\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",keywords:"Sex, Sexual Response Cycle, Erection, Premature Ejaculation, Libido, Orgasm, Painful Intercourse, Psychological, Female, Lack of Desire, Erectile Disorders, Pain Disorders",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He has done extensive research in andrology, sex education, and counseling.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/167875/images/system/167875.jpg",biography:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He had editorials written in the British Journal of Sexology, Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, Postgraduate Medicine, and Scientist. 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Endodontic treatment has played a key role in the retention and restoration of teeth affected by pulp and/or periapical pathosis. In earlier times, diseased teeth would invariably be extracted. The improvements in modern endodontic techniques for conventional and later re-treatment and periradicular surgery has allowed for the retention of a number of teeth that would have been extracted in the past. Currently, the extraction of natural teeth has generally been considered undesirable and as a treatment choice of last resort when there are financial considerations and limited restorative options (John et al., 2007; Morris et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\tThe development of osseointegrated implants has offered even more choices for dental practitioners and their patients in prosthetic rehabilitation for compromised teeth that require extraction. However, the choice of whether to retain a compromised tooth and restore it or to remove and possibly replace it is still unclear and presents as a common dilemma in restorative dentistry. In general, clinical decisions could become consistent and straightforward, if they are informed by unequivocal evidence, are supported by clear and accepted guidelines, and lead to recommended actions that are universally acceptable to patients and care providers (Pennington et al., 2009). However, especially in dental practice, a few decisions are not always so clear-cut. Although the traditional viewpoint is to retain teeth for as long as possible, this viewpoint has been challenged by emerging trends in implant dentistry, with implant replacements being touted as being equal to or even superior to the preservation of natural teeth.
\n\t\t\tIn many cases, the choices are obvious. If a tooth is intact, there is no question that the endodontic treatment should be done, provided that the dentist has the skills required to do a satisfactory job. However, the choice of treatment for particularly compromised teeth may not be clear-cut in many situations. It must be realized that not only is the choice of the treatment controversial, but also the criteria for defining a tooth as “compromised” are controversial and subject to differences in interpretation. To discuss treatment of compromised teeth, a compromised tooth must be clearly defined and differentiated from a tooth with “end-stage
Nowadays, implant-supported prostheses have become the gold standard for the treatment of total or partial edentulism in most clinical scenarios (Avila et al., 2009). As a result, many practitioners have considered an implant-supported prosthesis as an alternative to the preservation of the natural dentition. This interest in implant dentistry has affected the treatment planning of not only end-stage teeth but also compromised teeth that may be more frequently extracted in favor of an implant placement. In truth, implants may be a better therapeutic alternative than performing more extensive conservative procedures in an attempt to save or maintain a compromised tooth. Nevertheless, an inadequate indication for implantation may result in the sacrifice of many sound salvageable teeth. Therefore, when the decision of whether to preserve a compromised tooth or to extract it and place an implant has to be made, a variety of factors (e.g., survival rates of endodontic treatment versus implant placement; patient’s expectations, perception of treatment, and health conditions; time; financial status; esthetics; and clinician’s proficiency and clinical background) should be considered.
\n\t\tOne of the most-often debated components of this implant or endodontics dilemma is whether endodontic treatment and restoration can compete with a dental implant-borne prosthesis in terms of survival rates and success. Survival rates of endodontic treatment and implant placement are generally taken into account while choosing whether to extract or retain a compromised tooth. Both outcome measures for survival in the endodontic and implant literature are the same: retention of the tooth within the mouth (Iqbal & Kim, 2007). In fact, it is important to keep in mind the fact that implant-based therapy and endodontic treatment are very different therapeutic options, given the variety of factors that can independently affect the diagnosis and outcomes of both modalities (White et al., 2006). One of the primary reasons for the variability of reported outcomes is the inconsistent definition of success in the evaluation criteria. Success in endodontics is very different from success for implants. The endodontic studies have applied strict definitions of success based on clinical and/or radiographic criteria (i.e., absence of apical radiolucency, looseness, and reduction in size of radiolucency) (Ng et al., 2007), while implant studies have considered an implant to be successful if it is functional and present in the mouth without definite signs of absolute failure, such as peri-implant radiolucency or implant mobility (Doyle et al., 2006). The use of lenient success criteria in implant studies may translate to higher success rates, whereas the stringent criteria used in root canal studies may lead to lower success rates (Watson et al., 1999; Johnson & Persson, 2001; Wennström et al., 2005, Doyle et al., 2006). Furthermore, operator differences exist between the two treatment modalities in the literature as well (Blicher et al., 2008). Implant studies generally report procedures completed by specialists, while many endodontic studies involve work performed by students or general dentist (Cheung, 2002; Salehrabi & Rotstein 2004; Alley et al., 2004; White et al., 2006; Cohn, 2005; Trope, 2005). The average survival rate of teeth that are endodontically treated by a general dentist is ~89.7% after 5 years; if the treatment is performed by a specialist, the survival rate increases to 98.1% (Alley et al., 2004). This difference underscores how specialty training can affect success outcomes. There are also fundamental differences in the oral environments of patients receiving either endodontic treatment or implant therapy. Implants tend to be placed in the context of good oral health, whereas endodontic treatment usually is performed in the presence of active disease (Spangberg, 2006; Iqbal & Kim, 2007). Obviously, some standardization is needed to make a more informed and appropriate comparisons between the two treatment modalities (Blicher et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tStockhausen et al. (2011) investigated whether general dentists can appreciate the differences in the outcome measures between the implant and the endodontic literature and reported that a majority of respondents were unaware that a difference in criteria for success exists between the endodontic and implant literature.
