Management culture categories and subcategories.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"857",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",title:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research in robotics. 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Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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\r\n\tThere are many textbooks on international law, but these are generally written for students and legal academics and focus on the historical development of the various sub-fields of the discipline and on past judgments and decisions. This book adopts a different perspective: it is intended for practitioners, and these are numerous and varied. Apart from all those involved in diplomatic practice, they range from naval, coastguard, customs, and fisheries officers, to relief workers caring for refugees and following natural disasters, and many others. Everyone working on the ground needs practical advice, not history and caselaw. This book is therefore intended to be a practical handbook on a number of current and emerging themes in international law, focusing on the kinds of issues met in practice and describing what is legally and practically possible to address and resolve these issues. The individual authors are invited to use concrete examples or relevant scenarios to illustrate these problems and the processes required to achieve the desired practical and legal outcomes.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-054-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-053-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-055-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c607e873911da868c0764770dc224313",bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Underdown",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11774.jpg",keywords:"Diplomatic Law, Consular Law, International Negotiations, Treaty Law, ICJ, International Arbitration, UNCLOS, Fisheries, ITLOS, Civil Aviation, Armed Warfare, Piracy, Smuggling, Human Rights",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"13 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A well-known maritime and port lawyer and Oriental historian, with extensive international experience as a scholar, diplomat, and lawyer. Dr. Underdown was previously affiliated with Seoul National University as a visiting professor and Macquarie University as a research associate and is a member of the Royal Society of South Australia.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"478218",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Underdown",slug:"michael-underdown",fullName:"Michael Underdown",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/478218/images/system/478218.png",biography:"Professor Michael Underdown FRSSA is a professor at the Global Humanistic University in Curaçao and visiting professor at Jilin University and Northeast Normal University in China. He is also Adjunct Senior Research Fellow at Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns. Professor Underdown studied Law and Oriental Studies in Australia, Belgium, Portugal and Germany and, in addition to academic appointments in Australia and New Zealand, has held research fellowships in the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, China and South Korea. He has ongoing research interests in law, history, philosophy, management and linguistics. He is admitted to the High Courts of Australia and New Zealand and has practised as both a solicitor and barrister, including as a Special Counsel at a “top tier” law firm. 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Organizational culture is defined as a model of shared, not expressed in words, assumptions recognized in the group only after it solves the problem of external adaptation and internal integration, and it is quite reasonably grounded; therefore, it is suitable to train new members as an appropriate way to perceive, reflect, and feel those problems [13]. Lithuanian scientists analyzing organizational culture often emphasize the organization\'s identity, because it is the organizational culture that distinguishes organizations from others [7, 14, 15] and the instrumental role in achieving the objectives and changes [14, 16, 17, 18]. The latter aspect probably receives the greatest attention paid to the analysis of the conditions of changes in the organizations.
In most cases, discussion about organizational culture is based on visible and invisible organizational culture levels indicated by French and Bel [19]. It is popular to describe organizational culture by using the iceberg metaphor or three-tier model, vividly illustrating the composition of the organization\'s culture—the most visible although difficult to decode part (“top of the iceberg”).
Many studies employ Schein‘s [13, 20, 21] system aiming to determine the dimension of organizational culture in companies of different countries. Schein believes that for preparing organizational culture changes, one of the conditions is the identification of artifacts and processes. This is the first, most visible level that includes the organization\'s physical environment, technology and products, styles, myths and stories about the organization, the declared values, rituals, ceremonies, etc. The authors focusing on changes in organizations usually pay attention to the visible aspects.
According to Jucevičius [22], the objective characteristics of organizational culture are everything that exists independently of its members\' thoughts. These are all its physical attributes, ranging from buildings to ceremonies and rituals. Subjective aspects are approaches, a way of thinking, and assumptions. The qualitative aspect is the way people interpret, define, and perceive this culture. The quantitative aspects, on the contrary, express what people say about organizational culture. The assessment of the same company organizational culture by two people can vary a lot since, as noted by Mockaitis [16], organizational culture is not an innate but acquired set of values common to a group of people, influencing the group’s lifestyle, their perceptions (beliefs, attitudes), and behavior, and separating one group of people against another.
According to Paulauskaitė [23], the concept of organizational culture shows that human behavior in organizations and their decisions are mostly influenced by the standard fundamental beliefs of the members. Even under changing the organization‘s environment, its members are likely to make such decisions, which suited in the past, i.e., out of habit. Members of the organization do not consider those beliefs because they are generally accepted and remembered as the undisputed truth. The aim of the organizational culture is to install social reality perception favorable for management of the organization into schemes interpreted by the employees; behavior characteristic to the company and its employees, mind-set, and external shape (for example, organizational structure, symbols, and so on) were formed by employees communicating with each other and with the outside environment, and were expressed by attitudes, beliefs, and values characteristic only to the employees of that company [15].
Customs, rituals, procedures, ceremonies, common history, and many other things unite all members of the organization [24]. According to the author, well-established values and norms that commit the employed staff to behave and act according to certain rules integrate into the community. A specific relationship atmosphere is formed in each organization. These are not just legal and administrative obligations how to handle internal interactions and relations with the external environment. In most cases, scientists, analyzing the communication and dissemination of organizational culture, examine the behavior, language, and other informal aspects that need to be monitored, understood, and interpreted. However, at least parts of the elements are (should be) registered in certain public or internal documents of the organization [25].
Management culture is the concept rarely used in scientific literature (e.g., in comparison with the cultural management, organizational culture, which cannot be regarded as equivalent neither in content nor in meaning). The increasing globalization has led to a large number of acquisitions and mergers. This means changes within the organization and the problems with the implementation process in a new organization. The integration of the participating companies is a very important thing for knowing and identifying the characteristics of different management cultures. Management culture is the way by which the company is managed and influenced by the surrounding culture. Management culture is something that has often been in development since its origin and penetrates into the spirit of the company [26, 27]. However, the author looked into the problem with respect to problematic aspects of companies operating in other cultures. The term of management culture in scientific debate was further developed by Zakarevičius [7], but over the last decade, the concept remains in the development stage. This is a specific area in managing organizations, which requires further discussion. In the studies of organizations and their cultures, the management culture has not always been given the attention it deserves as one of the conditions for changes. Management culture is usually studied by analyzing the issues of staff work organization, optimization of managerial processes, the formation of working conditions, organizational design, etc. [7, 28, 29]. Lundin and Söderholm [26, 27] stated that the theories focused on the management culture model with five dimensions: relationship, orientation, decision making, motivation, and loyalty. However, approaches by different authors do not oppose management culture perception but complement each other. It is significant that the management culture not only guarantees the functionality of the processes in the organization, but also enables cultural innovation. General management culture improves organization, simplifies and reduces the cost of management processes, determines the accuracy and consistency, and increases work discipline. Management culture is a key factor in the overall organizational culture, influencing directly the results of the organization\'s performance [30]. In addition, management culture, as the way of realization of vital human forces, determines the striving of management staff objectives in managerial activities, encourages creativity, expansion, and deepening of the knowledge gained and acquisition of new knowledge by communicating, and searches for new ways and methods in management activities. Management culture stimulates the activity, initiative, and managerial personnel responsibility for their actions and their consequences. This enables the achievement of the set aims in a shorter period of time by planned or better economic effectiveness [31]. Management culture components are often dealt with in the context of organizational culture, identified by one term organizational culture. In the works of Zakarevičius [7, 28], Melnikas [32], and Vveinhardt [33], when analyzing the problems of culture, two concepts are distinguished: “organization culture” and “organizational culture,“ because their contents are different. This distinction is important not only in the theoretical but also in the methodological sense. Often the concepts “organization culture” and “organizational culture” are used to describe the same characteristics of the organization—the whole of its members, the provisions, beliefs, and norms, so it is necessary to clarify the essence and the meaning of the two concepts, and use them for defining different parameters. This distinction allows knowing the discussed objects deeper and understanding their role within the organization, especially when planning qualitative changes. Zakarevičius [7] recommends to use the term “organization culture” when examining the whole of attitudes and beliefs of the organization as a group of people. The author based his idea on the fact that the organization is one of the components of a socioeconomic system, and if defining the concepts of other components, we use the terms “the nation\'s culture” and “the culture of humanity,” and by analogy, we use “the organization‘s (a specific group of people) culture.” In other words, a wide context of organization is included. However, in this context a management element that shapes the conditions for the expression of organization\'s culture and initiates certain changes, both positive and negative, can be (and must be) distinguished. Organizational culture is an artificial, deliberately developed culture. The term “organizational culture,” according to Zakarevičius [7], is acceptable when describing the management processes and management performance culture. Management culture should be the basis for all organization culture. Understanding of management staff activities, management staff relations, value system that they are using, technical maintenance of material management processes, and the policy of formation of staff working conditions shows the general management culture [30]. The function of management culture is twofold: formed and forming. In addition, management culture performs the following functions: training, information, communication, and standard control. The educational function is realized in order to develop modern, qualified, and spiritually rich management staff. This is the key management culture function, which determines the implementation of all other functions. The information function is used in managerial activities, and it is reflected in the management culture from generation to generation. This function enables the transfer of the accumulated management experience vertically, from generation to generation, and horizontally, from one management staff to another during the planned period. With the help of management culture information function, the exchange of knowledge, skills, and abilities in the field of organizational management is carried out [31]. The managers are responsible for the coordination of organizational resources and ensuring that the organization\'s objectives are successfully achieved. The managers use their skills in order to steer the organization‘s response to pressures from both inside and outside of the organization [34].
