Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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From their direct and recent experience, the readers can achieve a wide vision on the new and ongoing potentialities of nanotechnology application of drug delivery. Since the advent of analytical techniques and capabilities to measure particle sizes in nanometer ranges, there has been tremendous interest in the use of nanoparticles for more efficient methods of drug delivery. 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He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Marketing can be defined as an exchange which consumers expect to benefit from the firm and firms expect more market share, customer share and more pay. As a result of the fact that the market is dynamic, expectation of more customer share from customers in this exchange requires marketing to be managed with new techniques and strategies. The 7P mix, which classifies marketing’s basic strategies and tactics in seven main categories, can be described as 7 N to emphasize the importance of managing the innovation process in marketing. Figure 1 explains the transition process from 7P to 7 N and the marketing success because of mutual interactive interaction of 7P and 7 N. Figure 1 illustrates the need to not only reactively implement but also proactively implement marketing mix elements. Mutually and integrally, management and implementation of the marketing mix elements are also important for handling new products, new prices, new places, new promotions, new physical environment, new processes and new people.
\n
Figure 1.
Components of marketing mix.
\n
According to Fojt [1], the general view about new product development (NPD) is that it brings considerable profits to the businesses if new product is introduced to the market at the right time, is priced at the suitable amount and targets suitable customer group. Accuracy of this view was questioned by Fojt [1], and it was stated that NPD can result in new profit or loss. It is advised that various questions should be answered by the managers before new product decisions to determine whether NPD will bring profit or loss to the business. These questions are:
What markets are they looking at?
What types of products or services should they offer?
Is the product new to the business or its customers?
\n
There are several descriptions made for product term in the literature. Few descriptions will be given here to make clear what it is meant by product.
\n
Product is defined as an entity that is brought to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption which meets a need of consumers. Product does not mean only tangible items such as houses, foods and computers but also intangible items such as services including thoughts, events, organizations, persons, places, etc. or a mixture of these. Services are the form of product that consists of activities, benefits or satisfactions offered for sale. Therefore, product is a broad term which defines all those things [2]. Figure 2 summarizes the elements of a product.
\n
Figure 2.
Components of a product. Source: Adapted from Chunawalla [3], p. 2.
\n
Definition of product term does not stay stable and changes constantly during the time. Before, product was defined as what is produced by businesses, but today it is defined as a want of a customer provided or satisfaction of a customer met in an exchange. Satisfaction can be physical or psychological. Therefore, product includes more elements [3].
\n
\n
\n
2. New product development (NPD)
\n
Various definitions and explanations of its boundaries about ‘new product’ have been made in the literature. New product is defined by Crawford as ‘a product for which the company needs a new marketing, and in which the substantial changes are conveyed but excludes any changes that may require simple promotions’ [4].
\n
To make NPD effective, there should be a coordination between the manufacturing, engineering, research and development (R&D), marketing, finance and purchasing departments. Marketing department first has to make an assessment about new product, and then a cross-functional team created for the new product has to come into the scene for development of new product [5].
\n
There are several types of classifications for ‘new product’. One of these categorized new product into four groups. These are [6]:
Major innovations. Major innovations are absolutely new in the market. They are created by new technological developments and provide new experiences to the customers. For example, phones, smart phones, computers and tablets were not present before they were released for the first time. They created new markets instead of old ones as a result of attracting potential customers by claiming to ease their lives with if they use these products. However, there is a risk about attracting potential customers to major innovation product as potential customers may doubt about its worth. They can hesitate to spend money on something which did not yet prove its reliability and usefulness. Therefore, the business that created new product has to find ways to convince them that they need this product. Even though it is risky to produce a major innovation product, it can bring to the business several benefits in addition to the profit such as increased reputation of business among customers, employees, shareholders and potential investors.
Product improvements. Contrary to the ‘major innovation’ group, products in ‘product improvement’ group are not produced with the aim of creating new market. Instead, they target customers of competitors in the market. This kind of new products is popular in cosmetics, chemistry (especially detergent products) and food (diet, fat-free, allergen-free products) industries. Businesses in these industries try to attract customers to their products by differentiating their products from competitors’ products in the market.
Product additions. These are imitation products which use the market created by the producers of original products. Even though these products may claim new features, benefits (which are what customers experience differently to the original product) will be limited. This kind of new product is usually chosen by small businesses which have limited resources to create an original product. Therefore, they use original product’s existing market and sell with lower prices because of less costs for production of these products without product development costs. In this situation, business that produced original product will face with imitation products with lower prices which will attract customers and will endure product development costs. Because of this, businesses producing original products try to prevent imitation products by using marketing countermeasures. Therefore, it is difficult to find a distribution line in this market for imitation product businesses.
Repositioned products. Repositioned products are promoted in a new way to attract different kinds of customers. These are not new products, are not new formulations or are not new features, but they are positioned in a different way in the market for attracting different groups of customers. For example, Lucozade energy drink business changed the product’s image from a drink for recovering people from an illness to a drink for people interested in sports.
\n
New product is categorized under the six groups by Booz, Allen and Hamilton. The ‘new’ feature of product is considered relevant to the business and the market [3]:
Technological breakthroughs: This group of new products is one-of-a-kind product such as anticancer or AIDS vaccines or new technologic products such as flying cars. These products are new experiences for customers at the time of their release to the market. They offer quite different or marginal benefits to the customers. Technological breakthrough products are the result of continuous product and marketing researches. These products bring considerable benefits to the businesses produced.
Significant improvements: These products are made by considerable improvement of existing products in the market. This improvement increases the value of product and benefits both businesses and customers. For example, instant coffee replaces the usual brewed coffee. While customers enjoy making coffee easier and faster for breakfast, businesses increase the sales.
Modified products: These products are created by making insignificant improvements in the existing products such as adding new smell to the detergent or increasing/decreasing (fries, smart phones) sizes of products. The ‘new’ here is made to enhance the product experience.
Products new to the business: These are imitated products which are already sold in the market, but business produces them for the first time. Business uses an existing market to sell these products and tries to attract competitors’ customers.
Repositioning: These products are produced currently by the business in a given market, and this business starts to produce it for new markets.
Cost reductions: Business releases the same products but with less prices to the market.
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NPD completes in eight stages. At the end of each stage, business should make a decision, continue to the next stage, leave to develop products or look for extra information. Figure 3 illustrates the process. The eight stages shown in Figure 3 are (1) generation of new product ideas, (2) screening and evaluation of ideas, (3) concept development and testing, (4) marketing strategy, (5) business analysis, (6) product development, (7) test marketing and (8) commercialization [3].
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Figure 3.
New product development process.
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Suppose that there is a business which produces doors and has an idea of producing a door that opens with a face recognition system. The stages of the marketing process for this door should be planned and implemented following the new product development process categorized below.
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New product development processes under eight stages are explained below [3]:
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Stage 1: Generation of new product ideas
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To initiate a new product development, first, there has to be an idea beforehand to create it. A lot of ideas are generated till the business finds the most suitable ones. Businesses use internal sources like R&D department, external sources like customers and competitors and other sources like seminars, universities, investors, etc. to generate ideas for new product development. It was shown in a survey including 750 interviews of CEOs in global businesses that 41% of new product ideas were generated by employees, 36% of ideas were generated by customers and only 14% of ideas were generated by R&D department.
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Stage 2: Screening and evaluation of ideas
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At this stage, all generated ideas in Stage 1 are screened and evaluated to limit ideas to a manageable number including most useful ideas in order to ease new product development process in later stages and reduce costs and time spent for not useful ideas. Firstly, all ideas are screened to distinguish more useful ideas from less useful ones. Secondly, three questions that are involved in new product screening framework created by a marketing expert are applied to selected ideas. These questions are defined in a sum as R-W-W (‘real, win, worth doing’), and business must give all these questions ‘yes’ answers:
Is it real? Is there a need that will force customers to buy it?
Can we win? Does it provide a considerable benefit for the business? Are there enough resources to make new product successful?
Is it worth doing? Is this product compatible with the business’s growth strategy?
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Stage 3: Concept development and testing
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After the most useful product ideas that are selected at Stage 2, product concepts will be developed. The selected product ideas will be presented in a detailed and meaningful way as product concepts.
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Then, concept testing will be applied to the developed product concepts. At this test, the thoughts of selected customer groups about new product concepts will be taken, and the product concept that received the best score will be selected as a new product to be developed.
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Stage 4: Marketing strategy
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At this stage, a marketing strategy will be created for the selected concept. Marketing strategy is created in three steps. These steps are:
Identify which market will new product concept be sold, how much profit is targeted from new product concept and what are its planned value proposition, sales and market share for the first few years.
Identify the price new product concept will be sold, how it will be distributed in the market and what will marketing budget be for the first year.
Identify how much new product concept will be sold in the long term, how much profit is targeted from long-term sale and what will be long-term marketing mix strategy.
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Stage 5: Business strategy
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Business strategy is created in two steps:
The first step is projection of new product concept sales. Sales can be projected by market research and review of similar products’ sale numbers in the past. Then, business calculates risk by estimating minimum and maximum sales.
The second one is projection of cost and profit. All costs involved in new product development such as investment, operation, marketing, R&D costs and profits from sales of new product are estimated at this stage. Calculated numbers will indicate financial attractiveness of new product.
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If these projections are compatible with the business’s objectives, it will be moved to the next stage.
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Stage 6: Product development
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A sample or samples of new product will be created by the R&D department of the business. Then, samples will be tested to assess new product concept whether it is attractive for customers; it can be produced at expected cost and time. Several tests are made to samples to ensure the safety, attractiveness and effectiveness of new product concept; therefore, test process may take a while to choose the most suitable sample. Businesses either do tests themselves or get a service from another business.
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Stage 7: Test marketing
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At this stage, tests will be made to identify how marketing of new product concept must be conducted for the best results before enduring costs for unsuitable marketing strategies. All marketing elements such as new product concept’s target market, position in the market, advertisement, distribution, packaging, costs, etc.
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Marketing test provides businesses a suitable marketing strategy for new product concept to be commercialized at the next stage. Passing marketing test and going to commercialization directly may make business face with more than expected costs till the level of exceeding profit. Therefore, it is crucial for the businesses to conduct marketing test before going for commercialization at the next stage.