\n\t\t\t\tDespite the fact that it might not be appropriate to compare endodontic treatment with implant placement due to the varying outcome measures and prognostic indicators in the literature (John et al., 2007), selecting the optimal treatment plan for each patient requires a critical comparison of the reported outcomes of these treatment modalities. While making a decision between endodontic treatment and implants, long-term success is still an important factor that must be considered by both dentist and patient, especially because a dental implant is an invasive procedure and involves the extraction of teeth.
\n\t\t\t\tA retrospective cross-sectional comparison of the initial nonsurgical endodontic treatment and single-tooth implants showed that endodontic and implant therapies resulted in an identical number of failures, and the implant group experienced a much greater incidence of post-operative complications (e.g., prosthetic repairs) (Doyle et al., 2006). When comparable criteria are applied to the outcome, survival rates of endodontic treatment and implant placement are found to be similar (John et al., 2007). Depending on the results of a meta-analysis study, Iqbal & Kim (2007) reported that the outcomes for the two treatments were equivalent and that the decision to treat a compromised tooth endodontically or replace it with an implant must be based on factors other than treatment outcome. Consequently, because outcomes are similar with either treatment, it may be advised that the decisions should be based on other factors related to the tooth, the patient, and the clinician, such as the patient’s informed decision concerning restorability, costs associated with the procedures, esthetics, potential adverse outcomes, and ethical factors.
\n\t\t\t\tIn general, endodontic treatment that is done for the first time in a particular tooth has a higher long-term tooth survival rate (Imura et al., 2007). Also, the absence of periapical lesions, or the presence of smaller ones, has a better prognosis than larger lesions in terms of the success of endodontic treatment (Stoll et al., 2005). If an endodontically treated tooth presents persistent symptoms, retreatment of the affected tooth is a suitable option. Nevertheless, re-treatment of failed endodontic therapy is often complex. These procedures, in addition to being time-consuming and expensive, expose the patient to a significant decrease in the long-term predictability of any planned restoration(s) as valuable tooth structure has been lost leading to decreased structural integrity (Ruskin et al., 2005). In short, in cases where re-treated root canals are performed, the survival rates are substantially lower. However, these rates are slightly lower than those for implant-supported, single-tooth restorations (Noack et al., 1999; Ratner, 2001).
\n\t\t\t\tApical surgeries are considered as other options in the case of root canal treatment failure where re-treatment is not indicated (Nair, 1999). With respect to apical surgeries, apicoectomies have a success rate of 74% and a survival rate of 91% (Wang et al., 2004). A systematic review reported that the success rate of endodontic surgery (64.2%) was significantly greater than the resurgery percentage of success (35.7%) (Peterson & Gutmann, 2001). However, apicoectomies do not always preclude the need for dental implants. In addition, buccal fenestrations created to gain access to the periapical area may not heal with an intact buccal plate of bone. Therefore, these procedures may compromise an implant site and precipitate the need for additional bone grafting when an implant is needed (Greenstein et al., 2008). Although there are differences in studies, a recent review of the literature concluded that endodontic treatment is the best option in many cases; however, dental implants provide a good alternative in certain cases in which the prognosis of maintaining the tooth is questionable or poor (Iqbal & Kim, 2008).
\n\t\t\tWith patients considering endodontic treatment or implant placement, the clinician should perform a complete informed-consent protocol, which includes a discussion of alternatives for care, the advantages and disadvantages of each option, the costs of each option and what will happen if nothing is done (Christensen, 1999; Graskemper, 2005; Sippy, 2006). Patient-specific factors influence the most appropriate treatment option. For example, when designing a dental treatment plan, a patient’s expectations may bear more important than the clinical factors. Friedman & Mor (2004) presented a scenario where a patient was asked if he wished to retain his hand after having sustained a complicated wrist fracture or would proceed to amputation and replacement with a functional prosthetic limb. Clearly, the patient would most likely choose to save his hand even if function and comfort were reduced. Therefore, the expectations of the patients have to be clearly identified and should be taken into account while making a decision for the treatment plan. If an extraction is indicated for a tooth after the initial clinical examination, but the patient wants to save it, the decision can be made to save the tooth; however, the patient should be informed about the possible consequences and potential risks associated with this decision (Avila et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\tPatients’ perceptions of the psychological and physiological trauma related to each therapy may affect their decision. Many patients fear both the endodontic therapy and even the mere thought of any surgery because of the peri- or post-treatment pain. However, it should be considered that the pain experienced after endodontic treatment and implant surgery fell within the guidelines for adequate control of peri-operative pain (Iqbal & Kim, 2008). Other factors that should be considered include the dental history, the cultural implications of the tooth loss, and the quality of life that such treatment would produce (Bader, 2001, 2002; Tang & Naylor, 2005; Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006; White et al., 2006; Cohn, 2005; Christensen, 2006).
\n\t\t\t\tThe patient’s age is a distinct factor to be considered while making an initial treatment plan. In young people, implants are contraindicated until the growth phase is completed because the fixture will ankylose, resulting in infraocclusion (Brugnolo et al., 1996). Infraocclusion may cause changes in the gingival architecture around the implant, with esthetic implications (Cohn, 2005). However, endodontic treatment can be applied to patients in every age group. If the patient’s age does not permit a permanent prosthesis or implant because of incomplete skeletal development, endodontic treatment can be advantageous for patients in their adolescent or childhood period by maintaining the height of the alveolar bone and allowing for the provision of an esthetically acceptable permanent restoration at a later age (Cobankara & Ungor, 2007; Ferrazzano et al., 2010). In addition, it must be kept in mind that significant bone loss can be observed in younger patients receiving implant treatment by the time they reach old age (Bowles et al., 2010).
