Coefficients of statistical linearization for typical nonlinear functions [12, 13, 14].
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"734",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Muscular Dystrophy",title:"Muscular Dystrophy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"With more than 30 different types and subtypes known and many more yet to be classified and characterized, muscular dystrophy is a highly heterogeneous group of inherited neuromuscular disorders. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the various types of muscular dystrophies, genes associated with each subtype, disease diagnosis, management as well as available treatment options. Though each different type and subtype of muscular dystrophy is associated with a different causative gene, the majority of them have overlapping clinical presentations, making molecular diagnosis inevitable for both disease diagnosis as well as patient management. This book discusses the currently available diagnostic approaches that have revolutionized clinical research. Pathophysiology of the different muscular dystrophies, multifaceted functions of the involved genes as well as efforts towards diagnosis and effective patient management, are also discussed. 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She received a B.Sc. and a M.Sc. from the University of Bombay, India, and a Ph.D. from the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She performed post doctoral studies at Baylor College of Medicine and is board certified in Clinical Molecular Genetics. The primary focus of her clinical work is the development of high-throughput sequencing strategies for rare disorders using sequence capture technologies, robotics, next generation sequencing, oligonucleotide array platforms, robotics and predictive analysis tools. Her research is focused on functional analysis of sequence variants in disease associated genes specifically for muscular dystrophies, with an ultimate goal of creating an algorithm for clinical interpretation of novel sequence variants. She is also involved in identifying novel disease genes using next-generation tools and a laboratory developed bridged whole exome sequencing approach.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Emory University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"89359",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunkanth",middleName:null,surname:"Ankala",slug:"arunkanth-ankala",fullName:"Arunkanth Ankala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89359/images/2547_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ankala is an Assistant Professor of Human Genetics at Emory University and a Director of Molecular Genetics at Emory Genetics Laboratory. After receiving a Masters degree in Biochemistry from Bharatidasan University, India, he pursued his PhD at Mississippi State University in Molecular Biology. Later, he moved on to perform post-doctoral studies at Emory University School of Medicine in the department of Human Genetics. The primary focus of his clinical research work has been the elucidation of mechanisms underpinning the high frequency of intragenic deletions and duplications in human DMD gene causing Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. His broader research interest has been the discovery of new disease causing genes associated with different muscular dystrophies especially congenital muscular dystrophies and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. 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",isbn:"978-1-80356-576-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-575-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-577-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"4c3e68adcaeaa44f9fbfe9bb19bdd55b",bookSignature:"Dr. Yuri Kim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11504.jpg",keywords:"Separation Theorem, Extended Kalman Filter, Covariance Matrix, Riccati Equation, FBGM, Analytical Implementation Forms, Physical Implementation Forms, Steady State Filter, Inertial Navigation System, Global Positioning System, Controllability, Multisensory Navigation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 29th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Y.V. Kim is a Doctor of Technical Science, having a broad and wealthy international scientific, engineering, and teaching experience, obtained in the former USSR, Israel, and Canada. He has many scientific publications and implemented inventions dedicated to Aerospace GN&C.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/316140/images/system/316140.jpg",biography:"Yuri Kim\n24 Buttenut, Gatineau, QC, Canada\nTel : 1-(514)- 466-1033, e-mail: yurikim@hotmail.ca\n\nHIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATIONS:\n\nExperienced scientist, engineer and manager with internationally recognized achievements in area of Aerospace Avionics, (GN&C); Analysis, design (HW&SW), integration, testing and operation for various aerospace platforms and missions. \n\nGained a broad experience in preparation of technical documents for Joint (Industry-Customer) State Commissions for the acceptance (commissioning) of Aerospace Avionics, Navigation and Special application experimental equipment for further serial production, and operational support. Last works have been dedicated to R&D projects developing new Satellite Navigation Control Technology and customer support of Canadian satellites Control system design.\n\n\nACADEMIC DEGREES:\n\n 1991 *Doctor of Technical Science Diploma in Aerospace Vehicles Guidance \n Navigation and Control \n Scientific Council of State Institute of Automatic Systems, Ministry of Aviation\n Industry of USSR, Moscow\n (Recognized by Canadian Professional Counsel of Engineers) \n1982 * Senior Scientific Fellow Diploma in Gyroscopes and Navigation systems \n Capital Certification Commission of Scientists, Ministry of High Education of\n USSR, Moscow.\n (Recognized by Canadian Professional Counsel of Engineers)\n1974 * Candidate of Technical Science Diploma in Aerospace Navigation\n and Control Systems (Accredited as Ph.D by York University, Toronto.)\n Scientific Council of Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow.\n1970 * Engineer Electromechanic Diploma in Gyro and Navigation systems,\n Faculty of Flight Apparatuses Control Systems, Moscow Aviation Institute, \n Moscow (Accredited as between Masters Degree and Bachelor Degree by\n York University, Toronto).\n1965 * Radio and TV Systems Technician Certificate, Dnepropetrovsk Technical School \n of preparation of technical specialists for Soviet Army, Military Aviation and \n Navy.