\r\n\toxygen-free atmosphere. Biochar has been used for many years as a soil amendment and in general soil applications. Nonetheless, biochar is far more than a mere soil amendment. In this review, we report all the applications of biochar including environmental remediation, energy storage, composites, and catalyst production. In this book, we intend to collect contributions from worldwide experts in the field of biochar production and utilization providing a general overview of the recent uses of biochar in material science, thus presenting this cheap and waste-derived material as a high value-added carbonaceous source. Furthermore, we are aiming to give readers a handy and effective tool to easily understand how this field is interesting and diverse. It is a goal that this book could be easily used by any reader with a strong scientific background ranging from scientific company advisors to academic members. Nonetheless, students enrolled in scientific undergraduate and graduate programs could be consulted to this text for any further and deeper investigation. In the end, we intend to propose a very high scientific content book that could represent the reference text for any consideration and future study about biochar for the next years.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-252-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-251-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-253-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"af29d12de2a10f46f574776213120e9e",bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli, Dr. Mauro Giorcelli and Prof. Alberto Tagliaferro",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11537.jpg",keywords:"Energy Storage, Battery, Environmental Remediation, Catalysis, Reactors, Fast Pyrolysis, Slow Pyrolysis, Microwave Pyrolysis, Porosity, Raman, Monolith, Hard Carbon",numberOfDownloads:54,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 31st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 30th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A cutting-edge researcher in waste-to-value technologies for application in drop-in fuels, green chemicals, and material science. Dr. Bartoli is a member of the Italian Chemical Society, American Chemical Society, and American Carbon Society.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188999/images/system/188999.png",biography:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli has always performed at the highest levels throughout his education and training, as proved by research outputs with several published peer-reviewed papers in top international journals. After obtaining his Ph.D., Dr. Bartoli moved to the Biorefinery Conversion Network, University of Alberta, Canada, where he contributed to developing new materials and new technologies. In 2018, he joined the Carbon Group, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, where he studied both the production and use of carbon from thermochemical conversion of waste streams for material science applications. Since 2021, Dr. Bartoli has been working on CO2 electrochemical and thermochemical conversion at the Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT@POLITO). He is also a member of several journal editorial boards and international societies.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"39628",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Giorcelli",slug:"mauro-giorcelli",fullName:"Mauro Giorcelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39628/images/system/39628.png",biography:"Dr. Mauro Giorcelli is co-founder of the Carbon Group, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, where he was also a post-doctoral researcher in the Material and Science Technology Department. He obtained a degree in Electronic Engineering and a Ph.D. in Physics in 2009. Currently, he is a researcher in composite materials. He is a carbon materials specialist, with more than fifteen years of experience in the field. He has published more than eighty articles in international journals. His main expertise is low-cost carbon materials derived from recycled materials, in particular carbon materials derived from biomasses (biochar). He recently published a book dedicated to innovative biochar applications. Dr. Giorcelli has a widespread collaboration network in Europe, Asia, and Canada for biochar production and applications.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"39631",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tagliaferro",slug:"alberto-tagliaferro",fullName:"Alberto Tagliaferro",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"80209",title:"Microwaved Flux Matter- Char Sand Production of Waste Coal Char/Biochar/Gypsium Ash and Fly Ash Mixtures for Mortar- Fire Retardent Composite",slug:"microwaved-flux-matter-char-sand-production-of-waste-coal-char-biochar-gypsium-ash-and-fly-ash-mixtu",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"200229",title:"Dr.",name:"Yıldırım",surname:"İsmail Tosun",slug:"yildirim-ismail-tosun",fullName:"Yıldırım İsmail Tosun"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:"carbon-based-material-for-environmental-protection-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Mattia Bartoli, Marco Frediani and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61315",title:"Advances in Wearable Sensing Technologies and Their Impact for Personalized and Preventive Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76916",slug:"advances-in-wearable-sensing-technologies-and-their-impact-for-personalized-and-preventive-medicine",body:'\n
\n
1. Electrochemical sensors
\n
Electrochemical sensors have since long being integrated into microfluidic systems for the measurement of very low concentration of biomarkers [1, 2]. The first electrochemical sensors were developed for oxygen monitoring in the second half of the twentieth century [3]. Miniaturized electrochemical sensors for many toxic gases were commercialized in the 1980s showing good sensitivity to the permissible exposure limit ranges and selectivity [4]. Compared to optical, mass and thermal sensors, electrochemical sensors are especially attractive because of their remarkable sensitivity, experimental simplicity and low cost [5, 6]. Furthermore, they benefit small power requirements facilitating their integration in small sensing systems. Currently, a variety of electrochemical sensors are being used as detectors in stationary and portable devices for personal safety, clinical, industrial, environmental and agricultural applications [7, 8, 9].
\n
Electrochemical detection is usually performed by reducing or oxidizing an electro-active analyte and monitoring the current or potential between the working (WE) and the counter electrodes (CE) as a function of time [5, 6]. As many compounds present relatively easy oxidable or reducible sites, the electrochemical detection mechanism is applicable to a wide number of relevant analytes. There are three main types of electrochemical sensors: potentiometric, amperometric and conductometric [10]. For potentiometric sensors, a local equilibrium is established at the sensor interface, where either the electrode or the membrane potential is measured. The information about the composition of a sample is obtained from the potential difference between two electrodes [11, 12]. Amperometric sensors exploit the use of a potential applied between a reference and a working electrode, to cause the oxidation or the reduction of an electro-active species, which result in currents in a proportional current [13, 14]. Conductometric sensors are based on the measurement of the conductivity at a series of frequencies [15].
\n
Figure 1A shows a schematic of the operation principle of an electrochemical sensor [16]. Commonly, a constant voltage, sufficiently high to initiate the reduction or the oxidation of the analyte, is applied between the working and the counter electrode (Figure 1A). The working electrode is usually nanostructured and functionalized with a molecule-specific layer of enzymes or antibodies, providing a selective surface for the redox of the targeted analyte [16, 17]. This results in the rise of a catalytic current between the working and the counter electrode, which is proportional to the analyte concentration [2, 16].
\n
Figure 1.
(A) Typical operation principles and sensing mechanisms for electrochemical lactate sensors for other metabolite the functional layer of the working electrode is designed to provide specific bonding and reaction sited to the targeted molecules [73]. Reproduced with permission [73]. Copyright 2017, Wiley Online Library. (B) In-vivo demonstration of a wearable diabetes monitoring and therapeutic system. The electrochemical analyser as an integrated Bluetooth circuit to communicate with external devices (top left). Optical image of the electrochemical sensor array on the human skin collecting perspiration for glucose monitoring (bottom left). Schematic of the GP-hybrid electrochemical unit, which consists of an electrochemically active layers (xi), gold-doped graphene (xii) and a serpentine Au mesh (xiii), from top to bottom (right) [18]. Reproduced with permission [18]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (C) Schematic layout and characterization of a tear glucose electrochemical sensor with an integrated biofuel cell (BFC) on a contact lens [6, 19]. Reproduced with permission [6, 19]. Copyright 2013, ACS Publications, Copyright 2012, Elsevier. (D) Demonstration of a mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless amperometric circuit board, reagent layer made of a chemically-modified working electrode and the wireless amperometric circuit board: front side and back side [20]. Reproduced with permission [20]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
\n
While electrochemistry methods have since long been applied to the characterization of molecules dispersed in liquids, and electrochemical biosensors are commercially available, their integration in wearable sensors is relatively new. In particular, the fabrication of miniaturized electrochemical cells and circuitry that can be placed in close contact with body tissues and related fluids has been challenging. The development of flexible electronic micro-fabrication approaches has enabled the engineering of skin-like planar electrochemical cells that require very small amount of liquids and can be placed on the human skin [18] (Figure 1B), iris [6, 19] (Figure 1C) and saliva [20] (Figure 1D). For instance, the design of functional micro-electrodes on flexible polymer lenses has enabled the online measurement of glucose and other key biomarkers directly from human tears [6, 19] (Figure 1C). Typical layouts consist of working (WE), counter (CE) and reference (RE) electrodes [21] deposited on flexible insulating and biocompatible substrates such as 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer [6, 22], polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) [6, 22] and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [19]. A current between the working and the counter electrode is generated by targeted redox reactions between the biomarker and the modified working electrode while the opposite reaction takes place at the counter electrode [21, 23]. This results in the generation of an electrochemical current which, in diluted conditions, is proportional to the concentration of the biomarker [17]. A major advantage is that the selectivity can be enhanced both by coating the nanotexture with highly selective functional groups such as enzymes, antibodies and carefully engineered peptides, and by selecting the appropriate voltage potential for activation of the selected reaction.
\n
Lee et al. [18] reported soft materials, device designs and system integration strategies for a new class of diabetes monitoring and therapy devices based on functionalized chemical vapour deposition (CVD) graphene. Graphene biochemical sensors with solid-state Ag/AgCl counter electrodes have shown enhanced electrochemical activity, sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of important biomarkers contained in human sweat (Figure 1B). Such hybrid interconnections and physical sensors efficiently transmit the signal through the stretchable array and supplement electrochemical sensors, respectively. The orchestrated monitoring of biomarkers and physiological cues with sweat control and transcutaneous drug delivery achieves a closed-loop, point-of-care treatment for diabetes (Figure 1B). This demonstrated a stretchable device featuring a serpentine bilayer of gold mesh and gold-doped graphene as an efficient electrochemical interface for the stable transfer of electrical signals. The patch consists of a heater, temperature, humidity, glucose and pH sensors and polymeric microneedles that can be thermally activated to deliver drugs transcutaneously. They showed that the patch can be thermally actuated to deliver Metformin and reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. The diabetes patch is laminated on the human skin and is electrically coupled to a portable electrochemical analyser, which in turn wirelessly transfers data to remote mobile devices and supplies power to the patch (Figure 1B). The humidity sensor monitors the increase in RH. It takes about 15 min for the sweat-uptake layer of the patch to collect sweat for the measurement and corresponds to an RH of over 80% [18].
\n
Falk et al. [6] demonstrated a self-powered glucose measurement system based on a miniature biofuel cells (BFCs). It generates ca. 3.1 μW cm−2 of power from the ascorbate and oxygen available in basal tears without influencing the glucose concentration (Figure 1C). Calibration and proof of concept were demonstrated ex-situ with a macrocell of 30 mL by chronopotentiometry. Notably, the device showed no sensor response to pure glucose solutions, while a strong electrochemical response was achieved with the addition of ascorbate and ascorbate-dopamine fuels. An open circuit voltage of 0.54 V and a maximal power density of 3.1 μW cm−2 at 0.25 V were measured with human basal tears [6]. These devices showcased a stable current density output of 0.55 μA cm−2 at 0.4 V over 6 h of continuous operation.
\n
Kim et al. [20] presented electrochemical sensors integrated on mouthguards featuring a Bluetooth low-energy communication system for the real-time amperometric monitoring of uric acid (Figure 1D). An electrochemical three-electrode layout was screen-printed on the mouthguard and functionalized with a uricase enzyme-modified layer (Figure 1D). A 2.45 GHz chip antenna was employed for wireless transmission. These sensors were validated by in vivo measurements of salivary uric acid (SUA) levels in hyperuricaemia patients and healthy individuals. The device was powered with two 1.55 V, 33 mAh watch batteries that were connected in series and consumed in average 21 mW in an active mode and 0.6 mW in a sleep mode. Using a measurement frequency of 60 s enabled battery charge to last up to ca. 5 days. A clear distinction in the SUA levels of the healthy control (178.5 ± 20.7 mM) and hyperuricaemia patients (822.6 ± 26.25 mM) was observed, indicating a good potential of this approach for the diagnostics of hyperuricaemia. A sensitivity of 2.45 mA per mM of uric acid was determined with uric acid solutions with 100–600 mM with an R2-correlation coefficient of 0.998. Further decreasing the devices size, while reducing power consumption and requirement of integrated batteries may, has the potential to lead to significant commercial applications.
\n
\n
\n
2. Capacitive sensors
\n
Non-contact capacitive sensors work by measuring the changes in capacitance induced by the interaction of a sensing layer with an analyte [24, 25]. When a voltage is applied across two electrodes in an open circuit configuration, an electric field is created between them causing positive and negative charges to collect on the electrode (Figure 2A). If the polarity of the voltage is reversed, the charges will also reverse. Usually, capacitive sensors use alternating voltage which causes the charges to continually reverse their positions. The moving of the charges creates an alternating electric current which is strongly influenced by the interaction with the target analyte (Figure 2B). More in specific, the current is a function of the capacitance, and the capacitance is determined by the area, proximity of the electrodes and the properties of the space between the electrodes. The larger and closer the electrodes, the higher the current.
\n
Figure 2.
(A) Simplified schematic of conductive sensors: applying a voltage to two electrically insulated electrodes causes positive and negative charges to collect on each side. (B) Applying an alternative voltage causes the charges to move back and forth between the objects, creating an alternating current which is influenced by the space between the electrodes such as the concentration of a target analyte. Basic implements for capacitive sensing: (C) liquid level sensing (parallel fingers), (D) proximity detection (isolated sensor) and (E) material analysis (parallel plate). (F) Capacitive contact lens sensor for IOP monitoring. The sensing element (LC circuit) is embedded into silicone rubber in a double-layer contact lens sensor [24]. Reproduced with permission [24]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier. (G) Biotransfer of the nanosensing architecture onto the surface of a tooth with magnified schematic of the sensing element illustrating wireless readout [25]. Percentage change in graphene resistance versus time following exposure to ~100 H. pylori cells in human saliva (red line). The response to ‘blank’ saliva solution is shown as blue line [25]. Reproduced with permission [25]. Copyright 2012, Nature Publishing Group.
\n
Capacitive sensing is becoming increasing popular as an alternative to optical and mechanical sensors for multiple applications such as proximity/gesture detection, material analysis and liquid level sensing. Amongst the advantages of capacitive sensing are its applicability to different kinds of materials such as skin, plastics, metals and liquids, and its contactless and wear-free sensing mechanism, high miniaturization potential, low cost and low-power requirements. Amongst other configurations, capacitive biosensing can be based on capacitive coupling with the human body. This results in a reliable solution for measuring liquid levels (Figure 2C) and material composition and creating human-to-machine interfaces such as digital buttons. Figure 2C–E displays three basic implementations for capacitive sensing, such as liquid-level sensing (Figure 2C), proximity/gesture recognition (Figure 2D) and material analysis (Figure 2E).