\n\t\t\t\tKnowledge of patient-related risk factors may assist the clinician in proper case-selection and treatment planning. For example, the patient’s health condition is also an important factor when deciding between implant and endodontic therapy. Diabetes mellitus is often accompanied with systemic adverse sequelae, such as wound healing alterations, which may affect the osseointegration of dental implants or healing of periapical lesions. In one study, patients with diabetes showed a reduced likelihood of endodontic success, especially in cases with preoperative periradicular lesions (Fouad & Burleson, 2003). In a matched case-control study, Doyle et al. (2007) noted that the outcomes for single-tooth implants and restored endodontically treated teeth were not significantly affected by diabetes; however, preoperative lesions were not reported. In addition, a recent one-year clinical outcome study reported no evidence of diminished clinical success or significant complications related to implant treatment in patients with diabetes (Turkyilmaz, 2010). Consequently, implants in patients with diabetes can be successful; however, it should be considered that the duration of diabetes might be an important factor in implant failure (Olson et al., 2000). Avila et al. (2009) suggested that extracting a tooth and subsequently performing an implant placement could be done in the presence of a controlled systemic condition, but they suggested that one should proceed with caution. If a patient has a systemic condition that is not properly controlled, tooth conservation is advised because a surgical procedure may present an unnecessary risk for the patient. It is a well-known fact that some special medical conditions, such as bleeding disorders or conditions related to the sequelae of radiation therapy, require tooth preservation and the avoidance of extractions or other surgical procedures. In such instances, endodontic treatment is often preferable to an implant.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the implant studies, smoking is frequently identified as a risk indicator associated with failure (Vehemente et al., 2002; Strietzel et al., 2007; Huynh-Ba et al., 2008; Abt, 2009; Alissa & Oliver, 2010); however, less information is available regarding the relation between the outcome of endodontic treatment and smoking. In one study, Marending et al. (2005) noted that smoking had no impact on the endodontic treatment outcome. Other authors suggested a possible negative influence of smoking on the prognosis of root canal-treated teeth, but this was mainly attributed to delayed bone healing and to an increased prevalence of periodontal disease and root caries in smokers (Duncan & Pitt Ford, 2006). A recent study by Doyle et al. (2007) suggested that smokers had a lower success rate and more failures in both single-tooth implants and endodontic restorations.
\n\t\t\t\tIn patients with high caries activity, especially activity that is possibly related to dry mouth as a common side effect of several medications (e.g., antihypertensives, diuretics, antidepressants, atropine, anticonvulsants, spasmolysants and appetite suppressants) or associated with certain syndromes (e.g., Sjögren), less effort will be made to maintain a compromised tooth, and implant treatment may be favored (Zitzmann et al., 2009). At the same time, the use of certain medications (such as biophosphonates) may limit the use of dental implants (Glickman, 2003; Starck & Epker, 1995). If a patient has received intravenous bisphosphonates, a conservative non-surgical treatment is strongly recommended, and tooth conservation is advised because the prolonged use of bisphosphonates can cause a pathologic condition affecting the jaws called bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (Avila et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\tOral hygiene or compliance of patients also can affect the treatment options that are appropriate for a patient. Patients who are unlikely to maintain a high level of oral hygiene should not be considered for an implant (Koutsonikos, 1998; Bader, 2002). While excellent oral hygiene is always desirable, a less than optimum condition does not preclude endodontic treatment (Cohn, 2005). Peri-implant tissues are subject to mechanisms of infection similar to periodontal disease (Bullon et al., 2004); however, implant sites have been shown to be more difficult to keep clean and healthy than natural tooth sites (Chang et al., 1999). These findings suggest that implants are perhaps at greater risk for eventual loss than natural teeth, especially in patients who are already prone to periodontal disease (Tang & Naylor, 2005).
\n\t\t\t\tParafunctional habits of patients (such as bruxism) should also be addressed when choosing the appropriate treatment for patients (Cohn, 2005; Christensen, 2006). Because implants lack a periodontal ligament, they are at risk of damage from extreme mechanical forces developed as a result of parafunctional habits (Meffert, 1997; Misch, 2002; Blicher et al., 2008; Salvi & Bragger, 2009).
\n\t\t\tPatients frequently inquire about the length of time required to complete treatment because the duration of the treatment plan and the amount of chair-time may also affect the decision for both the patient and the clinician (O’Neal & Butler, 2002; Cohn, 2005; Moiseiwitsch, 2002). When the time for completion of treatment was evaluated as the time from the beginning of the treatment until time to function, implant treatment had a longer time-to-function than endodontic therapy (Doyle et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\tEsthetic demand by the patients is of paramount importance for the clinicians. Therefore, when choosing the appropriate treatment, esthetic demands specific to the area of concern must be carefully considered (Davarpanah et al., 2000; Tang & Naylor, 2005; Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006; White et al., 2006; Cohn, 2005; Christensen, 2006). When the potential for esthetic acceptability appears to be questionable with the planned implants and restorative therapy or especially in instances where the esthetic outcome is extremely important for the patient, retention of the affected tooth may be a better choice (Christensen, 2006). In such cases, failure to retain natural teeth and their subsequent replacement with implants can sometimes lead to unesthetic results. It has been stated that esthetic failures in implant dentistry are known to outnumber mechanical failures, especially in the anterior dentition (Goodacre et al., 2003). Many implant studies do not account for poor esthetics, implant malposition, soft tissue recession, bone maintenance, and unfavorable soft tissue configuration (Salinas & Eckert, 2007). If the practitioner disregards esthetic risk factors, such as high patient expectations, a high smile line, poor gingival quality, poor papillary morphology, and low bone height, the patient may not be satisfied with implant treatment (Renouard & Rangert, 1999). If these factors are not properly managed then predictable results are impossible to achieve (Tang & Naylor, 2005).