\n\nMILITARY EDUCATION:\n\n1970 * Engineer in ballistic rocket control system, Military Faculty of MAI, last rank senior engineer-lieutenant (in reserve)\n\n\n\nEMPLOYMENT HISTORY:\nA. GOVERNMENT\n\nAt present - Canadian Space Agency, Space Science and Technology Division, David Florida Laboratory\n\n Senior Aerospace System engineer \n\n° Performing, developing and supporting phases of design, testing, commissioning and \n operation for space vehicle orbit and attitude control systems, in particular: Tecsas, Scope, \n J2Sat, Small satellite, M3Msat, Cassiopea, Neossat, RCM, PCW\n\n° Reviewing and commenting on Attitude Control systems design documentations, related to \n all phases of system development commissioning and operation\n \n° Supporting Aerospace Industry R&D projects funding by CSA (STDP) as Scientific\n Authority, in particular: Microwheel (Dynacon), LOCOOS (NGC), PCW (Bristol)\n\n° Providing expertise on new initiatives for Space Exploration and Utilization regarding \n Attitude and Orbital Control and possible development of Canadian space launcher\n\n° Developing basic mathematical (Simulink/Matlab) simulator for developing the \n requirements and expected performance of AODCS for new space vehicles\n\n° Developing new basic technology (based on Kalman Filter) for satellite attitude\n determination and sensor calibration, developing of FF test-bed equipment and GPS \n navigation in environment of CSA laboratory, developing of methods of ACS sensors\n calibration, measuring and compensation of satellite residual magnetic moment, experimental determination of satellite inertia matrix during ACS integration tests\n\n° Interacting with Space Industry and Universities in the problems, related to development of \n new methods and systems for space vehicle attitude and orbit determination and control\n \n° Sharing with International Aerospace community CSA achievements and experience in\n development of new technologies and methods for space vehicle attitude and orbit \n determination and control through publications, presentations and participation in scientific\n conferences, meetings and symposiums as well as maintaining an awareness about new \n technological advancements\n \n° Providing professional training for students and post. Graduates in the area of Orbital and\n Attitude Dynamic and Control\n\nB. INDUSTRIAL\n\nSept. 1998 – Feb. 1999 – Olympia Engineering Ltd. (Toronto)\n\nResearch and Development Engineer\n\n•\tDevelopment of measuring instrument for measuring remote measuring of micro- deformations of machinery (milling machine) equipment\n•\tResearch and testing of differential GPS survey equipment and antennas in environment of industrial facility for developing a new remote method for the measuring of machinery micro-deformations\n\n\n\n\nFeb.1999 – Jun.2002 – Saskatoon Engineering Division of Calian Company, \n Radarsat-1 Operation Team (CSA, Montreal)\n\nAttitude Control System Analyst\n\n•\tWorking as RADARSAT-1 Attitude Control System Analyst performing day-to-day operation TLM data analysis; reporting, monitoring and solving ACS flight anomaly problems, maintaining ACS software and performance \n•\tAuthor of many reports (see attached list of publications), devoted to solving of Radarsat-1 non-benign Safe Hold Mode problem, Momentum Wheel failure problems and improvement of the performance of attitude determination method with Magnetometer and Sun Sensor (back up, ADM3 mode for the case of potential failure of Horizon Scanner).\n•\tPreparation and implementation of the solution for RADARSAT-1 operation without failed Momentum Wheels, that saved the satellite mission after the wheel failures\n(This work was prolonged after in CSA and awarded by the Canadian Government Award for the invention used by the Government)\n•\tDesign and implementation of new dynamic simulators (based on Simulink\ntoolbox) for Radarsat-1 ACS for operation support\n•\tPreparation for operation of new Canadian satellites Scisat and RADARSAT-2 \n\n\n\nJan. 1994 – Sep. 1997 – Israel Aviation Industry (IAI factories: TASHAN, LAHAV)\n\nAvionics system engineer\n\n•\tResearch and preliminary design of the Special Data Fusion System for a fighter-interceptor\n•\tIntegration of Inertial Navigation System with Global Position System into Upgraded Avionics Suit and installation in aircraft cockpit for A/C – trainer T-38\n\nNov. 1977 – Apr. 1993 – Moscow Research and Design Institute of Electromechanic and Automatic (formerly P/B: M5537, presently “Aviapribor” Corporation)\n\n \nHead of Division (R&D in Pilot-Navigation Systems)\n\n•\tLeadership of the Division, performing planning, financial and methodological duties, related to this position, reporting to the R&D deputy director of the Institute\n•\tResponsibility for Pilot-Navigation System integration, interaction, tests and transferring for serial production and operational support\n•\tInitiation and methodical leadership of innovative research and development projects\n•\tReviewing, commenting and implementation of Technical standards and Navigation norms\nas well as sharing progressive methods and results within Aerospace organizations within former USSR\n \n Head of Department (INS and Flight Management System SW Development)\n\n•\tLeadership and performing of duties of Head of Department \n•\tResponsibility for the prospective research and preliminary design of the Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Flight Management Systems (FMS)\n•\tDesign of the INS and FMS algorithms and simulation of expected performance\n•\tDevelopment of INS/FMS flight code\n•\tDevelopment of test procedures and simulators for FMS, and pilot nav.complexis for aircrafts \n•\tResponsibility for system performance analysis in the ground and flight tests\n\n Head of Sector (System Flight Test data analysis) \n\n•\tLeadership of the Sector\n•\tDevelopment of ground and flight test simulation procedures and requirements for test equipment and simulators, for flight test aircraft measuring equipment, installation and recorded data processing\n•\tDesign of Estimation and Identification algorithms for ground and flight data processing\n•\tTest data analysis, preparation of test results analysis reports and conclusions\n\n Senior Scientific Fellow\n\n•\tResearch, development and principal design of the special Suboptimal Kalman Filter for the fusion of data of various navigation sensors for aviation and space platforms\n•\tDevelopment of new Guidance and Navigation methods for aviation and space platforms\n•\tAnalysis of INS and FMS performance in ground and flight tests\n\nC. ACADEMIC \n\n1977–1993 – Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow Institute of Instrument -\n Making, Aviation Industry Ministry Upgrade Qualification Institute\n(Part Time) Professor, Associate professor, Chairmen of State Diploma Commission,\n Member of Scientific Council\n•\tLecturer of the disciplines: Applied Oscillation, Theory (MIIM), Design of Instruments (MIIM), Integrated Navigation Systems (MUQI)\n•\tChairman of the State Diploma Commission -Gyro Instruments and Systems (MAI)\n•\tLeadership of postgraduates, participation in sessions of Scientific Council (MAI)\n•\tMethodical management of cathedra of Orientation and