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Stage 8: Commercialization
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The first thing to be done at this stage is determining the time when new product concept will be commercialized or introduced to the market. Then, at in which scale new product concept will be introduced to the market, at a small scale such as a city, medium scale such as a region, or at a big scale such as the national market, or the international market. Usually, most businesses prefer to introduce new products into the market at small or medium scales and expand the market in the process as introduction of new product at a big scale requires more capital, confidence and capacity which only few businesses have.
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3. New product development in portfolio management
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New product development is usually done by the businesses in the kind of significant improvement or modified products which are explained in the previous section. For example, Sony’s over 80% of new products are improvements of existing products. Similar to Sony, Nike started with running shoes in the beginning and then enlarged its product range to a whole range of sports apparel with constant improvements [7]. Therefore, the place of new product developments among existing products, product line or portfolio has to be carefully assessed during the initial stages of new product development.
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Product line can be defined as a product group which consists of several products related to each other because of being sold by same type of marketing tools to the same customers, functioning in a similar way or priced similarly. For example, Apple produces different kinds of computers, and Nike produces several types of sports shoes. Both businesses aim to address the needs of different kinds of customers.
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Assessment of how many related products will be produced or in other words what the length of product line will be and how each product in line will contribute to the profit periodically is an important subject for businesses to observe profit variations. If product line is too short, there is a potential to increase profit by adding new product into the line, or if the line is too long, a poor performing product can be excluded from the line to increase profit.
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Business objectives and resources are what determine the length of product line. For example, business may have an objective to attract high-income customers; therefore, new products are developed by adding luxury features to the existing product to attract high-income customers such as automobile series starting from average model and going up to a luxury model. Or, business may object to do cross-selling such as selling HP printers and cartridges. In addition, business may object to avoid profit losses in case of economic problems by creating different brands with different prices such as Gap which has several brands (Gap, Old Navy and Banana Republic) addressing customers with different income levels. If a business has several product lines, it has a product portfolio. A product portfolio has four major dimensions which are width, length, depth and consistency [2]. For example, the portfolio of Nine West business includes hundreds of products. It has four major product lines which are shoes, bags, wallet and accessory and several sublines such as shoes line consisting of heeled shoes, flat shoes, stilettos, etc. They are shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 4.
Product mix (portfolio) of a shoe business.
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Product mix width refers to the number of different product lines the company carries. Nine West’s product mix width is four as shoes, bags, wallet and accessory.
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Product mix length refers to the total number of items a company carries within its product lines. Nine West’s product mix length is eight as heeled shoes, flat shoes, spore shoes, buskin, stiletto, boot, sandals and slippers within its shoe product lines.
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Product mix depth refers to the number of versions offered for each product in the line. Nine West’s product mix depth is eight within its heeled shoes as open-toed heeled shoes, padded high heels, rear high heels, pointed nose, abiye shoes, platform shoes, short-heeled shoes and filler heel slippers.
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The consistency of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels or some other way. Nine West as a company has many product lines which are completely dependent on each other. Thus, the product mix consistency is high.
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This means that a business can expand its product portfolio in four ways: expand the width of portfolio by adding new lines to the portfolio; increase the length by adding new products/product types (existing product improvements) into the product lines; increase the depth by adding more products to product types, therefore enhancing or deepening the portfolio; and change the consistency by increasing or decreasing product types according to whether business aims to be strong in a single field or operates in several fields [2].
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Portfolio management is an ongoing process that new products and existing products are assessed continuously, high-profit expected new products are selected and poorly performing existing products are stopped to share business resources to products in the portfolio effectively. If portfolio management is not done accurately, businesses face with several issues. For example, resources may not be adequate if there are quite a number of new product ideas, new product ideas may not be compatible with business’s strategies, poorly performing products may not be caught at the right time or the quality of portfolio can deteriorate with wrong new product decisions [8, 9].
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Portfolio matrix is useful for deciding which products will be added to portfolio or which ones will be removed from portfolio. It assesses products with two criteria which are relative market share and market growth. Relative market share which is especially important for businesses in the commercial sector as holding larger market shares than its competitors is an advantage for these businesses. High-growth markets provide more benefits to businesses than low-growth ones such as more customers, increasing market shares. Figure 5 shows that the matrix has four groups merging into one. These groups have very different names to highlight their importance [10].
Stars. Products in stars group have high relative market shares and operate in a high-growth market. While these products require high amount of investment, they also provide high profit. If market growth rate decreases, investment needed will be less; therefore, these products will be classed as cash cows.
Cash cows. Cash cows are defined as products that have high shares and low market growth rate. Because of saturated market, these products will not need high investments.
Problem children. Problem children products have low market shares but operate in a high-growth market. It means that these products will require high amount of investment because of high market share, but they will not earn significant profit as much as stars and cash cows. It is not very clear which direction (cash cows or dogs) problem children products will go on in later time.
Dogs. Products in dogs group have low market shares and operate in a low-growth market. It is a challenging task to move dogs group products to other groups because of their low market share positions.
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Figure 5.
Portfolio matrix. Source: Walton [10].
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It is often advised to use profit from ‘cash cows’ for the investment of stars group of products in portfolio management. It is known that there has to be some stars group of products in a portfolio to maintain a well-balanced portfolio. There is a need for cash cows group of products to earn profit. Major advantages of portfolio matrix are that it helps to find a product which will provide high profit and is useful for developing production strategies and long-term growth plans of portfolio. Also, showing portfolio in a graphic image like in portfolio matrix makes understanding how portfolio shapes and what it would bring to the business easier. Despite of advantages, portfolio matrix has been criticized from few points. One point is that portfolio matrix is very broad and developing successful strategies requires more than market analysis. Another point is that it has too many objective indicators, while subjective indicators take more places in real environment. Also, using pejorative terms like ‘cash cow’ and ‘dog’ can lead to self-fulfilling prophesies [10].
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4. New product development and meeting customer needs or requirements (CRs)
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Competition in global market is quite high which makes businesses to give more concern to meeting customer needs. It is really difficult for businesses to be successful in global market by depending only on high-volume production and low cost. Having a desirable position in highly competitive markets requires making effort to produce products (NPD) which will meet the customer needs and satisfy them. There are several models created to be useful for businesses to understand customer requirements (CRs) [11]. Some models categorized below promote innovation during NPD’s first stage (generating idea) and therefore are useful at making cost-effective decisions:
Product-service system (PSS): This model is first presented by Goedkoop et al. to make more benefits from integration of new product development with related services. It is defined as an integrated system of products, services, networks of players and supporting infrastructure which come together to satisfy customer needs, to be competitive and to have less environmental impacts than traditional business models. Some specialized versions of PPS were also created such as technical PSS and industrial PSS. How PSS is designed is given below [12]:
Customer analysis: First, PSS designers find out the CRs and then identify the functional requirements (FRs) and engineering characteristics (ECs) of the product and service by assessing the CRs. Modeling of interrelations of CRs, FRs and ECs can be done with mapping.
PSS conceptual design: Conceptual ideas are developed by using CRs, FRs and ECs such as case-based reasoning and knowledge reasoning. The most semantically similar conceptual ideas will be referenced for the specific CRs.
PSS detailed design: PSS designers distribute selected ideas within a detailed structure after defining the referenced ideas. Then, specifications of PSS details are explained to understand PSS better.
The Kano model: The Kano model categorizes attributes of new product into various groups according to effects of attributes on customer satisfaction. Model assumptions are shown in Figure 6 [13].
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Figure 6.
The Kano model assumptions. Source: Szymczak and Kowal [13].
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Attributes are categorized into five different groups by the Kano model. These groups are [13, 14]:
(M) Must-be: This kind of attributes meets the basic needs which are not to be noticed by customers when met, but it will have a quite strong effect if not met.
(O) One-dimensional: If these attributes are included in the product, customers will notice satisfaction. If not met, customers will be dissatisfied. These attributes have to be included in products at the level that their absence will not have a negative effect on customer satisfaction (neutral point). From this point, more attributes may be added for meeting customer satisfaction.
(A) Attractive: These attributes are defined as ‘bonus’ which increase satisfaction if they are included in the product, but there is no significant effect when it is not included.
(I) Indifferent: These attributes have no effect on customer satisfaction. There will be no difference in the customer’s purchase decision whether they are included or not.
(R) Reverse: These attributes affect customer satisfaction negatively; therefore, they need to be avoided.
Conjoint analysis: This model is used to examine the relative importance of customer needs vis-à-vis product features and attributes with a multiattribute preference analysis. It is useful to understand what will the position of new product be against products currently sold in the market by competitors. For this purpose, first, all feature and price combinations for a given product are listed. Second, a sample group of potential customers are asked to rank these combinations. Third, a statistical analysis is done to rank and weigh the combinations according to the responses to find the best combination and decide to produce it. This model is used generally in market research and preferred usually for high-consuming products [14].
The product value matrix: This model is used to create a market requirement specification (MRS) for new product and put product development tasks in order according to their priority. It assures that the needs of all parts involved in supply chain of new product consisting of customers, suppliers, retailers and so on are met. In this model, it is assumed that the sales and marketing team know all the participants and their needs in the supply chain of the given product [14].
Quality function deployment (QFD): This model aims to represent customer requirements in new product design and specifications and therefore make new product attractive to the customers. QFD increases quality, while it decreases production cost and development time. QFD suggests to use resources for producing new product according to customer requirements rather than business management. There are three groups of customer requirements which need to be understood well by product development team. These groups are [15]:
First group: The basic customer requirements are found out using market research methods such as interviews, focus groups and surveying. These requirements are usually unclear or undefined such as ‘a fast car’; therefore, they must be defined more to include measurable characteristics. Usually, some attributes such as ‘safety specifications of car’ about the product are neglected or not expressed by assuming they are already included in the product by the customers during market research. To have a high customer satisfaction, the product must include all expressed and not expressed basic requirements along with high performance.
Second group: These are fundamental customer requirements which are found out by assessing the use of products by customers and customer behaviors. For instance, customers may require banks to work outside 9–5 shift. This request may be provided by working longer hours or by Internet and telephone banking.
Third group: These requirements are called ‘new features’ and defined as ‘delight’ because they are unexpressed and most of the time unknown by customers and excite customers when they are found in the product unexpectedly. They are not known by the customers because customers may be unaware of technical abilities of these products or used to standard products. Even though some new features become available by technological developments, some of them can be provided by understanding customer behaviors and product uses with conducting market research and new product development.