\n
Chen et al. [24] demonstrated low-force capacitive contact lens sensors (Figure 2F) for the continuous monitoring of the intraocular pressure (IOP). This is a primary indicative factor in the diagnosis and treatment progress monitoring of glaucoma. The innovative design utilized capacitive sensors for the measurement of these ultra-low pressure variations. To facilitate the wireless transmission of the pressure sensor readings, a curvature-sensing capacitor (C) was coupled with an inductive coil (L) having a fixed inductance resulting in an LC resonant circuit. Changes in the curvature of the soft cornea, and thus in the contact lens electrode spacing, result in variation of the capacitance and resonance frequency of the LC circuit. The resonance frequency was measured wirelessly via a reader integrated in the glass frame worn by the user [26]. The sensing element consisted of a variable gap-sensing capacitor. The electrode with a soft gap was embedded in a soft silicone rubber layer on the corneal side of the lens, while a reference electrode and an inductive coil were fabricated in a hard silicon rubber layer on the outer layer of the lens (Figure 2F). The flexible-sensing capacitor was electrically coupled with the hard inductive coil. The sensor lens layout was designed for human eye. For an average person with a cornea radius curvature of 8 mm, the curvature changes due to the typical IOP variation between 5 and 40 mmHg is 0.12 mm for a typical cornea. To maximize the linearity of the sensor response to the pressure change, the difference in radius between the sensing and the reference layers had to be maximized. However, an overly large difference would reduce the IOP sensitivity. A linear, but sufficient range of sensitivity was obtained with a 0.5 mm curvature change for the capacitor. In addition, a circular spiral multi-turn inductive coil designed to have a high quality factor (Q) was used to maximize the reading resolution of the LC resonance circuit.
\n
Mannoor et al. [25] presented a novel approach for passive, wireless, graphene nanosensors to be placed in contact with biomaterials. A biointerfaced-sensing platform, which can be tuned to detect target analytes, was fabricated via silk bioresorption. In particular, they demonstrated their integration onto a tooth for remote monitoring of respiration and bacteria detection in saliva (Figure 2G). The architecture consisted of a parallel resonant circuit with a gold inductive coil for wireless transmission and interdigitated capacitive electrodes in contact with graphene-resistive sensors. The resulting system is a passive wireless telemetry device, without the need of on-board power sources and external connections. More in detail, a single-layer, thin-film, inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant circuit integrated in parallel with the resistive graphene monolayer enabled the wireless readout and battery-free operation (Figure 2G). The binding of pathogenic bacteria on the graphene nanosensor resulted in variation of its conductance, which induces changes in the characteristic frequencies and bandwidth of sensor resonance (Figure 2G). Upon recognition and binding of the specific bacterial targets by the immobilized peptides, the variation of the electrical conductivity of the graphene film was wirelessly monitored using an inductively coupled radio frequency (RF) reader device. The exposure to a 1 μl sample of human saliva containing ~100 Helicobacter pylori cells resulted in a real-time variation of the sensor signal as presented in Figure 2G. By contrast, 1 μL of “blank” saliva solution without any bacterial cells, used as a control, showed good selectivity and application potential.
\n
\n
\n
3. Chemiluminescence sensors
\n
Luminescence is the emission of light from an electronically excited compound returning to the ground state. The source of excitation energy serves as a basis for a classification of the various types of luminescence and includes electromagnetic waves, heat, friction, electric field or chemical reaction (Figure 3A). When the energy source for the excitation is a chemical reaction, this phenomenon is called chemiluminescence (CL). Chemiluminescence measurements usually consist of monitoring the rate of production of photons, which in turn depends on the rate of the luminescent reaction [27, 28]. The light intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of the limiting reactant involved in the luminescence reactions. Thanks to the achievement in miniaturized and integrated optical-sensing systems, very low levels of light intensity can be measured allowing the development of very sensitive analytical methods and systems. Chemiluminescence-based sensors have been then developed with the aim of combining the selective of light-emitting reactions with the convenience of electronic sensors. More recently, chemi- and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detections have also been used instead of fluorescence for the development of biochips and microarrays.
\n
Figure 3.
(A) Schematic of luminescence phenomenon consisting in the emission of light from an electronically excited compound returning to the ground state. (B) Fabrication and operation of a paper-based microfluidic ECL sensor [31]. Upon full wetting of the sensing area, the sensor is placed in proximity of the lens of the camera phone and a potential of 1.25 V is applied [31]. The resulting emission is captured and analysed (C) Digital photographic images of ECL emission obtained with various DBAE concentrations (1–20 mM) using a camera phone [31]. The ECL reactions were initiated by stepping the potential from 0 to 1.25 V upon application of a sample droplet [31]. Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2011, ACS Publications.
\n
Freeman and Seitz reported in 1978 the first CL sensor for hydrogen peroxide measurement [29]. Since then, various types of CL-based sensors have been commercially implemented and are extensively used for the analysis of inorganic, organic and biological/pharmaceutical compounds [30]. In recent years, a higher sensitivity of CL-based sensors over other photoluminescence-based ones has attracted significant research focus. The high sensitivity of CL-based sensing is attributed to the suppression of the noise introduced light scattering. Furthermore, CL-based devices feature a simpler set-up with lower background emissions than other photoluminescence detection systems. One of the major remaining deficiencies in the application of CL sensors to routine analysis systems is the short lifetime and signal drift, caused by the irreversible consumption of the CL reagents. While many CL sensors have designs based on the recycling of the CL reagents, which are usually bound to polymers and have a decreased consumption of the luminescent reagent, the stability of this type of sensors is compromised by the bleaching of the reagents or they partition into hydrophobic regions of the film over time.
\n
Recently, Delaney et al. [31] presented an ECL sensor based on paper-based microfluidic devices. Low cost, disposable ECL sensors were fabricated with inkjet-printed paper fluidic substrates and screen-printed electrodes (Figure 3B). Such devices can be read with a conventional photodetector or a mobile camera phone. Importantly, because ECL is performed in the dark, unlike the case of colorimetric detection, it is independent of ambient light. The paper fluidic element was placed in direct contact with a screen-printed electrode and tightly enclosed in clear plastic (Figure 3B) [31]. A limit of detection of 0.9 μM was achieved with a linear response between 3 μM and 5 mM using a photomultiplier tube as the photodetector. Quantitative results could also be collected using a mobile camera phone by analysing the red intensity from digital images of the ECL emission, using a simple program that can be run on the mobile phone itself. Figure 3C shows the photographic images of the ECL emission from the sensors for a range of concentrations of 2-(Dibutylamino)ethanol (DBAE) between 1 and 20 mM, produced by stepping the potential from 0 to 1.25 V. The images reveal an unambiguous relationship between concentration and the intensity of the colour. The red pixel intensity was analysed for each image and a numerical value associated with each intensity was obtained [31].
\n
\n
\n
4. Chemiresistive sensors
\n
Semiconductor-based chemiresistive sensors are amongst the most investigated and widely used devices for the detection of combustible and toxic gases owing to their low cost, miniaturization potential and circuit simplicity [32, 33]. Such chemiresistive gas sensors are able to detect a wide variety of reactive reducing or oxidizing gases at very low ppb concentrations via a strong variation of their resistivity, which are not detectable with catalytic combustion and electrochemical-based gas sensors [34, 35]. A major challenge is their inherent non-specificity, which makes it challenging to use for the identification of unknown and complex gas mixtures. Chemiresistor gas sensors mainly operate on the basis of surface reactions, which cause change in the electrical resistance due to the modulation of the surface charge layer and semiconductor band bending [36]. These types of sensors feature excellent sensitivity, short response time, low cost, and very good suitability for the integration in miniaturized portable instruments making them appealing for numerous applications including breath analysis, alarm systems and electronic nose [34, 35, 36]. In spite of their numerous benefits, chemiresistive sensors have shown different challenges with respect to their commercialization such as poor reproducibility, long-time instability due to aging of the sensing materials and surfaces, cross-sensitivity to other gases and also to water vapour [37, 38].
\n
Chemiresistive-type sensors using various semiconducting metal oxides, such as WO3, MoO3, SnO2 and NiO, have been demonstrated for use as exhaled breath sensors, due to their superior sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and integration in portable devices [38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. A major requirement is the development of selective semiconductor material and surface that can provide fast response times [43]. Here, the sensing mechanism of chemiresistive devices is schematically described in Figure 4A and B. Oxygen molecules physisorb on the oxide surface, with electrons being transferred from the metal oxide to the oxygen which is ionosorbed [44, 45]. Several oxygen species are adsorbed including molecular (O2) and atomic (O, O2) ions with their fraction depending from the operating temperature (Figure 4A and C). These adsorbed ions scatter electrons within the Debye length (d) of the metal oxide forming a depleted region (Figure 4B and C), and band bending, with a reduced electron mobility near the oxide surface [44, 46].
\n
Figure 4.
Schematic model of the chemiresistive sensing mechanism of semiconductor metal oxides based on the oxygen ionosorption on the semiconductor surface in (A) pure dry air and (B) with ethanol [44]. Reproduced with permission [44]. Copyright 1982, AIP Publishing. (C) As a function of the ratio between the particle diameter (dp) and the Debye length (δ), three sensing mechanisms are expected [46]. (Reproduced with permission [46]. Copyright 2015, Wiley Online Library. (D) Optical microscope images of the sequential fabrication process of the CEN on a single chip (1 × 1 cm) containing an active layer (1 × 1 mm) on Pt interdigitated electrodes [41]. Reproduced with permission [41]. Copyright 2016, ACS Publications. (E) PCA plot showing the responses to 8 gases with 80% RH [41]. (F) Detector schematic: a metal oxide (MOx) film is deposited onto a sensor substrate consisting of an Al2O3 support with interdigitated Au electrodes [55]. Reproduced with permission [55]. Copyright 2010, ACS Publications. (G) Picture of the operating hand-held sampler and sensing unit with a disposable mouthpiece (left). IR camera image (right) confirmed the absence of any hot-spots close to the mouth piece or holder, the temperatures are always below 40°C there [52]. Reproduced with permission [52]. Copyright 2015, IOP Publishing. (H) Estimated acetone concentration with the Si:WO3 sensor (thick solid line) and acetone (thin solid line) and isoprene (dotted line) concentrations measured by PTR-MS during breath analysis of a healthy subject during physical activity [39]. Reproduced with permission [39]. Copyright 2012, Elsevier.
\n
The reception function of a common chemiresistive semiconductor, such as SnO2 (in air) for a reducing or oxidizing analyte, consists of the variation of the ionosorbed oxygen concentration [44, 47]. If a reducing analyte is injected in the sensing chamber, such as EtOH, H2 or CO, the surface concentration of oxygen ions is decreased (Figure 4B), releasing some of the trapped electrons back to the semiconductor and reducing the concentration of the scattering centres. As a result, the electron mobility and carrier concentration of the semiconductor are increased [38, 44]. In more detail, the ionosorbed oxygen scatters electrons within the Debye length of SnO2, reducing its electron mobility. For large grains (dp > > δ), the sensing mechanism is controlled by the grain boundaries (Figure 4C). For ultra-fine nanoparticles, there are two possible mechanisms as a function of the grain size (dp) [44, 46, 48]. If the grain size is larger than twice the Debye length, a conduction channel with bulk mobility exists within a diameter (LC = dp−2δ) from the grain centre (Figure 4C) [46, 49, 50]. A change in the scattering centre concentration (O2, O, O2) will then only result in a change in the conduction channel width (LC). By contrast, if the grain is smaller or equal to twice d, then the whole grain is depleted (Figure 4C); therefore, a reduction of the ionosorbed oxygen may ‘open’ a conduction channel through the oxide (Figure 4C) [49, 51].
\n
Recently, Moon et al. [41] present a high-performance chemiresistive electronic nose (CEN) based on an array of metal oxide semiconductor thin films, metal-catalysed thin films and nanostructured thin films. It consisted of differently nanostructured thin films based on metal oxides, including tungsten trioxide (WO3), tin dioxide (SnO2) and indium oxide (In2O3) (Figure 4D). These nanostructured thin films were synthesized by e-beam deposition in a glancing angle deposition. The chemiresistive-sensing properties of these nine sensing element arrays were explored for the diagnostics of asthma, halitosis and kidney disorders. The CEN operating at 168°C demonstrated a sensitive and selective detection of NO, H2S and NH3 with an 80% relative humidity (RH) atmosphere (Figure 4E). The estimated detection limits of this sensor array for these gas molecules were in the sub-ppb range, suggesting their potential use for the diagnosis of asthma, halitosis and kidney disease via breath analysis. The enhanced sensitivity of these sensing materials is attributed to the spill-over effect of the noble metal Au nanoparticle catalysts and the high porosity of villi-like nanostructures, which provides a large surface-to-volume ratio. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the CEN can detect and distinguish the H2S, NH3 and NO biomarkers in exhaled breath (Figure 4E).
\n
Righettoni et al. [39, 52] developed a portable acetone sensor (Figure 4F and G) consisting of flame-deposited [53, 54] and in situ-annealed, Si-doped epsilon-WO3 nanostructured films, capable of measuring ultra-low acetone concentrations (down to 20 ppb) with a high signal-to-noise ratio in ideal (dry air) and realistic (up to 90% RH) conditions. The detector films consist of highly sensitive and selective pure and Si-doped WO3 nanoparticle films (10–13 nm in diameter) made of the gas phase and aerosol-deposited onto interdigitated electrodes [55] as previously demonstrated for SnO2, ZnO and Si-SnO2 nanoparticles [43, 56, 57, 58]. The breath acetone content of test persons was monitored continuously and compared to that measured via proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Notably, in addition to providing similar breath acetone concentration readings to the PTR-MS and a better signal-to-noise ratio, the chemiresistive sensor response times were below 15 s, making these devices attractive for breath analysis (Figure 4H). Acetone concentrations of 20 ppb were measured with high signal-to-noise ratios above 10. Furthermore, the sensor response was robust against variation in gas flow rates down to 0.2 L.min−1, facilitating the application of such sensors for real breath measurement devices.
\n
\n
\n
5. pH-monitoring sensors
\n
Monitoring of chronic wounds is a relatively unexplored area that presents significant challenges to modern health-care providers. Chronic wounds are defined as wounds that either do not heal or heal very slowly or may reoccur after healing. Generally, wounds that do not heal within 3 months are termed chronic [59]. They affect more than nine million people across the United States and Europe with an annual cost exceeding US$ 39 billion [60, 61]. Usually, diabetic, obese and elderly people tend to suffer from chronic wounds [62, 63]. Untimely, treatment may lead rapidly to infections and complications. The diagnosis and the treatment of chronic wounds are quite complex, providing a major challenge to the health-care staff [64]. One of the major causes of disruption of the healing process, which may lead to a chronic wound, is bacterial infection which may result in the overgrowth of a newly formed capillary-rich granulation tissue over the wound [65]. This condition, termed as over-granulation, can hamper the healing process and may result in a protruding, friable flesh that is very sensitive and bleeds easily.
\n
There is currently no commercially available wireless device to continuously monitor the wound-healing process. Patients rely on medical staff for physical inspection of the wound, which requires repeated trips to clinics or prolonged hospitalization. Few devices have been reported in the study that monitor parameters related to the wound-healing process. These include a bandage in a solution form that can be painted onto the skin to form a thin film [66]. The film emits oxygen-dependent phosphorescence that can be used to map the oxygen levels of the underlying skin tissue. In another example, a flexible electrode array has been developed through the inkjet printing of gold nanoparticle on flexible polyethylene naphthalate to measure the impedance spectrum of the tissues for early detection of pressure ulcers [67]. Electrodes have been demonstrated to measure moisture levels [68] as well as bacteria [69] in wound dressings. Changes in pH values have also been related to the presence of infection. An infected wound shows slightly basic pH due to certain enzyme activities, bacterial colonization and formation of protein structures [70]. However, these approaches rely on the sensing of a single parameter to monitor the wound-healing process, while the healing is a complex process that may require information about a number of factors affecting the wound healing. An attractive solution would be the integration of low cost, wearable, compact, wireless, real-time wound-monitoring system on the adhesive bandages that are commonly used to protect wounds from the external environment. Such a system could be worn by patients everyday and be able to issue early warnings to the patients regarding any abnormality in the healing process, as well as wirelessly send the data recordings of multiple parameters related to the wound-healing process to the remote medical staff.