Navigation in MAI \n\n2009 McGill University, Montreal\n\nPart time lecturer for course (in English): Aircraft Performance, Stability and Control\n\n1970–1977 – Moscow Aviation Institute \n(Full Time) Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Assistant Lecturer \n•\tLecturer of the courses: Spacecraft orbital mechanics and attitude determination and control, Inertial Navigation Systems, Gyro Instruments and Systems\n•\tResearch and development of suboptimal robust estimation methods for navigation data processing\n•\tResponsibility for the navigation systems laboratory\n•\tDeputy head of cathedra of Orientation and Navigation\n\nFIELDS OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGIC EXPERTISE:\n \n•\tSpace vehicle Orbit and Attitude determination and control\n•\tGyro instruments and systems\n•\tRadio navigation systems\n•\tInertial Navigation systems\n•\tAirplane Navigation and Control\n•\tAnalytical mechanics \n•\tApplied oscillation theory\n•\tAutomatic control theory\n•\tStochastic estimation theory\n\nENGINEERING EXPERIENCE:\n\n•\tFlight and laboratory tests of Aerospace Avionics Equipment\n•\tDistribution of mission requirements between Aerospace vehicle subsystems, definition of functions and ICD \n•\tSpacecraft operation and performance maintenance\n•\tAvionics system (hardware and software) development and testing (autonomously and integration)\n•\tInertial navigation systems\n•\t Development of Avionics for Soviet Military aircrafts: Tu-142, Tu-95MC, An-124, An-70, A-40, Soviet Space shuttle “Buran” (responsibility for preliminary design of radio-navigation automatic landing system), \n•\tIsrael (IAI) upgrade of Avionics system for T-38 (USA Air force trainer) \n•\tOperation and modification in space Canadian Satellite RADARSAT-1 Attitude Control system\n•\tParticipation in commissioning of ACS of Canadian Satellite Scisat\n•\tDevelopment of a generic mathematical simulator for satellite AODCS analysis and simulation of expected performance for a family of Canadian new generation small satellites\n\nSCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE:\n\n•\tTheoretical and experimental investigation in the fields of S/C Orbital and Attitude Control\n•\tKalman Filter suboptimization and robust guarantee estimation theory development: authorship of new Suboptimal Kalman Filter modification, methods of INS correction and calibration, Geomagnetic Inertial Navigation System\n•\tResearch in areas of ACS and INS sensors development, their performance improvement\n•\tVarious Avionics Systems Mathematical models development and mathematical and semi-natural simulation\n•\tCoordination of research and development projects related to Aerospace equipment performed by Universities and Industries\n•\tScientific reports and articles reviewing and editorship \n•\tMembership in Scientific Counsels and Commissions\n•\tTutorship of under-graduate, graduated and post -graduate students \n\n•\tScientific reports and inventions in the field of GN&C for aircraft and spacecraft methods development \n•\tSeveral articles dedicated to the development of new methods in estimation theory: new suboptimal Kalman Filter with limited growth of the memory, observability and factor of state vector components estimation, guaranteed ellipsoidal estimation and stochastic estimation comparison \n\nLANGUAGES:\n \n•\tEnglish, Russian, Ukrainian, Hebrew, French (beginning level)\n•\tProgramming languages: Matlab/Simulinc/С",institutionString:"Canadian Space Agency",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and 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In this chapter, we will shed some light on the relationship of individuals with Autism with the Autism community, the workplace, and the scientific community.
\nThe term neurodiversity originated from the autism online community in the late 1990s with sociologist Judy Singer commonly referred to as the creator of the word [2]. It is important to note that even now, about twenty years since its first use, there is still no proper scientific definition of neurodiversity. In this chapter, we define the neurodiversity concept simply as the fact that there are differences in brain structures among the population [2, 3] just as there are different skin colors and genders between people—a diverse neurology.
\nOf course, there is more to the topic than the fact that peoples’ brains are physically different, that their amygdalae may or may not differ in size [4]. The neurodiversity movement (NDM) focuses on a positive, strengths‐based approach. It has two major claims [3]: firstly, deviations from the standard neurotypical brain that result in differing behavioral patterns are natural variations, not disorders or illnesses. Therefore, autism is seen as a different nuance of human behavior with its very own set of strengths [5]. Many individuals with autism see their condition as a crucial part of their individual identity, not as a mere illness they happen to suffer from [6].
\nThe NDM\'s second claim follows logically from this mindset: If neurological differences are not disorders or illnesses, but merely variations, neurodiverse people are to be treated equally to neurotypical individuals [3]. This, of course, is related to all kinds of human interaction, including the workplace. We therefore argue that neurodiversity should be the logical next step in diversity. There are many conditions that fall into the neurodiverse category—e.g., Tourette\'s syndrome or ADHD [2]. The debate on which conditions have to be included and which don\'t is still going on [2]. In this chapter, we, however, decided to focus solely on autism.
\nAs stated above, the NDM is no scientific invention, but stems from the 1990s autism online community [2]. Since then, the Internet as a whole and online communication specifically has changed, become more accessible and part of everyday life [7]. To paint a picture of the current situation, we will introduce some of the bigger networks, how they operate, and their opinion on the neurodiversity concept.
\nThe probably most popular and best‐known autism‐related website is the Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) with its slogan “nothing about us without us”. ASAN is a nonprofit organization “by and for autistic people” (autisticadvocacy.org) founded in 2006. They give advice on public policy advocacy, provide information about Autism to fight the public misconceptions on the condition, develop cultural activities for autistic people, and actively take part in advancing autism‐related disability rights. They also work for a better employment situation for autistic people, as well as for a fairer, more equal approach to accepting autistic people in Academia. ASAN has a very inclusive point of view: Co‐Founder and current president of ASAN, Ari Ne’eman, who himself is on the spectrum, serves on the National Council on Disability since 2010 and supports the neurodiversity concept.