Due to the fact that the informational function of culture in the managerial process appears where people come together, it has close links with another, communicative function. The standardization, the regulatory function of management culture, is implemented by using heterogeneous forms; the assimilation and compliance of which in the managerial process lead to immediate adaptation of the managerial process participants to the prevailing circumstances and operational success. Management culture standardization is expressed in a number of requirements, which are assigned for management personnel that organizes the work process. Requirements of moral character of management activity in practice are documented in recommendations, rules, and business conduct codes. Practical culture normalization requirements are natural regulators of the management staff performance [31]. The concept of management culture is revealed by the following elements: management staff culture, managerial processes organization culture, culture of management working conditions, and the documentation system culture [7, 28]. So, to summarize briefly, the management culture concept highlights and identifies the phenomenon and helps to avoid confusion.
For a number of years, the Lithuanian organizations\' management culture has been analyzed in the context of the organizational culture, but in order to increase the efficiency of organizational activities and interaction with the clients, customers, and other social environment, it is necessary to give more attention to the content of management culture. In addition, the significance and need for the latest knowledge in management are increasing, as well as in knowledge sharing, approach to innovation and the use of information technology for organizing managerial processes [35, 36, 37, 38, 39], transformations, as processes of positive changes [20, 21, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44], creative approach to management [7, 38], making physical and psychological welfare of the staff [7, 45, 46], and the values that are meaningful. The values system that the managerial staff is guided by is formed, on the one hand, in the context of the basic common values of the organization; on the other hand, it determines their composition and essence. All values of the organization are selected and evaluated by the managerial personnel, and only after such selection, they instill them, making sure that they overwhelm the employees’ consciousness [30]. In addition, according to Melnikas [32], in order to get to know better the processes ongoing in the modern world in the area of management and management culture changes, it is appropriate to evaluate the circumstances influencing the contemporary management, which reflects the effects of historically formed lifestyle and stereotypes occurring in management activities. Although Hofstede [47] wrote about “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group of people from another,” as the meaning of the term “organizational culture,” which is an interesting way of understanding the concept, and although at that time he “discovered” four areas of work associated with differences in values (power distance; uncertainty avoidance; individualism/collectivism; masculinity/femininity), but in 1992, Hofstede [48] used the term “practices” while speaking about social and cultural phenomena, and in Hofstede\'s view, it is important enough to move the values kept deeply by organization\'s members into the very center of organizational culture. In reality, in terms of some of the members of the organization, these values can be considered to be so deep that it will be impossible to change them at all [49].
Culture is not static, but it is dynamic and constantly developing in nature; in today\'s modern world with modern travel and communication technologies, cultural identity cannot exist in isolation, but it is constantly changing in response to the external influences of macro-environment and property [50]. Management culture reflects the development level of the organization\'s managerial system. It is the level on which it depends in terms how the innovation will be implemented in the management of the organization and whether it will be implemented at all. Compliance of ethical and legal acts shows the level of personal culture, awareness, and organic self-perception in the social system. Hoskins [51] believes that in general the company code of ethics should be the beginning of the evaluation of the company\'s values. Recent studies have shown strong evidence that companies with a code of ethics work better (financially) than those that do not have it. Ethical codes are found in most large companies, but, as the author notes, the presence of the code of ethics is getting worse as the company\'s size is increasing.
Management culture is more accepted by the organization\'s staff and clients whose assessments related to the organization distinguish one organization from the other most. According to Jancevskij [52], management culture is one of the components of the competitive advantage. The acquisition of recent management, marketing and innovation knowledge, and skills leads to business success factors. This is manifested in terms of product quality, service, the staff, partners, business risk, organization of activities in accordance with the requirements of the standards, in terms of the initiative, creativity, and the successes and failures.
As can be seen from the information presented in Table 1, the level of management staff culture is determined by analyzing management science knowledge, taking into account the staff personal and professional characteristics and identifying the leadership style of organization managers’ leadership style and their ability to manage. In order to determine the expression of organization culture of managerial processes, it is necessary to diagnose how reasonable managerial work organization is, how optimal managerial processes regulation is, if computerization of managerial processes is modern enough, etc. The level of management working conditions culture is determined by assessing the working environment, the level of workplace organization, work and rest regime in the organization, presence/absence of opportunities for employees’ relaxation, and issues of work security and sociopsychological climate. The level of documentation system culture is determined by analyzing the culture of official registration of documents, exploring the optimality of document search and access, rational use of modern information technology, and rationality of the system of document storage in the archives.
When analyzing what unit of measurement is proposed to measure organizational culture, several positions were revealed: Robbins and Coulter [97] suggest that organizational culture components should be measured by degrees (Figure 1)—low-high; Hall [98] proposes to measure by high and low context and contexts contradictory to each other, the latter has a similarity with Trompenaars‘ [50, 99] “universalism” (low context) and “particularism” (high context). Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner [50] provide such classification of cultural dimensions: universalism versus particularism; individualism and communitarism (communal); achievement versus allocation (indication); neutral versus emotional; specific versus diffusive (scattered); human-nature relationship (internal/external control); and human-time ratio.
Dimensions of organizational culture. Source: Robbins and Coulter [
This section briefly discusses the management culture as part of informal organizational culture. On the one hand, Cohen [4] defined the organizational culture as the combination of formal and informal systems, processes, and interactions. On the other hand, according to Bush and Coleman [100], organizational culture generally is more associated with informal rather than official aspects. When speaking about organizational culture and its effects, different authors distinguish such elements as artifacts, behavior models and norms, attitudes, values, commitments, fundamental assumptions, and others. Some of these elements (e.g., artifacts and symbols) are easily noticeable, susceptible to formalization and definition, or may even be regulated in the organization’s documents, but others may persist for a long time being unnoticed.
It is no coincidence that Kirkbride [101] noticed that organizational culture is usually seen as the “atmosphere” of the organization, or the attitudes, feelings, and beliefs of employees. This atmosphere, which often involves the organization’s climate as well, can be broadly and differently interpreted, and result in a clearer way under particular situations, for example, related to changes or crises. However, as Baker [102] noticed, the informal, non-material, interpersonal part of organization\'s culture as the basis for cooperation and commitment of the members of the organization is becoming more important than the formal, material elements of culture. Since the informal culture is associated with deep interactions of the members of the organization, they originate from them, influence them, and promote corrections of values and attitudes. It creates a strong atmosphere of trust and longevity in employee relations and is ultimately the most robust route to maintaining a sustainable competitive edge [103].