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5. Life cycle perspective in new product development
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Each product has a life cycle similar to the living creatures: it is born, grows and dies. Eventually, all products will complete the cycle at a time and will die. However, the time the new product will come to the end of the cycle is important for businesses because the main reason behind developing any product is making profit. If the cycle is not sufficiently long to cover any costs endured and make decent profit to the businesses, all the efforts to develop new product will be worthless. Therefore, businesses make an expectation for a desirable life cycle for their new products [2].
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The product life cycle has stages similar to the life forms. These stages are: (1) Introduction stage: maintenance cost is high at this stage, and profit is limited. Product needs to be sold immediately to earn profit. (2) Growth: maintenance cost is lower than the introduction stage, and sales are increased. Competitors are appearing in the market, too. (3) Maturity: this stage brings the most profit to the business, sales increase and maintenance cost gets much lower. (4) Decline and withdrawal: at this stage, products of competitors are preferred; therefore, profit decreases significantly. At the end, products are withdrawn from the market [10].
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There are three major facts agreed on by most about the PLC concept [16]:
the speed of products at each stage of life cycle is different;
profit per unit increases rapidly in the growth stage and decreases gradually in the maturity phase because competitors enter to the market at this stage; and
‘the functional emphasis required for successful product exploitation—engineering and research, manufacturing, marketing and financial control—changes from phase to phase in the cycle as shifts occur in the economics of profitability’.
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There are a few studies about launch of new products, but there are several studies about introduction of new products to the market which will be useful to understand the notion of ‘launch’ within the context of new product development. There are several important key decisions at the tactical level of new product launch which are called ‘4Ps’ and explained below [17]:
Product launch decisions: Product launch decisions are about brand choice and product line length (also called product assortment) which are used to decide, the new product’s position in the market for determining which customer needs are better satisfied to have high profit and the relative quality of product determining which new product solves customer problems better.
Price launch decisions: Price of new product determines product’s position among competitors, and it may be a measure for customers to assess the product’s quality. Price decision is not made only for launch price including discounts and promotions, but it also involves a choice between skimming and penetrating in long term. Skimming is preferred often for high technological products because of high profit gain. Penetrating price is advised to benefit from increasing economies of scale and hindering competitive products when new product has a typical diffusion curve as sales increase along with diffusion.
Promotion launch decisions: There are several activities done while introducing new product to the market such as public relation, advertising, sales promotion and personal selling. It has been suggested that if there is low awareness about a new product, a pull strategy in advertising and promotion is better to be followed rather than push strategy.
Place launch decisions: Distribution indicates the acceptance and sales of a new product in the market because it shows how new product is available to the customers. The distribution channels must have the highest availability in the target market and reflect the target market’s buying behaviour.
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NPDs were more often introduced to the markets that have an early stage in the product-market life cycle. There are several advantages of early entry, but they are not given automatically as there are technological and market uncertainties inherent in the development of new products. Original new products if they are an early follower may be more profitable than being the first in the market:
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‘The apparent lack of consensus regarding whether new products will be more successful if launched early into markets which are more likely to grow (and not later, into markets with established competition and less growth potential) may be at least partly due to the failure to recognize that different tactics can be successfully deployed for a new product launch in both the growth and maturity phases of product-market development’ [17].
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6. Success and failure in new product development
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The interrelation of the market environment, new product strategy and development process that influences the success of a new product. When new product concept is developed, the introduction of it to the market has to be made in an effective and efficient way. For this purpose, organizational factors such as inter-functional coordination, structure and leadership must be involved in the process heavily [18].
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Literature has shown that there are various elements affecting success of a new product. These elements are categorized under three groups below [19]:
The need for interdisciplinary inputs. It was shown in the literature that an interdisciplinary teamwork is necessary for the success of a new product. Because, new product development process involves several works and issues which need to be undertaken by different kinds of professions. The lack of a profession in the team of new product development process may lead to overlooking of important issues which will affect the success of a new product significantly.
The need for quality inputs to the process. In addition to having both technical and marketing information accurately and timely, updating of this information is also crucial for the success of a new product to be coherent to the changes in conditions.
The need for speed in the process. The new product needs to be released to the market and produced quickly to collect a significant share of profit from a new product before competitors enter to the market because history has shown that a good chunk of profits is gained by the first business operated in the market at the early stages of new product life cycle while others share the rest (of profit) left by the first business in the market. However, businesses should be cautious about making a speed introduction and production of new product to avoid making mistakes.
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Kotler and Armstrong bring several reasons explaining why do so many new products fail, while there are clear instructions about how a new product development can be successful. The first reason is overestimating market size which will cause to overproduction resulting in profit loss. The second reason is poor design of a new product that will not be attractive as much as for potential customers. The third reason is producing it for the wrong segment of market such as selling a luxury product in an economically struggling region. The fourth reason is releasing new product to the market at a wrong time, for example, producing a high-tech product for the use of people at the time of an economic bottleneck when people hesitate spending money for products not necessary for daily needs. The fifth reason is pricing it wrongly, too expensive or too cheap which both will lead to loss in profit. The sixth reason is poor advertisement which will prevent a new product being known by the right customers [2].
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7. Conclusion and suggestions
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Products released to the market to meet customers’ needs are changing almost instantaneously, while consumer needs are not changing. NPD which is the changing process of these products is not only a responsibility of research and development departments of businesses but also requires the cooperation of design, engineering, production and marketing departments. The NPD ideas coming from the channels like the universities, consumers, employees, rival company examples, etc. are first assessed by research and development department, then an NPD idea is created by the department, the idea is designed by the design department, its prototype definition and technical details are arranged by the engineering department and it is launched by the marketing department. NPD is required for the marketing of products which will meet customer needs or requirements to satisfy the customers beyond their expectations. The success of the newly developed product would begin with the success of planning and implementation of the new product launch and maintenance of the sustainability of this success by the marketing department. The duty of marketing to make the new product successful requires the transition from 7P to 7 N that summarizes the marketing mix elements as new product, new price, new place, new promotion, new physical environment, new process and new people. Thus, with the new product, the price, the place, the promotion, the physical environment, the process and the people elements should be replanned and re-implemented. 7 N product life cycle (PLC) should be adapted at each stage of the marketing strategy. As a matter of fact, incorrect marketing practices such as incorrect price, insufficient promotion, distribution to the wrong market segment, presentation of product to the consumer in an unattractive design and environment, not using the interdisciplinary team work in the process and not being able to enter to the market before competitors are known as reasons for failure of the new product.
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New product development for a company is the development of product mix or portfolio. While the product portfolio is developed as important innovations, it can also be developed as product advancement, repositioning of product or product additions. For example, how does the production of a door that includes a face recognition algorithm allowing to recognize faces even from distant locations affect door manufacturer’s product portfolio? And, how does production of this kind of door before by competitors affect the sales and market share of the manufacturer? The production of a face recognition door by this manufacturer will enlarge the product portfolio. The production of different varieties of the door such as lock opening, automatic opening, etc. contributes to the length of the product line. The development of locking features such as door opening by a card reading or a device from inside of the lock contributes to the depth of the product line. Not adding this kind of door to the product mix by the door manufacturer although there is a demand by consumers in the target market will lead to a decrease in the market share, or producing it after competitors will lead to loss of taking the best part of the market and increase in the cost of winning the customers lost to the competitors.
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Employees should be encouraged to develop new product ideas, consumer needs and wants in addition to new product ideas should be researched and complaints and information collected from consumers should be recorded and then converted to new product ideas. The marketing strategy should be evaluated, business analyses should be carried out for ideas which passed transformation from ideas to production test and found suitable for production and the developed products should be commercialized after the market test phase. Different business departments should work in cooperation in order to achieve the success of the new product. For this purpose, creative and innovative personnel should be employed in R&D, engineering, product design and marketing departments as much as in production department. Inadequate coordination between these departments will result in failure of new product development, and failure of new product development will lead to a financial crisis.