\nAutism Asperger\'s Digest (AAD), a division of Future Horizons Inc., is a magazine about all autism‐related topics. They reach out to autistic individuals, their parents, and their therapists to spread information and provide a network.
\nVarious other online platforms, such as Art of Autism, also provide insights on Autism for neurodiverse people and everyone who takes an interest in the condition. Considering this broad base of neurodiversity‐based autism resources, it is noteworthy that the autism online community does not wholeheartedly agree about the concept and its political implications. A rather controversial topic is the genetic cause of autism. Current research seems to agree that autism is, in fact, highly genetic [3]. Those who consider autism a variation rather than a disorder have voiced their concern about how this information is handled—fearing the rise of a eugenic approach [6] based on cause‐oriented research.
\nAdditionally, the mere concept of neurodiversity encounters resistance in the Autism community. Blogger and student Jake Crosby, who writes for Autisminvestigated.com, is an anti‐neurodiversity activist. Being reportedly diagnosed with Asperger\'s himself, Crosby considers the NDM a movement for people who are not truly impaired (i.e., high functioning autism).
\nHe and many of his followers view autism as a disability, an impairment that is in need of a cure. They also reject the political implications of the NDM: After Ari Ne’eman\'s nomination into the National Council of Disability, he wrote a blog entry called “Keeping Autism Neurodiversity out of the White House” [8] in which he harshly criticized the concept of neurodiversity, ASAN, and the whole NDM for being not representative of autistic individuals as himself who struggle with their disability in everyday situations.
\nWhile the NDM has a great support base and has already made quite some change in how autism is regarded in our society, the autism community remains divided. This is also apparent in the workplace problem: a disabled individual is going to face different barriers compared to an individual that is just considered different—but there will also be less lenience for mistakes or special needs and necessities.
\nOne of the most relevant and challenging problems in the everyday life of individuals with Autism is finding and keeping work [9]. According to UN General Secretary Ban Ki‐moon\'s message regarding the World Autism Awareness Day, around 80% of adults with autism are unemployed [10], in spite of existing evidence that the desire to work is just the same as in neurotypicals [11]. Individuals with autism, however, have to face different, and probably more challenges in the process of finding, and later maintaining, employment [12].
\nThe NDM calls for employers to be open minded and more approachable [13]. Still, for individuals with autism who want to work, there are two options: try to gain employment in a nonspecific workplace that might not be accommodating enough, or find work in an autism‐specific job environment [11].
\nFor those who take the first route, even entering the job market is still rather difficult. Barriers such as various communication problems or confusing application processes have to be overcome before employment is possible [12]. When those barriers are mastered, numerous others usually follow: Of course, due to the misinformation on the topic of autism as well as to communication issues, workplace discrimination and, in the worst case, workplace bullying are common [14]. Literature targeted at adult employees with autism and their employers usually mention how to counteract bullying in the office [14]. It should also be noted that disclosure of a diagnosis to superiors, and colleagues is often avoided. Autistic individuals fear negative reactions, being stereotyped or held up to old prejudices [15, 16], which is exactly what autism advocates such as ASAN are fighting against.
\nThis problem is amplified by the fact that autistic individuals react differently to leading styles than neurotypical individuals: Parr, Hunter, and Ligon [17] report that while neurotypicals are inspired and motivated by transformational leadership measures, autistic individuals reported increased anxiety and overall distress, thereby worsening both their job experience and their productivity.
\nThose difficulties in understanding verbal nuances or implicit subtext in team meetings or casual conversations, coupled with a certain rule affinity that many autistic individuals are prone to, make for a less than optimal relationship with colleagues, subordinates, and superiors alike [16].
\nOn top of this, not all challenges that autistic individuals have to face in the workplace are interpersonal: the work environment also plays an important role [16]. The common open plan cubicle offices offer various distractions (noises from other people or electronic devices, flickering lights, air circulation, etc.). Neurotypicals usually are able to block them out, but for autistic individuals they can easily become overwhelming [9]. To cope with the sensory overload, autistic individuals develop strategies like wearing headphones and listening to music while working or avoiding the perceived superabundance of social interaction by taking breaks alone [9]. Of course, those are behaviors that seem weird to many neurotypical people, thus increasing the social difficulties in regular office settings.
\nAutistic individuals who take the second route, that is choosing to work in an autism‐specific, supported work setting, usually report less communication and environmental problems than those who work in regular jobs [16]. Autism‐specific job environments usually feature support in form of job coaches, specific training programs, and matching the employee\'s skills to the job requirements [18]. The following list provides an overview of companies that currently offer supported job environments.
\nDanish company Specialisterne (“The Specialists”) does business consulting, for example, programming, software testing, and data entry. The IT firm strongly supports the NDM: Their logo is a Dandelion seed, paired with the slogan “Weed or herb? You decide. The value of what you see depends on who you are”, which reflects the NDM\'s idea that society\'s point of view has to shift in order to recognize the value of neurodiverse individuals.
\nSpecialisterne claim on their website that a majority of their workers is neurodiverse, diagnosed with autism, ADHD, Tourette\'s, or similar conditions. They use the tagline “Passion for Details” and explain that it stands both for the company\'s work values and for the characteristic strengths of individuals with autism.
\nFounded in 2004, they are now internationally successful with offices all over Europe and, since 2013, even the US; the foundation\'s goal is to offer one million jobs for individuals with autism and to ultimately form a society where everyone has equal chances on the job market. In 2009, partnered with Lego Foundation and the Danish Ministry of Education, Specialisterne Foundation opened an education program for young people (aged 16–25) with autism, with a focus on developing social and personal skills. At the moment, there are 29 students attending the program.