Such informal organizational culture factors as organizational commitment, moral norms, organizational ethics, values, attitudes, group norms, socialization and acculturation manifesting itself in human resources management, etc. affect both management culture and the social responsibility state in the company. Therefore, the research ascertains relations of managerial staff valuable categories to organizational climate, employee reactions and well-being [104], creativity, innovation, individual and group behavior [105], employee behavior when sharing knowledge [106], motivation, incentives and education, having direct relevance to the competitiveness of companies [107], and so on. Informal organizational culture is the organizational culture layer that is recognized and interpreted by analyzing the behavior of the organization and its members, in internal and external communication with all stakeholders. It can both confirm and question the declared values, norms, principles of the organization, ordinary employees, and managers. The organizations develop their own internal informal culture as well as this part of culture is strongly influenced by the society cultural, subcultural environment, and its differences. For example, Cohen’s [108] study showed that in different types of organizations operating even within the same national cultural environment, there exist strong and significant differences that are revealed through organizational commitment, the values, and behavior of the members of the organization. Another study showed the dependence of employees’ well-being and organizational commitment on the organization’s cultural differences [109]. Therefore, when we talk about the informal culture of the organization, we deal with a wide range of impact that affects the organization from inside through individual values, norms, attitudes of employees, and managers, and values, norms, and expectations of related external entities.
The research by various authors shows a strong informal organizational culture influence on the members of the organization, human resources management, and the way the society stakeholders perceive and evaluate the organization. Based on the research, Table 2 reviews some of the characteristics of functional informal organizational culture elements that affect both the company management and social responsibility.
Categories | Subcategories | Authors who did research according to individual subcategories |
---|---|---|
Management staff culture | Management staff culture includes such constituents as management staff general culture, management science knowledge, managers\' personal and professional characteristics, and the ability to manage | Research of personal and professional conduct of Myers-Briggs-type management practices indicator correlates in two cultures [5]; study of commonalities and differences in middle-level managers‘ managerial work [6]; organizational culture perception effect on the relationship between participation in budget deliberations and management performance results [53]; study of the employees‘ attitude to culture change in the long-term managerial supervision [54]; study of management culture, workplace culture and current educational programs in organizational learning [55]; study of leadership style and institutional control [56]; study of staff, creating an organizational culture [57]; study of the search for a superb manager in terms of work and personal life balance and manager‘s job [8], etc. |
Managerial processes organization culture | The organizational culture of managerial processes consists of rational organization of management work, optimal regulation of processes modern computerization of managerial processes, dealing with visitors, conducting meetings, telephone conversations, and other forms of culture reflecting factors | The significance of work culture in developing countries in operation management [7, 58, 59]. |
Management working conditions’ culture | Culture of management working conditions consists of work environment (including such criteria as workplace interior, lighting quality, temperature, cleanliness), workplace organization, work and rest regime, relaxation opportunities, work security, socio psychological microclimate | Study of working conditions and use of working time [60]; working conditions and early retirement: study of retirement from work behavioral perspective [61]; study of innovation, working conditions, and labor relations in the local production system [62]; study of duality theory and changes of organization form in management [7, 63]. |
Documentation system culture | Documentation system culture includes the following parts: culture of official registration of documents, document search and access system, use of modern information technology, and the storage system of archival documents | Study of information organization and management with respect to personal attitude [7, 64]. |
Strategies | Clearly defined, transparent, and can be formulated in documents | [9, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73] |
Organization structure | Company organization, management | [9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 21, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78] |
Regulation | Rules, regulations | [7, 13, 20, 21, 79, 80] |
Technologies | IT, intellectual, technical capital, technical provision | [7, 13, 18, 20, 21, 81, 82, 83] |
Processes | Management, production, creativity, socialization, etc. | [7, 13, 20, 21, 80, 84, 85, 86] |
Information systems | Provision of all levels of staff with the necessary information, information systems | [7, 13, 18, 20, 21, 82, 83] |
Control | Organization norms and rules, production, and management control methods | [13, 18, 20, 21, 59, 77, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94] |
Incentive | System of award and incentive | [9, 13, 20, 21, 59, 70, 95, 96] |
Management culture categories and subcategories.
Elements of informal organizational culture | Function in the organization | Authors |
---|---|---|
Moral norms | Impact on public confidence, there exists a link between moral culture and ethical leadership, employee identification and company maturity | [110, 111] |
Organizational ethics | The company\'s responsibility is developed, the risk of fraud and abuse is decreasing, but also can improve organizational innovation, behavior, strategic, and process innovation in practice | [112, 113] |
Values | Influence attitudes and norms, behavior of employees, organizational climate | [104, 114] |
Group norms | Values, norms, and beliefs that play a role in creativity and innovation can either support or inhibit creativity and innovation depending on how they influence individual and group behavior | [105] |
Socialization | The influence on social integration, a positive relationship between democratic organizational culture, socio-moral climate, and better professional socialization is established | [115, 116] |
Functional characteristics of informal organizational culture elements.
The analysis of the role of informal cultural elements can be broadened and deepened, but the discussed examples show the organization’s culture elements’ interconnectivity and a wide range of impact and coordination of interests. As such, morality is closely related not only to the ethics of organizations [111] but also to more formal elements needed to express the targeted organization’s maturity [117]. While the market is primarily related to egoism and morality concerns with a personal view of what is moral, fair, or unfair, welfare economic theory and its applications cannot proceed very far without the assistance of moral codes [118]. Of course, the moral company culture changes could take considerable time, the more that there are still discussion questions if formal company intervention in determining the codes of ethics does not inhibit the rights of employees to moral autonomy [111] and how it affects the resistance of the members of the organization. Besides, Hofstede [119], who studied the attitudes and values of employees in the context of the organization‘s culture, stated that employee attitudes were found to be clearly distinct from employee values. According to the author, perceptions of organizational practices were unrelated to values and only overlapped with attitudes where both dealt with communication.
Disagreement arises not only because of differences in values, but also because of subjective differences in communication. In this case, attention is paid to the values, norms dominant in society, and the resulting behavior and expectations. Therefore, it can be said that the emphasis on informal organizational culture influence on many aspects of activities, including the increased operating efficiency and profitability, and egoistic interests of company shareholders aiming for profit in the market, may be the object of reaching consensus while combining stakeholder interests (this is further discussed in other chapters of this book). Naturally, there is a need to highlight or, in other words, to formalize the object or objects of discussions. Thus, the problem of formal organizational culture aspect is emphasized, which is discussed in the next section.
Management culture can be relatively described as part of formal organizational culture. Management culture elements, i.e., management staff culture, managerial processes organization culture, working conditions culture, and documentation system culture, are associated with formal organizational culture elements through the following factors: strategy, processes, organization structure, objectives, regulation, written documentation, technology, information systems, and control and incentive. Formal organizational culture within the individual elements was studied, in addition to the aforementioned authors, by Albert and Silverman [81], Carroll and Harrison [84], Townsend [89], Higgins and Mcallaster [67], Gallivan and Srite [82], Franklin and Pagan [90], Cooke [59], Naor et al. [91], Jagajeevan and Shanmugam [68], Laulusa and Eglem [76], Bushardt et al. [70], Ling [85], Krasulja and Radojević [95], Hu et al. [71], Popovič and Habjan [83], Grote [79], Dahlgaard et al. [80], Lee and Widener [92], Haber [11], Taylor [73], and Dupuis [86].