\n\t\t\t\tA natural tooth often achieves better results for coronal shade matching; however, if the treatment plan involves crowning the natural tooth, an implant crown may allow for a better color match due to its thicker layer of porcelain (Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006). Also, if the natural tooth is misaligned with the natural dentition, an implant may produce a more esthetic result (White et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\t\tSoft tissue management is an important aspect of esthetic management in implant dentistry. The soft tissue biotype of the location influences the esthetic results (Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006; Cohn, 2005). When the periodontal biotype is thin but healthy around a natural tooth, then the preservation of the tooth through endodontic therapy might provide more appropriate soft tissue esthetics than a dental implant because a thin biotype is prone to recession (Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006; Greenstein et al., 2008). The placement of a foreign body in the bone may have a negative effect on the marginal bone height and has a direct effect on soft tissue contours (Choquet et al., 2001; Gastaldo et al., 2004). Therefore, the relationship between the final restoration and surrounding bone height should be envisaged while making a treatment plan to achieve successful esthetic soft tissue contours around the final restoration.
\n\t\t\t\tPapillary symmetry between the contralateral sides of the dentition is important for esthetics. However, a predictable, esthetic result is sometimes difficult to achieve because of the short papillae between implants when two or more adjacent implants are placed in the anterior maxilla (Elian et al., 2003). Therefore, to attain the best esthetics, if two adjacent implants are to be placed, modification of the treatment plan may be necessary. If possible, consideration should be given to saving one tooth to avoid short papillae (Greenstein et al., 2008). In some clinical situations, judicious, strategic extractions of compromised teeth, even of some teeth that can be retained, may facilitate an optimal restorative result and permit the placement of implants in ideal positions (Davarpanah et al., 2000; Greenstein, 2005). At the same time, if esthetics is not important, the decision of whether to conserve or extract a tooth becomes less critical.
\n\t\t\tThe financial factor may influence the decision-making process for both clinicians and patients. Traditional restorative procedures or implant-supported restorations are usually more expensive than maintaining a tooth. By using the mean fees charged by general practitioners as reported by the American Dental Association 2005 Survey of Dental Fees, Christensen (2006) reported that an implant-supported crown costs about twice that of an endodontically treated tooth restored with a crown. The patients are not always aware of the additional cost, especially in the case of dental implants (Avila et al., 2009). Possible adjunctive procedures before the implant placement, such as a variety of radiographs, mounted study casts, surgical stents, sinus lifts, bone grafts and membranes that would increase the cost of an implant, may be required and are generally not presented during the planning process. Rustemeyer & Bremerich (2007) reported, after conducting a survey of 315 patients, that 61% had an unrealistic idea of the fees related to restorative therapy in which dental implants were used. Pennington et al. (2009) evaluated the cost-effectiveness of endodontic treatment for a maxillary incisor tooth in comparison with extraction and replacement with a bridge, denture or implant-supported restoration in a Markov model. After modeling the available clinical and cost data, they reported that the endodontic treatment and the orthograde re-treatment necessary when a root canal treatment fails are both cost-effective. If a surgical re-treatment is necessary, extending the life of the crown by replacment with a single implant is less cost effective (Pennington et al., 2009). In addition, in terms of post-procedural treatment requirements, the study by Doyle et al. (2007) demonstrated that implants required nearly 5 times more post-treatment interventions as compared with restored endodontically treated teeth. Kim & Solomon (2011) evaluated the cost-effectiveness of four different treatment modalities (i.e., nonsurgical retreatment with restoration, endodontic microsurgery, extraction with fixed partial denture, and extraction with single implant-supported restoration) on a hypothetical clinical scenario of a failed endodontically treated first molar. According to these researchers, a single implant-supported restoration, despite its high survival rate, was the least cost-effective treatment option.
\n\t\t\t\tConsequently, from an economic standpoint, endodontic treatment might be a more favorable treatment option than implant-supported crowns.
\n\t\t\tWhen dental implants were first introduced, it was mainly the oral surgeons who placed them. During the mid-1980s, periodontists began to place implants. More recently, a broader range of dental care providers, including general dentists, prosthodontists, and endodontists, are learning the skills of implant placement (Potter et al., 2009). Therefore, at present, there is yet no consensus on which expertise field should provide implant treatment and dental implant placement.
\n\t\t\t\tThe decision to restore a diseased tooth with endodontic treatment or to extract the tooth and replace it with implant restoration might be influenced by the clinician’s proficiency and clinical background. Bader & Shugars (1993) have previously reported on this aspect of treatment planning for restorative treatments. According to this report, among clinicians, there were differences in the recommended treatment for individual teeth with specific conditions, and the main reason for the differences was the variation in the dentists\' practice profiles (Bader & Shugars, 1993).
\n\t\t\t\tIf the patient feels that because of the expertise of the clinician, one or the other therapy has the greatest chance for success, then that therapy is the one that is chosen in that situation (Christensen, 2006). In addition, if the treatment options are presented in a biased manner to favor one option over the other, the patient is more likely to choose that treatment option (Foster & Harrison, 2008). If a clinician believes that he/she is unable to save a tooth, tooth extraction and future prosthetic replacement will most likely be recommended (Avila et al., 2009). Although it is recognized that clinicians vary in their experience, skills, and interests, these factors should not dictate the treatment plan because other members of the dental team are available to provide specialized care on a referral basis (Iqbal & Kim, 2008).