\nPartnered with Specialisterne is software giant SAP. Established in 1975 in Weinheim, Germany, SAP reportedly had around 75,000 employees in 2015, of which 100 are individuals with autism, divided between eight countries. This was made possible through the campaign “Autism at Work” in 2015. The hiring process was conducted by Specialisterne. SAP, who claims to value diversity as highly as quality, even announced their goal to have 1% of employees to be autistic individuals.
\nAlso based in Germany is Auticon, an IT company that employs only autistic individuals as consultants. Their slogan “Auticon—Querdenker mit System” (approximately “systematically thinking outside the box”) highlights how autistic individuals are often able to work more detailed, concentrated, and systematic than neurotypicals and have different ways of looking at problems. To counteract social problems that might occur, Auticon successfully uses job coaches as a link between the consultants and the customers—although only when necessary and specifically needed. Around 2/3 of Auticon\'s employees are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Condition.
\nIn Singapore, the United Overseas Bank Group has, together with the Autism Resource Centre, started an initiative to include autistic individuals. In their department for handling costumer documents (checking, digitalization, and archiving), about a third of the 50 employees are diagnosed with autism.
\nIn a press release from 2015, the head office noted that the sense for detail and the systematical approach that individuals with autism often possess make them very qualified for this particular work. The UOB has also successfully implemented job coaches and reported an overall increase of work productivity since the start of the initiative.
\nMeticulon is a Canadian IT startup company that, just as Auticon in Germany, employs only autistic individuals as IT consultants. The name is a play on “meticulous”, referencing again the unusual abilities of their employees. They advertise their services with “Not your average anything!” and have been quite successful since their establishment in 2013.
\nAs of lately, the Israeli military has become aware of the strengths of autistic individuals. In their Special Intelligence Unit 9900, young autistic adults use their above‐average visual perception skills for various geography‐related tasks, for example,. mapping or analyzing satellite images for the smallest changes. To ensure their abilities match the military\'s requirements (both perception skills and social abilities), young autistic adults who want to join the Israeli Defense Forces have to participate in the Ro’im Rachok training program (“looking forward”). In three training intervals (3 months each), they are prepared for their job with a mixture of therapy sessions and military courses.
\nLooking at this surely not exhaustive list, it might seem that there are plenty of options to find supported work as an autistic individual. However, all of those companies together make for only a few hundred jobs, and even that is a rather optimistic estimate. With an estimated prevalence of Autism of 74 in 10,000 children [19], this obviously is insufficient.
\nIt is also striking that nearly all of these supported jobs (excluding the UOB and the Israeli military) are in IT. This certainly matches the prevailing opinion that autistic individuals somehow naturally have an interest in computer sciences [20]. While it is true that autistic individuals have a distinct job strengths profile that is compatible with, but not limited to IT, the job interests of autistic individuals in non‐supported jobs are rather broad [15].
\nStill, IT, finance, and military are currently the only occupational sectors that offer supported jobs for autistic individuals.
\nSince its first characterization in 1943 by Leo Kanner, autism has been of great interest for the scientific community [3]. Still, it took fifty more years until the idea of an autism spectrum was developed, varying between lower than average IQ, often times nonverbal individuals, and so‐called high functioning individuals with average to above‐average IQ and the above stated characteristic abilities [21]. Current research still has a rather rigid view on autism. This is for example mirrored by the fact that, although the autism community and the NDM themselves prefer the use of the term condition [3], the official, scientific name still remains Autism Spectrum Disorder.
\nAcademia seems to have acknowledged that many autistic individuals have a certain talent and interest in IT, math, and science as a whole [22, 23]. There also appears to be general consensus that autistic individuals have difficulties in social situations [1]. On the other hand, there have been debates on the topic of intelligence, since autistic children tend to perform badly on verbal‐based intelligence tests like the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and since the WISC is one of the most popular intelligence tests for children, many autistic children were diagnosed as “mentally retarded” [24]. Following Temple Grandin\'s Thinking in Pictures—theory [25], there have recently been findings that in intelligence tests which do not use verbal communication (e.g., Raven\'s Matrices), autistic individuals score significantly higher (with a significantly bigger difference to the verbal‐based results than their neurotypical peers; [24]). Those results also show that, while autistic individuals do score low on verbal‐based tests as well as on spatial testings, they often show better than average results on rule‐based tasks, memory tests, and embedded figure tests. Those results can even be replicated using the WISC, as some of its subtests (figure embedding, block design) test exactly those abilities [26].
\nIntelligence testing is, of course, an old and important tool for psychological diagnostics: Intelligence is a good predictor for success and job performance [27]. It is, however, important to ensure the instrument of choice actually measures what it intends to measure [28], which is not always the case. When scientists produce results that fit their expectations by using the same instruments or tasks that have produced the same or similar results in the past, they conduct biased, neurotypically centered research. This is apparent in the fact that the WISC is still used to test autistic children, even though its ineptitude is known [29]. It also explains the findings that indicate autistic individuals are less employable than neurotypicals, thereby giving lowest priority to actual, specific work‐related skills, and focusing on categories like “independent use of public transportation” or “preferring routine” [30]: if researchers are fully convinced of an alleged fact, their results are likely to confirm this fact [31].
\nAnother problem is addressed in a paper by Stevenson et al. [32]: The authors call out the scientific community on infantilizing autism. This ranges from media and the general public assuming that autism is a condition that mostly concerns children [32], to a neurotypically centered way of promoting neurodiversity: namely the idea of using neurodiversity as a tool to help autistic individuals feel better in group therapy settings, instead of actually believing in the neurodiversity concept, and implementing it in a clinical setting, thereby promoting equality between scientists and patients [23]. While self‐advocacies like ASAN are trying to transfer their slogan Nothing About Us Without Us into public awareness, there still is no real dialogue between most researchers and autism communities, even though it is necessary in order to improve toward a productive and inclusive research, instead of researching “on Autism” [33].