When analyzing the meaning of the connection between strategy and objectives as the elements of management culture, factors determining strategy planning and implementation success are evaluated in researchers’ works. Business objectives should be translated into more concrete goals to guide and direct the manager’s work, and general leadership style philosophy statements should also be translated into concrete managerial behaviors, activities, and roles to lead and direct the way in which management gets the work done through people. The benefit of human resources staff, who start using this extra step behind the broad philosophy statements’ generation, is as follows: all the employees will share common management philosophy and values system; all leaders will think and communicate using a common set of managerial activities and roles that they are guided by in their behavior; management effectiveness culture will emerge, which serves as a strong influence on the future leaders conduct and activities. As a result, all the organization managerial resources will work in such an environment that was formed to achieve consistency [81]. Bushardt et al. [70] emphasized the importance of the managers’ attitude—the heads should assess the organizational culture as a strategic planning process, when the aims and objectives gradually merge with the culture. In this process, it is important to properly direct the efforts of the staff. Taylor [73], Higgins and Mcallaster [67] named organizational culture as one of the most important factors shaping and implementing the strategy. Successful management of the organizational culture is realized through cultural artifacts, rituals, ceremonies and symbols, and certain physical characteristics such as interior and exterior design, and equipment. Higgins and Mcallaster [67] indicate that all changes of cultural artifacts help to strengthen the new strategy, so, when making strategic changes, it is important not to forget to change your cultural artifacts, i.e., to make the necessary changes in the organizational structure and the management of systems and processes, to correct the leadership for the staff style. According to Jagajeevan and Shanmugam [68], good organizational culture not only gives direction to the organization and directs individuals to achieve the organization\'s goals, but also promotes the processes of changes. The authors summarized the contribution of rituals and team orientation to organizational culture. Haber [11] refers to the importance of staff participation in developing of the strategies and striving for results and highlights the motivation of the employees, significance of hierarchical flexibility, and partnership in decision-making process. Hu et al. [71] established impact of managers’ actions on employees’ behavior, by emphasizing how important it is to understand the connection among leadership, organizational culture, and employee cognitive processes aiming to develop managerial staff culture. The authors believe that a very significant activity of the managers is to be able to manage and control the behavior of employees and to guide them for achieving the objectives.
When discussing the processes, as one of the management culture elements, the complexity of process management is highlighted, as well as the importance of their coherence pursuing the organization\'s aims. Dahlgaard et al. [80] believe that procedural management enhances the managerial processes organization culture and makes it possible to develop the culture of managerial staff. Process management methodology gives an opportunity for the owners to select process analysis comparative data and information as well as identify the areas of improvement of processes. Management style, sociodemographic structure, and socialization processes strengthen the common cultural level. Carroll and Harrison [84], having analyzed the processes of the organizations’ demographic structure and cultural level of socialization, and Dupuis [86], having established the correlation of culture and management styles in different intercultural environments and effects on employees’ socialization, confirmed the influence of these factors on procedural management. Ling [85] evaluated the competency development process correlation with organizational culture. The communication process based on solidarity and trust creates a favorable environment for sharing knowledge and ensures the efficiency of competence development processes.
Discussing the structure as one of management culture elements, the effect on managerial processes is designated in the scientists’ works depending on the type of structure and the specificity of determining subordination relations in each organization. Laulusa and Eglem [76] state that the organization\'s structure is an essential formal cultural element conditioning management processes when, depending on the nature of the structure, the actions of employees and relationships with stakeholders are formed. Haber [11] found that each formal organizational structure model is distinguished by sharing responsibility, competencies assigned to job places, and the system of payroll and corporate communications within the organization and outside, also established the role of formal and informal structures in order to implement the tasks undertaken, and pointed out that the differences in management decisions are related to the company\'s legal form and company size.
When discussing technologies/information technologies as one of the management culture elements, intensity and options in modern technology development and deployment to business process management are emphasized. Albert and Silverman [81] introduced the management culture improvement model, which includes programs for the formation of change aims, development of changes, and program integration into human resources management, and stages, at each of them planning changes in technology and in the final stage creating a human resources support program. Gallivan and Srite [82] summed up the research of organizational culture and information technology applications. The scientists researched a variety of communication technologies, including e-mail, electronic meetings support systems, video conferencing, and a new-generation systems’ cultural implications on decision-making process; they indicated that the technologies ensure cultural compatibility, facilitate integration of employees from different cultures, and the systems help to enable the standardization of the business processes. Organizations, where the applied IT technology integrates and unites the workforce, are using information technology to achieve the company’s advantage. Comprehension of the IT role in shaping the culture at managerial level can have a positive result on staff activities, favorable attitude to technology instillment by integrating into the planning, design, and management processes, and strengthens the overall management culture. Popovič and Habjan [83] state that the higher the quality of the information presentation, the higher level of decision-making culture dominates in the organizations and the relations with stakeholders are stronger. Dahlgaard et al. [80] state that the process-based management, using different techniques and tools (Lean, Six Sigma, etc.), optimizes the standardized management of processes, helps to pay special attention to customers and suppliers, and enables the possibility of improvement of activity processes. Grote [79] discusses the development of safety management systems in many industries and indicates the key activities to any organization: safety management of employees, safety management quality, and safety regulatory regime, reflected in the standards and procedures.
The main role of management is to achieve the company’s goals by using a certain number of employees, management methods, and control means. Naor et al. [91] point out the advantages of quality management practices and procedure application in process management, and production efficiency enhancement processes highlight the importance of cultural elements in management practice and activities. Townsend [89] researched the problems of control resistance and employee work satisfaction, and brought up an assumption that a different employee behavior dominates in organizations with distinctive culture, distinctive according to management style and size of the organization, but active opposition to the employers’ control is characteristic to employees of all levels. Franklin and Pagan [90] researched the causal links between formal and informal cultural factors and the choice of employee discipline strategies, pointing out that the actions of the manager when choosing a formal disciplinary nature are conditioned by the written documents of an organization, timely and detailed references, organizational structure, which provides hierarchical nature, organization of labor discipline training, and employees\' socialization experience in the organization, and when implementing labor discipline control, the consistency of all managers is desirable.
However, according to Bergheim et al. [120], there is such a variety of factors that can alter or affect learning and behavior, so it can be stated that a lot of small steps, independent and also established, may have occasional reactions in learning or cultural changes.
Lee and Widener [92] researched the opportunities for application of culture and management control systems in order to determine the type of culture and the proper development of business processes and create process improvement action programs on the basis. Cooke [59] introduced management culture improvement activities, including staff capacity-building, which includes quality improvement schemes implementing ISO standards, continuous production processes improvement, innovation implementation, and employee participation in these processes, which is implemented through structured employment procedures and rules, incentive and disciplinary, health and safety procedures, and other descriptions of behavior norms in workplace. Cooke [59] considered that one of the major cultural aspects is the company\'s orientation to well-being of employees, which includes working condition’s quality improvement and application of motivation measures. Bushardt et al. [70], Krasulja and Radojević [95] refer to the importance of creating remuneration and award system aiming to create the system of employee satisfaction with work, regardless of the intercultural environment the organization operating in, as rapid technological change and political changes provide not only new opportunities but also the feeling of insecurity, so the aspects of motivation, incentive, and award are important in human resource management.
Partly formulated management culture concept coincides with visible or known as the “strong” culture elements isolated by Schein [13, 20, 21], but not identical. Management culture concept distinguishes and highlights the physical environment, management, processes organization, personnel management activities, etc. This is what makes the content of the management work. Management culture is a set of organization\'s achievements and performance of managerial processes, regulation of operational processes, the use of techniques in management, as well as requirements that are defined by public morality, ethics, aesthetics, law norms, principles, and are required for management system and employees [30]. In addition, the management culture [31] is of great importance and conditions successful managerial decisions of many social-economic tasks of the company. Effective activities of managerial apparatus, structural units, and individual managerial staff are possible in market economy conditions only at high management/managerial culture level. In modern conditions, the compliance of management culture requirements helps to achieve a clear and coherent managerial staff level, the rational usage of working hours, and physical and spiritual forces, and raises the professional level of the staff in the company.
The aspect of related and relevant management culture is influenced by the country\'s general sociocultural context on management, which is more or less unique. It can be distinguished by comparing management cultures of different countries. For example, Hofstede and Hofstede [121] compared the United Kingdom and Sweden. The authors stated that the United Kingdom and Sweden are culturally similar in this respect, but statistically Swedish organizations are more likely to give priority to consulting management culture in which many people are involved in decision-making. In the Swedish workplace, the Swedish PDI value is less than in the United Kingdom, which results in more decentralized organizational structures and informal relations of “use of the first name” between superiors and subordinates. The salary ranges generally between the low PDI in societies such as Sweden; the salaries are believed to have reduced the gap between the employees in the best and worst jobs. At that time, Lundin and Hällgren [122] drew attention to Swedish and the US management culture similarities, but they stressed that American management culture can be characterized as based on four characteristics: competition, focus on profits, individualization, and professionalism. American management culture is permeated with short-term thinking and is characterized as having a more formalized organizational structure than in Sweden. Their high level of individualism can explain the competitiveness that exists among employees, and their personal career ambitions are emphasized. Management culture is different in different countries mainly because of the goal identifying differences related to business practices among cultures, and it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that potential errors may occur when there is a lack of awareness or understanding of other cultures [123].