\n
Recently, Farooqui et al. [71] reported a wearable system to wirelessly monitor chronic wounds using simple bandage strips. The system comprised a set of inkjet-printed sensors on a disposable bandage to monitor bleeding, pH levels and external pressure on the wound site. The sensor and wireless circuitry electronics were integrated on the bandage in a reusable fashion, thus maintaining the disposability of the bandage strip in contact with the wound (Figure 5A–C). This wearable bandage could alert the patient and the health-care providers regarding any abnormality in the wound-healing process through the integrated wireless module [71]. The pH levels on the wound site were detected by changes in resistance of one of the electrodes (carbon-based) placed on the bandage [71]. The wireless tests were performed while the bandage is worn on the body as shown in Figure 5C. A fluid was injected underneath the bandage using a narrow tube, attached to a syringe containing the fluid, imitating a wound-bleeding process. A Zigbee wireless receiver was placed to receive an information signal from the bandage. When the fluid was pumped from the syringe and reaches the bottom side of the bandage, the transmitter on the bandage was activated and sent information to the receiver [71].
\n
Figure 5.
(A) Two sensor electrodes are mounted on the top and the bottom side of a bandage forming a capacitor. (B) The pH levels are sensed when the resistance of the carbon based bottom electrode changes in response to the pH levels. (C) The bandage (with exposed electronics) is worn on the forearm [71]. Reproduced with permission [71]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (D) Fabrication process for a pH-sensing bandage device. (i–iv) An insulating layer is printed, followed by an Ag/AgCl and a carbon layer, and finally an insulating layer with skin-like colour. (v) Images displaying the printed potentiometric sensor on an adhesive bandage [72]. Reproduced with permission [72]. Copyright 2014, Wiley Online Library. (E) Real-time recording of pH changes over a 100-min interval using a PEG hydrogel simulating the composition of a wound [72].
\n
Guinovart et al. [72] demonstrated a wearable potentiometric pH cell embedded into an adhesive bandage for real-time monitoring of pH variations in a wound. Screen-printed silver-silver chloride electrodes were deposited on a commercial adhesive bandage forming a potentiometric cell. The fabrication process is illustrated in Figure 5D. A transparent dielectric insulator was first printed onto the cellulose pad to cover the area where the potentiometric electrodes would be printed [72]. Then, conductive traces that defined the electrode under-layer were made by screen-printing of an Ag/AgCl conductive ink. Thereafter, a carbon layer was overlaid on the traces to fabricate the working electrode. Finally, an insulator ink was used to shield the conductive tracks and expose the electro-active areas and contact pads for micro-wiring [72]. To assess the ability of the sensor to dynamically monitor pH changes in wounds, a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel, cured on top of both electrodes, was used to emulate a healing segment of tissue. Figure 5E shows a typical pH time response. First, a sharp decrease in the pH is observed. This corresponds to the diffusion of the supplied solution to the electrode surface. After 40 min, the pH reaches a similar value to the added solution pH level. The corresponding electromotive force (EMF) profile is shown in the inset of Figure 5E. These findings demonstrate that the new pH-sensitive bandage is able to detect pH fluctuations at a wound site with relatively long time intervals (up to 100 min).
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusions
\n
Advanced wearable-sensing technologies have the potential to offer a minimally intrusive telemedicine platform for individual health service and dramatically alter the landscape of health-care delivery as well as our understanding of many diseases. In this chapter, we have reviewed some recent achievements in miniaturised sensor technologies for the non-invasive detection of disease biomarkers for medical diagnostics. We have classified these technologies according to their working principles and detecting mechanisms. Notably, the development of portable devices is rapidly revolutionising the device layout, resulting in the engineering of wearable sensor systems on tattoos, bandages and contact lenses. Highly selective body fluid sensors for readily available sweat, saliva and tears have been developed leveraging on existing electrochemical, capacitive and pH-monitoring technologies, which can benefit from an extensive library of enzymes for biomolecule detection. Similarly, non-invasive breath analysis approaches based on solid-state devices made of unique nanomaterial compositions can sense important biomarkers such as acetone, one the primary breath markers for diabetes, down to a few particles per billion. By enhancing reducing health-care costs and providing novel health data with unprecedented frequency, these smart wearable sensors can play a critical role in revolutionising the future health-care system and improving our quality of life.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
A.T. gratefully acknowledges the support of Australian Research Council DP150101939, Australian Research Council DE160100569 and Westpac2016 Research Fellowship.
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
\n',keywords:"non-invasive health care, biosensors, wearable electronics",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/61315.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/61315.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61315",totalDownloads:1302,totalViews:507,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:2,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:54,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"November 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 31st 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 3rd 2018",dateFinished:"May 9th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Recent advances in miniaturized electronics, as well as mobile access to computational power, are fostering a rapid growth of wearable technologies. In particular, the application of such wearable technologies to health care enables to access more information from the patient than standard episodically testing conducted in health provider centres. Clinical, behavioural and self-monitored data collected by wearable devices provide a means for improving the early-stage detection and management of diseases as well as reducing the overall costs over more invasive standard diagnostics approaches. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the ongoing key innovations in materials science and micro/nano-fabrication technologies that are setting the basis for future personalized and preventive medicine devices and approaches. The design of wire- and power-less ultra-thin sensors fabricated on wearable biocompatible materials that can be placed in direct contact with the body tissues such as the skin will be reviewed, focusing on emerging solutions and bottlenecks. The application of nanotechnology for the fabrication of sophisticated miniaturized sensors will be presented. Exemplary sensor designs for the non-invasive measurement of ultra-low concentrations of important biomarkers will be discussed as case studies for the application of these emerging technologies.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/61315",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/61315",book:{id:"6598",slug:"wearable-technologies"},signatures:"Noushin Nasiri and Antonio Tricoli",authors:[{id:"234150",title:"Dr.",name:"Noushin",middleName:null,surname:"Nasiri",fullName:"Noushin Nasiri",slug:"noushin-nasiri",email:"noushin.nasiri@mq.edu.au",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/234150/images/system/234150.jpg",institution:{name:"Macquarie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"236706",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Tricoli",fullName:"Antonio Tricoli",slug:"antonio-tricoli",email:"antonio.tricoli@anu.edu.au",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Electrochemical sensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Capacitive sensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Chemiluminescence sensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Chemiresistive sensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. pH-monitoring sensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Xu S, Zhang Y, Jia L, Mathewson KE, Jang K-I, Kim J, et al. Soft microfluidic assemblies of sensors, circuits, and radios for the skin. Science. 2014;344(6179):70-74. DOI: 10.1126/science.1250169\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Jia W, Bandodkar AJ, Valdés-Ramírez G, Windmiller JR, Yang Z, Ramírez J, et al. Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration. Analytical Chemistry. 2013;85(14):6553-6560. DOI: 10.1021/ac401573r\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Zhu W, Bao C, Li F, Zhou X, Yang J, Yu T, et al. An efficient planar-heterojunction solar cell based on wide-bandgap CH3NH3PbI2.1Br0.9 perovskite film for tandem cell application. Chemical Communications. 2016;52(2):304-307. DOI: 10.1039/C5CC07673K\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Stetter JR, Zaromb S, Penrose WR. Sensor Array for Toxic Gas Detection. Google Patents; 1987\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Kim J, Jeerapan I, Imani S, Cho TN, Bandodkar A, Cinti S, et al. Noninvasive alcohol monitoring using a wearable tattoo-based Iontophoretic-biosensing system. ACS Sensors. 2016;1(8):1011-1019. DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00356\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Falk M, Andoralov V, Silow M, Toscano MD, Shleev S. Miniature biofuel cell as a potential power source for glucose-sensing contact lenses. Analytical Chemistry. 2013;85(13):6342-6348. DOI: 10.1021/ac4006793\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Li H, Mu X, Yang Y, Mason AJ. Low power multimode electrochemical gas sensor Array system for wearable health and safety monitoring. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2014;14(10):3391-3399. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2014.2332278\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Tang L, Zeng G-M, Shen G-L, Li Y-P, Zhang Y, Huang D-L. Rapid detection of Picloram in agricultural field samples using a disposable Immunomembrane-based electrochemical sensor. Environmental Science & Technology. 2008;42(4):1207-1212. DOI: 10.1021/es7024593\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Hayat A, Marty J. Disposable screen printed electrochemical sensors: Tools for environmental monitoring. Sensors. 2014;14(6):10432. DOI: 10.3390/s140610432\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Bakker E, Telting-Diaz M. Electrochemical sensors. Analytical Chemistry. 2002;74(12):2781-2800. DOI: 10.1021/ac0202278\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Schazmann B, Morris D, Slater C, Beirne S, Fay C, Reuveny R, et al. A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration. Analytical Methods. 2010;2(4):342-348. DOI: 10.1039/B9AY00184K\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Guinovart T, Parrilla M, Crespo GA, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. Potentiometric sensors using cotton yarns, carbon nanotubes and polymeric membranes. The Analyst. 2013;138(18):5208-5215. DOI: 10.1039/C3AN00710C\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Yin Z, Wu J, Yang Z. Amperometric sensors based on Ni/Al and co/Al layered double hydroxides modified electrode and their application for hydrogen peroxide detection. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2011;26(5):1970-1974. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.049\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Yang Y-L, Chuang M-C, Lou S-L, Wang J. Thick-film textile-based amperometric sensors and biosensors. The Analyst. 2010;135(6):1230-1234. DOI: 10.1039/B926339J\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Li D, Hu J, Wu R, Lu JG. Conductometric chemical sensor based on individual CuO nanowires. Nanotechnology. 2010;21(48):485502. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/48/485502\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Biomarkers of some pulmonary diseases in exhaled breath. Biomarkers. 2002;7(1):1-32. DOI: 10.1080/13547500110104233\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Bollella P, Fusco G, Tortolini C, Sanzò G, Favero G, Gorton L, et al. Beyond graphene: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for biomarkers detection. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2016;89:152-166. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.068\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Lee H, Choi TK, Lee YB, Cho HR, Ghaffari R, Wang L, et al. A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. Nature Nanotechnology. 2016;11:566. DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.38\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Thomas N, Lähdesmäki I, Parviz BA. A contact lens with an integrated lactate sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2012;162(1):128-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2011.12.049\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Kim J, Imani S, de Araujo WR, Warchall J, Valdés-Ramírez G, Paixão TRLC, et al. Wearable salivary uric acid mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless electronics. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2015;74:1061-1068. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.039\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Wang W-S, Kuo W-T, Huang H-Y, Luo C-H. Wide dynamic range CMOS Potentiostat for Amperometric chemical sensor. Sensors. 2010;10(3):1782. DOI: 10.3390/s100301782\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Chu MX, Miyajima K, Takahashi D, Arakawa T, Sano K, Sawada S-I, et al. Soft contact lens biosensor for in situ monitoring of tear glucose as non-invasive blood sugar assessment. Talanta. 2011;83(3):960-965. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.10.055\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Azzouzi S, Rotariu L, Benito AM, Maser WK, Ali MB, Bala C. A novel amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide for sensitive detection of L-lactate tumor biomarker. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2015;69:280-286. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.012\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Chen G-Z, Chan I-S, Lam DCC. Capacitive contact lens sensor for continuous non-invasive intraocular pressure monitoring. Sensors & Actuators, A: Physical. 2013;203:112-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2013.08.029\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Mannoor MS, Tao H, Clayton JD, Sengupta A, Kaplan DL, Naik RR, et al. Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel. Nature Communications. 2012;3:763. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1767\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Schnakenberg U, Walter P, vom Bögel G, Krüger C, Lüdtke-Handjery HC, Richter HA, et al. Initial investigations on systems for measuring intraocular pressure. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical. 2000;85(1):287-291. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-4247(00)00426-X\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Liu X, Freeman R, Golub E, Willner I. Chemiluminescence and chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) aptamer sensors using catalytic hemin/G-quadruplexes. ACS Nano. 2011;5(9):7648-7655. DOI: 10.1021/nn202799d\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Li LL, Liu KP, Yang GH, Wang CM, Zhang JR, Zhu JJ. Fabrication of graphene–quantum dots composites for sensitive electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunosensing. Advanced Functional Materials. 2011;21(5):869-878. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201001550\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Freeman TM, Seitz WR. Chemiluminescence fiber optic probe for hydrogen peroxide based on the luminol reaction. Analytical Chemistry. 1978;50(9):1242-1246. DOI: 10.1021/ac50031a012\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Zhang Z, Zhang S, Zhang X. Recent developments and applications of chemiluminescence sensors. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2005;541(1–2):37-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.069\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Delaney JL, Hogan CF, Tian J, Shen W. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection in paper-based microfluidic sensors. Analytical Chemistry. 2011;83(4):1300-1306. DOI: 10.1021/ac102392t\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Whitfield MD, McKeag RD, Pang LY, Chan SS, Jackman RB. Thin film diamond UV photodetectors: Photodiodes compared with photoconductive devices for highly selective wavelength response. Diamond and Related Materials. 1996;5(6–8):829-834. DOI: 10.1016/0925-9635(95)00419-X\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Pacholski C, Kornowski A, Weller H. Self-assembly of ZnO: From nanodots to nanorods. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2002;41(7):1188-1191. DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020402)41:7<1188::AID-ANIE1188>3.0.CO;2-5\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Mirica KA, Azzarelli JM, Weis JG, Schnorr JM, Swager TM. Rapid prototyping of carbon-based chemiresistive gas sensors on paper. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013;110(35):E3265-E3E70. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307251110\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Ramgir N, Datta N, Kaur M, Kailasaganapathi S, Debnath AK, Aswal DK, et al. Metal oxide nanowires for chemiresistive gas sensors: Issues, challenges and prospects. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2013;439:101-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.02.029\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Meng F-L, Guo Z, Huang X-J. Graphene-based hybrids for chemiresistive gas sensors. Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2015;68:37-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.008\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Fratoddi I, Venditti I, Cametti C, Russo MV. Chemiresistive polyaniline-based gas sensors: A mini review. Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical. 2015;220:534-548. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.05.107\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Tricoli A, Righettoni M, Teleki A. Semiconductor gas sensors: Dry synthesis and application. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2010;49(42):7632-7659. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903801\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Righettoni M, Tricoli A, Gass S, Schmid A, Amann A, Pratsinis SE. Breath acetone monitoring by portable Si:WO3 gas sensors. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2012;738:69-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.002\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Righettoni M, Tricoli A, Pratsinis SE. Thermally stable, silica-doped ε-WO3 for sensing of acetone in the human breath. Chemistry of Materials. 2010;22(10):3152-3157. DOI: 10.1021/cm1001576\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Moon HG, Jung Y, Han SD, Shim Y-S, Shin B, Lee T, et al. Chemiresistive electronic nose toward detection of biomarkers in exhaled breath. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2016;8(32):20969-20976. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03256\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Moon HG, Shim Y-S, Kim DH, Jeong HY, Jeong M, Jung JY, et al. Self-activated ultrahigh chemosensitivity of oxide thin film nanostructures for transparent sensors. Scientific Reports. 2012;2:588. DOI: 10.1038/srep00588\n'},{id:"B43",body:'Zayasu K, Sekizawa K, Okinaga S, Yamaya M, Ohrui T, Sasaki H. Increased carbon monoxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997;156(4):1140-1143. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.96-08056\n'},{id:"B44",body:'Ogawa H, Nishikawa M, Abe A. Hall measurement studies and an electrical conduction model of tin oxide ultrafine particle films. Journal of Applied Physics. 1982;53(6):4448-4455. DOI: 10.1063/1.331230\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Harrison PG, Willett MJ. Tin oxide surfaces. Part 20—Electrical properties of tin (IV) oxide gel: Nature of the surface species controlling the electrical conductance in air as a function of temperature. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions. 1989;85(8):1921-1932. DOI: 10.1039/F19898501921\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Nasiri N, Bo R, Wang F, Fu L, Tricoli A. Ultraporous Electron-depleted ZnO nanoparticle networks for highly sensitive portable visible-blind UV Photodetectors. Advanced Materials. 2015;27(29):4336-4343. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501517\n'},{id:"B47",body:'Barsan N, Weimar U. Understanding the fundamental principles of metal oxide based gas sensors; The example of CO sensing with SnO2 sensors in the presence of humidity. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter. 2003;15(20):R813. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/15/20/201\n'},{id:"B48",body:'Nasiri N, Bo R, Hung TF, Roy VAL, Fu L, Tricoli A. Tunable band-selective UV-Photodetectors by 3D self-assembly of heterogeneous nanoparticle networks. Advanced Functional Materials. 2016;26(40):7359-7366. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201602195\n'},{id:"B49",body:'Nasiri N, Bo R, Fu L, Tricoli A. Three-dimensional nano-heterojunction networks: A highly performing structure for fast visible-blind UV photodetectors. Nanoscale. 2017;9(5):2059-2067. DOI: 10.1039/C6NR08425G\n'},{id:"B50",body:'Jesenak M, Banovcin P, Havlicekova Z, Dobrota D, Babusikova E. Factors influencing the levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in asthmatic children. The Journal of Asthma. 2014;51(9):900-906. DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.936448\n'},{id:"B51",body:'Nasiri N, Bo R, Chen H, White TP, Fu L, Tricoli A. Structural engineering of Nano-grain boundaries for low-voltage UV-Photodetectors with gigantic photo- to dark-current ratios. Advanced Optical Materials. 2016;4(11):1787-1795. DOI: 10.1002/adom.201600273\n'},{id:"B52",body:'Righettoni M, Ragnoni A, Güntner AT, Loccioni C, Pratsinis SE, Risby TH. Monitoring breath markers under controlled conditions. Journal of Breath Research. 2015;9(4):047101. DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/047101\n'},{id:"B53",body:'Nasiri N, Elmoe TD, Liu Y, Qin QH, Tricoli A. Self-assembly dynamics and accumulation mechanisms of ultra-fine nanoparticles. Nanoscale. 2015;7(21):9859-9867. DOI: 10.1039/C5NR00877H\n'},{id:"B54",body:'Yahuitl Osorio M, The D, Noushin N, Thomas PW, Antonio T, Kylie RC. Flame-made ultra-porous TiO2 layers for perovskite solar cells. Nanotechnology. 2016;27(50):505403. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/50/505403\n'},{id:"B55",body:'Righettoni M, Tricoli A, Pratsinis SE. Si:WO3 sensors for highly selective detection of acetone for easy diagnosis of diabetes by breath analysis. Analytical Chemistry. 2010;82(9):3581-3587. DOI: 10.1021/ac902695n\n'},{id:"B56",body:'Tricoli A, Graf M, Mayer F, Kuühne S, Hierlemann A, Pratsinis SE. Micropatterning layers by flame aerosol deposition-annealing. Advanced Materials. 2008;20(16):3005-3010. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200701844\n'},{id:"B57",body:'Tricoli A, Graf M, Pratsinis SE. Optimal doping for enhanced SnO2 sensitivity and thermal stability. Advanced Functional Materials. 2008;18(13):1969-1976. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200700784\n'},{id:"B58",body:'Tricoli A, Nasiri N, Chen H, Wallerand AS, Righettoni M. Ultra-rapid synthesis of highly porous and robust hierarchical ZnO films for dye sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy. 2016;136:553-559. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.07.024\n'},{id:"B59",body:'Nunan R, Harding KG, Martin P. Clinical challenges of chronic wounds: Searching for an optimal animal model to recapitulate their complexity. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2014;7(11):1205-1213. DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016782\n'},{id:"B60",body:'Sen CK, Gordillo GM, Roy S, Kirsner R, Lambert L, Hunt TK, et al. Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2009;17(6):763-771. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x\n'},{id:"B61",body:'Posnett J, Gottrup F, Lundgren H, Saal G. The resource impact of wounds on health-care providers in Europe. Journal of Wound Care. 2009;18(4):154. DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2009.18.4.41607\n'},{id:"B62",body:'Gist S, Tio-Matos I, Falzgraf S, Cameron S, Beebe M. Wound care in the geriatric client. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2009;4:269. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S4726\n'},{id:"B63",body:'Blakytny R, Jude E. The molecular biology of chronic wounds and delayed healing in diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2006;23(6):594-608. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01773.x\n'},{id:"B64",body:'Hampton S. Understanding overgranulation in tissue viability practice. British Journal of Community Nursing. 2007;12(Sup4):S24-S30. DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2007.12.Sup4.43000\n'},{id:"B65",body:'Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Doebbeling BN. The validity of the clinical signs and symptoms used to identify localized chronic wound infection. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2001;9(3):178-186. DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00178.x\n'},{id:"B66",body:'Li Z, Roussakis E, Koolen PG, Ibrahim AM, Kim K, Rose LF, et al. Non-invasive transdermal two-dimensional mapping of cutaneous oxygenation with a rapid-drying liquid bandage. Biomedical Optics Express. 2014;5(11):3748-3764. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.5.003748\n'},{id:"B67",body:'Swisher SL, Lin MC, Liao A, Leeflang EJ, Khan Y, Pavinatto FJ, et al. Impedance sensing device enables early detection of pressure ulcers in vivo. Nature Communications. 2015;6:6575. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7575\n'},{id:"B68",body:'Kim I-Y, Suh S-H, Lee I-K, Wolfe RR. Applications of stable, nonradioactive isotope tracers in in vivo human metabolic research. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2016;48(1):e203. DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.97\n'},{id:"B69",body:'McColl D, Cartlidge B, Connolly P. Real-time monitoring of moisture levels in wound dressings in vitro: An experimental study. International Journal of Surgery. 2007;5(5):316-322. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2007.02.008\n'},{id:"B70",body:'Schreml S, Szeimies RM, Karrer S, Heinlin J, Landthaler M, Babilas P. The impact of the pH value on skin integrity and cutaneous wound healing. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2010;24(4):373-378. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03413.x\n'},{id:"B71",body:'Farooqui MF, Shamim A. Low cost inkjet printed smart bandage for wireless monitoring of chronic wounds. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:28949. DOI: 10.1038/srep28949\n'},{id:"B72",body:'Guinovart T, Valdés-Ramírez G, Windmiller JR, Andrade FJ, Wang J. Bandage-based wearable potentiometric sensor for monitoring wound pH. Electroanalysis. 2014;26(6):1345-1353. DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300558\n'},{id:"B73",body:'Tricoli A, Nasiri N, De S. Wearable and miniaturized sensor technologies for personalized and preventive medicine. 2017;27(15):1605271. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201605271\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Noushin Nasiri",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Science, Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, Australia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6598",type:"book",title:"Wearable Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wearable Technologies",slug:"wearable-technologies",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2018",bookSignature:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6598.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-004-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-003-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-580-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"97704",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús Hamilton",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"758"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"61315",type:"chapter",title:"Advances in Wearable Sensing Technologies and Their Impact for Personalized and Preventive Medicine",slug:"advances-in-wearable-sensing-technologies-and-their-impact-for-personalized-and-preventive-medicine",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Noushin Nasiri and Antonio Tricoli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"234150",title:"Dr.",name:"Noushin",middleName:null,surname:"Nasiri",fullName:"Noushin Nasiri",slug:"noushin-nasiri"},{id:"236706",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Tricoli",fullName:"Antonio Tricoli",slug:"antonio-tricoli"}]},{id:"60508",type:"chapter",title:"A Proposal for New Algorithm that Defines Gait-Induced Acceleration and Gait Cycle in Daily Parkinsonian Gait Disorders",slug:"a-proposal-for-new-algorithm-that-defines-gait-induced-acceleration-and-gait-cycle-in-daily-parkinso",totalDownloads:931,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Masahiko Suzuki, Makiko Yogo, Masayo Morita, Hiroo Terashi,\nMutsumi Iijima, Mitsuru Yoneyama, Masato Takada, Hiroya Utsumi,\nYasuyuki Okuma, Akito Hayashi, Satoshi Orimo and Hiroshi Mitoma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma"},{id:"227967",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Masahiko Suzuki",slug:"masahiko-suzuki"},{id:"229488",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroo",middleName:null,surname:"Terashi",fullName:"Hiroo Terashi",slug:"hiroo-terashi"},{id:"240961",title:"Dr.",name:"Makiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yogo",fullName:"Makiko Yogo",slug:"makiko-yogo"},{id:"240962",title:"Dr.",name:"Masayo",middleName:null,surname:"Morita",fullName:"Masayo Morita",slug:"masayo-morita"},{id:"240964",title:"Prof.",name:"Mutsumi",middleName:null,surname:"Iijima",fullName:"Mutsumi Iijima",slug:"mutsumi-iijima"},{id:"240966",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Okuma",fullName:"Yasuyuki Okuma",slug:"yasuyuki-okuma"},{id:"240967",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Orimo",fullName:"Satoshi Orimo",slug:"satoshi-orimo"},{id:"240968",title:"Prof.",name:"Akito",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Akito Hayashi",slug:"akito-hayashi"},{id:"240969",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroya",middleName:null,surname:"Utsumi",fullName:"Hiroya Utsumi",slug:"hiroya-utsumi"},{id:"240970",title:"BSc.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Yoneyama",fullName:"Mitsuru Yoneyama",slug:"mitsuru-yoneyama"},{id:"240971",title:"BSc.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",fullName:"Masato Takada",slug:"masato-takada"}]},{id:"61336",type:"chapter",title:"Wearable Technology as a Tool to Motivate Health Behaviour: A Case Study",slug:"wearable-technology-as-a-tool-to-motivate-health-behaviour-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1001,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Venere Ferraro, Mila Stepanovic and Silvia Ferraris",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"227494",title:"Dr.",name:"Venere",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraro",fullName:"Venere Ferraro",slug:"venere-ferraro"},{id:"240690",title:"MSc.",name:"Mila",middleName:null,surname:"Stepanovic",fullName:"Mila Stepanovic",slug:"mila-stepanovic"},{id:"240691",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraris",fullName:"Silvia Ferraris",slug:"silvia-ferraris"}]},{id:"60918",type:"chapter",title:"Wearable Neuromodulators",slug:"wearable-neuromodulators",totalDownloads:860,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arsam N. Shiraz, Brian Leaker and Andreas Demosthenous",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"231986",title:"Dr.",name:"Arsam",middleName:null,surname:"Shiraz",fullName:"Arsam Shiraz",slug:"arsam-shiraz"},{id:"231987",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Demosthenous",fullName:"Andreas Demosthenous",slug:"andreas-demosthenous"},{id:"249146",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Leaker",fullName:"Brian Leaker",slug:"brian-leaker"}]},{id:"60301",type:"chapter",title:"Wearable Dialysis: Current State and Perspectives",slug:"wearable-dialysis-current-state-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1348,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nikolai Bazaev, Nikita Zhilo, Viktor Grinval’d and Sergey Selishchev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"194094",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Bazaev",fullName:"Nikolay Bazaev",slug:"nikolay-bazaev"},{id:"242734",title:"BSc.",name:"Nikita",middleName:null,surname:"Zhilo",fullName:"Nikita Zhilo",slug:"nikita-zhilo"},{id:"242735",title:"Prof.",name:"Viktor",middleName:null,surname:"Grinval’d",fullName:"Viktor Grinval’d",slug:"viktor-grinval'd"},{id:"242736",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Selishchev",fullName:"Sergey Selishchev",slug:"sergey-selishchev"}]},{id:"61246",type:"chapter",title:"Smart Materials for Wearable Healthcare Devices",slug:"smart-materials-for-wearable-healthcare-devices",totalDownloads:1662,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Han Jin, Qinghui Jin and Jiawen Jian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"230089",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Han",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Han Jin",slug:"han-jin"}]},{id:"61160",type:"chapter",title:"Recent Progress in Nanostructured Zinc Oxide Grown on Fabric for Wearable Thermoelectric Power Generator with UV Shielding",slug:"recent-progress-in-nanostructured-zinc-oxide-grown-on-fabric-for-wearable-thermoelectric-power-gener",totalDownloads:1228,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Pandiyarasan Veluswamy, Suhasini Sathiyamoorthy, Hiroya Ikeda,\nManikandan Elayaperumal and Malik Maaza",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25875",title:"Dr.",name:"Malek",middleName:null,surname:"Maaza",fullName:"Malek Maaza",slug:"malek-maaza"},{id:"185864",title:"Prof.",name:"Manikandan",middleName:null,surname:"Elayaperumal",fullName:"Manikandan Elayaperumal",slug:"manikandan-elayaperumal"},{id:"215388",title:"Dr.",name:"Pandiyarasan",middleName:null,surname:"Veluswamy",fullName:"Pandiyarasan Veluswamy",slug:"pandiyarasan-veluswamy"},{id:"248532",title:"Ms.",name:"Suhasini",middleName:null,surname:"Sathiyamoorthy",fullName:"Suhasini Sathiyamoorthy",slug:"suhasini-sathiyamoorthy"},{id:"248533",title:"Prof.",name:"Ikeda",middleName:null,surname:"Hiroya",fullName:"Ikeda Hiroya",slug:"ikeda-hiroya"}]},{id:"60834",type:"chapter",title:"Conductive Yarn Embroidered Circuits for System on Textiles",slug:"conductive-yarn-embroidered-circuits-for-system-on-textiles",totalDownloads:1390,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jung-Sim Roh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"232246",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jung-Sim",middleName:null,surname:"ROh",fullName:"Jung-Sim