\nWith this chapter, we wanted to offer a slightly different, more critical perspective on the current situation regarding autism, employment, and its social relevance. We found that while there are, in fact, employment possibilities for autistic individuals, they are scarce and rather specific in terms of occupational fields—aside from IT and finance, there is not much variety. Conventional, non‐supported competitive employment offers more sectors to choose from; however, autistic individuals experience those jobs as stressful and report problems with bullying [9, 14].
\nThis overall situation has consequences: autistic individuals as a whole report considerably lower self‐efficacy than their neurotypical peers, both occupational and general [15]. This does not come as a surprise, given the fact that self‐efficacy and employment status are correlated [15]. Self‐efficacy is also known to be correlated to life satisfaction [34] and to be helpful in overcoming job‐related barriers [35]. Curiously, neurotypical individuals do not show differences in general and occupational self‐efficacy, while autistic individuals only show an increase in occupational self‐efficacy when successfully employed [15]. This suggests a stricter division between work life and social or personal life for autistic individuals than for neurotypicals. Whether this has developmental causes, and whether work‐specific self‐efficacy training might be effective in helping autistic individuals overcome job barriers in different job settings obviously needs thorough research.
\nConsidering the currently estimated prevalence for autism (as noted above, 74 in 10,000 children; [19]), the situation concerning autism and work is socially relevant. We, therefore, propose some changes that allow for a more open‐minded interaction between employers and autistic individuals. First of all, there needs to be more education on the actual symptoms and distinctive behavioral features of autism for employers’ associations. At the moment, clichés and prejudices still run rampant, coloring autistic individuals as a mixture of pop culture products like Rain Man and Sheldon Cooper. Educational campaigns specifically addressing the work market should help with that. With those prejudices out of the way, the stigma of autism should gradually fade, meaning that autistic individuals might have less fear to disclose their diagnosis to superiors and colleagues. Less social exclusion, as well as a more understanding environment would improve the work experience at nonsupported jobs.
\nAccompanying this is the currently prevailing deficit policy in the job market. Neurodiversity as a concept promotes a strengths‐based approach instead. By focusing on workers’ abilities instead of deficits, employers and employees could both profit.
\nHowever, we do not want to praise the neurodiversity concept as a cure‐all without fault. We are aware of the criticism against it; the NDM does in fact skew toward economical topics more than necessary. Of the whole Autism Spectrum, the high functioning autistic individuals profit the most from the concept, as they are the most marketable, and probably easier to include in the job world than their so‐called low‐functioning peers. Those who do not fit the criteria of being high‐functional for being nonverbal, more prone to repetitive movements, or similar symptoms, are in danger of being forgotten by the NDM. In order to avoid this, we propose to carefully evaluate economic and social motives while promoting the neurodiversity concept.
\nWe believe that creating a triad of community, work, and research, connected through reciprocal communication, will help enormously to overcome prejudices and to establish realistic expectations for all parties. Adopting a different point of view is the first step toward a neurodiverse society.
\nApproximate methods of analytical modeling (MAM) of the wideband stochastic processes (StP) in stochastic differential systems with unsolved derivatives (SDS USD) based on normal approximate method (NAM), orthogonal expansions method, and quasi moment methods are developed in [1, 2]. For stochastic integrodifferential systems with unsolved derivatives reducible to SDS corresponding equations for MAM are given in [3, 4]. In [3, 4], problems of mean square (m.s.) synthesis of normal (Gaussian) estimators (filters, extrapolators, etc.) were firstly stated and solved in [1, 2, 3, 4]. Results presented in [1, 2, 3, 4] are valid for smooth (in m.s. sense) functions in SDS USD. For unsmooth functions in SDS USD theory of normal filtering and extrapolation is developed in [5].
Let us present an overview and generalization of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] for linear and nonlinear regression models. Section 2 is developed to normal analytical modeling algorithms. Normal linear filtering and extrapolation algorithms are given in Sections 3 and 4. Linear modeling and estimation algorithms for SDS USD with multiplicated (parametric) noises are presented in Section 5. Normal nonlinear algorithms for filtering and extrapolation are described in Section 6. Section 7 contains two illustrative examples. In Section 8, main conclusions and some generalizations are given.
Different types of SDS USD arise in problems of analytical modeling and estimator design for stochastic nonlinear dynamical systems when it is possible to neglect higher-order time derivatives [1, 2, 3].
First-order SDS USD is described by the following scalar equation:
where
For vector SDS USD, we have the following vector equation:
Here
where
Here,
As it is known [6, 7, 8], a deterministic model for real StP defined by
at accuracy criterion
Class of functions
For linear shifted and unshifted regression models, we have two known models:
where
For Eq. (2), linear regression model takes the Booton form
where
At algebraic solvability condition of linear Eqs. (12) and (13), we reduce SDS USD to SDS of the following form:
where
Its one and second probabilistic moments satisfy the following equations [12, 13, 14]:
where
Proposal 1.
Proposal 2.
For Eq. (2) using Kazakov form
where
we have two sets of equations for mathematical expectations and centered variables:
So, we reduce SDS USD to two sets of equations for
For the composed vector
Here
So for Kazakov regression, Eqs. (21)–(24) are the basis of Proposal 3.
The regression
In the general case, we have the following vector equation:
where
According to normal approximation method (NAM), we have for Eq. (30) the following equations for normal modeling [9, 10, 11, 12]:
Here
where
In filtering SDS USD problems, we use two types of equations: reduced SDE USD for vector state variables
Consider SDS USD Eq. (2) reducible to SDE Eq. (3.9) at conditions of Theorem 1. We introduce new variables putting
Let the observation vector variable
where
Equations of Kalman-Bucy filter in case of Eqs. (39) and (40) for the Gaussian white noises are as follows [12, 13, 14]:
at corresponding initial conditions.