As this book is not intended to reveal the peculiarities of different management cultures, it is already the subject of a new study, but by summarizing, we will note that management culture is a system developed by managerial actions, because, as stated by Albert and Silverman [81], an organization or its unit desire to create a unique management culture. It is as a context in which all organizational objectives are achieved, they also provide a system to anticipate and respond to the opportunities and threats from the outside of the organization. At a certain level, when all the company or unit heads take part in this activity and behavior, and perform them effectively, a new management culture will be developed. However, the management culture is not created in a vacuum, but is actively influenced by the cultural environment to which it more or less coincides.
This means that a unique instrument is needed to know and measure an individual country‘s management culture, an instrument, which among other things, has to consider the fact that reactions of employees of different cultures differ. For example, when it comes to computerization, information technology possession, and use, in a developing country, a few years old, second-hand computer equipment can be identified as “new” or “modern,” especially if the employee hasn‘t used such equipment at all. In organizational management practices, you can still hear leaders who welcome innovation—the fact that workplaces are equipped with second-hand computer equipment. At the same time, it shows the level of the investment and their return understanding. So, as Lefterache [123] stated, management culture is influenced by national culture. In addition, the lack of attention to this belief can create difficulties in business, because the understanding of other cultures and perception of differences allegedly contribute to business success.
Population aging is a human success story. A reason to celebrate the triumph of public health, medical advancement, and economic and social development over the diseases, injuries and early deaths that have limited human life spans throughout history. Globally, there were 703 million people aged 65 and over in 2019. In the next three decades, the number of older people in the world is projected to double, reaching more than 1.5 billion in 2050. All regions will see an increase in the size of their older population between 2019 and 2050.
There are not only improvements in life expectancy at birth, but also even faster improvements in life expectancy at later ages. Globally, a 65-year-old could expect to live 17 more years in 2015-2020 and 19 more years by 2045-2050 [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that life expectancy in older age is increasing at a much faster rate in high-income countries than in lower-resource settings conditions. See Figure 1 [2].
Changes in life expectancy from 1950, with projections until the year 2050, by region of the WHO and worldwide [
This demographic transition is a major challenge for health authorities around the world, particularly as disease patterns will change at the same time. With age, the risk of losing years of healthy life is compounded by low individual resistance, poor nutritional status, chronic diseases, and adverse socio-environmental conditions [3]. Responding to this challenge requires the whole society.
One of the most important strategies we have to control and lessen the danger that this represents is the promotion of health. Health promotion uses education, prevention and health protection. This is of particular importance among developing countries where economic resources are scarce and where the largest growth in the older adult population is taking place in the world [4]. All these efforts to keep away older people from suffering and physical, emotional and social limitations as a result of disease must include the maintenance of oral health.
In the last decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, a global agenda has been disseminated on the implementation of public policies that reduce the burden of disease in the older adults. For example, since 1995, in response to the global challenges of population aging, the WHO launched a program on aging and health. This was designed to promote knowledge about health care in old age through specific research and training activities, information dissemination, and policy development.
In 1998 in the World Health Report, WHO reported the need to strengthen health promotion among older people. The health implications of aging should be better clarified and understood. Later, in 2000, WHO reiterated the priority of older people’s health through the “Aging and Life Cycle” program, which focused on the concept of “active aging”. In 2002, WHO published a document entitled “Active Aging: A Policy Framework”, which outlines essential approaches to achieving healthy aging. The proposed policy framework was based on three basic pillars: health, social participation and security [4].
The WHO in its report on aging and health, 2015, emphasized: “Oral health is a crucial and often neglected area of healthy aging” [5].
In this regard, oral health is a key component in maintaining and promoting a healthy body and a high quality of life [6]. The growing body of scientific evidence confirms that good oral health is integral and essential to a person’s overall health. Oral health and disease are closely related to health and disease in general. Unfortunately, older people are representative of a vulnerable population group that suffers heavily from oral diseases.
Given the comorbidities associated with the chronic disease profiles of older people, poor oral health further compromises healthy aging. The literature consistently describes oral health as a significant determinant of an individual’s quality of life [7].
Health authorities around the world now face a growing public health problem, including an increasing burden of oral disease among older people. Globally, poor oral health in this age group has been shown particularly in high levels of tooth loss, decay tooth, periodontal disease, xerostomia, and oral cancer [2].
In oral health, global inequalities persist both within and between regions and societies and undermine the fabric, productivity and quality of life of many communities of the world [8]. Despite advances in prevention, restorative techniques, and dental materials, tooth loss remains a reality in both industrialized and developing countries [9]. While there have been significant improvements in oral health in the last 30 years, inequalities persist and a marked social gradient in oral health is observed similar to that of general health [8].
According to the WHO Oral Health Database, high levels of decay tooth are found in national surveys of older people; regionally, the average number of teeth affected by decay varies from an average of 9 teeth in the countries of the African region to an average of 24 teeth in Europe. In all regions, the experience of decay tooth in older people led to tooth loss, while the number of teeth treated after decay is quite limited, especially in the countries of the African region.
Regarding periodontitis, globally, surveys have reported that the percentage of older people with deep periodontal pockets is within the range of 5–30%. Data from Madagascar reported that 17.1% of people aged 65 to 74 had superficial or deep periodontal pockets, while these conditions were observed in 55.5% of Chinese older adults [10].
Poor oral health negatively affects the daily performance of older people, this condition can lead to reduced chewing performance, limited food choices, weight loss, poor communication, low self-esteem and well-being. Obviously, these conditions influence the quality of life. The increase in life expectancy without a better quality of life has a direct impact on government spending on health, and is becoming a key public health problem in the most developed countries. It will also be of great concern to developing countries and countries with high population density and emerging economies, such as China and India [2].
At all ages, a healthy natural dentition and a pleasant dental appearance contribute to quality of life. Bad breath and tooth decay can promote social isolation, limit participation in social activities, and influence our judgments about personality traits [9].
Older people in good health can contribute to society, their families, their communities and economic productivity through formal or informal channels, e.g. through volunteer work, etc. [11]. Searching for effective, systematic and wide-ranging interdisciplinary solutions aimed at the current and future burden of oral diseases in our older people will be a great challenge and opportunity in the 21st century [6].
Goals in dentistry cannot be achieved solely on the basis of providing clinical treatment alone. As for any age, health promotion and self-managed disease prevention measures are important to achieve better oral health outcomes. Health promotion interventions are key to improving oral health in old age, as it encourages older people to be proactive about their health [11].
Through the Ottawa Charter, WHO, 1986, health promotion was defined as: “the process of allowing people to increase control over their health and improve it”. To achieve a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and realize aspirations, satisfy needs, and change or cope with the environment [12].
Failure to prevent or control the progression of oral disease can increase the risk of adverse health outcomes. A recent systematic review in Cochrane found evidence that periodontal disease treatment improved metabolic control among people with type 2 diabetes. Also, it was shown that better care of oral hygiene can prevent respiratory infections and death from pneumonia. in older people in hospitals and nursing homes. Furthermore, frequent tooth brushing was reported to be associated with lower levels of cardiovascular disease [13].
The literature also indicates that health promotion activities should include the active participation of stakeholders in their planning, implementation, and evaluation. This will ensure that health promotion activities are based on the target group’s own goals and needs.
Greater efforts should be made to identify opportunities for health promotion activities and the development of community models that encourage older people to improve and maintain their oral health. Ignoring health promotion and disease prevention opportunities in these groups is unfair and can increase inequalities in health standards [11].
Health promotion uses education, prevention and health protection. This is of particular importance among developing countries where economic resources are scarce and where the world’s largest population growth is taking place [3].