\n\t\t\tTreatment of a compromised tooth requires the consideration of
The type of restorations used for endodontically treated teeth and the quality of the coronal seal may have a greater impact on the long-term retention of treated teeth than the endodontic treatment itself (Saunders & Saunders, 1994). In other words, endodontic therapy alone does not guarantee successful retention of the tooth or prevent its future loss. Extensively decayed or unrestorable tooth, tooth fracture, and periodontal disease, in conjunction with apical periodontitis, are more frequently indications for tooth extraction than the endodontic failure itself (Sorensen & Martinoff, 1985; Sjogren et al., 1990; Vire, 1991; Caplan & Weintraub, 1997; Chen et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\tA common issue with endodontically treated teeth is that when a failure does occur, the residual pathology can create potential problems for subsequent implant placement. Bone resorption and damage from infections of an endodontic origin can be extensive and require significant bone grafting and soft-tissue reconstruction (McGarry, 2008). However, it should be considered that endodontically treated teeth are associated with less complications and procedural interventions than implant-supported crowns and that complications associated with implant failure significantly impact a patient more negatively than when endodontically treated teeth fail (Morris et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\tWhile making a decision as to whether to retain and restore or to replace a tooth, the restorative prognosis of the tooth and the physical loading characteristics that it will be endured must also be kept in mind. For example, posts are often necessary to rebuild enough tooth structure to retain restorations when restoring compromised, root-filled teeth of the type that provide the subject for this discussion. However, the price for added retention may be an increased risk of damaged tooth structure (Caputo & Standle, 1976). The long-term ability of the implant to retain a crown is superior to that of a natural tooth, particularly one that is endodontically treated and supporting a post and core (Ruskin et al., 2005). Therefore, compromised teeth treated with posts should be carefully used in areas where they may be critical to the survival of other reconstructions, such as abutments for bridges or removable partial dentures (Dawson & Cardaci, 2006). However, implant treatment carries the risk of ongoing periodontal and occlusal complications, particularly esthetic problems. Some of the main advantages of an endodontic treatment compared to an implant-supported restoration are the proprioception and the adaptation under mechanical forces mediated by the periodontal ligament (Trulsson, 2006). In a recent study, endodontically treated teeth have been reported to have significantly higher maximum bite force, chewing efficiency, and total occlusal contact than single-tooth, implant-supported prostheses (Woodmansey et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\tThe decision to extract or retain teeth affects the adjacent teeth, especially if they are to function as abutments for a fixed or removable partial denture. It has been reported that patients who used removable partial dentures over a 10-year period lost 44% of the abutment teeth (Aquilino et al., 2001). However, there are no studies indicating whether the loss of the bordering teeth occurs when implants are inserted. In contrast, a large edentulous area may require the span of a fixed partial denture to be extended to incorporate teeth that require endodontic or periodontal treatment, thereby possibly compromising the long-term stability of the prosthesis (Greenstein et al., 2008). In such cases, implant treatment might be advised. For each patient, the strategic value of the tooth in relation to the overall oral structure and function must be evaluated; in addition, clinicians must consider how any treatment they perform will affect future treatments (Bader, 2001, 2002; Ruskin et al., 2005; Pothukuchi, 2006). Sometimes, retaining a compromised and diseased tooth may lead to continued bone loss, which could complicate future implant placement (Perel, 1991; Heithersay, 2000; Curtis et al., 2002; Matosian, 2003).
\n\t\t\t\tOne area of concern in recent years has been how implant placement would be affected by an adjacent tooth that had been treated endodontically. Some researchers suggest that implant failure may occur when the implant is positioned adjacent to teeth that are clinically symptomatic of periapical pathology or have radiographic periapical pathology (Shaffer et al., 1998; Tehemar, 1999; Brisman et al., 2001; Chou et al., 2010). According to these researchers, clinicians should be aware that if implant failure occurs in a tooth adjacent to one that has previously received endodontic therapy, further treatment or possible extraction of the previously treated tooth might be necessary before repeating the implant surgery. A recent study reported that the incidence of retrograde peri-implantitis might be reduced by increasing the distance between the implant and the adjacent tooth, and/or the duration from endodontic treatment to implant placement in the adjacent tooth (Zhou et al., 2009). However, some researchers suggested that the endodontic status of adjacent teeth has no effect on the prognosis of the implant (Shabahang et al., 2003; Doyle et al., 2007; Laird et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\tLocal anatomy, such as proximity to the sinus or the type of bone, determines the potential need for additional procedures and/or whether the risk for complications will increase (Bader, 2001, 2002; Cohn, 2005; Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006). Any area with questionable or abnormal bone density, or the presence of potentially problematic anatomical structures, should persuade clinicians to retain teeth and choose the endodontic alternative (Christensen, 2006). Quality of bone is considered the most important determinant in the loss of implants (Vigolo & Givani, 2000; Levin et al., 2006). However, in a recent study, Doyle et al. (2006) did not find the location of the restorative treatment a significant factor when comparing single-tooth implants and restored root-canal treated teeth.
