinary points to be continuous functions of position and time, with continuous derivatives [12]. The constitutive relations link the vectors of the fields \n
For the electromagnetic propagation in soils, the parameters \n
The electrical resistivity obtained by soil mapping exhibits a large range of values from \n
Table of electric resistivity \n\n\n\nΩ\n/\nm\n\n\n\n and electric conductivity \n\n\n\nσ\n/\nm\n\n\n\n of soils (Ref. Samoulian et al.) [13].
There are evidences that for compacted soils of clay, it exhibits an anisotropic behavior in the resistivity measured in the horizontal and vertical directions [14].
\nThe literature contains the measurement of the dielectric properties of soils at different frequencies with slotted lines and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) methods [15].
\nThe measured variations of the electric permittivity of soils with fractions of sand, silt, and clay and with volumetric moisture content have been studied for frequency of 440 MHz used by the radar observations [16].
\nThe coaxial probe technique terminated in the material under test has been used to measure the dielectric properties of the vegetation. The dielectric data reported are based on measurements of the amplitude and phase of the reflection coefficient of a coaxial probe [17, 18].
\nThe transmission line method has been used to measure the dielectric properties [19, 20]. These transmission lines are coaxial, quasi-coaxial, and two-wire transmission lines. Consider a transmission line with a homogenous dielectric material inside, and the propagation is transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM), where the electric and magnetic field are perpendicular to the propagation direction; this can be observed in Figures 3 and 4.
\nSection of the two-wire transmission line with the electric and magnetic fields.
Section of coaxial transmission lines and the electric and magnetic fields.
The separation between the conductive cylinders that form the coax transmission line should be much lower than the wavelength of the signal that propagates, so the transmission line will not be affected by the propagation modes of high orders, such as the TE11 [19].
\nCoaxial transmission lines are widely used for the transmission of radiofrequency signals and its application in radiocommunications and for broadcasting [21]. The transmission lines allow the connection between a generator or emitter and a load or antenna. The air coaxial transmission line consists of two cylindrical conductors, with air between both conductors. These metallic conductors are those that impose the boarder conditions that must comply with the electric and magnetic fields of the electromagnetic wave that travel inside the line. The coaxial transmission lines are used to measure the electrical properties of a dielectric material located inside the coaxial transmission line, as shown in Figure 4.
\nBy analyzing the circuit model of a transmission line, the currents and voltages that propagate along it can be determined, using the circuit theory [22]. The equivalent circuit model of a transmission line can be seen in Figure 5. According to the equivalent circuit model of a transmission line, the characteristic impedance \n
Distributed parameters of the transmission line.
where R is the series resistance per unit length \n
If the transmission line has no losses, it means that R = 0 and G = 0; then the characteristic impedance can be reduced as follows:
\nThe input impedance of a transmission line, with a material inside considering the material with dielectric losses, can be expressed thus [23]:
\nwhere \n
The time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is a well-known technique used to find the interruption point of the transmission lines in a CATV installation and is also useful to determine the dielectric permittivity (see Figure 6).
\nSetup of the dielectric measurement by the TDR method [24].
The time-domain reflectometry uses a step generator and an oscilloscope; a fast edge is launched into the transmission line under investigation, where the incident and reflected voltage waves on the transmission line are monitored by the oscilloscope. This method shows the losses and the characteristic impedance of the line: resistive, inductive, or capacitive [25]. The TDR method is based on the velocity of the electromagnetic wave that propagates through the soil, and the velocity of the wave depends on the water content of the soil. If a pulse is applied to a no-loss transmission line, the time domain graphic can be shown like in Figure 7. Considering the soil like a nonmagnetic media with low dielectric loss is [26, 27]:
\nPropagation of the pulses in the time domain graphic with dielectric air [24].
where \n
The time interval \n
Picture of the voltage as a function of time for the probe is in the soil [26].
where \n
Then
\nUsually the transmission line probes have a minimum length of 15 cm, because the incident electromagnetic wave takes a time of 1 ns in air in order to return to the input of the line. This time is too short to be measured.
\nThe conductivity of the soil can be determined computing the reflected pulses in the probe in the time domain graphic (see Figure 8) [26, 28]. Numerous methods have been proposed by researchers; one of these is the procedure of Dalton et al. (1984) [26]:
\nwhere \n
Also the conductivity can expressed thus [29]:
\nwhere:
\n\n\n
\n\n
Temperature correction \n
This method is based on the measurement of the reflection coefficient by means of the vector network analyzer (VNA) on the frequency domain of a coaxial transmission line in the soil; this can be observed in Figure 9 [30, 31, 32].