Health literacy, which is within the framework of health promotion and preventive strategies, is necessary to counter oral diseases. Health literacy has been defined as “the cognitive and social skills that determine people’s motivation and ability to access, understand, and use information in a way that promotes and maintains good health.” In the case of older people, it is important to take into account, in addition to health literacy, functional literacy. Health professionals should consider literacy difficulties among older people than younger adults, if they associate aging with visual and/or cognitive impairments, or think that older cohorts had more likely to have missed school as children. Therefore, they need to provide clear or improved oral instruction to older people [14].
In recent years, the WHO developed a series of essential principles for the prevention of oral and general diseases and the quality of life, which must be followed by all actors involved in the health care of older people. In the report on health in the world of 2015, the strengthening of health promotion and the creation of healthy environments adapted to the older adults are highlighted in the first place. Promote a healthy diet and nutrition, especially less sugar consumption and increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, in accordance with the “WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, and Reduction of Malnutrition.”
One of the most relevant recommendations of this report is to emphasize the importance of educating caregivers about oral health knowledge, to dependent older people, in addition to involving their families, it is extended to independent older adults. As well as, to “other important people”, which can be interpreted as the entire team that cares for older people. A relevant point is to ask that care models be developed thinking of older people with primary oral health care capacity. As well as, nursing homes and institutions for dependent older people in order to meet the needs of the many people neglected.
On the other hand, the economic cost of treatments is identified as a barrier to oral health care in older people. So it is requested to improve social security for this age group, and to establish health care financially fair mouthpiece for the older adults. Attention is paid to evidence-based medicine, and this report calls for the implementation of national evidence-based public health programs to achieve better oral health, general health, and quality of life. Finally, within these principles of the WHO, the surveillance of the oral health of the older adults and important risk factors is recommended [10].
Meeting the oral health needs of the growing older population will require a diverse and capable dental workforce. A two-pronged approach is required, focusing both on (a) new entrants to the profession through dental schools and (b) existing dentists. The latter will be achieved through the continuing professional development of most dentists, but there will also be a greater need for postgraduate education and training. Undergraduate education is the hotbed of conscientious professionals, so it is important to place appropriate emphasis on oral health care for older patients in the undergraduate curriculum [15].
In this regard, the group made up of The common Task and Finish of the European College of Gerodontology (ECG) and the European Society of Geriatric Medicine (EUGMS), proposes a series of educational training actions aimed at dentists, and non-dentists in order to improve dental care for the older adults. They call this strategy “Educational Action Plans”, and which in our opinion are of such importance for the prevention of oral diseases in older adults that we underline them.
According to this proposal, educational action plans should involve dental and non-dental health care providers, giving them the opportunity for interprofessional training, practical training and improvement of attitudes towards the promotion of oral health. Better training for dental professionals in oral care for frail dependent older people.
Non-dental health professionals should receive education at the undergraduate, graduate and specialty levels, in the evaluation and promotion of oral health. This includes physicians, nurses, nursing assistants, physical therapists, occupational therapists, medical assistants, pharmacists, dietitians and others. It is proposed that these health providers should recognize oral health as part of multimorbidity. Also relate medication to the impact on oral health, initially assess oral health status, and demonstrate oral hygiene measures for the older adults and their caregivers. All this by developing strategies to overcome barriers to maintaining oral health and access to dental care, deciding when to refer to the dentist, and supporting collaborative practice [16, 17].
As the population ages, one of the main challenges for the future will be to translate existing knowledge and strong experiences in disease prevention and health promotion into appropriate programs [3]. Educational interventions on oral health in older people have shown their potential benefit to improve the level of knowledge and their application in preventive oral care measures. The most remarkable result to emerge from the data is the significant decrease in the O’Leary index and in the index of tongue coating [18].
Educational interventions have shown to significantly reduce the number of plaque-covered teeth and improve prosthetic hygiene in older people who require the care of a home health nurse. However, multiple approaches based on individual needs are required to improve the oral health of vulnerable older people, including integrating preventive dental care into the daily care plan carried out by home care nurses. It is important to consider the functional capacity and cognitive function of the older adult, as it has been associated with poorer oral hygiene [19]. Oral hygiene education programs for institutionalized older people caregivers have shown a positive impact on improving this condition of residents. The ratio of residents to caregivers should be considered, as it could play an important role in the provision of oral hygiene services, and has received little attention in the literature [20].
Unfortunately, oral health competence and attitudes towards oral care have been reported to be inadequate in nursing home care. Poor oral health has been reported for people most dependent on care, showing the need for preventive actions [21].
Considering only biological factors as the cause of oral diseases is not enough to explain the social differences in oral health. Consequently, addressing these factors alone, has led to reductionist approaches to prevention and treatment. Unfortunately there is a lack a sound theoretical basis and which, in general, have also failed to reduce the burden of oral diseases, and oral health inequalities [22].
In this regard, as reported by Link & Phelan, 1995, it is necessary to “contextualize risk factors” and understand the “fundamental social causes” of the disease. “Contextualize” risk factors based on the individual means that it is required (1) use an interpretive framework to understand why people become exposed to risk or protective factors and (2) determine the social conditions under which individual risk factors are related to disease [23].
In the case of oral health, there is considerable evidence of the influence of the social gradient on the oral health status of individuals. We know that many oral diseases are associated with socioeconomic status, which is linked to family income, educational level, employment status, housing, physical health, and mental health [23].
The fundamental social causes of disease essentially involve the resources that determine the degree to which people can avoid the risks of morbidity and mortality. Resources broadly can include money, knowledge, power, prestige, and the types of interpersonal resources incorporated into the concepts of social support and social network. Variables examined by medical sociologists and social epidemiologists, such as race/ethnicity and gender, are linked to resources such as money, power, prestige and/or social connection that should be considered as possible root causes of the disease [24].
Oral diseases share the same determinants and risk factors as the major Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs), which include heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, dementia, and stroke [23]. For NCDs, risk factors have been identified and many are related to lifestyle. Risk reduction is associated with smoking cessation, diet control (including reducing excessive consumption of calories, saturated fat and salt), moderate alcohol consumption, and exercise. Furthermore, many of these risk factors are important for the development of oral diseases. Table 1, resumes both biological and social risk factors [25].
Biological risk factors | Social risk factors |
---|---|
Interaction between the microbial plaque and the host’s immune response Aging of oral tissues: Changes in the healing capacity of cells and tissues | Related to lifestyle: Smoking, alcohol consumption, Diet: excessive consumption of carbohydrates |
Decreased salivary gland secretion; xerostomia | Socioeconomic status |
Medical conditions: Disabling musculoskeletal disease Cognitive and functional impairment Frailty syndrome Depression | Educational level |
Ethnicity and gender |
Biological and social risk factors of oral disease in old age.
It is important to recognize that in the older adults, there are risk factors, biological and social that favor the prevalence of oral pathologies such as tooth decay and chronic periodontitis [26]. These diseases continue to appear in old age. Global data indicate that the incidence of untreated tooth decay shows an upward trend after age 60. It was suggested that this was due to the development of root decay among older people. Similarly, periodontal diseases and their sequelae are highly prevalent among older people. The age-standardized prevalence and incidence of severe periodontitis showed a slight increase worldwide during 1990-2010, with a peak incidence in the fourth decade of life [27].
From a biological perspective, the etiology of periodontal disease has consistently been related to the interaction between the microbial plaque and the host’s immune response. Previous research shown, although periodontal conditions are initiated by dental plaque, the perpetuation of inflammation and the severity and progression of the disease depend on the effectiveness of the innate immune response to the bacterial biofilm. For its part, tooth decay is an essentially diet-mediated disease, in which host factors such as immune components in the microbial biofilm and saliva contribute to its progression [22].
Age can affect both oral diseases directly. When analyzing national studies of older people from the USA and Germany to observe, among other issues, the vulnerability to periodontitis and tooth decay in this population. The results showed that changes in susceptibility to periodontitis with age could be explained by exposure to pro-inflammatory conditions and changes in the healing capacity of cells and tissues [26].