ROh",slug:"jung-sim-roh"}]},{id:"60481",type:"chapter",title:"A Wearable Heating System with a Controllable e-Textile- Based Thermal Panel",slug:"a-wearable-heating-system-with-a-controllable-e-textile-based-thermal-panel",totalDownloads:1492,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Senem Kurşun Bahadir and Umut Kivanc Sahin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48882",title:"Dr.",name:"Senem",middleName:null,surname:"Kurşun Bahadır",fullName:"Senem Kurşun Bahadır",slug:"senem-kursun-bahadir"},{id:"116271",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut Kivanc",middleName:null,surname:"Sahin",fullName:"Umut Kivanc Sahin",slug:"umut-kivanc-sahin"}]},{id:"61357",type:"chapter",title:"The Comparison of Wearable Fitness Devices",slug:"the-comparison-of-wearable-fitness-devices",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Kanitthika Kaewkannate and Soochan Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"228941",title:"Prof.",name:"Soochan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Soochan Kim",slug:"soochan-kim"},{id:"228943",title:"MSc.",name:"Kanitthika",middleName:null,surname:"Kaewkannate",fullName:"Kanitthika Kaewkannate",slug:"kanitthika-kaewkannate"}]},{id:"60448",type:"chapter",title:"Bio-Inspired Wearable Antennas",slug:"bio-inspired-wearable-antennas",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Paulo Fernandes da Silva Júnior, Alexandre Jean René Serres,\nRaimundo Carlos Silvério Freire, Georgina Karla de Freitas Serres,\nEdmar Candeia Gurjão, Joabson Nogueira de Carvalho and Ewaldo\nEder Carvalho Santana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"199230",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre Jean René",middleName:null,surname:"Serres",fullName:"Alexandre Jean René Serres",slug:"alexandre-jean-rene-serres"},{id:"205094",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgina Karla",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas Serres",fullName:"Georgina Karla Freitas Serres",slug:"georgina-karla-freitas-serres"},{id:"205095",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Silva Júnior",fullName:"Paulo Silva Júnior",slug:"paulo-silva-junior"},{id:"229216",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmar",middleName:null,surname:"Candeia",fullName:"Edmar Candeia",slug:"edmar-candeia"},{id:"229218",title:"Dr.",name:"Joabson",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira",fullName:"Joabson Nogueira",slug:"joabson-nogueira"},{id:"229219",title:"Dr.",name:"Raimundo",middleName:null,surname:"Freire",fullName:"Raimundo Freire",slug:"raimundo-freire"},{id:"240706",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Santana",fullName:"Ewaldo Santana",slug:"ewaldo-santana"}]},{id:"61567",type:"chapter",title:"Middleware-Driven Intelligent Glove for Industrial Applications",slug:"middleware-driven-intelligent-glove-for-industrial-applications",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Farouq Muhammad Aliyu and Basem Almadani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"227198",title:"Mr.",name:"Farouq",middleName:null,surname:"Aliyu",fullName:"Farouq Aliyu",slug:"farouq-aliyu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1636",title:"Telecommunications Networks",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cd52027cd1f450d5770cede2b712b46",slug:"telecommunications-networks-current-status-and-future-trends",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1636.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97704",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"33189",title:"Access Control Solutions for Next Generation Networks",slug:"access-control-solutions-for-next-generation-networks",signatures:"F. Pereniguez-Garcia, R. Marin-Lopez and A.F. Gomez-Skarmeta",authors:[{id:"22010",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Skarmeta",fullName:"Antonio Skarmeta",slug:"antonio-skarmeta"},{id:"107022",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Marin-Lopez",fullName:"Rafael Marin-Lopez",slug:"rafael-marin-lopez"},{id:"107028",title:"Mr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Pereniguez-Garcia",fullName:"Fernando Pereniguez-Garcia",slug:"fernando-pereniguez-garcia"}]},{id:"33190",title:"IP and 3G Bandwidth Management Strategies Applied to Capacity Planning",slug:"ip-and-3g-4g-bandwidth-management-strategies-applied-to-capacity-planning",signatures:"Paulo H. P. de Carvalho, Márcio A. de Deus and Priscila S. Barreto",authors:[{id:"22510",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Paulo Henrique Carvalho",slug:"paulo-henrique-carvalho"},{id:"103420",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscila",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",fullName:"Priscila Barreto",slug:"priscila-barreto"},{id:"111343",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcio",middleName:null,surname:"De Deus",fullName:"Marcio De Deus",slug:"marcio-de-deus"}]},{id:"33191",title:"eTOM-Conformant IMS Assurance Management",slug:"etom-conformant-ims-assurance-management",signatures:"M. Bellafkih, B. Raouyane, D. Ranc, M. Errais and M. Ramdani",authors:[{id:"108459",title:"Mr.",name:"Brahim",middleName:null,surname:"Raouyane",fullName:"Brahim Raouyane",slug:"brahim-raouyane"},{id:"138808",title:"Prof.",name:"Mostapha",middleName:null,surname:"Bellafkih",fullName:"Mostapha Bellafkih",slug:"mostapha-bellafkih"}]},{id:"33206",title:"A Testbed About Priority-Based Dynamic Connection Profiles in QoS Wireless Multimedia Networks",slug:"a-testbed-about-priority-based-dynamic-connection-profiles-",signatures:"A. Toppan, P. Toppan, C. De Castro and O. Andrisano",authors:[{id:"12683",title:"Prof.",name:"Oreste",middleName:null,surname:"Andrisano",fullName:"Oreste Andrisano",slug:"oreste-andrisano"},{id:"116207",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Toppan",fullName:"Andrea Toppan",slug:"andrea-toppan"},{id:"116750",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Toppan",fullName:"Paolo Toppan",slug:"paolo-toppan"},{id:"116752",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"De Castro",fullName:"Cristina De Castro",slug:"cristina-de-castro"}]},{id:"33207",title:"End to End Quality of Service in UMTS Systems",slug:"end-to-end-qos-in-wcdma",signatures:"Wei Zhuang",authors:[{id:"68762",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Wei Zhuang",slug:"wei-zhuang"}]},{id:"33208",title:"Power Considerations for Sensor Networks",slug:"power-considerations-in-sensor-networks",signatures:"Khadija Stewart and James L. Stewart",authors:[{id:"101930",title:"Prof.",name:"Khadija",middleName:null,surname:"Stewart",fullName:"Khadija Stewart",slug:"khadija-stewart"},{id:"129050",title:"Mr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Stewart",fullName:"James Stewart",slug:"james-stewart"}]},{id:"33209",title:"Review of Optimization Problems in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"review-of-optimization-problems-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Ada Gogu, Dritan Nace, Arta Dilo and Nirvana Meratnia",authors:[{id:"35368",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirvana",middleName:null,surname:"Meratnia",fullName:"Nirvana Meratnia",slug:"nirvana-meratnia"},{id:"116841",title:"Prof.",name:"Dritan",middleName:null,surname:"Nace",fullName:"Dritan Nace",slug:"dritan-nace"},{id:"116843",title:"Dr.",name:"Arta",middleName:null,surname:"Dilo",fullName:"Arta Dilo",slug:"arta-dilo"},{id:"116844",title:"MSc.",name:"Ada",middleName:null,surname:"Gogu",fullName:"Ada Gogu",slug:"ada-gogu"}]},{id:"33210",title:"Telecommunications Service Domain Ontology: Semantic Interoperation Foundation of Intelligent Integrated Services",slug:"telecommunications-service-domain-ontology-the-semantic-interoperation-foundation-of-intelligent-int",signatures:"Xiuquan Qiao, Xiaofeng Li and Junliang Chen",authors:[{id:"109842",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiuquan",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",fullName:"Xiuquan Qiao",slug:"xiuquan-qiao"},{id:"152902",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiaofeng Li",slug:"xiaofeng-li"},{id:"152903",title:"Dr.",name:"Junliang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Junliang Chen",slug:"junliang-chen"}]},{id:"33211",title:"Quantum Secure Telecommunication Systems",slug:"quantum-secure-telecommunication-systems",signatures:"Oleksandr Korchenko, Petro Vorobiyenko, Maksym Lutskiy, Yevhen Vasiliu and Sergiy Gnatyuk",authors:[{id:"119839",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Sergiy",middleName:"O.",surname:"Gnatyuk",fullName:"Sergiy Gnatyuk",slug:"sergiy-gnatyuk"},{id:"120810",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Korchenko",fullName:"Oleksandr Korchenko",slug:"oleksandr-korchenko"},{id:"120811",title:"Dr.",name:"Yevhen",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Yevhen Vasiliu",slug:"yevhen-vasiliu"},{id:"126545",title:"Prof.",name:"Petro",middleName:null,surname:"Vorobiyenko",fullName:"Petro Vorobiyenko",slug:"petro-vorobiyenko"},{id:"130192",title:"Prof.",name:"Maksym",middleName:null,surname:"Lutskiy",fullName:"Maksym Lutskiy",slug:"maksym-lutskiy"}]},{id:"33212",title:"Web-Based Laboratory Using Multitier Architecture",slug:"web-based-laboratory-using-multitier-architecture",signatures:"C. Guerra Torres and J. de León Morales",authors:[{id:"113851",title:"Dr.",name:"César",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra Torres",fullName:"César Guerra Torres",slug:"cesar-guerra-torres"},{id:"120064",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"De León Morales",fullName:"Jesús De León Morales",slug:"jesus-de-leon-morales"}]},{id:"33213",title:"Multicriteria Optimization in Telecommunication Networks Planning, Designing and Controlling",slug:"-multicriteria-optimization-in-telecommunication-networks-planning-designing-and-controlling-",signatures:"Valery Bezruk, Alexander Bukhanko, Dariya Chebotaryova and Vacheslav Varich",authors:[{id:"111278",title:"Prof.",name:"Valeriy",middleName:null,surname:"Bezruk",fullName:"Valeriy Bezruk",slug:"valeriy-bezruk"}]},{id:"33214",title:"Optical Burst-Switched Networks Exploiting Traffic Engineering in the Wavelength Domain",slug:"optical-burst-switched-networks-exploiting-traffic-engineering-in-the-wavelength-domain",signatures:"João Pedro and João Pires",authors:[{id:"106370",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Pedro",fullName:"João Pedro",slug:"joao-pedro"},{id:"111122",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",fullName:"João Pires",slug:"joao-pires"}]},{id:"33215",title:"Modelling a Network Traffic Probe Over a Multiprocessor Architecture",slug:"modelling-a-network-traffic-probe-over-a-multiprocessor-architecture",signatures:"Luis Zabala, Armando Ferro, Alberto Pineda and Alejandro Muñoz",authors:[{id:"111211",title:"Mr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",fullName:"Alejandro Muñoz",slug:"alejandro-munoz"},{id:"111364",title:"Mr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Zabala",fullName:"Luis Zabala",slug:"luis-zabala"},{id:"111381",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",middleName:null,surname:"Ferro",fullName:"Armando Ferro",slug:"armando-ferro"},{id:"138241",title:"Mr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pineda",fullName:"Alberto Pineda",slug:"alberto-pineda"}]},{id:"33216",title:"Routing and Traffic Engineering in Dynamic Packet-Oriented Networks",slug:"routing-and-traffic-engineering-in-dynamic-packet-oriented-networks",signatures:"Mihael Mohorčič and Aleš Švigelj",authors:[{id:"61573",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihael",middleName:null,surname:"Mohorcic",fullName:"Mihael Mohorcic",slug:"mihael-mohorcic"},{id:"116536",title:"Dr.",name:"Ales",middleName:null,surname:"Svigelj",fullName:"Ales Svigelj",slug:"ales-svigelj"}]},{id:"33217",title:"Modeling and Simulating the Self-Similar Network Traffic in Simulation Tool",slug:"modeling-and-simulating-the-self-similar-network-traffic-in-simulation-tool",signatures:"Matjaž Fras, Jože Mohorko and Žarko Čučej",authors:[{id:"17781",title:"Prof.",name:"Zarko",middleName:null,surname:"Cucej",fullName:"Zarko Cucej",slug:"zarko-cucej"},{id:"17782",title:"Dr.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Mohorko",fullName:"Joze Mohorko",slug:"joze-mohorko"},{id:"112877",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaž",middleName:null,surname:"Fras",fullName:"Matjaž Fras",slug:"matjaz-fras"}]},{id:"33218",title:"On the Fluid Queue Driven by an Ergodic Birth and Death Process",slug:"on-the-fluid-queue-driven-by-an-ergodic-birth-and-death-process",signatures:"Fabrice Guillemin and Bruno Sericola",authors:[{id:"116272",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Sericola",fullName:"Bruno Sericola",slug:"bruno-sericola"},{id:"116277",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Guillemin",fullName:"Fabrice Guillemin",slug:"fabrice-guillemin"}]},{id:"33219",title:"Optimal Control Strategies for Multipath Routing: From Load Balancing to Bottleneck Link Management",slug:"optimal-control-strategies-for-multipath-routing-from-load-balancing-to-bottleneck-link-management",signatures:"C. Bruni, F. Delli Priscoli, G. Koch, A. Pietrabissa and L. Pimpinella",authors:[{id:"118624",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Bruni",fullName:"Carlo Bruni",slug:"carlo-bruni"},{id:"118626",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Delli Priscoli",fullName:"Francesco Delli Priscoli",slug:"francesco-delli-priscoli"},{id:"118628",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Koch",fullName:"Giorgio Koch",slug:"giorgio-koch"},{id:"118629",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pietrabissa",fullName:"Antonio Pietrabissa",slug:"antonio-pietrabissa"},{id:"136002",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Pimpinella",fullName:"Laura Pimpinella",slug:"laura-pimpinella"}]},{id:"33220",title:"Simulation and Optimal Routing of Data Flows Using a Fluid Dynamic Approach",slug:"simulation-and-optimal-routing-of-data-flows-using-a-fluid-dynamic-approach",signatures:"Ciro D'Apice, Rosanna Manzo and Benedetto Piccoli",authors:[{id:"117559",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciro",middleName:null,surname:"D'Apice",fullName:"Ciro D'Apice",slug:"ciro-d'apice"},{id:"117681",title:"Prof.",name:"Benedetto",middleName:null,surname:"Piccoli",fullName:"Benedetto Piccoli",slug:"benedetto-piccoli"},{id:"117684",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosanna",middleName:null,surname:"Manzo",fullName:"Rosanna Manzo",slug:"rosanna-manzo"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"147",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Emerging Materials and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"506ba7fc7057db3f5a13c57a5ed4a460",slug:"biosensors-emerging-materials-and-applications",bookSignature:"Pier Andrea Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6091",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Andrea",surname:"Serra",slug:"pier-andrea-serra",fullName:"Pier Andrea Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"162",title:"Microsensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d48614c970df4eb00d2d1a4e1bb5cda",slug:"microsensors",bookSignature:"Igor Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/162.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"445",title:"Designing and Deploying RFID Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95835973805a19d1c3fb1cdea037ac31",slug:"designing-and-deploying-rfid-applications",bookSignature:"Cristina Turcu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/445.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9302",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Turcu",slug:"cristina-turcu",fullName:"Cristina Turcu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"851",title:"Magnetic Sensors",subtitle:"Principles and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4a21c0850b33dd0d182e0cf89b861d3",slug:"magnetic-sensors-principles-and-applications",bookSignature:"Kevin Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72281",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Kuang",slug:"kevin-kuang",fullName:"Kevin Kuang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1543",title:"Electromagnetic Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ade06592c00a3854500b79f21a37988",slug:"electromagnetic-radiation",bookSignature:"Saad Osman Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100186",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",surname:"Bashir",slug:"saad-bashir",fullName:"Saad Bashir"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"7654",title:"Wearable Devices",subtitle:"the Big Wave of Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46b13f25dc9a1576e355717c903d81bc",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",bookSignature:"Noushin Nasiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"234150",title:"Dr.",name:"Noushin",surname:"Nasiri",slug:"noushin-nasiri",fullName:"Noushin Nasiri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76133",title:"Management of Software-Defined Networking Powered by Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97197",slug:"management-of-software-defined-networking-powered-by-artificial-intelligence",body:'
1. Introduction
Due to the rapid development of Internet technology, network terminals have been widely spread. However, traditional network architectures have failed to adapt to future advances in communication and Internet technologies, resulting in heterogeneous networks. As a result, the existing network infrastructure was unable to keep up with the rapid changes of the Internet. A key feature of traditional network architectures is that the data and control planes are tightly coupled, which has some limitations. For example, if you want to change the network configuration, you need to configure each device independently across the entire network which is a daunting task.