\n\t\t\t\tThe need for auxiliary procedures (for example, sinus lifts or grafts for implants and crown lengthening or orthodontic extrusion when restoring with endodontics) should be considered when determining the overall morbidity and potential for complications of each treatment option (Torabinejad & Goodacre, 2006; White et al., 2006). If orthodontics continues to be performed in the future, one must remember that dental implants cannot undergo orthodontic movement (Wittlinger, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tFor successful long-term service, restored implants require regular follow-up, and the patient must realize that this option will not eliminate the need for further dental care (Blicher et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\tWhen choosing the appropriate treatment for patients, it should be kept in mind that every patient and situation is unique. Specific patient and/or clinician factors weigh heavily in choosing whether to perform tooth preservation procedures or extraction procedures with the option of implant-supported restoration. Saving teeth when reasonable is still the goal, but long-term outcomes need to be better delineated in the dental literature. In reality, no guide that is designed to aid in the decision to extract or save a compromised tooth can be perfect. However, because there are usually contradictory indications for dental implants and endodontic treatments in such teeth, there is a need for the development of guidelines. It is the responsibility of the clinician to make the final decision by considering the specific aspects of each case. The aim of both implant and endodontic therapy is to facilitate the rehabilitation of patients’ natural dentition. However, it should not be forgotten that endodontic therapy is intended to retain teeth, whereas implant therapy is intended to replace missing teeth.
\n\t\tPseudocereal grains are considered as good sources of protein with a balanced amino acid profile. Proteins from pseudocereal grains have recently gained increasing popularity due to their nutritional, functional, and biological properties. Proteins from quinoa, amaranth, and chia are among the most extensively studied pseudocereal proteins in terms of characterization of physicochemical, functional, and biological properties. The functionality of proteins from other less known pseudocereals, such as kiwicha and cañihua, still remains to be explored. Although proteins from pseudocereal grains are indicated to show good functionality, some processes may be required to modify the structure and improve the functionality of pseudocereal proteins. Structural and functional properties of various pseudocereal proteins are recently reviewed [1, 2, 3]. This chapter presents an overview of the structural and functional properties of pseudocereal proteins, the effects of methods used for protein extraction and fractionation on protein functionality, and several methods applied for modification of structure and optimizing the functionality of pseudocereal proteins.
Quinoa (
Various physical, chemical, and biological modification methods are applied to pseudocereal proteins to improve functionality. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a commonly applied strategy to improve not only the functional but also the bioactive properties of plant-based proteins. Guo et al. [7] recently reviewed the biological activities of quinoa protein hydrolysate and peptides. In a recent study, Daliri et al. [8] applied enzymatic hydrolysis to quinoa protein concentrate with pancreatin and investigated the changes in emulsifying, foaming, and antioxidant properties. Quinoa protein concentrate was obtained from defatted quinoa flour with alkaline extraction followed by the isoelectric precipitation method. Hydrolysis with pancreatin at 40°C for 180 min was reported to result in the highest degree of hydrolysis (∼19%). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that different functional groups, such as free regions of hydroxylic amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and free amino groups, originated in the hydrolysate due to the hydrolyzing action of pancreatin. The obtained hydrolysate was reported to show better antioxidant properties in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. Solubility, emulsifying and foaming activities of the hydrolysate were found to be higher than that of the native protein. On the other hand, the native protein showed better emulsion and foam stabilizing properties [8].
Maillard reaction is used as a tool to modify structural properties and improve the functionality and biological activity of proteins. In a recent study, Teng et al. [9] investigated the effect of glycosylation with xylose on the structural and functional properties of quinoa protein. Quinoa protein isolate (96% protein) was obtained from defatted quinoa flour with alkaline extraction followed by an isoelectric precipitation method. Glycosylation via Maillard reaction was performed by mixing quinoa protein isolate with mannose or xylose with varying proportions in phosphate buffer and heating at 60°C for 4 h. The optimum ratio of quinoa protein to monosaccharide was determined to be 2:1 based on the degree of grafting and browning index analyses. The electrophoretic profile of samples revealed that glycosylation had significant effects on the depolymerization and remodeling of molecular aggregates of quinoa protein. The specific surface area and absorption capacity of quinoa protein were indicated to increase after glycosylation. Solubility, water and fat absorption capacities, emulsifying activity, and stability of glycosylated quinoa protein were reported to be significantly higher than that of the native protein. Moreover, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of quinoa protein were indicated to increase after the glycosylation reaction [9].
Amaranth (
Figueroa-González et al. [12] investigated the effects of pH-shifting and ultrasonication treatments on the structure, physicochemical, and foaming properties of amaranth protein. Amaranth protein isolate (83% protein) was obtained from defatted amaranth flour with alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation method. Amaranth protein dispersions were prepared in distilled water (30 mg/mL, pH 7.0) and protein was modified by five different treatments—pH-shifting at pH 2.0 and 12.0, sonication (750 W) for 10 min at an amplitude of 50%, and pH-shifting (at pH 2.0 and 12.0) followed by sonication. After the modification treatments, amaranth protein dispersions were dried at 35°C for 45 h in the oven to avoid protein denaturation. Alkaline pH-shifting followed by sonication was reported to result in a significant decrease in the hydrodynamic diameter of amaranth protein. On the other hand, hydrodynamic diameter of protein was observed to increase after the acidic pH-shifting treatment. The isoelectric point of amaranth protein increased from 4.0 to 4.2 after the alkaline pH-shifting treatment and to 4.5 after the combined alkaline pH-shifting and ultrasound treatments. However, ultrasound treatment alone was reported to decrease the isoelectric point of amaranth protein to 3.5. Alkaline pH-shifting and ultrasound treatments were reported to induce changes in the secondary structure fractions of amaranth protein. Moreover, both pH-shifting treatments and combination of pH-shifting and ultrasound treatments resulted in changes in the sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds of amaranth protein. Both pH-shifting treatments were reported to improve the solubility of amaranth protein, where the highest protein solubility was observed in the sample treated with a combination of alkaline pH-shifting and ultrasound. The foaming capacity and stability of amaranth protein were reported to increase significantly after all treatments except for the acidic pH-shifting treatment. Moreover, treatments applied were indicated to improve the
Das et al. [13] investigated the effects of pH treatment and the extraction pH on the physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth protein isolate. Amaranth protein isolate was obtained from defatted amaranth flour with alkaline extraction at different pH values (9.0, 10.0, 11.0, and 12.0) followed by isoelectric precipitation (pH 4.5). Amaranth protein isolates were subjected to pH treatments at pH 3.0–9.0 and tested for functionality. The protein content of amaranth proteins extracted at different pH values changed between 56 and 85%, where the isolate obtained at pH 9.0 showed the highest purity, solubility, and particle size but the lowest yield. The authors reported that maintaining the extraction and treatment pH values at 9.0 resulted in significant improvements in functional properties including solubility, water and oil binding capacities, emulsifying and foaming properties. Extraction and treatment at pH 9.0 were also indicated to result in better thermal properties and improved gelation characteristics. Moreover, emulsifying, foaming, and gelation properties of amaranth protein isolates were reported to be affected by the particle size, wettability, and solubility [13].