The greater severity of periodontal diseases with age has been related to the length of time that periodontal tissues have been exposed to dentogingival plaque and is considered to reflect the accumulated oral history of the individual. However, the susceptibility of the periodontium to microbial plate induced periodontal degradation can be influenced by the aging process or by health problems specific to the aging patient. Differences in eating habits, increased flow of gingival exudate from the inflamed gum, and possible age-related changes in salivary gland secretions can similarly alter the conditions for growth and multiplication of microorganisms in the biofilm [28].
On the other hand, due to accumulated periodontal destruction, the number of surfaces at risk of tooth decay increases. The sequelae of restorative treatment contribute to an increased susceptibility to tooth decay development. Risk indicators for root decay include tooth decay experience, number of surfaces at risk, and poor oral hygiene [26].
With regard to tooth decay and the immune system and the impact of aging, a systematic review showed that studies are still in an early stage. A small number of studies have reported components of innate and adaptive immunity that affect the composition of dental saliva and biofilms with possible impacts on caries progression. Some conclusions could, at this stage, be considered more theoretical [29].
The general health of older people involves a variety of medical, cognitive and functional conditions and/or limitations that can have a direct effect on the onset and progression of oral diseases. And, by extension, the self-sufficiency of older people with respect to the performance of oral hygiene and the search for timely professional dental care [27].
In general, obtaining medical or dental care is known to be a problem for many older people with impaired functional status, especially those who are homebound or reside in long-term care facilities. People with disabling musculoskeletal conditions are likely to be among those affected in this way.
It is estimated that 10% of the world’s population aged 60 years or older have significant clinical problems attributable to osteoarthritis, a condition that is associated with joint pain, limited movement and sensation and occurs most frequently in the knee, hip and joints of the hands [30]. While the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is lower, it also affects a large number of people and is associated with aging [31].
Many people with these conditions, osteoarthritis and arthritis in the hands, cannot maintain proper oral hygiene, causing plaque and stone buildup, increasing the likelihood of tooth decay and periodontal disease. The limitation of mobility resulting from these diseases, particularly in the lower extremities, makes it difficult for those affected to visit dental offices for both routine hygiene and treatment [32].
Although cognitive impairment has not yet met the diagnostic criteria for dementia, people with mild cognitive impairment have been found to have poorer oral hygiene, a high gingivitis score, and more impaired root surfaces than those with intact cognition [33]. Tooth loss was reported to be independently associated with the development of cognitive impairment among older people living in the community. This finding supports the hypothesis that tooth loss may be a predictor or risk factor for cognitive decline [34].
Frail older patients in hospitals and long-term care homes, who depend on others for oral hygiene care, are at risk of poor health due to impaired functional and cognitive abilities. They are at high risk for tooth decay because foods containing sugar and refined carbohydrates remain in contact with the teeth for long periods between brushing [35].
One of the oral conditions that affect the quality of life of the older adults is xerostomia. A high prevalence of xerostomia and hypofunction of the salivary glands has been found in vulnerable older people. Etiologic factors include polypharmacy (especially with antihypertensives, antidepressants, and antipsychotics), poor general health, female sex, and advanced age. People with dry mouth require preventive measures against the consequences of the absence of saliva, including tooth decay, periodontal disease, and candidiasis [36].
Older people with depressive symptoms are less likely to make self-care, including oral hygiene and preventive dental care, a priority - many older people experience a chronic course of depressive symptoms. Depression in old age and depressive symptoms may be associated with poor nutrition, decreased salivary flow, distorted taste, increased oral lactobacillus counts, dental caries, advanced periodontal disease, and oral discomfort [37]. Older people with tooth loss were shown to be at increased risk of depressive symptoms [38].
Oral cancer poses a great threat to the health of adults and the older adults in high- and low-income countries [36]. Oral cavity cancer can be easily prevented and treated if it is diagnosed early [39].
It includes cancer of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx, and is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Incidence and mortality rates are higher in men than in women. The prevalence increases with advancing age, and oral cancer is of particular concern among people over 65 years of age. Variations between countries are attributable to differences in risk profiles and the availability and accessibility of health services, among others [36].
Oropharyngeal cancers, a subset of head and neck cancers, have the human papillomavirus (HPV) as a major risk factor. Modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol use, are implicated in the etiology of oral cavity cancers. Previous studies demonstrated that smoking was associated with a 2-fold increased likelihood of oral cavity cancers among those who had never drunk alcohol and binge drinking was associated with a higher likelihood of oral cancers among those who never had they had smoked [40].
Other risk factors are the consumption of betel quid and areca nuts, poor oral hygiene, poor nutrition, a weakened immune system, genetic and immune predisposition. In most cases, it is preceded by visible painless changes in the mouth known as precancerous lesions, such as a whitish (leukoplakia) or reddish (erythroplastic) discoloration of the mucosa, an ulcer, or a swelling. The self-examination of the mouth serves for prevention and early detection. It is an easy to perform, non-invasive method, and low-cost [39].
In the context of social determinants in health, as mentioned above, these have a significant influence on health inequalities. It will modulate people’s health and disease during the life course. Returning to the concept of the WHO [41], which defines them as “the combination of the social conditions in which the individual is born, grows and the ages that affect his health”. Cueto et al. [42] in a deeper analysis revealed two edges in this matter. In first place, older adults linked to work have less of time to go to a dentist appointment. They commonly attend when there is an emergency or pain that affects their job performance or social life. On the other hand, the older adults that are unemployed, or not perceive a pension are more likely to suffer damage to their health by the psychic instability that this condition entails, leading to a deterioration of their oral health.
An unhealthy lifestyle appears to be the most relevant SDH in older adults [43].
Kuh and Ben-Shlomo [44] defined life-course epidemiology as the “study of long-term effects on chronic disease risk of physical and social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life”. In other words, it links exposure to risk factors and consequences by considering the importance of the duration and timing of the development of the illness.
The sum in the biological systems could be influenced by independent and individual exhibitions. Specifically, the person is vulnerable to the risk factors, a series of separated situations at different phases of life and this combination increases the illness risk in later life. This is the “
As stated by the WHO [45] clinically, oral diseases are caused by bad oral habits such as poor oral hygiene, high consumption of sugars, the use and abuse of alcohol and tobacco and a lack of fluoride. Moreover, it is well known that oral illnesses share behavioral risks with non-communicable diseases. For instance, a diet high in added sugars is the principal cause of dental decay and it is related to obesity and overweight.
Heilmann et al. [46] proposed a theoretical framework for oral health. In which they integrated a life course perspective, with the models of the social determinants of oral health illness and their effect on the usual risk factors that link general health and oral health. The model highlights the significance of socioeconomic factors in the infancy and adulthood, like as education and salary. These elements are affected by economic, political and social variables at the societal level. In this sense, the model shows the degree in which infancy socioeconomic status will influence adulthood socioeconomic status. For example, the advancement of dental decay over the course of life follows different patterns directions, to be specific caries levels calculated at one age predicts dental caries levels al later ages.
In 2010, Sheiham and Sabbah [47] reported in their study that the presence of caries in the infancy is a strongly precursor of caries in permanent dentition. Likewise, Hallet and O’Rourke [48] the incidence and severity of dental decay in the primary dentition is linked to the individual, together with socio-economic aspects just as income and maternal education.
However, this is not particularly surprising given the fact that the most significant outcome of enamel defects is a high susceptibility to dental decay. Seen from the
Caries and periodontal disease are thus more common than other chronic health conditions and increase in older age. Good oral health is an important aspect of general health and wellbeing contributing to self-esteem, dignity, social integration and nutrition.
Aging is a physiological process that affects in unique ways to each person. It is influenced by different factors such as social, economic, environmental conditions and lifestyle of the individual developed through the course of life. It represents a challenge for the professional due to the oral cavity is the first place of the body where the signs of the nutritional deficiencies are manifested clinically [50].
According to the WHO [51] malnutrition refers to “deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients”. Who enlists some of the causes that lead to malnutrition in older adults. See Figure 2.