Similarly, vendors are reluctant to provide the internal details of the device to developers and users, as changes in the configuration of existing networking devices can lead to malfunctions in the network. In addition, the protocol is strongly built into the firmware of network devices. These limitations hinder network innovation due to proprietary hardware and lack of testing for innovative networking solutions due to their distributed nature. It also increases the management workload and the overall cost of network management.
On the other hand, Software Defined Networking (SDN) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] has revolutionized network management by separating data and control planes. The data plane is composed of forwarding devices, for example routers, switches, etc. Its main functions are forwarding the packets according to the policies of the controller. If the destination of the arrived packets is not found in the forwarding devices, then those packets are sent to the controller by the data plane. The control plane, however, is implemented through intelligent SDN controllers such as OpenDaylight (ODL), Open Networking Operating System (ONOS), POX and RYU [6]. Control plane obtains the status of the underlying network and defines the policies for the packets arriving on the forwarding devices. It then pushes the updated rules to the data plane. The separation of data and control planes has shifted network complexity from networking devices to smart SDN controllers. Thus, the network can be programmed through the application running on the controller and the underlying network is abstracted from the applications [7]. The innovative concept presented by SDN has the great advantage of flexible and efficient network configuration, network management and operation. Therefore, SDN is expected to be an excellent choice for the next generation of telecommunication networks and Internet technologies. Because of these benefits, large information technology organizations such as Facebook, Amazon, and Google have implemented SDN to connect remote data centers [8, 9].
The internet has grown in recent years. As a result, there is a huge increase in the amount of network traffic. Because the accuracy of machine learning algorithms depends mainly on the availability of historical data. There is therefore an increasing tendency towards the use of machine learning techniques. Because the accuracy of machine learning algorithms increases with sufficient data. For this reason, researchers now prefer to apply machine learning solutions because, once trained on the available data, the trained model generates accurate results on the new data through learning experience. The introduction of 5G heterogeneous networks and the rapid ubiquitous use and growth of Internet data processing requirements are rapidly increasing as a result of a dramatic increase in the number of connected devices. For example, the heterogeneous IoT devices in 5G runs different protocols and various technologies results in increasing the traffic load [10]. In addition, there is a need for self-organization and demand-based networks to deal with huge amounts of data. SDN was therefore at the heart of the growing needs of such applications due to their programming, orchestration, and automation characteristics [11].
The SDN has been successfully deployed in data centers and enterprise traffic engineering networks across remote data centers. However, the adoption of SDN in the modern and global Internet still presents a number of challenges that need further investigation. As the internet is scaling and the traffic on the underlying network is dynamically changing. The application of an optimum policy for the underlying network should therefore be adapted in line with the radical changes in the internet. One of the problems in SDN is the configuration of the control plane, because the manual configuration is a costly task, because the traditional SDN approach [12, 13, 14, 15] is not optimal in selecting the optimum policy for the underlying network. In addition, repeatedly reconfiguring the policy according to changes in the network will require the control plane to be reconfigured. One of the main issues, therefore, is the automatic orchestration of the control plane [16]. Because the rigid configuration of the control plane will have problems in the optimal configuration of the policy.
Another issue is the end-to-end (E2E) quality-of-service (QoS) performance of heterogeneous network providers. If the same provider manages SDN controllers, user applications and forwarding devices on the enterprise network, then, the network status of the underlying devices is readily available for upper-layer applications. However, the Internet consists of different providers where end-users, applications and service providers are often heterogeneous. As a result, the status of the network is not directly available for applications running on the upper layers.
Several solutions have been proposed to address the issue of the allocation of E2E resources [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. However, they depend on the traditional and manual configuration of the control plane. i.e., once a policy has been defined for the underlying network. The behavior of the network is then controlled accordingly, regardless of the scale of the network or the dynamic changes. The policy of controlling the network is therefore not always optimal. Moreover, these solutions do not provide effective management of the SDN due to scaling up, increasing network complexity and dynamic changes. There is therefore a need to find a global optimal solution with an excellent value for the objective functions. We therefore propose a software-defined networking management system powered by AI (SDNMS-PAI) architecture to auto-configure policy management and E2E resource allocation.
The advantage of AI based architecture is that the AI agent will interact with the underlying network through the SDN controller for pushing the global optimal policy flow rules in the forwarding devices. The controller will share the network status information with the AI agent and based on real time status of the network the AI agent will find the most appropriate actions to be taken. The actions will be pushed as the flow rules in the forwarding devices. AI can be used to bring a closed-loop control of the SDN. The closed-loop control incorporates collection of data, analytics, and subsequent actions that are all based on the results of the analytics [24]. All components of the closed loop can be improved and enhanced by means of AI to improve the speed, accuracy and, ultimately, the effectiveness of the closed loop control.
The main contributions of this chapter are summarized as follows:
We leverage the hierarchical SDN architecture to provision the E2E QoS for heterogeneous networks and build a centralized intelligent agent with global E2E view aiming at learning the global optimum policy through interaction with the data plane.
We apply Q-learning where the learning agent obtains the states of the underlying network and provisions the E2E resource allocations for a service request in the heterogeneous network domains with several QoS classes on the E2E path.
We demonstrate the proposed SDNMS-PAI with a use case for E2E resource allocation i.e. E2E QoS provisioning.
Moreover, we evaluate the E2E delay, jitter, packet loss ratio (PLR), and E2E degree of correspondence (DC) [25] ratio for service requests in a hierarchical SDN architecture with an AI agent.
2. AI powered SDN architecture
In this section, an overview of the proposed SDNMS-PAI is provided. First, we introduce the three planes of the SDN architecture and explain them with a pictorial diagram. Then, we introduce the hierarchical SDN architecture for the allocation of E2E resources and the deployment of AI enabled learning. The hierarchical control plane consists of two levels of hierarchy of local and global controllers. Then we develop the SDNMS-PAI architecture for the E2E view and the resource allocation leveraging Q-learning. The proposed architecture consists of a hierarchical control plane with a global E2E view and leverages Q-learning to manage E2E resources in SDN in a smart way.
2.1 Hierarchical control plane SDN architecture powered by AI
In this subsection, we first introduce an SDN and a hierarchical architecture followed by an AI powered SDN architecture. The SDN consists of data, control, and application planes. Figure 1 [26] shows the typical SDN architecture. Forwarding devices like routers and switches are part of the data plane. The centralized controller is part of the control plane. At the top is the application plane where different applications can be deployed and executed for a variety of purposes, such as routing, load balancing, security, and monitoring. The controller shall act as a strategic control point for the underlying network. However, several issues arise from a single controller in the SDN. For example, if the controller fails due to a software or hardware problem, the entire network that depends on the controller will collapse.
Figure 1.
SDN architecture [26].
In addition, the controller will experience a performance bottleneck if the number of switches in its domain increases or the request messages towards it increases. Furthermore, traffic loads are not evenly distributed over the network. As a result, multiple controllers should be used for viewing the E2E network. However, if there are multiple heterogeneous domains, there is a need for consistency and collaboration between domains for the provisioning of E2E QoS.
Figure 2 shows the hierarchical control plane SDN architecture. In the proposed architecture there are local controllers which has access of the data planes of the local domains. Global controllers (GCs) in the hierarchical control plane architecture have access to the global view of physically distributed local data plane switches. The hierarchical architecture of SDN controllers integrates autonomous domains with hierarchical associations. Multiple domains are integrated with the hierarchical architecture of the controller, where the local domain controllers (LCs) coordinate via the GC. By applying hierarchical architecture, new services can be easily managed and deployed in domains that coexist on the E2E path between the source and the destination [27] nodes.
Figure 2.
SDN architecture with a global view of the E2E network [32, 33].
The tasks handled by the controller are propagated from the lower LC layer to the upper GC layer, which reduces computational complexity. The hierarchical control plane with a global view reduces the E2E delay as the network scales [28]. In the proposed architecture, the GC acts proactively to set up the E2E path and therefore reduces the delay in setting up the path (the delay in setting up the path and pushing the flow entries into the switches) [29]. The hierarchical architecture enables communication between multiple LCs with a variety of equipment. The effectiveness of the hierarchical control plane for effective collaboration between heterogeneous tactical networks with a guaranteed QoS has been demonstrated in [30, 31]. The rewards for state action pairs in the Q-learning are therefore more accurate than the local view states because these rewards with a hierarchical architecture reflect the E2E view of the underlying network.
In our proposed SDNMS-PAI, a hierarchical control plane architecture is employed to construct a completely global view and control for geographical distributed network and build a global AI agent through the global control plane to generate a network control policy via reinforcement learning algorithms. The SDNMS-PAI can intelligently control and optimize a network to meet the differentiated network requirements in a large-scale dynamic network. In the following subsections, we describe the proposed AI enabled SDN architecture from bottom to top. The SDNMS-PAI is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
AI powered SDN architecture for E2E resource allocation.
2.1.1 Data plane
Data plane in the SDNMS-PAI consists of the forwarding devices (known as the infrastructure or the underlying network). The matching of the packets in the data plane and the actions take place according to the forwarding rules that are defined in a flow Table. A flow table comprises of several flow entries. The packet header information is matched with the flow entries in the flow table. Each flow entry has three mandatory fields, i.e., header, action, and counter. Table 1 is an example of a flow table in which the first row contains header fields and second and onward rows contain flow entries.
Source (IP address)
Destination (IP address)
Source (Port)
Destination (Port)
Action
Counter
X
172.10.X.X
X
X
Port 8
201
X
X
10
40
Drop
80
10.10.1.X
X
X
X
Drop
90
X
X
30
70
Port 3
100
Table 1.
An example of the flow table entries.
When a new packet arrives on the ingress port of a switch, the matching process starts, if a packet has a destination IP address starting with 172.10.X.X then forward it to port number 8 and counter 201 will be updated. Similarly, the third row (with source IP address: 10.10.1.X) explains if a packet has the same source and destination port number (X) then drop it. If the rules for the new packet do not exist in the flow table then the switch sends a Packet_In message to the controller and the destination will be returned by the controller to the forwarding device (Packet_Out message) and the flow rules will be updated in the flow table, respectively. In contrast to traditional networks where the decision about the routing takes place in the tightly couple distributed networking devices. Herein, in the SDNMS-PAI, the information of the network is collected via the LCs which is used by the AI enabled global control plane (AIGCP) for deciding about the global optimum policy and E2E resources allocation.
2.1.2 SB-API
The Southbound Application Programming Interface (SB-API) provides an interface for data interaction with the local control plane. There are several protocols available for the interaction of the two planes, but the most popular is OpenFlow. OpenFlow provides a secure interface for communication between the controller and the switch. The status of the network topology and the policies for action from the global control plane are communicated to the data plane via the SB-API in the SDNMS-PAI. The White Paper [34] describes the advantages and flexibility of OpenFlow for the programming of forwarding devices. The concept of OpenFlow originated from Stanford University, and the OpenFlow Networking Foundation (ONF) consortium now performs the standardization tasks of OpenFlow.
2.1.3 Local control plane
The data plane switches of each domain are connected to the LCs on the E2E path. The LCs interact with the data plane through SB-APIs. The AIGCP dynamically obtains the underlying network status from the LCs; therefore, it has access to the global topology. As a result, the AIGCP will provide resources from local controllers upon the arrival of a service request. LCs work together through GC, and service level agreements (SLAs) are exchanged through it. Each LC is equipped with a traffic flow template (TFT) module [35] containing the source and destination port numbers, the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and the QoS parameters. The data collected will be used by the AIGCP for the allocation of E2E resources.
2.1.4 NB-API
The northbound application programming interface (NB-API) functions as a communication interface between the local control and AIGCP. The local control plane functions as a bridge between the forwarding devices and AIGCP utilizing the representational state transfer (REST) API. Similarly, the operational statistics (e.g., about the flow entries) from the data plane are available via this API to the global control plane AI agent. Reinforcement learning algorithms running in the global control plane communicates with the local control plane through this API and the corresponding actions are delegated to the data plane. These actions represent the behavior of the reinforcement learning algorithms executed in the global control plane. For example, a firewall application implements policies for controlling the ingress and egress packets passing through the network. Therefore, the data plane devices will forward or block the traffic according to the rules defined in the application. Similarly, a load balancing algorithm will control the traffic through monitoring congestion in different paths of the network. Herein, we employ the Q-learning for E2E QoS provisioning.
2.1.5 AI enabled global control plane
The purpose of the AIGCP is to generate global optimum policies leveraging the global view from the hierarchical SDN architecture. In the SDNMS-PAI paradigm, the AIGCP leverage of hierarchical SDN architecture to obtain the global view as well as control of the E2E network. The state detection module in the global control plane has the global view of the E2E network status which helps the AI agent to make decisions about the global optimum policy based on the E2E view. It feeds the AI agent with the information about the states of the E2E network.
2.1.6 Optimal policy learning mechanism
The local controllers obtain the QoS information (such as the delay, jitter, and PLR) from the data plane devices for all the service requests and the service classes on the E2E paths. The service requests and service classes are shown in Table 2 [36] and Table 3 [37]. The service request is a combination of the E2E delay, jitter, and PLR for an application. An example of the offered service classes in 5 E2E domains is shown in Table 3. Each local controller shares this information with the global controller. Thus, global controller has the E2E view of the network.
Metric
Service Requests for an application
1
2
3
Delay (ms)
150
200
400
Jitter (ms)
60
60
80
PLR
10−4
10−3
10−3
Table 2.
An example of the E2E service requests.
Domain
QoS Class
Offered Delay (ms)
Offered jitter (ms)
Offered PLR
1
1
40
10
10−5
2
80
30
10−4
3
120
0
10−4
2
1
20
15
10−6
2
50
20
10−5
3
70
30
5 × 10−5
4
120
0
10−4
3
1
15
10
10−6
2
50
30
10−5
4
1
12
6
10−5
2
0
0
10−4
5
1
45
5
10−5
2
100
15
10−4
3
120
40
10−4
Table 3.
An example of the service classes on the E2E path passing through five domains.