\nDielectric measurement by the coaxial transmission line method. (a) Setup of the measurement experiment; (b) section of the transmission line and the material under test [33].
The vector network analyzer can measure the scattering coefficient of a two-port passive network where the reflection coefficient in voltage \n
where \n
The impedance of the probe can be calculated thus:
\nwhere \n
Then the complex electric permittivity for frequencies lower than 50 MHz can be approximated thus [31]:
\nSome references of these measurement methods by means of characteristic impedance have been developed [35, 36]. This methods is shown in Figure 10.
\nInput impedance of the transmission line for \n\n\nZ\nL\n\n=\n0\n\n and \n\n\nZ\nL\n\n→\n∞\n\n.
The input impedance can be computed by Eq. (17) for two different loads’ impedance:
(a) Open circuit in the load \n
\n
(b) Short circuit in the load \n
where, in general, the material inside the transmission line could be a dielectric loss; the propagation constant can be written thus:
\nwhere \n
Using the relation between \n
The argument of the ln
\nReplacing the Ln
\nThen the propagation constant can be written thus:
\nBy these last equations, the attenuation constant and the phase constant can be calculated with \n
The propagation constant \n
Equating real and imaginary parts of \n
\n\n
Another expression of \n
Equating real and imaginary part of Eq. (43)
\nResults
\nThe series resistance of the conductor of the coaxial transmission line used is \n
\n
The input impedances are measured for a load impedance at short circuit \n
The attenuation constant \n
The electric permittivity \n
In this way, a practical method of measurement is available to determine the parameters of dielectric materials, using coaxial transmission lines, in the frequency range from 1 to 1000 MHz. A problem that appears when measuring dielectric materials is the connector that establishes the link between the coaxial transmission line and the vector impedance meter. A systematic error in the impedance measured is introduced.
\nTherefore, the study and correction of the mentioned error in the section will be carried out.
\nThree coaxial transmission lines of General Radio (GR) Type 874, with air dielectric, have been used with a length of 100, 200, and 300 mm. The main characteristics of the General Radio coaxial transmission lines, type 874, are the following:
\nCharacteristic impedance \n
Input and output connector GR874
\nIt is important to perform the correction of the impedance introduced by the connector of the transmission line used. This connector is shown in Figure 11, and it is composed by a dielectric of very low dielectric losses and has a length of 10 mm (Figure 12). The characteristic impedance of the connector is practically \n
N connector and its equivalent of a transmission line with dielectric of air.
Equivalent length of the transmission line of the connector GR874.
The input impedance to the connector can be written thus:
\nwhere \n
The electric permittivity of the dielectric of the connector is unknown; then it is easy to assume a transmission line with air equivalent to the connector with \n
Considering the connector with no losses
\nThen the input impedance of the connector with \n
where\n
The length \n
The experimental results of the electric conductivity and the dielectric permittivity measurement of the dry sand can be observed in Figures 13 and 14. In Figure 13, the electric conductivity as a function of the frequency, by means of the capacitive method, and the three types of transmission line lengths have been measured: L = 100, 200, and 300 mm; the convergence of all measurements are evident.
\nElectric conductivity as a function of the frequency for dry sand samples, using a capacitive method and three transmission lines: 100, 200, and 300 mm.
The relative dielectric permittivity as a function of the frequency for dry sand samples has been measured, using a capacitive method and three transmission lines: 100, 200, and 300 mm.
In Figure 14, the relative electric permittivity as a function of the frequency, by means of the capacitive method, and the three types of transmission line lengths have been measured: L = 100, 200, and 300 mm; there is a convergence of all measurements. It is important to note that the shorter transmission line has a wider bandwidth of measurement. The transmission line length of \n
The expected value of the dielectric permittivity measured for the dry sand by means of a parallel plate capacitor and the three transmission lines used are shown in Table 1. The standard deviation of the three measurements shows a good agreement up to the vicinity of the resonant frequency of each transmission line. In Table 2, the electric conductivity of the dry sand can be observed. These curves have the same slope and show a good convergence.