Enzymatic modification is recently applied as a useful tool to improve the functionality and biological activity of amaranth protein. Kamal et al. [14] prepared amaranth protein hydrolysates using bromelain, chymotrypsin, and pronase E enzymes at three different hydrolysis durations (2, 4, and 6 h). Bioactive peptides were identified by LC-MS-QToF analysis. Amaranth protein hydrolysates were reported to contain bioactive peptides with inhibitory properties against enzymatic markers linked with hypertension and diabetes [14].
In another recent study, Karimi et al. [15] investigated the effects of using selective hydrolyzed protein of amaranth on sourdough fermentation, bread quality, and shelf life. Amaranth protein isolate was obtained from defatted amaranth flour using the alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation method. Protein hydrolysates were prepared with Alcalase® treatment for 3 h. The authors reported that amaranth protein hydrolysates increased the growth of
Kiwicha (
The protein content of chia (
Julio et al. [22] prepared different protein fractions of albumins, globulins, glutelins, and prolamins from chia protein-rich fraction of chia seeds, a by-product of chia oil extraction process. The solubility profile of chia protein-rich fraction, globulins, and prolamins was observed to be similar and made a peak at pH 9.0. On the other hand, maximum solubility was observed at pH 5.0 for glutelin and albumin fractions. Detailed emulsion characterization tests including destabilization kinetics and particle size distributions revealed that globulin fraction resulted in the most stable emulsion systems. The authors reported that higher pH values resulted in improved stability in emulsions stabilized with globulins, glutelins, and chia protein-rich fraction [22].
Urbizo-Reyes et al. [23] prepared chia protein hydrolysates with ultrasound treatment followed by microwave-assisted hydrolysis. For this purpose, chia seed mucilage and chia seed oil were extracted from the seeds prior to protein hydrolysis. Chia protein hydrolysates were prepared using Alcalase® or sequential hydrolysis with Alcalase® and Flavourzyme®. Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction was conducted using a conventional or microwave-assisted system. Chia protein hydrolysates obtained using sequential hydrolysis with microwave treatment were reported to show significantly higher
Teff (
Teff flour is widely used in formulations of gluten-free bread and bakery products. Adebowale et al. [25] compared the characteristics of protein fractions in three different teff types with sorghum with the main focus on bread-making quality. The major protein fraction in teff was reported to be prolamin. Aqueous alcohol-soluble protein fraction was indicated to be rich in glutamine and leucine. The authors suggested that differences in the electrophoretic profile of proteins indicated that teff prolamin is less polymerized compared to sorghum prolamin. Functional properties of teff prolamins useful in bread making were attributed to the differences in thermal profile, lower polymerization, and hydrophobicity [25].
Common buckwheat (
Xue et al. [29] investigated the effects of high-intensity ultrasound treatment and Maillard reaction on structural, interfacial, and emulsifying properties of buckwheat protein. Buckwheat protein isolate was prepared from defatted buckwheat flour with alkaline extraction method followed by isoelectric precipitation. Buckwheat protein isolate-dextran conjugates were prepared via Maillard reaction combined with ultrasound treatment. The secondary and tertiary structures and surface hydrophobicity of buckwheat protein isolate-dextran conjugates obtained with ultrasonication were observed to be different than those of conjugates obtained with classical heating. As a result of the modifications in protein structure, emulsifying properties and surface activity of conjugates obtained with ultrasonication were reported to be improved compared to classical heating [29].
In another recent study, Wu et al. [30] investigated the effect of extraction pH on structure, functional properties, and digestibility of tartary buckwheat protein. Protein isolates were prepared from defatted tartary buckwheat flour using alkaline extraction at different pH values (pH 7.0–13.0) followed by isoelectric precipitation. Tartary buckwheat flour and protein isolates were separated into albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutenin fractions based on Osborne-type protein fractionation. Protein extraction at alkaline conditions was reported to increase protein extraction yield. Increased extraction pH was indicated to decrease the albumin content of tartary buckwheat protein isolate while glutenin content increased. The solubility of isolates extracted at pH > 12.0 was observed to decrease. On the other hand, emulsion stability increased at the same conditions that were attributed to increased surface hydrophobicity. The differences observed in
In addition to functional properties, buckwheat protein and derived bioactive peptides are reported to show various biological properties, including cholesterol-lowering activity, blood pressure controlling enzyme inhibitory activity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that suggest the potential use of buckwheat protein and peptides as functional food ingredients [3].