Reinforcement learning with Q-learning enabled AI agent is used to maximize the rewards for an agent. Q-learning is one of the methodologies to leverage reinforcement learning. It does not require a model of the environment, and it can cope with problems utilizing stochastic transitions with rewards, without demanding adaptations. For a finite Markov decision process (FMDP), Q-learning computes an optimal policy aiming to maximize the expected value of the accumulated reward over every as well as all successive steps, beginning from current state. Q-learning can find an optimal action-selection policy for any given FMDP, given infinite exploration time along with partly-random policy [38]. Q is the function name that the algorithm learns with the maximum expected rewards for an action taken in a given state [39].
If the service request meets the end-to-end QoS demand for a state action pair, a high reward factor is assigned. For this purpose, the DC ratio is checked for the state action pair. The DC ratio denotes whether the QoS requirements are meeting for a service request or not. For example, if the application service request E2E demand for delay is 150 and the service classes offer a delay of 40, 20, 15, 0 and 45 on the E2E path, then the ratio will be 150/120 i.e., 1.25. Hence, if the DC≻1 it is awarded a high Q value for the service request. On the contrary if the DC≺1, the reward is low for the state action pair for that service request. This process continues until all the possible source to destination paths are explored and checked for the DC value against each state action pair.
3. Use case
Herein, we describe a scenario in which we can employ our proposed SDNMS-PAI for modeling the behavior of the network. We provide an example in the context of QoS service classes allocation, where the SDNMS-PAI is used to make smart choices in order to choose the best service classes on the E2E routing path to meet the E2E QoS requirements. Moreover, based on the Q-learning rewards more excellent service classes are selected in future. The traditional design of the internet mainly focusses on the reliability of services [16]. However, with 5G and beyond networks the requirements for applications have changed, and the applications demands for low latency with high data rates. Further, it is imperative whether the E2E QoS is according to the application service requests. Moreover, with heterogeneous networks on the path from source to destination, there exists several service classes in each domain. Hence, meeting the E2E QoS requirements for the applications service requests is a challenging problem.
Service class mapping mainly involves service classes allocation on the E2E path that meets the QoS demands of different service requests. The typical E2E service classes request for each application are different as shown in Table 2. For example, for application 1 the service requests are different than from application 2 and so on. Several solutions [40, 41, 42] have been proposed by researchers for service class mapping to meet the E2E QoS requirements for the applications. Furthermore, the mapping of the service classes is a challenging task with respect to meeting the E2E service needs due to the local view of the network state information in the domains.
4. Results and discussion
Results of the proposed SDNMS-PAI are compared with existing ones i.e., software-defined networking with no artificial intelligence (SDN-NAI) [32]. There are 5 domains on the E2E path and two layers of the controllers i.e., local controllers and a global controller. We consider delay, jitter, and PLR as the primary QoS parameters in every domain. Controllers of the five domains are assigned to 50 nodes according to the controller placement in [43].
Figure 4 compares the E2E delay (in milliseconds (ms)) from source to destination for the SDN-NAI i.e., SDN with no artificial intelligence enabled global control plane and our proposed SDNMS-PAI with. We can see that the delay for the initial service requests is greater for the SDNMS-PAI because the AI agent explores the E2E paths from source to destination for the optimal service classes. However, as the AI agent learns about the global optimum policy, then the delay decrease as compared to SDN-NAI which is shown in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th domains. Initially the service request rates are smaller hence the delay is low however with increasing the service request rate the delay increases because of the consumption of the available bandwidth resources on the E2E paths.
Figure 4.
E2E delay from source to destination with increasing service requests passing through five domains.
The results in Figure 5 show that E2E jitter (ms) from source to destination for an SDN-NAI compared with SDNMS-PAI. The figure reveals that the jitter for the initial service requests is greater for the SDNMS-PAI due to the AI agent exploring the E2E paths from source to destination to find the optimal service classes. However, as the AI agent becomes more proficient in learning about the global optimum policy, then the jitter decreases as compared to SDN-NAI, which is shown in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th domains. Initially, with lower service request rate the jitter is low since each service request requires only a portion of the available bandwidth on an E2E path. With increasing the service request rate, however, the jitter will increase because of the bandwidth resources used in each service request.
Figure 5.
E2E jitter from source to destination with increasing service requests passing through five domains.
Figure 6 compares the PLR with increasing the service request rate. Herein, the PLR is the ratio of the number of received packets divided by the total number of packets against each service request from source to destination. We can see from Figure 6 that the PLR is initially high for the SDNMS-PAI however as the AI agent obtains a global optimum then the PLR does not increase in the same rate with SDN-NAI. However, the overall PLR increase with increasing the service request rate because the available resources in the network gets occupied.
Figure 6.
Packet loss ratio (PLR) with increasing service request rate.
Figure 7 shows a comparison of the E2E DC ratio for SDNMS-PAI and SDN-NAI. We can see from the figure that the SDN-NAI DC ratio was initially higher than the SDNMS-PAI. However, as the AI agent learns, the DC ratio for the proposed scheme is much higher than the SDN-NAI ratio. The basic reason is that, as the service requests increase, the overall DC ratio becomes low due to the consumption of the available bandwidth on the E2E pathways. Nevertheless, the E2E DC ratio is still 1 or greater than 1 for the proposed SDNMS-PAI, which means that it satisfies the QoS requirements for the application service request. In addition, it overcomes the SDN-NAI in E2E DC ratio.
Figure 7.
E2E DC ratio against service requests.
5. Conclusions
In this chapter we proposed SDNMS-PAI for the E2E resource allocation i.e., service classes allocation for the E2E service requests. As the distributed management and tight coupling of control and data planes limit the control and global view of network resources. Moreover, the E2E resources in heterogeneous networks cannot be provisioned. Hence, in this chapter we proposed the hierarchical SDN architecture because a single controller with manual configuration of the control plane led to failure and restricts the optimal policy. Moreover, we provided a use case example with service requests and service classes. Furthermore, the SDNMS-PAI scheme employed in a hierarchical SDN architecture with AI agent in the global control plane overcomes the SDN-NAI in terms of E2E delay, jitter, PLR, and DC ratio.
Acknowledgments
This was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), South Korea, through the Information Technology Research Center (ITRC) Support Program, supervised by the Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation, under Grant IITP-2021-2018-0-01431.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Software-defined networking, Machine learning, 5G, Networks management, Artificial intelligence",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76133.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76133.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76133",totalDownloads:216,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2021",dateReviewed:"March 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 7th 2021",datePublished:"January 7th 2022",dateFinished:"April 7th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Separating data and control planes by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) not only handles networks centrally and smartly. However, through implementing innovative protocols by centralized controllers, it also contributes flexibility to computer networks. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) and the implementation of 5G have increased the number of heterogeneous connected devices, creating a huge amount of data. Hence, the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning is significant. Thanks to SDN controllers, which are programmable and versatile enough to incorporate machine learning algorithms to handle the underlying networks while keeping the network abstracted from controller applications. In this chapter, a software-defined networking management system powered by AI (SDNMS-PAI) is proposed for end-to-end (E2E) heterogeneous networks. By applying artificial intelligence to the controller, we will demonstrate this regarding E2E resource management. SDNMS-PAI provides an architecture with a global view of the underlying network and manages the E2E heterogeneous networks with AI learning.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76133",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76133",signatures:"Jehad Ali and Byeong-hee Roh",book:{id:"10452",type:"book",title:"Computer-Mediated Communication",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Computer-Mediated Communication",slug:"computer-mediated-communication",publishedDate:"January 7th 2022",bookSignature:"Indrakshi Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10452.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-310-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-309-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-311-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"22221",title:"Prof.",name:"Byeong-hee",middleName:null,surname:"Roh",fullName:"Byeong-hee Roh",slug:"byeong-hee-roh",email:"bhroh@ajou.ac.kr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/22221/images/15244_n.jpg",institution:{name:"Ajou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"461169",title:"Dr.",name:"Jehad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jehad Ali",slug:"jehad-ali",email:"jehadali@ajou.ac.kr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Ajou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. AI powered SDN architecture",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Hierarchical control plane SDN architecture powered by AI",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.1.2 SB-API",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.1.3 Local control plane",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.1.4 NB-API",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.1.5 AI enabled global control plane",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10",title:"3. Use case",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ahmad S, Mir AH. Scalability, Consistency, Reliability and Security in SDN Controllers: A Survey of Diverse SDN Controllers. Journal of Network and Systems Management. 2021 Jan;29(1):1-59. DOI: 10.1007/s10922-020-09575-4'},{id:"B2",body:'Sarmiento D, Lebre A, Nussbaum L, Chari A. Decentralized SDN Control Plane for a Distributed Cloud-Edge Infrastructure: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2021;:1-1. DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2021.3050297'},{id:"B3",body:'Singh S, Jha RK. A survey on software defined networking: Architecture for next generation network. Journal of Network and Systems Management. 2017 Apr 1;25(2):321-74'},{id:"B4",body:'Tadros CN, Rizk MR, Mokhtar BM. Software defined network-based management for enhanced 5G network services. IEEE Access. 2020 Mar 12;8:53997-4008'},{id:"B5",body:'Long Q , Chen Y, Zhang H, Lei X. Software Defined 5G and 6G Networks: a Survey. Mobile Networks and Applications. 2019;'},{id:"B6",body:'Ali J, Lee S, Roh BH. Performance analysis of POX and Ryu with different SDN topologies. InProceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Science and System 2018 Apr 27 (pp. 244-249)'},{id:"B7",body:'McKeown N, Anderson T, Balakrishnan H, Parulkar G, Peterson L, Rexford J, Shenker S, Turner J. OpenFlow: enabling innovation in campus networks. ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review. 2008 Mar 31;38(2):69-74'},{id:"B8",body:'Jain S, Kumar A, Mandal S, Ong J, Poutievski L, Singh A, Venkata S, Wanderer J, Zhou J, Zhu M, Zolla J. B4: Experience with a globally-deployed software defined WAN. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 2013 Aug 27;43(4):3-14'},{id:"B9",body:'Ali J, Roh BH, Lee S. QoS improvement with an optimum controller selection for software-defined networks. Plos one. 2019 May 31;14(5):e0217631'},{id:"B10",body:'Kazmi SA, Khan LU, Tran NH, Hong CS. Network slicing for 5G and beyond networks. Springer International Publishing; 2019 May 14'},{id:"B11",body:'Ali J, Roh BH, Lee B, Oh J, Adil M. A Machine Learning Framework for Prevention of Software-Defined Networking controller from DDoS Attacks and dimensionality reduction of big data. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Korea (South), 2020, 515-519, DOI: 10.1109/ICTC49870.2020.9289504'},{id:"B12",body:'Duan Q . End-to-end service delivery with QoS guarantee in software defined networks. Transactions on Networks and Communications. 2018; 6(2), p. 10, 2018'},{id:"B13",body:'Mendiola A, Astorga J, Jacob E, Stamos K. Enhancing network resources utilization and resiliency in multi-domain bandwidth on demand service provisioning using SDN. Telecommunication Systems. 2019 Jul;71(3):505-15'},{id:"B14",body:'Francesco L, Marchetto G, Risso F, Santuari M, Gerola M. A Proposal for End-to-End QoS Provisioning in Software-Defined Networks. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE). 2017; 7(4), 2261-2277. DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i4.pp2261-2277'},{id:"B15",body:'Egilmez HE, Dane ST, Bagci KT, Tekalp AM. OpenQoS: An OpenFlow controller design for multimedia delivery with end-to-end Quality of Service over Software-Defined Networks. InProceedings of the 2012 Asia Pacific signal and information processing association annual summit and conference 2012 Dec 3 (pp. 1-8). IEEE'},{id:"B16",body:'Yao H, Jiang C, Qian Y. Developing Networks Using Artificial Intelligence. Springer International Publishing; 2019 Apr 26'},{id:"B17",body:'Alshaer H, Haas H. Software-Defined Networking-Enabled Heterogeneous Wireless Networks and Applications Convergence. IEEE Access. 2020 Apr 6;8:66672-92'},{id:"B18",body:'Ibarra-Lancheros KS, Puerto-Leguizamón G, Suárez-Fajardo C. Quality of service evaluation based on network slicing for software-defined 5G systems. TecnoLogicas. 2018 Dec;21(43):27-41'},{id:"B19",body:'Bagci KT, Tekalp AM. SDN-enabled distributed open exchange: Dynamic QoS-path optimization in multi-operator services. Computer Networks. 2019 Oct 24;162:106845'},{id:"B20",body:'Das D, Bapat J, Das D. A dynamic QoS negotiation mechanism between wired and wireless SDN domains. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. 2017 Sep 25;14(4):1076-85'},{id:"B21",body:'Joshi KD, Kataoka K. PRIME-Q: Privacy aware End-to-end QoS framework in multi-domain SDN. In2019 IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft) 2019 Jun 24 (pp. 169-177). IEEE'},{id:"B22",body:'F. Lucrezia, G. Marchetto, F. Risso, M. Santuari, and M. Gerola, “A proposal for End-to-end QoS provisioning in software-defined networks,” Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. (IJECE), vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 2261-2277, 2017'},{id:"B23",body:'Karakus M, Durresi A. A scalable inter-as qos routing architecture in software defined network (sdn). In2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications 2015 Mar 24 (pp. 148-154). IEEE'},{id:"B24",body:'Gilbert M. Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Networks; 2020 June 30'},{id:"B25",body:'Stojanovic MD, Rakas SV, Acimovic-Raspopovic VS. End-to-end quality of service specification and mapping: The third party approach. Computer Communications. 2010 Jul 1;33(11):1354-68'},{id:"B26",body:'Ali J, Lee GM, Roh BH, Ryu DK, Park G. Software-Defined Networking Approaches for Link Failure Recovery: A Survey. Sustainability. 2020 Jan;12(10):4255'},{id:"B27",body:'Li LE, Mao ZM, Rexford J. Toward software-defined cellular networks. In2012 European workshop on software defined networking 2012 Oct 25 (pp. 7-12). IEEE'},{id:"B28",body:'Elgendi I, Munasinghe KS, Jamalipour A. A three-tier SDN architecture for DenseNets. In2015 9th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS) 2015 Dec 14 (pp. 1-7). IEEE'},{id:"B29",body:'Khalili R, Despotovic Z, Hecker A. Flow setup latency in SDN networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2018 Sep 19;36(12):2631-9'},{id:"B30",body:'Elgendi I, Munasinghe KS, Mcgrath B. A heterogeneous software defined networking architecture for the tactical edge. In2016 Military Communications and Information Systems Conference (MilCIS) 2016 Nov 8 (pp. 1-7). IEEE'},{id:"B31",body:'Ali J, Roh BH. Quality of Service Improvement with Optimal Software-Defined Networking Controller and Control Plane Clustering, cmc-computers materials & continua. 2021. 67(1), 849-875, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014576'},{id:"B32",body:'Ali J, Roh BH. An Effective Hierarchical Control Plane for Software-Defined Networks Leveraging TOPSIS for End-to-End QoS Class-Mapping. IEEE Access. 2020 May 11;8:88990-9006'},{id:"B33",body:'Ali J, Roh BH. A Framework for QoS-aware Class Mapping in Multi-domain SDN. In2019 IEEE 10th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) 2019 Oct 17 (pp. 0602-0606). IEEE'},{id:"B34",body:'Lara A, Kolasani A, Ramamurthy B. Network innovation using openflow: A survey. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials. 2013 Aug 30;16(1):493-512'},{id:"B35",body:'Bilen T, Canberk B, Chowdhury KR. Handover management in software-defined ultra-dense 5G networks. IEEE Network. 2017 Jul 28;31(4):49-55'},{id:"B36",body:'Network Performance Objectives for IP-Based Services, Standard ITU-T Recommendation Y.1541, 2011'},{id:"B37",body:'Mali BJ, Ninkovic NM, Stojanovic MD, Savic GI. Service class mapping based on integer programming algorithm in the third party agent. In2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR) 2014 Nov 25 (pp. 170-173). IEEE'},{id:"B38",body:'Melo, Francisco S. "Convergence of Q-learning: a simple proof"'},{id:"B39",body:'Matiisen, Tambet (December 19, 2015). "Demystifying Deep Reinforcement Learning". neuro.cs.ut.ee. Computational Neuroscience Lab. Accessed 2018-04-06'},{id:"B40",body:'Stojanovic MD, Rakas SV. Policies for allocating performance impairment budgets among multiple IP providers. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications. 2013 Mar 1;67(3):206-16'},{id:"B41",body:'Mali BJ, Ninkovic NM, Stojanovic MD, Savic GI. Service class mapping based on integer programming algorithm in the third party agent. In2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR) 2014 Nov 25 (pp. 170-173). IEEE'},{id:"B42",body:'Ninkovic NM, Mali BJ, Stojanovic MD, Savic GI. Multi-objective third-party approach for service class mapping among multiple providers in the internet. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika. 2015 Apr 9;21(2):80-4'},{id:"B43",body:'Wang G, Zhao Y, Huang J, Wu Y. An effective approach to controller placement in software defined wide area networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. 2017 Dec 20;15(1):344-55'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jehad Ali",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Computer Engineering, and Department of AI Convergence Network, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