\nfreq.(MHz) | \nCapacitor | \nT. line 100 mm | \nT. line 200 mm | \nT. line 300 mm | \nExpected value | \nStd. dev | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n2.80 | \n2.86 | \n2.65 | \n2.65 | \n2.74 | \n0.034 | \n
2 | \n2.60 | \n2.76 | \n2.62 | \n2.75 | \n2.68 | \n0.021 | \n
3 | \n2.60 | \n2.70 | \n2.60 | \n2.70 | \n2.65 | \n0.010 | \n
5 | \n2.50 | \n2.61 | \n2.57 | \n2.65 | \n2.58 | \n0.012 | \n
7 | \n2.50 | \n2.54 | \n2.55 | \n2.62 | \n2.55 | \n0.0075 | \n
10 | \n2.50 | \n2.51 | \n2.50 | \n2.60 | \n2.52 | \n0.0073 | \n
20 | \n2.40 | \n2.45 | \n2.47 | \n2.57 | \n2.47 | \n0.0153 | \n
30 | \n2.40 | \n2.42 | \n2.46 | \n2.57 | \n2.46 | \n0.0173 | \n
50 | \n2.40 | \n2.40 | \n2.46 | \n— | \n2.41 | \n0.0028 | \n
70 | \n— | \n2.37 | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
100 | \n— | \n2.35 | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n
Relative electric permittivity of dry sand.
freq.(MHz) | \nCapacitor | \nT. line 100 mm | \nT. line 200 mm | \nT. line 300 mm | \nExpected value | \nStd. dev | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n1 | \n1.1 | \n1.3 | \n1.2 | \n1.15 | \n0.13 | \n
2 | \n1.6 | \n2.0 | \n1.7 | \n1.7 | \n1.75 | \n0.17 | \n
3 | \n2.1 | \n2.6 | \n2.3 | \n2.2 | \n2.30 | \n0.22 | \n
5 | \n3.2 | \n3.1 | \n3.3 | \n3.1 | \n3.20 | \n0.096 | \n
7 | \n4.4 | \n5 | \n4.3 | \n4 | \n4.40 | \n0.42 | \n
10 | \n6.0 | \n6.5 | \n5.5 | \n5.1 | \n5.80 | \n0.6 | \n
20 | \n10 | \n11 | \n9.4 | \n8.4 | \n9.70 | \n1.08 | \n
30 | \n14.4 | \n14.6 | \n12.7 | \n11.1 | \n13.20 | \n1.60 | \n
50 | \n21.9 | \n21.5 | \n20.8 | \n16 | \n20.00 | \n2.7 | \n
Electric conductivity of dry sand \n
The values of the electrical conductivity and the electrical permittivity are very useful to evaluate the propagation of surface waves in real ground, where the attenuation depends mostly on the conductivity of the soil. Such is the case that AM transmitters include radials, which consist of metallic conductors, placed at the base of the monopole antenna to increase conductivity, and in this way the losses due to Joule effect on the earth’s surface are reduced. When the conductivity of the soil is perfect, the electric field vector that propagates will be perpendicular to the earth’s surface; however, in real soils the electric field vector tilts and partly spreads into the earth, which dissipates power and transforms into heat [2]. This constitutes losses on earth.
\nApparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) to agriculture has its origin in the measurement of soil salinity, in arid-zone problem, which is associated with irrigated agricultural land. ECa is a quick, reliable, easy-to-take soil measurement that often relates to crop yield. For these reasons, the measurement of ECa is among the most frequently used tools in precision agriculture research for the spatiotemporal characterization of edaphic and anthropogenic properties that influence crop yield [37]. There are portable instruments for measuring the electrical conductivity of the soil by the method of electromagnetic induction and by the method of the four conductors, which are installed in the agricultural machinery to obtain a map of the soil, before carrying out the work of tilling the earth.
\nFor geophysics applications, the solar disturbances (flares, coronal mass ejections) create variations of the Earth’s magnetic field. These geomagnetic variations induce a geoelectric field at the Earth’s surface and interior. The geoelectric field in turn drives geomagnetically induced currents, also called telluric currents along electrically conductive technological networks, such as power transmission lines, railways, and pipelines [38]. This geomagnetically induced currents create conditions where enhanced corrosion may occur. Earth conductivity can create geomagnetically induced current variations, in particular where a pipeline crosses a highly resistive intrusive rock. It is important to make pipeline surveys once a year to measure the voltage at test posts to ensure that pipe-to-soil potential variations are within the safe range, impressed by cathodic protection systems [38].
\nEdited by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, ISBN 978-953-51-3020-8, Print ISBN 978-953-51-3019-2, 336 pages,
\nPublisher: IntechOpen
\nChapters published March 22, 2017 under CC BY 3.0 license
\nDOI: 10.5772/61430
\nEdited Volume
This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\\n\\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\\n\\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\\n\\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\\n\\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\\n\\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\\n\\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\\n\\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\\n\\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\n\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\n\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\n\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\n\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\n\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\n\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\n\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\n\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. 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My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. 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