Cañihua (
Enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to cañihua protein for obtaining peptides with biological activities. Chirinos et al. [34] derived hydrolysates and peptides from cañihua protein concentrate. Protein concentrate (79% protein) was obtained from defatted cañihua meal with alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation method. Cañihua protein concentrate was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase®, Neutrase®, and Flavourzyme® at 50°C up to 240 min. The hydrolysates obtained were purified via ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography to obtain three peptide fractions. The authors reported that cañihua protein can be considered as a good source of bioactive peptides with antioxidant and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Specifically, cañihua protein hydrolysate obtained with Neutrase®-Alcalase® sequential hydrolysis for 180 min was indicated to show good
In another recent study, Moscoso-Mujica et al. [35] also applied enzymatic hydrolysis to cañihua protein. Cañihua flour was obtained from the seeds of two different varieties (Ramis and Cupi-Sayhua) and defatted prior to protein extraction. Protein fractions of albumins, 7S globulins, 11S globulins, and glutelins were obtained based on solubility differences and subjected to sequential hydrolysis with Alcalase® and pepsin-pancreatin. Hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis were obtained and tested for antimicrobial activity against
Pseudocereals are indicated as good protein sources with a balanced amino acid profile. Nutritional composition and protein characteristics of pseudocereal grains change depending on the seed variety and growing conditions. Moreover, the methods used for protein extraction and fractionation affect protein structure, composition, and hence, functionality. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been shown to be a useful tool for obtaining peptides from pseudocereal proteins with biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive properties. Proteins and peptides from pseudocereal grains can be potentially utilized as ingredients in innovative product formulations due to their nutritional quality, functional properties, and biological activities. More research is needed to investigate the effects of pseudocereal proteins on end-product quality to elucidate the potential and increase the utilization of pseudocereal proteins as food ingredients.
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
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It is a leading cause of disability in children. Congenitally infected neonates often appear asymptomatic at birth or have nonspecific symptoms. An early diagnosis and subsequent early antiviral therapy associated to nonpharmacological therapy (e.g., hearing rehabilitation, speech-language therapy, and cochlear implants) can reduce long-term disability. Much research has been done in this field, but further studies are still necessary. Looking back at the most recent papers, we will draw a review on this topic trying to answer to the question: could universal CMV screening be a useful and cost-effective diagnostic tool?",book:{id:"8728",slug:"update-on-critical-issues-on-infant-and-neonatal-care",title:"Update on Critical Issues on Infant and Neonatal Care",fullTitle:"Update on Critical Issues on Infant and Neonatal Care"},signatures:"Sara Lunardi, Francesca Lorenzoni and Paolo Ghirri",authors:null},{id:"44446",doi:"10.5772/54310",title:"Neonatal Pneumonia",slug:"neonatal-pneumonia",totalDownloads:14761,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"2990",slug:"neonatal-bacterial-infection",title:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection",fullTitle:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection"},signatures:"Friedrich Reiterer",authors:[{id:"152025",title:"Prof.",name:"Friedrich",middleName:null,surname:"Reiterer",slug:"friedrich-reiterer",fullName:"Friedrich Reiterer"}]},{id:"38034",doi:"10.5772/34698",title:"Maternal Socio-economic Status and Childhood Birth weight: A Health Survey in Ghana.",slug:"maternal-socio-economic-status-and-childhood-birth-weight-a-health-survey-in-ghana-",totalDownloads:3614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"741",slug:"neonatal-care",title:"Neonatal Care",fullTitle:"Neonatal Care"},signatures:"Edward Nketiah-Amponsah, Aaron Abuosi and Eric Arthur",authors:[{id:"101268",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Nketiah-Amponsah",slug:"edward-nketiah-amponsah",fullName:"Edward Nketiah-Amponsah"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44446",title:"Neonatal Pneumonia",slug:"neonatal-pneumonia",totalDownloads:14749,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"2990",slug:"neonatal-bacterial-infection",title:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection",fullTitle:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection"},signatures:"Friedrich Reiterer",authors:[{id:"152025",title:"Prof.",name:"Friedrich",middleName:null,surname:"Reiterer",slug:"friedrich-reiterer",fullName:"Friedrich Reiterer"}]},{id:"53683",title:"Pre and Postoperative Management of Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Diseases",slug:"pre-and-postoperative-management-of-pediatric-patients-with-congenital-heart-diseases",totalDownloads:4889,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Stabilization during preoperative cardiac surgery especially in neonates has an important role to predict outcome for pediatric congenital heart surgery. We tried to elaborate general guidelines on how to diagnose and some anticipations for emergency treatments tailored by the type of congenital heart disease in neonates. Stabilization consists of medical treatment including emergent prostaglandin institution in some types of duct dependent lesion. The role of interventional catheterization such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stent, balloon pulmonary valvotomy, etc. as modalities for stabilization before surgery was also elaborated. Some general and specific guidelines based on the type of surgeries for postoperative management were also discussed.",book:{id:"5473",slug:"pediatric-and-neonatal-surgery",title:"Pediatric and Neonatal Surgery",fullTitle:"Pediatric and Neonatal Surgery"},signatures:"Eva Miranda Marwali, Beatrice Heineking and Nikolaus A. 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This chapter will examine the multiple dimensions influencing maternal decision-making in regards to the feeding practices of infants including 1) individual maternal characteristics, 2) organizational factors, 3) hospital/provider recommendations, and 4) systematic/policy factors. The chapter will also examine the impact of infant feeding practices on early infant and childhood health outcomes. Research has demonstrated the benefits of breastfeeding on infants and early childhood which includes but is not limited to protection against common illnesses and infections, improved IQ , and even increased school attendance. Moreover, the World Health Assembly global nutrition objectives focus on encouraging breastfeeding support across all sectors in addition to implementing tailored community-based approaches, limiting the excessive marketing of infant formula, and enforcing supportive breastfeeding legislation. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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