Proposal 4.
Using equations of linear m.s. extrapolation for time interval
with initial condition
For the initial time moment
where
In this case, error covariance matrix
At initial condition
Hence, the error matrix
Proposal 5.
This extrapolator presents a sequel connection m.s. filter with gain
Let us consider vector Eqs. (2)–(6) for the multiplicative Gaussian noises:
Here,
Here,
where
Here
and ordinary differential equation for
Applying linear theory Pugachev (conditionally m.s. optimal) filtering [9, 10, 11, 12] to equations
We get the following normal filtering equations:
Here
For calculating (62) we need to find mathematical expectation
where
So, Eqs. (61)–(67) define linear Pugachev filter for SDS USD with multiplicative noises reduced to SDS (59) and (60) (Proposal 8).
At last following [9, 10, 11, 12] let us consider linear Pugachev extrapolator for reduced SDS USD. Taking into account equations
(
Here
Accuracy of linear Pugachev extrapolator (70) is performed by integration of the following equation:
Equations (70)–(72) define normal linear Pugachev extrapolator for SDS USD reduced to SDS (Proposal 9).
Let us consider SDS (2) reducible to SDS and fully observable measuring system described by the following equations:
Here,
Using the theory of normal nonlinear suboptimal filtering [10, 11, 12], we get the following equations for
Here
where
Proposal 10.
Hence, if the function
Analogously Section 6 we get from [12] corresponding equations of normal conditionally optimal (Pugachev) extrapolator for reduced equations
where
Let us consider scalar system
Here,
At condition
where
Equations (87) and (90), for
Covariance matrix
and matrix of covariance functions
satisfy to linear equations for correlation theory (Section 3)
Vector Eq. (98) is equal to the following scalar equations:
From Eq. (90) we calculate variance
Thus, for MAM algorithm we use Eqs. (89), (91), (98)–(101).
Let system (86) and (87) is observable so that
Then for Kalman-Bucy filter equations (Proposal 4), we have
For Kalman-Bucy extrapolator equations are defined by Proposal 5 at
In Table 1, the coefficients of statistical linearization of for typical nonlinear function are given.
Let us consider normal scalar system
Нere random function admits Pugachev normalization
where
Note that functions
Second equation at condition
Equations (106) and (108) for
where
Models of various types of SDS USD arise in problems of analytical modeling and estimation (filtering, extrapolation, etc.) for control stochastic systems, when it is possible to neglect higher-order time derivatives. Linear and nonlinear methodological and algorithmic support of analytical modeling, filtering, and extrapolation for SDS USD is developed. The methodology is based on the reduction of SDS USD to SDS by means of linear and nonlinear regression models. Special attention is paid to SDS USD with multiplicative (parametric) noises. Examples illustrating methodology are presented. The described results may be generalized for systems with stochastically unsolved derivatives and stochastic integrodifferential systems reducible to the differential.
The author is grateful to experts for their appropriate and constructive suggestions to improve this template. Research is supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences (Project-AAAA-A19-119001990037-5). Also, the author is much obliged to Mrs. Irina Sinitsyna and Mrs. Helen Fedotova for translation and manuscript preparation.
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Ogawa"}]},{id:"11646",doi:"10.5772/9944",title:"Lead-Free Piezoelectric Transducers for Microelectronic Wirebonding Applications",slug:"lead-free-piezoelectric-transducers-for-microelectronic-wirebonding-applications-",totalDownloads:4906,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3218",slug:"piezoelectric-ceramics",title:"Piezoelectric Ceramics",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Ceramics"},signatures:"K.W. Kwok, T. Lee, S.H. Choy and H.L.W. Chan",authors:[{id:"12889",title:"Dr.",name:"K.W.",middleName:null,surname:"Kwok",slug:"k.w.-kwok",fullName:"K.W. Kwok"},{id:"12891",title:"Prof.",name:"H.L.W.",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"h.l.w.-chan",fullName:"H.L.W. Chan"}]},{id:"50639",doi:"10.5772/62630",title:"Piezoelectric-Layered Structures Based on Synthetic Diamond",slug:"piezoelectric-layered-structures-based-on-synthetic-diamond",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Results of theoretical, modeling, and experimental investigation of microwave acoustic properties of piezoelectric layered structure “Me1/AlN/Me2/(100) diamond” have been presented within a wide frequency band 0.5–10 GHz. The highest among known material quality parameter Q × f ~ 1014 Hz for the IIa type synthetic diamond at operational frequency ~10 GHz has been found. Conditions of UHF excitation and propagation of the bulk, surface, and Lamb plate acoustic waves have been established and studied experimentally. Frequency dependencies of the impedance and quality factor have been studied to obtain a number of piezoelectric layered structure parameters as electromechanical coupling coefficient, equivalent circuit parameters, etc. Results of 2D finite element modeling of a given piezoelectric layered structure have been compared with the experimental ones obtained for the real high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator. An origin of high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator’s spurious resonant peaks has been studied. Results on UHF acoustic attenuation of IIa-type synthetic single crystalline diamond have been presented and discussed in terms of Akhiezer and Landau–Rumer mechanisms of phonon–phonon interaction. Identification and classification of Lamb waves belonging to several branches as well as dispersive curves of phase velocities have been executed. Necessity of introducing a more correct Lamb-mode classification has been recognized.",book:{id:"5215",slug:"piezoelectric-materials",title:"Piezoelectric Materials",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Materials"},signatures:"Boris P. Sorokin, Gennady M. Kvashnin, Arsenii V. Telichko, Sergey I. Burkov and Vladimir D. Blank",authors:[{id:"181306",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Sorokin",slug:"boris-sorokin",fullName:"Boris Sorokin"},{id:"185347",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennadiy",middleName:null,surname:"Kvashnin",slug:"gennadiy-kvashnin",fullName:"Gennadiy Kvashnin"},{id:"185348",title:"Dr.",name:"Arsenii",middleName:null,surname:"Telichko",slug:"arsenii-telichko",fullName:"Arsenii Telichko"},{id:"185349",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Burkov",slug:"sergey-burkov",fullName:"Sergey