Department of Computer Engineering, and Department of AI Convergence Network, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10452",type:"book",title:"Computer-Mediated Communication",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Computer-Mediated Communication",slug:"computer-mediated-communication",publishedDate:"January 7th 2022",bookSignature:"Indrakshi Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10452.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-310-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-309-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-311-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"180329",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangdong",middleName:null,surname:"Bi",email:"xbi@csuniv.edu",fullName:"Xiangdong Bi",slug:"xiangdong-bi",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Charleston Southern University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"51086",title:"In Situ‐Forming Cross‐linking Hydrogel Systems: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications",slug:"in-situ-forming-cross-linking-hydrogel-systems-chemistry-and-biomedical-applications",abstract:"With the development of chemical synthetic strategies and available building blocks, in situ‐forming hydrogels have attracted significant attention in the biomedical fields over the past decade. Due to their distinct properties of easy management and minimal invasiveness via simple aqueous injections at target sites, in situ‐forming hydrogels have found a broad spectrum of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene delivery, 3D bioprinting, wound healing, antimicrobial research, and cancer research. The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of updated research methods in chemical synthesis of in situ‐forming cross‐linking hydrogel systems and their diverse applications in the biomedical fields. This chapter concludes with perspectives on the future development of in situ‐forming hydrogels to facilitate this multidisciplinary field.",signatures:"Xiangdong Bi and Aiye Liang",authors:[{id:"180329",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangdong",surname:"Bi",fullName:"Xiangdong Bi",slug:"xiangdong-bi",email:"xbi@csuniv.edu"},{id:"184775",title:"Dr.",name:"Aiye",surname:"Liang",fullName:"Aiye Liang",slug:"aiye-liang",email:"aliang@csuniv.edu"}],book:{id:"5251",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"140173",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna Angela",surname:"Barba",slug:"anna-angela-barba",fullName:"Anna Angela Barba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"176104",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",surname:"Lamberti",slug:"gaetano-lamberti",fullName:"Gaetano Lamberti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salerno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"176239",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",surname:"Caccavo",slug:"diego-caccavo",fullName:"Diego Caccavo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"176240",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Cascone",slug:"sara-cascone",fullName:"Sara Cascone",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"179916",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Manuel",surname:"Lazaro Martinez",slug:"juan-manuel-lazaro-martinez",fullName:"Juan Manuel Lazaro Martinez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"180349",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Ionita",slug:"gabriela-ionita",fullName:"Gabriela Ionita",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"181500",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",surname:"Dalmoro",slug:"annalisa-dalmoro",fullName:"Annalisa Dalmoro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"184775",title:"Dr.",name:"Aiye",surname:"Liang",slug:"aiye-liang",fullName:"Aiye Liang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"185374",title:"Dr.",name:"Viviana",surname:"Campodall'Orto",slug:"viviana-campodall'orto",fullName:"Viviana Campodall'Orto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"185412",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Ionita",slug:"gabriela-ionita",fullName:"Gabriela Ionita",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{"933869@":null},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"9"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Igor Sheremet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Meisam Gordan and Dr. Khaled Ghaedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Chi Leung Patrick Hui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11547",title:"Information Security and Privacy in the Digital World - Some Selected Topics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b268e581d5e458cb91b82c518f2717eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jaydip Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11547.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11549",title:"Data Integrity and Data Governance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"97a93f73a55957a70eb2a40de891b344",slug:null,bookSignature:" B. Santhosh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11549.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"330426",title:"Dr.",name:"B. Santhosh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"b.-santhosh-kumar",fullName:"B. Santhosh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11553",title:"Cyberspace - Challenges and Threats in the Disruptive Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ff86e203474b6696b712f0a11112d6e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari and Dr. Ulla Delfana Rosiani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11553.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"22530",title:"Dr.",name:"Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi",surname:"Sumari",slug:"arwin-datumaya-wahyudi-sumari",fullName:"Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11556",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0a68fbeb303684344bda285aa06769af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11911",title:"Scientometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed74b66a0dc7d009900af198efc6b2e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11911.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11912",title:"Expert Systems With Recent Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"514907388f7a2b291f71f9b93b58b795",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ercan Oztemel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11912.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"306974",title:"Prof.",name:"Ercan",surname:"Oztemel",slug:"ercan-oztemel",fullName:"Ercan Oztemel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11913",title:"Scheduling Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"da42ea7b678d715e23ffcae50ae47078",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:35},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4383},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1266",title:"Robotics Navigation",slug:"psychology-artificial-intelligence-robotics-navigation",parent:{id:"246",title:"Artificial Intelligence",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics-artificial-intelligence"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:33,numberOfWosCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1266",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"178",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15c636fbb26b21858432449cca2d5b13",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",bookSignature:"Alejandra Barrera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6195",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Barrera",slug:"alejandra-barrera",fullName:"Alejandra Barrera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"16168",doi:"10.5772/17401",title:"Brain-actuated Control of Robot Navigation",slug:"brain-actuated-control-of-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:3822,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Francisco Sepulveda",authors:[{id:"28245",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sepulveda",slug:"francisco-sepulveda",fullName:"Francisco Sepulveda"}]},{id:"16161",doi:"10.5772/20955",title:"Conceptual Bases of Robot Navigation Modeling, Control and Applications",slug:"conceptual-bases-of-robot-navigation-modeling-control-and-applications",totalDownloads:5141,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Silas F. R. Alves, Joao M. Rosario, Humberto Ferasoli Filho, Liz K. A. Rincon and Rosana A. T. Yamasaki",authors:[{id:"10629",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Rosario",slug:"joao-mauricio-rosario",fullName:"Joao Mauricio Rosario"},{id:"38864",title:"MSc.",name:"Liz",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",slug:"liz-rincon",fullName:"Liz Rincon"},{id:"41194",title:"Mr.",name:"Silas",middleName:"Franco Dos Reis",surname:"Alves",slug:"silas-alves",fullName:"Silas Alves"},{id:"41197",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ferasoli Filho",slug:"humberto-ferasoli-filho",fullName:"Humberto Ferasoli Filho"},{id:"82592",title:"Ms",name:"Rosana",middleName:null,surname:"Yamasaki",slug:"rosana-yamasaki",fullName:"Rosana Yamasaki"}]},{id:"16171",doi:"10.5772/17467",title:"Gait Training using Pneumatically Actuated Robot System",slug:"gait-training-using-pneumatically-actuated-robot-system",totalDownloads:3153,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Natasa Koceska, Saso Koceski, Pierluigi Beomonte Zobel and Francesco Durante",authors:[{id:"28428",title:"Prof.",name:"Saso",middleName:null,surname:"Koceski",slug:"saso-koceski",fullName:"Saso Koceski"},{id:"39210",title:"Prof.",name:"Natasa",middleName:null,surname:"Koceska",slug:"natasa-koceska",fullName:"Natasa Koceska"},{id:"39212",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Durante",slug:"francesco-durante",fullName:"Francesco Durante"},{id:"162372",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierluigi",middleName:null,surname:"Beomonte Zobel",slug:"pierluigi-beomonte-zobel",fullName:"Pierluigi Beomonte Zobel"}]},{id:"16166",doi:"10.5772/16778",title:"Hybrid Approach for Global Path Selection & Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance for Mobile Robot Navigation",slug:"hybrid-approach-for-global-path-selection-dynamic-obstacle-avoidance-for-mobile-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:3186,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"D. Tamilselvi, S. Mercy Shalinie, M. Hariharasudan and G. Kiruba",authors:[{id:"1451",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamil",middleName:null,surname:"Selvi",slug:"tamil-selvi",fullName:"Tamil Selvi"},{id:"40677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercy",middleName:null,surname:"Shalinie",slug:"mercy-shalinie",fullName:"Mercy Shalinie"},{id:"40678",title:"Dr.",name:"Hariharasudan",middleName:null,surname:"M",slug:"hariharasudan-m",fullName:"Hariharasudan M"},{id:"40679",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiruba",middleName:null,surname:"Ganesh",slug:"kiruba-ganesh",fullName:"Kiruba Ganesh"}]},{id:"16169",doi:"10.5772/17346",title:"A Distributed Mobile Robot Navigation by Snake Coordinated Vision Sensors",slug:"a-distributed-mobile-robot-navigation-by-snake-coordinated-vision-sensors",totalDownloads:2178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Yongqiang Cheng, Ping Jiang and Yim Fun Hu",authors:[{id:"28051",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"yongqiang-cheng",fullName:"Yongqiang Cheng"},{id:"40503",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"ping-jiang",fullName:"Ping Jiang"},{id:"40504",title:"Prof.",name:"Yim Fun",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"yim-fun-hu",fullName:"Yim Fun Hu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"16170",title:"Knowledge Modelling in Two-Level Decision Making for Robot Navigation",slug:"knowledge-modelling-in-two-level-decision-making-for-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Rafael Guirado, Ramón González, Fernando Bienvenido and Francisco Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"22922",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"francisco-rodriguez",fullName:"Francisco Rodriguez"},{id:"30840",title:"MSc",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Guirado",slug:"rafael-guirado",fullName:"Rafael Guirado"},{id:"40815",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"ramon-gonzalez",fullName:"Ramón González"},{id:"40816",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Bienvenido",slug:"fernando-bienvenido",fullName:"Fernando Bienvenido"}]},{id:"16161",title:"Conceptual Bases of Robot Navigation Modeling, Control and Applications",slug:"conceptual-bases-of-robot-navigation-modeling-control-and-applications",totalDownloads:5138,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Silas F. R. Alves, Joao M. Rosario, Humberto Ferasoli Filho, Liz K. A. Rincon and Rosana A. T. Yamasaki",authors:[{id:"10629",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Rosario",slug:"joao-mauricio-rosario",fullName:"Joao Mauricio Rosario"},{id:"38864",title:"MSc.",name:"Liz",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",slug:"liz-rincon",fullName:"Liz Rincon"},{id:"41194",title:"Mr.",name:"Silas",middleName:"Franco Dos Reis",surname:"Alves",slug:"silas-alves",fullName:"Silas Alves"},{id:"41197",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ferasoli Filho",slug:"humberto-ferasoli-filho",fullName:"Humberto Ferasoli Filho"},{id:"82592",title:"Ms",name:"Rosana",middleName:null,surname:"Yamasaki",slug:"rosana-yamasaki",fullName:"Rosana Yamasaki"}]},{id:"16169",title:"A Distributed Mobile Robot Navigation by Snake Coordinated Vision Sensors",slug:"a-distributed-mobile-robot-navigation-by-snake-coordinated-vision-sensors",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Yongqiang Cheng, Ping Jiang and Yim Fun Hu",authors:[{id:"28051",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"yongqiang-cheng",fullName:"Yongqiang Cheng"},{id:"40503",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"ping-jiang",fullName:"Ping Jiang"},{id:"40504",title:"Prof.",name:"Yim Fun",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"yim-fun-hu",fullName:"Yim Fun Hu"}]},{id:"16166",title:"Hybrid Approach for Global Path Selection & Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance for Mobile Robot Navigation",slug:"hybrid-approach-for-global-path-selection-dynamic-obstacle-avoidance-for-mobile-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:3183,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"D. Tamilselvi, S. Mercy Shalinie, M. Hariharasudan and G. Kiruba",authors:[{id:"1451",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamil",middleName:null,surname:"Selvi",slug:"tamil-selvi",fullName:"Tamil Selvi"},{id:"40677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercy",middleName:null,surname:"Shalinie",slug:"mercy-shalinie",fullName:"Mercy Shalinie"},{id:"40678",title:"Dr.",name:"Hariharasudan",middleName:null,surname:"M",slug:"hariharasudan-m",fullName:"Hariharasudan M"},{id:"40679",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiruba",middleName:null,surname:"Ganesh",slug:"kiruba-ganesh",fullName:"Kiruba Ganesh"}]},{id:"16162",title:"Vision-only Motion Controller for Omni-directional Mobile Robot Navigation",slug:"vision-only-motion-controller-for-omni-directional-mobile-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:2228,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"178",slug:"advances-in-robot-navigation",title:"Advances in Robot Navigation",fullTitle:"Advances in Robot Navigation"},signatures:"Fairul Azni Jafar, Yuki Tateno, Toshitaka Tabata, Kazutaka Yokota and Yasunori Suzuki",authors:[{id:"26999",title:"Dr.",name:"Fairul Azni",middleName:null,surname:"Jafar",slug:"fairul-azni-jafar",fullName:"Fairul Azni Jafar"},{id:"40230",title:"Mr.",name:"Yasunori",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"yasunori-suzuki",fullName:"Yasunori Suzuki"},{id:"40231",title:"Mr.",name:"Yuki",middleName:null,surname:"Tateno",slug:"yuki-tateno",fullName:"Yuki Tateno"},{id:"40232",title:"Mr.",name:"Toshitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tabata",slug:"toshitaka-tabata",fullName:"Toshitaka Tabata"},{id:"40233",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Yokota",slug:"kazutaka-yokota",fullName:"Kazutaka Yokota"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1266",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. Prof. Rashed was recognized in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists in 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78617",title:"Doppler Ultrasound in the Reproduction of Mares",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98951",signatures:"Camila Silva Costa Ferreira and Rita de Cássia Lima Morais",slug:"doppler-ultrasound-in-the-reproduction-of-mares",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/180329",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"180329"},fullPath:"/profiles/180329",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()