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\n\n',keywords:"product, new product development (NPD), product mix (portfolio), product life cycle (PLC), customer requirements (CRs)",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/59751.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/59751.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59751",totalDownloads:5515,totalViews:734,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,totalAltmetricsMentions:10,introChapter:null,impactScore:8,impactScorePercentile:95,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"October 16th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 26th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 25th 2018",dateFinished:"March 6th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"A product which can be a physical object or a service should be functional and emotional to satisfy the customer’s need, and to offer value, be delivered as the way customer demanded. Also, it has to include other specific elements like providing customer services. New product is the result of a creative and unique idea that is able to make consumers satisfied. In the process of new product development, it should not be thought that the change will only be on product physically but also on every aspect of the product. The difference between ideas increases production of different goods. The different kind of goods can positively affect the customers’ opinion about a business. When a new business starts to produce a product which satisfies customer’s need, then the demand of competitor’s product which was already in the market may be decreased. Establishment of new product development (NPD) departments and their direct influence in the production process is crucial for businesses. They can determine demand and needs of consumers by applying different theories. These theories can be classified as (i) product-service systems, (ii) the Kano model, (iii) conjoint analysis, (iv) the product value matrix and (v) quality function deployment.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/59751",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/59751",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing"},signatures:"Esen Gurbuz",authors:[{id:"227728",title:"Dr.",name:"Esen",middleName:null,surname:"Gurbuz",fullName:"Esen Gurbuz",slug:"esen-gurbuz",email:"esen@nigde.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. New product development (NPD)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. New product development in portfolio management",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. New product development and meeting customer needs or requirements (CRs)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Life cycle perspective in new product development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Success and failure in new product development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion and suggestions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Martin F. New product development. British Food Journal. 1996;98(7):1-35. DOI: 10.1108/0007070X199600001\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Kotler P, Armstrong G. Principles of Marketing. 14th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2012. 224p\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Chunawalla SA. Product Management. Global Media. ProQuest Ebook Central; 2008. 2p. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nigde/detail.action?docID=3011118. Created from nigde on [Accessed: 2017-11-06]\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Kim YH, Park SW, Sawng YW. Improving new product development (NPD) process by analyzing failure cases. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. 2016;10(1):134-150\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nhttps://www.academia.edu/5189766/PHILIP_KOTLER_MARKETING_MANAGEMENT_SUMMARY_PREPARED_BY. [Accessed: January 01, 2018]\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Stone MA, Desmond J. Fundamentals of Marketing. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group; 2007. pp. 239-240\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Kotler P, Keller KL. Marketing Management. 12th ed. Vol. 2007. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall; pp. 634-635\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Augusto P, Miguel C. Porfolio management and new product development implementation: A case study in a manufacturing firm. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management. 2008;25(1):10-23\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Bruch J, Bellgran M. Integrated portfolio planning of products and production systems. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. 2014;25(2):155-174\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Walton G. Theory research and practice in library management 2: The balanced product portfolio. Library Management. 2007;28(4/5):262-268\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Wang T, Ji P. Understanding customer needs through quantitative analysis of Kano’s model. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management. 2010;27(2):173-184\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Zhu H, Gao J, Cai Q. A product-service system using requirement analysis and knowledge management technologies. Kybernetes. 2015;44(5):823-812\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Szymczak M, Kowal K. The Kano model: Identification of handbook attributes to learn in practice. Journal of Workplace Learning. 2016;28(5):280-293\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Rafinejad D. Innovation, Product Development and Commercialization: Case Studies and Key Practices for Market Leadership. USA: J. Ross Publishing Inc; 2006. 77p\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Vonderembse MA, Raghunathan TS. Quality function deployment’s impact on product development. International Journal of Quality Science. 1997;2(4):253-271\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Meenaghan A, Turnbull PW. The application of product life cycle theory to popular record marketing. European Journal of Marketing. 1981;15(5):1-50\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Hart S, Tzokas N. New product launch “mix” in growth and mature product markets. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 2000;7(5):389-405\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Pattikawa LH, Verwaal E, Commandeur HR. Understanding new product project performance. European Journal of Marketing. 2006;40(11/12):1178-1193\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Hart S, Baker MJ. The multiple convergent processing model of new product develeopment. International Marketing Review. 1994;11(1):77-92\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Esen Gürbüz",address:"esen@ohu.edu.tr",affiliation:'
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
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1. Introduction
Mesothelioma is a rare and malignant tumor arising from the mesothelial or submesothelial cells of the pleura, peritoneum, or pericardium. Until 2021, the term “malignant” had been used as a prefix for mesothelioma in order to distinguish it from the well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma. In the recently updated WHO Classification, this was renamed well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor (WDPMT), to highlight its differences from diffuse mesothelioma, the word “malignant” has been dropped [1]. Mesothelial tumor diagnoses according to the 2021 WHO Classification of the tumors of the pleura and pericardium are summarized in Table 1. If not otherwise stated, most cases of mesothelioma in the literature refer to diffuse mesothelioma. There are rare benign mesothelial tumors such as adenomatoid tumor and WDPMT, only the latter will be briefly discussed in this review. Mesothelioma in situ refers to a flat noninvasive form of mesothelioma and localized mesothelioma is histologically identical to diffuse, but macroscopically solitary, circumscribed mass. Both of these are very rare, only a very few cases have been described [2, 3].
Benign and pre-invasive mesothelial tumors Adenomatoid tumor Well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor Mesothelioma in situ
More than 80% of all diffuse mesotheliomas originate in the pleura and 10−15% are peritoneal [4, 5]. Clinical manifestations of mesothelioma are usually nonspecific and, due to a broad spectrum of differential options, can be difficult to diagnose especially in the early stage. The diagnosis of mesothelioma has to be made in the context of appropriate clinical, radiologic, and surgical findings. Because patients with mesotheliomas frequently present with effusions, sampling of pleural or peritoneal fluid for biochemical and cytological examination is often the first source of material [6, 7, 8]. The sampled diagnostic material bears limitations in pathological analysis. As cytological smear alone is insufficient for diagnosing mesothelioma, the utilization of immunochemistry (IC) must be applied to confirm both the mesothelial origin and its malignant nature, and exclude other potential mimickers such as metastatic carcinomas [8, 9, 10, 11]. Final confirmation of the diagnosis and establishing the histological type, grade, and invasiveness of mesothelioma can be done in biopsy or operation material. Mesotheliomas are histologically divided into epithelioid, sarcomatoid, and biphasic varieties.
Current review aims to highlight the basic steps of the pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma pathological diagnosis along with most important technical handling details for clinicians and broad life science audiences. The sample figures of cytological and histological findings are from the archives of the North Estonian Medical Centre, the identity of patients remains unrevealed and the ethics committee permission is, therefore, unrequired.
2. Effusion fluid as a first-hand cytologic diagnostic material
2.1 Clinical conditions of differential significance
Mesothelioma is often but not always represented with effusion, the sampled fluid is typically exudate, yellowish, and often bloody [12]. It is reported to be thick and mucoid owing to hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan content. Notably hyaluronan and N-ERC/mesothelin increase in effusion fluid predict mesothelioma with high specificity, prior to pathological examination. Pleural CEA increase can rule out mesothelioma with a high degree of certainty. Other soluble mesothelioma biomarkers such as C-ERC/mesothelin, osteopontin, fibulin-3, syndecan-1, syndecan-2, and thioredoxin are lacking sufficient accuracy for clinical use [13, 14, 15].
The diagnostic difficulty arises since there is a large diversity of other diseases, which can manifest with pleural or peritoneal effusions, creating an abundance of differential diagnoses to navigate in the cytological study. From a pathologist’s perspective, benign infective, inflammatory, or other diseases are causing reactive changes in the mesothelial cells. Such reactive conditions manifesting predominantly with exudation can be related to tuberculous pleuritis or empyema or parapneumonic effusion caused by other bacteria, and collagen vascular diseases. Additionally, effusion can also be transudative because of hypoalbuminemia and heart or renal failure [16]. Among benign conditions causing peritoneal exudative effusion are infections such as tuberculosis or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, whereas predominantly transudative effusion or ascites can be caused by portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, or hepatic congestion, but also pancreatitis, hypoalbuminemia, or renal failure [17]. Reactive mesothelial cell changes can be extremely hard to distinguish from malignancy (see later). Therefore, another crucial question pathologist face is to confirm malignancy in the effusion cytology and to differentiate mesothelioma from other malignancies such as lung cancer and pleural metastasis from other organs, especially the breast [16]. In peritoneal effusions, other malignancies except mesothelioma to bear in mind are primary peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma, but more often hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic liver disease, lymphoma with peritoneal involvement or the spread of other intra-abdominal malignancies such as pancreatic, gastric, colorectal, ovarian, or renal carcinomas [17, 18, 19]. Pathological differential diagnosis can help to identify the primary site of malignancy in a patient with a history of multiple malignancies or an unknown primary site.
2.2 Handling of material
Accuracy of pathological diagnosis heavily relies on high quality of material, which depends on its proper handling. The removed effusion is preferably sent to the laboratory fresh if possible with anticoagulants (heparin ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or sodium citrate) present, but without added fixatives, and it should be refrigerated at 4°C until processing. When longer transportation times are needed, a volume of 50% ethanol can be added as a preservative [9].
Upon arrival in the laboratory, the fluid should be processed without delay. Refrigerated samples should be brought to room temperature, particularly when using preparation techniques associated with liquid-based cytology (LBC). To prepare a cell pellet, the material is centrifuged at 1000 g or more for 10 min. For the cytomorphological evaluation, smears are prepared from centrifuged deposits (preferably by cytospin method) and routinely stained with one of the Giemsa modifications (Romanowsky-Giemsa, Leishman-Giemsa or May-Grünewald-Giemsa kits), which enables well to examine cytoplasmic characteristics. Many labs are splitting the sample and use also Papanicolaou (PAP) stain preferably in liquid-based cytology to facilitate for nuclear evaluation [20].
The recent guidelines of mesothelioma diagnosis require additional IC studies (see later), which can be applied on smears, but the most popular technique is the cell block, obtained after the sediments from cytological specimens are processed, formalin-fixed and embedded into paraffin blocks that can be serial sectioned and stained by the same methods used for histopathology [21].
3. Cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma
3.1 Cytological features of mesothelioma in routinely stained smears
Evaluating the cytomorphology of pleural and peritoneal effusions in routinely stained smears enables in most cases to identify malignant cells and suspicious for malignancy. In either case, to discriminate reactive proliferative mesothelium from mesothelioma and other malignancies, ancillary IC studies are required (see later). Some cases cannot be diagnosed by cytology like cases with minimal cell shedding, typically almost all sarcomatoid mesotheliomas. However, sarcomatoid mesothelioma can be overlaid by the reactive epithelioid mesothelial cells, which may readily shed into fluids and mislead the pathologist. Sarcomatoid mesothelioma can be successfully diagnosed only histologically by using core biopsy (or larger tissue samples) [21]. Since the cells in effusion are exfoliative from the tumor surface, and cytology material is lacking access to the deep structures, assessment of invasion of preexisting tissues and its correlation to the clinical and imaging findings are not possible.
Cytological features of mesothelioma are outlined in abundance for pathology specialists [9], but this information is based on histologically confirmed retrospective studies. There is significant overlap between mesothelioma, reactive mesothelial cells, and adenocarcinoma or anaplastic tumors [8, 22]. Also, a rare WDPMT has considerable cytological overlap with mesothelioma [23, 24, 25].
Figure 1 represents an example of the peritoneal fluid cytology with confirmed epithelioid mesothelioma by later histological studies. The basic general cytomorphological criteria indicating possible mesothelioma are: (1) material containing large numbers of mesothelial cells, including large ball-shaped or papillary cell aggregates with knobby outlines (scalloped borders) and (2) presence of overtly malignant cells, either as single cells or in tissue fragments [9].
Figure 1.
Cytomorphology of the peritoneal epithelioid mesothelioma in effusion. Peritoneal effusion cytospin in epithelioid mesothelioma stained with Leishman-Giemsa (A) and Papanicolaou (PAP) stain (B), original magnification ×400. The specimen is highly cellular, containing large cell cluster (A) and papillary-shaped aggregates (B). Large mesothelial cells with macronucleoli and multinucleated cells (A and B).