Burkov"},{id:"185350",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Blank",slug:"vladimir-blank",fullName:"Vladimir Blank"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51560",title:"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting",slug:"piezoelectric-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:2912,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The piezoelectric material selection and the circuit design in vibrational energy harvesting are discussed. The performances of the energy-harvesting unimorph devices that captured frequencies of 60 Hz by using piezoelectric PZT-based and BT-based ceramics were evaluated. Output voltages and power from the devices depend on the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillations, and depend on the load resistance. Generally, PZT-based ceramics are superior for piezoelectric energy-harvesting applications. The figures of merit of the materials are discussed in order to provide the guidelines of the piezoelectric material selections. Piezoelectric voltage coefficient, g31, is considered to be good parameter to predict the maximum voltages. On the other hand, d31g31/tanδ, k312Qm and d31g31 are close to the behavior of the maximum power. Combination of the piezoelectric unimorph and power management circuit produced the constant voltage output, which would be used as the power sources.",book:{id:"5215",slug:"piezoelectric-materials",title:"Piezoelectric Materials",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Materials"},signatures:"Hiroshi Maiwa",authors:[{id:"27242",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Maiwa",slug:"hiroshi-maiwa",fullName:"Hiroshi Maiwa"}]},{id:"43265",title:"The Application of Piezoelectric Materials in Machining Processes",slug:"the-application-of-piezoelectric-materials-in-machining-processes",totalDownloads:4528,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3272",slug:"piezoelectric-materials-and-devices-practice-and-applications",title:"Piezoelectric Materials and Devices",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Materials and Devices - Practice and Applications"},signatures:"Saeed Assarzadeh and Majid Ghoreishi",authors:[{id:"162546",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Assarzadeh",slug:"saeed-assarzadeh",fullName:"Saeed Assarzadeh"}]},{id:"50322",title:"Acoustic Wave Velocity Measurement on Piezoelectric Single Crystals",slug:"acoustic-wave-velocity-measurement-on-piezoelectric-single-crystals",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Sound velocities were measured in relaxor single-crystal plates and piezoelectric ceramics including lead free using an ultrasonic precision thickness gauge with high-frequency pulse generation. Estimating the difference in the sound velocities and elastic constants in the single crystals and ceramics, it was possible to evaluate effects of domain and grain boundaries on elastic constants. Existence of domain boundaries in single crystal affected the decrease in Young’s modulus, rigidity, Poisson’s ratio, and bulk modulus. While existence of grain boundaries affected the decrease in Young’s modulus and rigidity, Poisson’s ratio and bulk modulus increased. It was thought these phenomena come from domain alignment by DC poling and both the boundaries act as to absorb mechanical stress by defects due to the boundaries. In addition, the origin of piezoelectricity in single crystals is caused by low bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio, and high Young’s modulus and rigidity in comparison with ceramics. On the contrary, the origin of piezoelectricity in ceramics is caused by high Poisson’s ratio by high bulk modulus, and furthermore, low Young’s modulus and rigidity due to domain alignment.",book:{id:"5215",slug:"piezoelectric-materials",title:"Piezoelectric Materials",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Materials"},signatures:"Toshio Ogawa",authors:[{id:"33684",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ogawa",slug:"toshio-ogawa",fullName:"Toshio Ogawa"}]},{id:"50728",title:"Piezoelectric Materials in RF Applications",slug:"piezoelectric-materials-in-rf-applications",totalDownloads:2148,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The development of several types of mobile objects requires new devices, such as high‐performance filters, microelectromechanical systems and other components. Piezoelectric materials are crucial to reach the expected performance of mobile objects because they exhibit high quality factors and sharp resonance and some of them are compatible with collective manufacturing technologies. We reviewed the main piezoelectric materials that can be used for radio frequency (RF) applications and herein report data on some devices. The modelling of piezoelectric plates and structures in the context of electronic circuits is presented. Among RF devices, filters are the most critical as the piezoelectric material must operate at RF frequencies. The main filter structures and characterisation methods, in accordance with such operating conditions as high frequencies and high power, are also discussed.",book:{id:"5215",slug:"piezoelectric-materials",title:"Piezoelectric Materials",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Materials"},signatures:"Philippe Benech and Jean‐Marc Duchamp",authors:[{id:"4490",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Benech",slug:"philippe-benech",fullName:"Philippe Benech"},{id:"182052",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Duchamp",slug:"jean-marc-duchamp",fullName:"Jean-Marc Duchamp"}]},{id:"11639",title:"Piezoelectric Thin Film Deposition: Novel Self-Assembled Island Structures and Low Temperature Processes on Silicon",slug:"piezoelectric-thin-film-deposition-novel-self-assembled-island-structures-and-low-temperature-proces",totalDownloads:4049,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3218",slug:"piezoelectric-ceramics",title:"Piezoelectric Ceramics",fullTitle:"Piezoelectric Ceramics"},signatures:"Sharath Sriram, Madhu Bhaskaran and Arnan Mitchell",authors:[{id:"12171",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharath",middleName:null,surname:"Sriram",slug:"sharath-sriram",fullName:"Sharath Sriram"},{id:"12172",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Bhaskaran",slug:"madhu-bhaskaran",fullName:"Madhu Bhaskaran"},{id:"12173",title:"Prof",name:"Arnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"arnan-mitchell",fullName:"Arnan Mitchell"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"921",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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