Oral health and nutrition risk factors enlisted by the WHO [
It is important to highlight the fact that polypharmacy, chronic diseases and aspects associated to mental health also affect the nutritional status, circumstances that are frequently present in older adults. Poor oral health conditions in this group are associated with discomfort, pain and a reduced appetite, which lead to an inappropriate selection of aliment, with a low or none nutritional content. There is a reduced intake of harder foods, fruits, proteins, vegetables, fiber, vitamins and minerals and a high intake of cholesterol and saturated fat, which alters the nutritional status [52].
Dental loss is related to the reduction of masticatory ability, affecting the maximal biting force and leading to problems in bolus formation. As the number of teeth present in mouth diminishes, the bolus size increases, generating a swallowing dysfunction. This decline can impact seriously in older adult’s health, resulting in of chronic disease like cardiovascular problems, diabetes, frailty, sarcopenia and an increased risk of malnutrition [53]. This last condition increases the risk of oral infections.
Frailty is defined as a state, highly prevalent in older adults, of diminished functional reserves that lead to an increased vulnerability to stressors and adverse health results. It includes falls, reduced strength, mortality, growing dependency, a reduced ability to recover from tension situations and increased health care usage [54]. When taking care for frail people is important to be aware of seemingly minor issues. Clegg et al. [55] declared “an apparently small insult (e.g. a new drug; “minor” infection; or “minor” surgery) results in a dramatic and disproportionate change in health state: from independent to dependent; mobile to immobile; postural stability to falling; lucid to delirious”.
As mentioned by Castrejón-Pérez et al. [56] the relation that lies between oral health and frailty is considerable and it comes from different pathways:
nutritional, as dentition impact the nutritional status
biological, through the relation with chronical inflammatory answer in the body
psychological, by the impact of oral health on depression and self-esteem.
Hakeem et al. [54] study demonstrated that frailty index was associated with periodontal disease and tooth loss in older adults. Poor nutritional status contributes to the progression of many morbidities involved in the complex and multiple etiology of frailty. This low nutritional intake leads older adults to an increased risk of oxidative stress, malnutrition, inflammation and frailty. There is a strong association between oral health and frailty. This last condition affects the oral status through loss of functions, which guide older adults to complications to take care of their oral hygiene and access to dental services [57].
The concept of vulnerability can be described as that subject who will not necessarily experience damage, but who is in fact more susceptible since it has higher inequalities. This condition is specially associated with individual and community situations and contexts. Aging involves an augmented risk for the development of vulnerability, since it is a process of variations that influence on life and health conditions of the individual [58].
Vulnerable groups commonly experience barriers to access oral health and are affected by oral diseases. The World Dental Federation [FDI] made a classification of this barriers [59]. See Table 2.
Main causes | Examples |
---|---|
Individuals themselves | Low income, lack of perceived need, psychological reasons such as fear and anxiety |
Dental profession | Lack of sensitivity or compassion to patient’s attitude, inappropriate work team resources, difficult location access |
Society | Lack of public support to healthy attitudes, low support for research and inadequate dental health work team planning |
Barriers for access on oral health services.
On a previous study, we found some different barriers that affect how older adults take care of their health. Lack of time, was reported as the main concern. Older adults sometimes have up to three jobs, because of their working record, since they do not count with a pension. Another example of lack of time is that some older adults (e.g. wife, mother) are caregivers of their partner or parents and therefore no time left for themselves. This is more rooted in women as part of the sociocultural inheritance and traditions; women are more tended to be a caregiver, which affects their social life and self-esteem, increasing stress factors and physical and mental fatigue.
On the other hand, education plays an important role too. Even knowing the consequences of not having good habits, older adults let the time go by without receiving oral health attention and only assist to the dentist in case of an emergency and when the pain is unbearable [60].
Moreover, is important to identify that some subjects experience accumulative challenges as they relate to simultaneous vulnerable groups. For example, an unemployed adult with physical disabilities living in a non-urban community, from a native group. In this way, more efforts are needed to facilitate access for this groups and specially be focused in address the complicated nature of the barriers meted [61].
As mentioned by the WHO, healthy aging is described as “the process of fostering and maintaining the functional capacity that enables well-being in old age. Functional capacity consists of having the attributes that allow all people to be and do what is important to them” [62]. Oral health is an important element of healthy aging as the mouth influences the whole body through the course of life. A healthy mouth contributes to good nutrition, promotes a safer swallowing and prevents infections [63].
Poor oral health conditions could be inescapable in the aging process, but through prevention, patient care and education, these objectives can be achieved. Therefore, professional clinicians and researchers should work together to develop behavioral interventions for the promotion of dental health in family, community and health care settings [64].
A growing body of literature has analyzed that keeping a healthy natural dentition in old age has many benefits including the psychosocial, functional and structural point of view. Knowing this, the goals of mouth healthcare should be targeted to treat and prevent oral infection, promote oral health related to quality of life and give the resources to restore oral health function where necessary and guarantee an acceptable dental appearance [9].
Among the great challenges that humanity is facing, there is the aging population. Promoting healthy aging is a task of the whole society. Oral health is part of general health, and participates in a relevant way in the quality of life. Proper oral health promotion activities are essential to protect the oral health of the population.
Understanding the pathways through which social determinants and biological risk factors interact over the life course and shape oral health inequalities can help achieve healthy aging.
Oral health care for older people should begin with interprofessional education, and the exchange between different health care providers for older people should be expanded. The older person, and their family, should be included. Knowing the risks involved in oral diseases allows us to prevent them.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Besides its wide and promiscuous tropism, AAV infection does not result in considerable toxicity or pathogenicity and is capable of achieving adequate and long-term levels of gene transfer, especially following generation of the AAV recombinant variant: rAAV. Due to these properties, rAAV has gained special attention as a viral vector for gene therapy in the last decade. Currently, there are 130 clinical trials taking place worldwide for several diseases testing the safety and efficacy profiles of rAAV. During preclinical and clinical studies, several challenges have arisen in terms of reaching the full therapeutic potential of rAAV, such as efficient delivery of the virus in a targeted and specific manner to a desired tissue. Importantly, the development of immune responses towards the viral capsids poses an obstacle to rAAV applicability in the clinical setting. Numerous approaches have been developed in order to tailor an optimized therapeutic virus for treating specific diseases, including the use of different AAV serotypes or the creation of recombinant capsid variants with distinctive transduction and immunological profiles. This chapter reviews current information on rAAV clinical trials and the potential for combining rAAV platform with other technologies, such as induced pluripotent cells and gene editing.",book:{id:"4754",slug:"gene-therapy-principles-and-challenges",title:"Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Gene Therapy - Principles and Challenges"},signatures:"Melisa A. Vance, Angela Mitchell and Richard J. Samulski",authors:[{id:"174649",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Melisa",middleName:null,surname:"Vance",slug:"melisa-vance",fullName:"Melisa Vance"},{id:"175144",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Jude",middleName:null,surname:"Samulski",slug:"r.-jude-samulski",fullName:"R. Jude Samulski"},{id:"178296",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"angela-mitchell",fullName:"Angela Mitchell"}]},{id:"49417",title:"Gene Delivery into the Central Nervous System (CNS) Using AAV Vectors",slug:"gene-delivery-into-the-central-nervous-system-cns-using-aav-vectors",totalDownloads:2607,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Application of gene therapies is a promising approach to the treatment of various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and lysosomal storage disorders, which are not treatable by any other means. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a key obstacle to gene delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as a promising tool for gene delivery to the CNS, thanks to their safety and ability to transduce non-dividing neuronal cells. In this chapter, we discuss strategies for delivering genes across the BBB, focusing especially on potential routes of administration of AAV vectors and promising applications of AAV vectors to the treatment of CNS disorders.",book:{id:"4754",slug:"gene-therapy-principles-and-challenges",title:"Gene Therapy",fullTitle:"Gene Therapy - Principles and Challenges"},signatures:"Koichi Miyake, Noriko Miyake and Takashi Shimada",authors:[{id:"28494",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Miyake",slug:"koichi-miyake",fullName:"Koichi Miyake"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1050",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. 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