The malignant mesothelial cells can be significantly larger than normal, and each of the components of the whole cell is enlarged: cytoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus. The cells may be multinucleated, contain prominent macronucleoli or there are vacuoles overlapping with cell nuclei. Protrusions from the cell membrane or blebbing and prominent degree of cell-within-cell arrangements are also characteristics. Background may be acidophilic due to large amounts of hyaluronan and contain granular extracellular matrix fragments of collagen and basement membrane cores, as well as multinucleated giant cells and small pyknotic eosinophilic cells [9].
3.2 General aspects of immunochemistry
Effusion cytology work-up mostly faces discrimination of epithelioid mesothelioma since sarcomatoid subtype rarely exfoliates in the fluids. The recent guidelines of epithelioid mesothelioma cytologic diagnosis and reporting emphasize the role of IC in conjunction with the cytomorphologic evaluation because it substantially increases diagnostic accuracy [9, 21]. IC on cell blocks is mandatory whenever a diagnosis of malignancy is clinically entertained and/or cytologically suspected [21].
There is no fixed IC panel or absolute number of antibodies that can be recommended for the diagnosis of mesothelioma. Workup can be done in stages. It is recommended that a panel of at least four antibodies should be used, two in favor and two against mesothelioma. The diagnosis should never be based on one single IC reaction. Numerous antibodies for mesothelioma are commercially available, but most are not entirely specific and may show cross-reactivity with other tumors [9]. It has to be emphasized that only validated antibodies should be used for clinical diagnosis and different antibody clones have to be carefully tested with appropriate controls in the labs. If possible, antibodies should be chosen with a sensitivity or specificity of at least 80% [9]. The staining patterns (i.e., nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membranous) are important for most antibodies, and since these may differ with the new antibody clones, up-to-date information has to be followed and the tests performed with appropriate controls. There is no standard for the percentage of tumor cells that should be positive, but some have used a 10% cutoff for membranous and cytoplasmic staining [9]. IC results should be interpreted in complexity and in the context of morphological and clinical data. Of notice, the cell blocks can be also used for molecular studies, which is beyond the scope of this review.
3.3 Immunochemical workup of mesothelioma
The antibodies used for mesothelioma IC workup are largely similar in effusion cell blocks and in histological tissue blocks, however, some extra advice is added for antibody application in tissues.
The diagnosis in effusions is more challenging, comprising the following tasks: 1) confirm the mesothelial or epithelial origin of isolated atypical cells and cell clusters; 2) delineate their benign or malignant nature; and 3) discriminate mesothelioma from other malignancies and metastatic disease, which can show diffuse pleural or peritoneal spread.
Summary of the most widely clinically used IC markers will be given and illustrated by the examples in Figure 2. For the rest of markers, only brief references are given [8]. The paraffin-embedded cell blocks are sectioned and stained similarly to the histological specimen and, therefore, a routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is also applied, which provides additional cytomorphological evaluation (Figure 2A).
Figure 2.
Malignant mesothelioma in peritoneal fluid cytoblock. A staining panel confirming mesothelial origin, malignancy, and discriminating from gastrointestinal and gynecologic tumors. All antibodies are applied as ready-to-use (RTU) solutions, the producers are shown in the brackets. A, H&E stain to assess cytomorphology: Highly cellular specimen, enlarged atypical cell aggregates, with hyperchromatic pleomorphic nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm could be seen (original magnification ×400). B, Calretinin expression both in nuclei and cytoplasm (Ventana, RTU, ×400). C, WT1 specific staining is nuclear (Ventana, RTU, ×400). D, D2–40 strong membranous expression (Dako, RTU, ×400). E, BAP-1 shows nuclear loss of expression in mesothelioma cells, whereas reactive mesothelial cells and background lymphocytes retain nuclear staining (BioSB, RTU, ×400). F, CEA negative (Dako, RTU, ×400). G, Ber-Ep4 negative with minimal nonspecific stain (Dako, RTU, ×400). H, CDX2 negative in mesothelioma cells (nonspecific background stain) (Dako, RTU, ×400).
3.3.1 Markers used to confirm mesothelial origin
Markers of mesothelial cells are immunoreactive with both benign and malignant cells.
3.3.1.1 Calretinin
The recent Calretinin antibodies (Figure 2B) require both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining to support a diagnosis of mesothelioma [26]. There are earlier reports of only nuclear staining with “fried egg appearance” [27, 28]. Cytoplasmic staining alone should be interpreted negatively [27]. In effusions, the sensitivity of calretinin in detecting mesothelioma ranges from 81 to 100% [26, 29, 30].
Calretinin can be expressed in breast carcinomas [31], and a weak cytoplasmic staining is reported in variety if other adenocarcinomas [27, 28]. Some studies have shown calretinin positivity in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung ranging from 40 to 100% [27, 32].
3.3.1.2 Wilms tumor-1 (WT1)
Specific WT1 staining in mesothelioma is only nuclear (Figure 2C). WT1 frequently cross-reacts with cytoplasmic proteins in a variety of benign and malignant entities [33]. WT1 nuclear reactivity was reported in more than 90% of mesothelioma effusion specimens versus 20−30% of metastatic adenocarcinomas, particularly of pulmonary and breast origin [34, 35, 36]. In contrast, WT1 is not useful to distinguish peritoneal mesothelioma from ovarian/Mullerian tumors in effusions, since it is expressed in 80%−90% of ovarian malignancy [35, 37], and of notice, not recommended as a carcinoma-specific marker of these tumors either [8].
3.3.1.3 D2-40/podoplanin
D2–40 and podoplanin are specific lymphatic endothelial markers [38].
D2–40 immunostain shows strong membranous staining pattern in mesothelial cells (Figure 2D), with reported sensitivity of 83−100% and specificity of 49−100% [30, 39, 40].
Podoplanin has been shown to be even more specific than D2–40, but the number of studies is limited. Podoplanin is expressed in 94% of mesothelioma, 97% of reactive mesothelial cells, and 7% ovarian adenocarcinoma, while it is nonreactive in lung and breast adenocarcinoma, with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 97%, respectively, for mesothelioma [38]. While podoplanin showed strong membranous reactivity in mesothelioma cells, ovarian adenocarcinoma exhibited weak membranous staining [38].
3.3.2 Markers differentiating benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations
Many of the markers supposedly differentiating mesothelioma from benign reactive mesothelial cells have limited sensitivity or a too broad spectrum of reactivity. For example, relevance of EMA, p53, IMP-3, CD146, or glucose transporter 1 in defying benign and malignant cases is questioned, especially in histology materials [21].
3.3.2.1 BRCA1-associated protein (BAP1)
BAP1 is a nuclear ubiquitin hydrolase involved in various cellular processes, including chromatin remodeling. BAP1 behaves as a true tumor suppressor gene. BAP1 double-hit inactivation is a key driver event in about half of all mesotheliomas [41, 42]. Loss of BAP1 expression by IC can be a useful adjunct to distinguish mesothelioma from reactive mesothelial proliferations in some cases [43]. However, BAP1 is not very sensitive, with a reported loss of nuclear staining only in 27–57% of mesothelioma but in none of the reactive mesothelial cells [41, 42]. For correct interpretation, only nuclear loss of staining is accepted as true loss of expression [8]. Reactive mesothelial cells and background lymphocytes should express nuclear staining and can serve as internal control (Figure 2E).
BAP1 use has more limitations since it is preserved in many non-mesothelial malignancies, frequently encountered in effusion cytology, and BAP1 loss may be also encountered in other malignancies rarely seen in effusions such as malignant melanoma and urothelial carcinoma [44].
3.3.2.2 Enhancer of zeste 2 homolog (EZH2)
EZH2 is a member of the family of polycomb group genes (PcGs), which is a group of important epigenetic regulators that repress transcription. BAP1 loss can promote cell proliferation in vitro through up-regulation of EZH2 [45]. High EZH2 expression was observed in 66% of malignant mesothelioma cases, whereas none of the benign lesions showed high EZH2 expression. The combination of BAP1 loss and high EZH2 expression as markers to differentiate epithelioid/biphasic malignant mesothelioma from benign mesothelial lesions was highly sensitive (87−90%) and specific (100%) [46, 47]. Using IC alone for EZH2 also yielded a good sensitivity of 86.9%; this level is high enough for routine diagnostics [47].
3.3.2.3 Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)
MTAP is located in the 9p21.3 locus and is often deleted with p16. Detection of homozygous deletion of the 9p21.3 region by p16-fluorescence in situ hybridization is a reliable marker for malignancy in mesothelial effusions. MTAP IC has been suggested as a good surrogate marker for 9p21.3 deletion in surgical and cytology specimens [48]. The association of MTAP and BAP1 IC staining loss can reportedly detect mesothelioma with 78% sensitivity [49]. Only cytoplasmic loss of MTAP should be interpreted as a true loss of expression [48, 49].
3.3.2.4 Desmin
Since benign mesothelial cells express desmin, reactive proliferative mesothelial cells also express desmin in 84%−92% cases, whereas mesothelioma cells only in 0%−6% [30, 50]. Mesothelial cells tend to lose their cytoplasmic desmin expression as they transition to malignancy [22]. Attention has to be paid that any malignant effusion with mesothelioma still has few background reactive mesothelial cells which still are expressing desmin.
3.3.2.5 Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)
EMA is expressed in adenocarcinoma with a very high sensitivity 91%−100% and a specificity of 86%−100% in differentiating adenocarcinoma from reactive mesothelial cells in effusions [51, 52]. EMA has distinctive staining of the cytoplasmic membrane brush border in mesothelioma, while it exhibits a diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern in carcinomas [53].
3.3.3 Carcinoma markers
Due to close morphological resemblance, mesothelioma most often has to be differentiated from adenocarcinoma, but depending on location, many other types of carcinoma may be considered diagnostically important. The IC markers are serving two purposes: 1) distinguish broadly carcinoma cells from mesothelial malignancy and 2) differentiate carcinomas of a specific type or location.
3.3.3.1 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
CEA is a recommended marker for discriminating between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma in effusions [54] (Figure 2F). It has a high reported specificity (90%−100%) and variable sensitivity (43%−100%) [54, 55] in detecting adenocarcinoma in effusions and exhibits a strong membranous staining pattern [55]. Monoclonal CEA antibody is more commonly used in effusions and generally preferred over polyclonal antibody to avoid the nonspecific staining in background inflammatory cells [8]. CEA is less specific in tissue sections as carcinomas of various origins and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors are negative with monoclonal CEA antibodies on tissue sections [56].
3.3.3.2 Claudin-4 (CL-4)
CL-4 belongs to a family of tight junction-associated proteins expressed in most epithelial cells but absent in mesothelial cells. CL-4 is a useful pan-carcinoma marker for serous effusion specimen, showing strong diffuse membranous expression pattern in 84%−96% adenocarcinomas and being negative in most mesotheliomas [57, 58]. CL-4 is useful also in tissue sections, where it has been expressed in 91% of carcinomas of different types and negative in mesothelioma [57]. CL-4 has a sensitivity of 85%−99% and specificity of 99%−100% in distinguishing carcinoma versus mesothelioma [57, 58, 59, 60, 61]. CL-4 is also very useful in detecting single tumor cells dispersed among heavy inflammatory reactions [61] or metastatic epithelial cells in serous effusions [8, 57, 61].
3.3.3.3 Ber-EP4
Ber-EP4 is an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (TACSTD1) that shows a predominantly membranous pattern [55]. Mesothelial cells are shown negative for Ber-EP4 in most studies (Figure 2G) [8]. Ber-EP4 has a sensitivity of 76%−94%, and specificity of 84%−100% in detecting adenocarcinoma [8, 51, 54, 55]. It is also reportedly positive in 87%−100% of SCC cases [8, 32].
3.3.4 Additional markers for organ/differentiation specific differentiation
In addition to general carcinoma markers, many antibodies can be helpful for detecting specific differentiation of cells and distinguishing mesothelioma from other malignancies in specific settings. Table 2 summarizes some of their most common applications [7, 8, 62].
Antibodies for organ-specific differentiation of mesothelioma
Lung adenocarcinoma
TTF1, Napsin A
Breast
GATA3, ER, PR, mammoglobin, GCDFP15
Thyroid
TTF1, Pax8, thyroglobulin
Squamous cell carcinoma
p40, p63, CK5/6
Renal cortical
Pax8, Pax2, CA9, RCC
Mullerian/ovarian origin
Pax8, Pax2, WT1, BerEP4, ER
Colorectal
SATB2, CDX2
Liver
HepPar1, Arginase-1, AFP
Prostate
NXK3.1, PSMA, PSA
Urotelial
p63, p40, GATA3
Malignant melanoma
SOX10, HMB45, S100, MART1, MITF
Hematopoietic
CD45, CD43, CD3, CD20, CD34, CD117, TdT
Table 2.
Additional immunostains used for organ-specific differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma.
4. Histological sampling and typing of mesothelial tumors
4.1 General considerations of histological diagnostic material
Tissue sampling is currently achieved either by image-guided/thoracoscopic-guided or surgical biopsy, both of which are recommended by major guideline committees. Surgical biopsies in principle generate more tissue materials, occasionally as much as pleural decortication and extrapleural pneumonectomy.
Biopsies comprise too little tissue and are known to suffer from sampling bias. Microscopically, tissue fields from pleural and peritoneal cavities are often obscured by inflammation and fibrinous debris. Subpleural or intraperitoneal fat sampling, important in the assessment of invasion, may be absent in cases of significantly thickened pleura or peritoneum. False-positive immunostaining may be seen in tiny needle biopsy specimens with crushed artifacts and at the edges of biopsy samples [21].
Larger materials give better overview, especially of intra-tumoral heterogeneity and invasion, but to get these results, the materials should be sampled extensively. The histologic diagnosis should be based on both the appropriate morphology and on IC findings.
WDPMT is a relatively uncommon subtype of mesothelial neoplasm with a distinct molecular profile [63] and histological appearance [25, 64]. It arises most commonly in the peritoneal cavity, but can also be found in the pleural cavity, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis [25, 64, 65]. WDPMT typically exhibits indolent behavior and is generally considered of low malignant potential [64].
Histologically, WDPMT usually has an architecture of fibrovascular papillae, lined by a simple uniform cuboidal epithelium, with little to no nuclear atypia or mitoses (Figure 3A). Areas of invasion are typically not seen [64, 66]. The lining epithelium bears immunochemical profile of mesothelium, showing nuclear and cytoplasmic positive expression of calretinin (Figure 3B). BAP-1 staining is particularly helpful as retained nuclear expression shows benign nature of lining epithelial cells (Figure 3C). Great care should be taken to differentiate WDPMP from serous neoplasms of the ovaries and peritoneum, where IC markers, for example PAX8, are highly useful (Figure 3D) [23].
Figure 3.
Peritoneal well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor histology. A, H&E stain shows fibrovascular papillae lined by a simple uniform cuboidal epithelium, without nuclear atypia or mitoses (original magnification ×400). B, Calretinin expression both in nuclei and cytoplasm of lining epithelium confirms its mesothelial origin. The lining epithelial cell has enlarged appearance due to very intense staining (Ventana, RTU, ×400). C, BAP-1 expression is retained and shows uniform nuclear expression confirming benign nature of lining mesothelial cells (BioSB, RTU, ×400). D, PAX8 negativity helps to differentiate the serous neoplasms of ovaries and peritoneum (Abcam, 1:200, ×400).
4.3 Diffuse mesothelioma histological diagnosis
Examples of diffuse mesothelioma histological types are illustrated in Figure 4. Epithelioid mesothelioma comprises approximately 80% of all pleural mesotheliomas and is defined as being composed of epithelioid, rounded, or polygonal cells [1, 62, 67]. Epithelioid mesothelioma can have various architectural patterns depending if the cells are located in solid sheets or form tubular, papillary, adenomatoid, and trabecular patterns [62, 67]. Sarcomatoid mesothelioma is the second most common subtype, composed of elongated spindle cells arranged in solid sheets or within fibrous stroma [62, 67]. Biphasic mesotheliomas are composed of both epithelioid and sarcomatoid components and at least 10% of each component is required for definite diagnosis in resection specimen. Regardless if a diagnosis is made in biopsy or extended operation material, sarcomatoid components should be reported and quantified in the pathology report, because it influences the treatment and prognosis.
Figure 4.
Diffuse pleural mesothelioma histological subtypes. A, epithelioid mesothelioma is composed of rounded cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and round nuclei with small nucleoli. In this tumor, the cells are located mostly in solid sheets with few gland-like structures (H&E stain, original magnification ×200). B, epithelioid mesothelioma architectural patterns may comprise trabecular, tubulopapillary, and gland-like structures (H&E, ×200). C, Sarcomatoid mesothelioma pattern is characterized by malignant elongated spindle-shaped cells (H&E, × 400). D, diffuse biphasic mesothelioma, which shows both epithelioid and sarcomatoid malignant areas (H&E, ×200).
IC is essential in establishing a diagnosis, and the choice of antibodies, particularly carcinoma markers, depends on histological architecture, and also whether the tumor has a pleural or peritoneal location. In pleural location, lung adenocarcinoma, SCC, and breast carcinomas are the most frequent differential diagnoses, but metastases from a variety of other organs could be confused with epithelioid mesothelioma. The case of pleural epithelioid mesothelioma presented in Figure 5, presence of psammoma bodies along with few papillary areas required an extended panel for testing ovarian serous carcinoma and gastrointestinal carcinomas (not shown), all of which were negative. Peritoneal mesotheliomas most often need to be distinguished from gastrointestinal, renal, and ovarian malignancies.
Figure 5.
Pleural epithelioid mesothelioma histology. A, H&E stain shows tubulopapillary mesothelioma structures. Tumor cells display moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm, mostly round nuclei with vesicular chromatin and small nucleoli. Psammoma body is seen in upper left corner (original magnification ×400). If concentrations are not indicated, antibodies are applied as ready-to-use (RTU) solutions. B, Calretinin diffuse expression both in nuclei and cytoplasm of malignant cells (Ventana, RTU, ×400). C, WT1 positive expression in all mesothelioma cell nuclei, but negative in fibrous stroma (Ventana, RTU, ×400). D, D2–40 strong membranous expression in most of the mesothelioma cells (Dako, RTU, ×400). E, TTF1 negativity in mesothelioma cells differentiates it from adenocarcinoma of the lung (Ventana, RTU, ×400). F, GATA3 negativity in mesothelioma cells differentiates it from breast carcinoma. Weak positivity is seen in the nuclei of lymphocytes (Ventana, RTU, ×400). G, PAX8 negativity in mesothelioma cells to differentiate from serous ovarian carcinoma (Abcam, 1:200, ×400).
Epithelioid mesotheliomas are graded using a two-tiered system (low and high grade), combining nuclear grade (mitotic count and nuclear atypia) and presence of necrosis, because these features have been demonstrated to be strongly predictive of survival in patients with epithelioid mesothelioma [1, 62].
Sarcomatoid mesothelioma should be distinguished from metastatic sarcomatoid carcinomas from lung and other sites, particularly renal carcinomas [62]. Differential diagnosis can be challenging because markers can overlap, and will not be fully reviewed here. Immunochemical profile of sarcomatoid mesothelioma is different from the epithelioid. Sarcomatoid mesotheliomas are at least focally positive for cytokeratins AE1/AE, pan-cytokeratin (OSCAR), and anti-cytokeratin clone 1(KL1), as well as cytokeratin CAM5.2 [62, 68]. But sarcomatoid mesotheliomas can be cytokeratin-negative. Sarcomatoid mesotheliomas are positive for mesothelial markers such as calretinin, WT1, and D2–40 in limited cases [62, 68]. Sarcomatoid mesotheliomas are often vimentin-positive, whereas epithelioid mesotheliomas are often negative to vimentin. Occasionally, sarcomatoid mesotheliomas express actin, desmin, or S100 [62].
5. Conclusions
Diagnosing mesothelioma is a stepwise process, requiring complex orientation in a vast spectrum of clinical conditions and their corresponding pathological morphological criteria along with immunochemical proof. It needs careful individual decisions for applying ancillary studies and drawing proper conclusions considering the limitations of each diagnostic specimen.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"mesothelioma, carcinoma, effusion, immunochemistry, cell block, cytology, histology",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82976.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82976.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82976",totalDownloads:0,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 13th 2022",dateReviewed:"July 14th 2022",datePrePublished:"August 6th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 6th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"For the clinicians with non-pathology background, first encountering the patients with pleural or peritoneal effusions, mesothelioma is only one statistically rare but clinically significant option of many differential diagnoses. This review aims to help the clinicians and broad life science audiences to understand step by step the possibilities and shortcomings of pathological diagnosing of mesothelioma, including the basic technical requirements. The first cytomorphology evaluation of pleural and peritoneal effusions in routinely stained smears enables in most cases only to identify cells suspicious for malignancy. The recent guidelines of epithelioid mesothelioma cytologic diagnosis and reporting emphasize immunochemistry (IC) in the cell blocks is mandatory whenever a diagnosis of malignancy is clinically entertained and/or cytologically suspected. The IC workup is challenging, since there is no fixed antibody panel, but multiple questions must be solved, such as 1) confirm the mesothelial or epithelial origin of isolated atypical cells and cell clusters; 2) delineate their benign or malignant nature; and 3) discriminate mesothelioma from other malignancies and metastatic disease. The rationale of the most widely clinically used IC markers is given and illustrated by the examples. The final confirmation of mesothelioma diagnosis and establishing its subtype and grade is possible only in the histological samples.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82976",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82976",signatures:"Ave Minajeva and Diana Saranova",book:{id:"10831",type:"book",title:"Mesothelioma - Diagnostics, Treatment and Basic Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mesothelioma - Diagnostics, Treatment and Basic Research",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ilze Strumfa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10831.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-349-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-348-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-350-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"54021",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilze",middleName:null,surname:"Strumfa",slug:"ilze-strumfa",fullName:"Ilze Strumfa"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Effusion fluid as a first-hand cytologic diagnostic material",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Clinical conditions of differential significance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Handling of material",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Cytological features of mesothelioma in routinely stained smears",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 General aspects of immunochemistry",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 Immunochemical workup of mesothelioma",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.3.1 Markers used to confirm mesothelial origin",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_4",title:"3.3.1.1 Calretinin",level:"4"},{id:"sec_8_4",title:"3.3.1.2 Wilms tumor-1 (WT1)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_9_4",title:"3.3.1.3 D2-40/podoplanin",level:"4"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.3.2 Markers differentiating benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_4",title:"3.3.2.1 BRCA1-associated protein (BAP1)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_12_4",title:"3.3.2.2 Enhancer of zeste 2 homolog (EZH2)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_13_4",title:"3.3.2.3 Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_14_4",title:"3.3.2.4 Desmin",level:"4"},{id:"sec_15_4",title:"3.3.2.5 Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"3.3.3 Carcinoma markers",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_4",title:"3.3.3.1 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_18_4",title:"3.3.3.2 Claudin-4 (CL-4)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_19_4",title:"3.3.3.3 Ber-EP4",level:"4"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24",title:"4. Histological sampling and typing of mesothelial tumors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"4.1 General considerations of histological diagnostic material",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"4.2 Well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor (WDPMT)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"4.3 Diffuse mesothelioma histological diagnosis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_28",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_32",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Sauter JL, Dacic S, Galateau-Salle F, Attanoos RL, Butnor KJ, Churg A, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the pleura: Advances since the 2015 classification. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2022;17(5):608-622'},{id:"B2",body:'Dacic S, de Perrot M, Gill RR, Hiroshima K, Klebe S, Nabeshima K. Mesothelioma in situ. In: Thoracic Tumours WHO, editor. Classification of Tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board; 2021. pp. 200-201'},{id:"B3",body:'Khoor A, Bironzo P, Bueno R, Novak AKSF. 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Acta Cytologica. 2003;47(1):88-92'},{id:"B26",body:'Shield PW, Koivurinne K. The value of calretinin and cytokeratin 56 as markers for mesothelioma in cell block preparations of serous effusions. Cytopathology. 2008;19(4):218-223'},{id:"B27",body:'Chhieng DC, Yee H, Schaefer D, Cangiarella JF, Jagirdar J, Chiriboga LA, et al. Calretinin staining pattern aids in the differentiation of mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma in serous effusions. Cancer. 2000;90(3):194-200'},{id:"B28",body:'Barberis MCP, Faleri M, Veronese S, Casadio C, Viale G. Calretinin. Acta Cytologica. 1997;41(6):1757-1761'},{id:"B29",body:'Fetsch PA, Simsir A, Brosky K, Abati A. Comparison of three commonly used cytologic preparations in effusion immunocytochemistry. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002;26(1):61-66'},{id:"B30",body:'Hyun TS, Barnes M, Tabatabai ZL. The diagnostic utility of D2-40, Calretinin, CK5/6, Desmin and MOC-31 in the differentiation of mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma in pleural effusion cytology. Acta Cytologica. 2012;56(5):527-532'},{id:"B31",body:'Ordóñez NG, Sahin AA. Diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing between epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas and breast carcinomas: A comparative study. Human Pathology. 2014;45(7):1529-1540'},{id:"B32",body:'Ordóñez NG. The diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing between epithelioid mesotheliomas and squamous carcinomas of the lung: A comparative study. Modern Pathology. 2006;19(3):417-428'},{id:"B33",body:'Conner JR, Cibas ES, Hornick JL, Qian X. Wilms tumor 1/cytokeratin dual-color immunostaining reveals distinctive staining patterns in metastatic melanoma, metastatic carcinoma, and mesothelial cells in pleural fluids: An effective first-line test for the workup of malignant effusions. Cancer Cytopathology. 2014;122(8):586-595'},{id:"B34",body:'Hecht JL, Lee BH, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS. The value of Wilms tumor susceptibility gene 1 in cytologic preparations as a marker for malignant mesothelioma. Cancer. 2002;96(2):105-109'},{id:"B35",body:'Pu RT, Pang Y, Michael CW. Utility of WT-1, p63, MOC31, mesothelin, and cytokeratin (K903 and CK5/6) immunostains in differentiating adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant mesothelioma in effusions. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2008;36(1):20-25'},{id:"B36",body:'Ordóñez NG. What are the current best immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma? A review and update. Human Pathology. 2007;38(1):1-16'},{id:"B37",body:'Zhu W, Michael CW. WT1, monoclonal CEA, TTF1, and CA125 antibodies in the differential diagnosis of lung, breast, and ovarian adenocarcinomas in serous effusions. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2007;35(6):370-375'},{id:"B38",body:'Hanna A, Pang Y, Bedrossian CWM, Dejmek A, Michael CW. Podoplanin is a useful marker for identifying mesothelioma in malignant effusions. 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The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2015;39(7):977-982'},{id:"B43",body:'Hiroshima K, Wu D, Hamakawa S, Tsuruoka S, Ozaki D, Orikasa H, et al. HEG1, BAP1, and MTAP are useful in cytologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma with effusion. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2021;49(5):622-632'},{id:"B44",body:'Tesch ME, Pater JA, Vandekerkhove G, Wang G, Binnington K, So AI, et al. Concurrent germline and somatic pathogenic BAP1 variants in a patient with metastatic bladder cancer. Npj Genomic Medicine. 2020;5(1):12'},{id:"B45",body:'LaFave LM, Béguelin W, Koche R, Teater M, Spitzer B, Chramiec A, et al. Loss of BAP1 function leads to EZH2-dependent transformation. Nature Medicine. 2015;21(11):1344-1349'},{id:"B46",body:'Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Ushiku T, Morita S, Anraku M, Nakajima J, Fukayama M. Diagnostic utility of BAP1 and EZH2 expression in malignant mesothelioma. 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The use of immunohistochemistry to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelioma in cytologic effusions. Cancer Cytopathology. 2010;118(2):90-96'},{id:"B51",body:'Stoop JA, Hendriks JGM, Berends D. Identification of malignant cells In serous effusions using a panel of monoclonal antibodies Ber-Ep4, Mca-B-12 and Ema. Cytopathology. 1992;3(5):297-302'},{id:"B52",body:'Murugan P, Siddaraju N, Habeebullah S, Basu D. Immunohistochemical distinction between mesothelial and adenocarcinoma cells in serous effusions: A combination panel-based approach with a brief review of the literature. Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology. 2009;52(2):175'},{id:"B53",body:'Dejmek A, Hjerpe A. Reactivity of six antibodies in effusions of mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and mesotheliosis: Stepwise logistic regression analysis. Cytopathology. 2000;11(1):8-17'},{id:"B54",body:'Su X-Y, Li G-D, Liu W-P, Xie B, Jiang Y-H. Cytological differential diagnosis among adenocarcinoma, epithelial mesothelioma, and reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions by immunocytochemistry. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2011;39(12):900-908'},{id:"B55",body:'Bailey ME, Brown RW, Mody DR, Cagle P, Ramzy I. Ber-EP4 for differentiating adenocarcinoma from reactive and neoplastic mesothelial cells in serous effusions. Acta Cytologica. 1996;40(6):1212-1216'},{id:"B56",body:'Sheahan K, O’brien MJ, Burke B, Dervan PA, O’brien JC, Gottlieb LS, et al. Differential Reactivities of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CEA-related monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in common epithelial malignancies. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990;94(2):157-164'},{id:"B57",body:'Jo VY, Cibas ES, Pinkus GS. Claudin-4 immunohistochemistry is highly effective in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from malignant mesothelioma in effusion cytology. Cancer Cytopathology. 2014;122(4):299-306'},{id:"B58",body:'Vojtek M, Walsh MD, Papadimos DJ, Shield PW. Claudin-4 immunohistochemistry is a useful pan-carcinoma marker for serous effusion specimens. Cytopathology. 2019 Nov;30(6):614-619'},{id:"B59",body:'Ordóñez NG. Value of Claudin-4 immunostaining in the diagnosis of mesothelioma. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2013;139(5):611-619'},{id:"B60",body:'Dashti S, Heidarpour M, Afshar-Moghaddam N. Diagnostic value of claudin-4 marker in pleural and peritoneal effusion cytology: Does it differentiate between metastatic adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells? Advanced Biomedical Research. 2014;3(1):161'},{id:"B61",body:'Lonardi S, Manera C, Marucci R, Santoro A, Lorenzi L, Facchetti F. Usefulness of Claudin 4 in the cytological diagnosis of serosal effusions. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2011;39(5):313-317'},{id:"B62",body:'Sauter JL, Bueno R, Dacic S, Gill RR, Husain AN, Kadota K, et al. Diffuse Plaural mesothelioma. In: Thoracic Tumours WHO, editor. Classification of Tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board; 2021. pp. 204-219'},{id:"B63",body:'Stevers M, Rabban JT, Garg K, Van Ziffle J, Onodera C, Grenert JP, et al. Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum is genetically defined by mutually exclusive mutations in TRAF7 and CDC42. Modern Pathology. 2019;32(1):88-99'},{id:"B64",body:'Clarke JM, Helft P. Long-term survival of a woman with well differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum: A case report and review of the literature. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2010;4(1):346'},{id:"B65",body:'Rathi V, Hyde S, Newman M. Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma in association with endometrial carcinoma: A case report. Acta Cytologica. 2010;54(5 Suppl):793-797'},{id:"B66",body:'Butnor KJ, Roden AC, Tazelaar HDWJ. Well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor of the pleura. In: Thoracic Tumours WHO Classification of Tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board; 2021. pp. 198-199'},{id:"B67",body:'Beasley MB, Galateau-Salle F, Dacic S. Pleural mesothelioma classification update. Virchows Archiv. 2021;478(1):59-72'},{id:"B68",body:'Oramas DM, Zaleski M, Moran CA. Sarcomatoid mesothelioma: A Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical study of 64 cases. International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2021;29(8):820-825'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ave Minajeva",address:"ave.minajeva@ut.ee",affiliation:'
Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, University of Tartu, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Estonia
Pathology Department of the North Estonia Medical Centre, Estonia
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An alternative approach is to use a dual output indirect matrix converter (IMC). It is well known that IMC provides fully bidirectional power flow operation, with small input size filter requirements. Whilst a standard IMC consists of an AC–DC matrix converter input stage followed by a single VSI output stage, it is possible to replicate the VSI to produce multiple outputs. In this chapter, an open-end winding induction machine fed by an IMC with two output stages is presented. Different modulation strategies for the power converter are analyzed and discussed.",signatures:"Javier Riedemann, Rubén Peña and Ramón Blasco-Giménez",authors:[{id:"174336",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Riedemann",fullName:"Javier Riedemann",slug:"javier-riedemann",email:"jriedema@ubiobio.cl"},{id:"174648",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubén",surname:"Peña",fullName:"Rubén Peña",slug:"ruben-pena",email:"rupena@udec.cl"},{id:"175684",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",surname:"Blasco-Gimenez",fullName:"Ramón Blasco-Gimenez",slug:"ramon-blasco-gimenez",email:"r.blasco@ieee.org"}],book:{id:"4688",title:"Induction Motors",slug:"induction-motors-applications-control-and-fault-diagnostics",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"55495",title:"Dual‐Inverter Circuit Topologies for Supplying Open‐Ended Loads",slug:"dual-inverter-circuit-topologies-for-supplying-open-ended-loads",abstract:"Power electronic converters are nowadays the most suitable solution to provide a variable voltage/current in industry. The most commonly used power converter is the three-phase two-level voltage source inverter which transforms a direct-current input voltage into alternating-current output voltage with adjustable magnitude and frequency. Power inverters are used to supply three-phase loads which are typically connected in wye or delta configurations. However, in previous years, a type of connection consisting on leaving both terminal ends of the load opened has been studied as an alternative to standard wye or delta connection. To supply loads with this type of connection, two power inverters (one at each terminal end of the load) are required in a circuit topology called dual-inverter. In this chapter, a general study of the dual-inverter topology is presented. The advantages and issues of such converter are studied and different modulation strategies are shown and discussed. Moreover, multilevel dual-inverter converters are presented as an extension to the basic two-level idea. For evaluation purposes, simulations results are presented.",signatures:"Javier Riedemann Aros, Rubén Peña Guíñez and Ramón Blasco\nGimenez",authors:[{id:"174336",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Riedemann",fullName:"Javier Riedemann",slug:"javier-riedemann",email:"jriedema@ubiobio.cl"},{id:"174648",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubén",surname:"Peña",fullName:"Rubén Peña",slug:"ruben-pena",email:"rupena@udec.cl"},{id:"175684",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",surname:"Blasco-Gimenez",fullName:"Ramón Blasco-Gimenez",slug:"ramon-blasco-gimenez",email:"r.blasco@ieee.org"}],book:{id:"5754",title:"Recent Developments on Power Inverters",slug:"recent-developments-on-power-inverters",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"113744",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",surname:"Gregor",slug:"raul-gregor",fullName:"Raúl Gregor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/113744/images/2542_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Raúl Igmar Gregor Recalde was born in Asunción, Paraguay, in 1979. He received his bachelor’s degree in electronic engineering from the Catholic University of Asunción, Paraguay, in 2005. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electronics, signal processing, and communications from the Higher Technical School of Engineering (ETSI), University of Seville, Spain, in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Since March 2010, Dr. Gregor has been Head of the Laboratory of Power and Control Systems (LSPyC) of the Engineering Faculty of the National University of Asuncion (FIUNA), Paraguay.\n Dr. Gregor has authored or coauthored about 40 technical papers in the field of power electronics and control systems, six of which have been published in high-impact journals. He obtained the Best Paper Award from the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Industrial Electronics Society, in 2010, and the Best Paper Award from the IET Electric Power Applications, in 2012. His research interests include multiphase drives, advanced control of power converter topologies, quality of electrical power, renewable energy, modeling, simulation, optimization and control of power systems, smart metering and smart grids, and predictive control.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Nacional de Asunción",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Paraguay"}}},{id:"174104",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Rodriguez-Ponce",slug:"rafael-rodriguez-ponce",fullName:"Rafael Rodriguez-Ponce",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"174152",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Zou",slug:"yu-zou",fullName:"Yu Zou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Saginaw Valley State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"174377",title:"Dr.",name:"Fortino",surname:"Mendoza-Mondragón",slug:"fortino-mendoza-mondragon",fullName:"Fortino Mendoza-Mondragón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"174378",title:"MSc.",name:"Moises",surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"moises-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Moises Martinez-Hernandez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"174380",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelino",surname:"Gutierrez-Villalobos",slug:"marcelino-gutierrez-villalobos",fullName:"Marcelino Gutierrez-Villalobos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"174642",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Barrero",slug:"federico-barrero",fullName:"Federico Barrero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"174746",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rodas",slug:"jorge-rodas",fullName:"Jorge Rodas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174746/images/4404_n.jpg",biography:"Jorge Rodas was born in Asuncion, Paraguay in 1984. He received the B.Eng. degree in Electronic Engineering from the Universidad Nacional de Asuncion (UNA), Asuncion, Paraguay, in 2009. He received his M.Sc. degrees from the University of Vigo, Spain in 2012 and from the University of Seville (US), Spain in 2013. In 2011, he joined the Laboratory of Power and Control System (LSPyC), Engineering Faculty of the UNA where he is currently Associate Professor. He is currently working on his doctoral thesis under a system of joint supervision between US and UNA. He is a recipient of a scholarship from Fundación Carolina, Spain, for his Ph.D. studies. His research interests include; modeling and control of multiphase drives and renew-able energies conversion systems.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"174747",title:"Dr.",name:"Derlis",surname:"Gregor",slug:"derlis-gregor",fullName:"Derlis Gregor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"175676",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",surname:"Gregor",slug:"raul-gregor",fullName:"Raul Gregor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175676/images/system/175676.jpg",biography:"Raul Gregor was born in Asunción, Paraguay, in 1979. He received his Engineer degree in electronic engineering from the Catholic University of Asunción, Paraguay, in 2005. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electronics, signal processing, and communications from the Higher Technical School of Engineering (ETSI), University of Seville, Spain, in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Since March 2010, Dr. Gregor has been Head of the Laboratory of Power and Control Systems (LSPyC) of the Engineering Faculty of the National University of Asunción (FIUNA), Paraguay. He is currently the Head of the Department of Electronic and Mechatronics Engineering of FIUNA. Dr. R., Gregor has authored or coauthored about 160 technical papers in the field of power electronics and control systems. He obtained the Best Paper Award from the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Industrial Electronics Society, in 2010 and the Best Paper Award from the IET Electric Power Applications, in 2012. His research interests include multiphase drives, advanced control of power converter topologies, power quality, renewable energies, modeling, simulation, optimization and control of power systems, smart metering and smart grids and predictive control.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de Asunción",institution:{name:"Universidad Nacional de Asunción",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Paraguay"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"access-policy",title:"Access policy",intro:"
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All IntechOpen published chapters and articles are available OPEN ACCESS and can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
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The HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
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Registration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
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IntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
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Authors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
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Subsequently a case study is also discussed for demonstration of design of experiments for predicting surface roughness in the machining of titanium alloys based on response surface methodology.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Neelesh Kumar Sahu and Atul Andhare",authors:[{id:"218948",title:"Prof.",name:"Neelesh",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Sahu",slug:"neelesh-sahu",fullName:"Neelesh Sahu"},{id:"230858",title:"Dr.",name:"Atul",middleName:null,surname:"Andhare",slug:"atul-andhare",fullName:"Atul Andhare"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5460,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:96,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1012,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. Methodological basis of research is the method of the dynamic standard, index and the coefficient analysis and the method of paired comparisons. The results of the study: (1) the method of the dynamic standard for creation of statistical model of region investment appeal is offered; (2) the normative model of region investment appeal to measure the productivity of the realization of regions investment policy in Russia is created; (3) new factors of region investment appeal are investigated and (4) statistically valid conclusions are drawn and practical recommendations are made. The results of the study are addressed to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in order to justify the amount of federal targeted investment programs financing in Russian regions.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Burtseva Tatiana Alexsandrovna",authors:null},{id:"56460",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3218,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"59936",title:"Application of Principal Component Analysis to Image Compression",slug:"application-of-principal-component-analysis-to-image-compression",totalDownloads:1819,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In this chapter, an introduction to the basics of principal component analysis (PCA) is given, aimed at presenting PCA applications to image compression. Here, concepts of linear algebra used in PCA are introduced, and PCA theoretical foundations are explained in connection with those concepts. Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. Finally, a novel construction of principal components by periodicity of principal components has been included, in order to reduce the computational cost for their calculation, although decreasing the accuracy.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Wilmar Hernandez and Alfredo Mendez",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"977",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. 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She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. 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He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:754,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. 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I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. 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International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. 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This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. 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It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/174648",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"174648"},fullPath:"/profiles/174648",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()