P = Product / M = Module / F = Functionality
Main building blocks for SAP’s Supply Chain Management system and Oracle’s Supply Chain Management suite
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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Since 2009, he has been teaching undergraduate courses under the Public Health Science and Global Health Scholars Programs, while also teaching graduate level courses in the Global Health Certificate Program offered through the University of Maryland School of Public Health. In addition to teaching, Dr. Haider is currently a co-investigator in Project HEAL: Health through Early Awareness and Learning, an intervention to increase cancer screening in African American faith-based communities in Prince Georges County, Maryland. He is also the Principal Investigator on a study to assess the US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Officers’ value to public health.\r\n\r\nDr. Haider is a highly skilled public health professional who has managed and led diverse public health projects and research studies in more than a dozen countries worldwide over the past thirty years, on behalf of several international agencies and universities. He has assisted multi-sector initiatives to advance the delivery of quality health care services in the areas of Avian Influenza, HIV/AIDS, TB, RH/FP, Malaria, and has developed expertise in the areas of health communication, health promotion, health education, and social marketing. His research into strategies of behavior change, application of social marketing tools and communications capacity building has led to several acclaimed publications.\r\n\r\nHe has led major public health projects in several countries in Africa and Asia, for which he utilized technical skills to stimulate innovative and culturally sensitive approaches grounded in organizational and technical soundness. His recent research and programmatic work has focused on avian and pandemic influenza, for which he has contributed to creating and adapting IEC, BCC, and IPC training materials to establish and implement best practices within public health care systems and promote public-private partnerships. \r\n\r\nDr. Haider has worked collaboratively on numerous occasions with counterparts in the veterinary and agriculture sectors and has advanced the \\One World, One Health\\ framework through curriculum development, targeted coursework for public health students, and the development of a concept paper endorsed by the DOD Veterinary Service Activity, Princeton University based One Health Initiative Advocacy Group, Agricultural Research Service, DOA, and WHO. Dr. Haider has developed and conducted training sessions for Media/Health Reporting, with special focus on AI through DOS/VOA and IBB. 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This chapter integrates sensemaking theory and organizational risk management processes. In doing so, information is gleaned about gaps in risk communication messaging and dissemination. This proposed model has the potential to enhance the organizational and communication processes necessary to support the cognitive, motivation, and social coordination components in risk communication messaging that underlie H&S decision making.",signatures:"Emily J. Haas and Patrick L. 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There are many types of messages between healthcare providers and consumers, which is an intangible form of healthcare message design (HMD) as a medium of communication. In the role, HMD is understood as an expansion of universal communicability and plays an important role in social communication. This chapter introduces the concept of HMD based on philosophical underpinnings and theoretical frameworks and defines the process of HMD. For the work, convergence research (or transdisciplinarity, and interdisciplinarity) was conducted, which entails integrating knowledge, theories, methods, data, and expertise from different disciplines.",signatures:"Ji-Young An and Jinkyung Paik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60947",authors:[{id:"239298",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiyoung",surname:"An",slug:"jiyoung-an",fullName:"Jiyoung An"},{id:"239956",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinkyung",surname:"Paik",slug:"jinkyung-paik",fullName:"Jinkyung Paik"}],corrections:null},{id:"61405",title:"Social Marketing for Health: Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76509",slug:"social-marketing-for-health-theoretical-and-conceptual-considerations",totalDownloads:2941,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Marketing, besides education and enforcement, is a strategy to change behaviors. The most important question for commercial marketers is: “What can we do to persuade people to buy our products?” They try to use commercial marketing principles such as exchange theory, consumer orientation, competition, audience segmentation, and marketing mix, to influence customers and sell their products and services. Health is considered as an important market, and people have to pay tangible and intangible costs to buy health products, services, and behaviors. So, health professionals must know about marketing key concepts and designing programs to promote health products and changing health behavior. “Social marketing” is an approach to persuade people to accept ideas and attitudes, perform healthy behaviors, refer to health facilities, and receive health products. In this chapter, the theoretical considerations and practical steps for planning, implementing, and evaluating the interventions based on the social marketing approach will be discussed. At the end of the chapter, we will study four researches designed and implemented based on the social marketing model.",signatures:"Mohsen Shams",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61405",authors:[{id:"239499",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Shams",slug:"mohsen-shams",fullName:"Mohsen Shams"}],corrections:null},{id:"61793",title:"Social Marketing and Health Communication: A Case Study at the Brazilian Federal Senate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78126",slug:"social-marketing-and-health-communication-a-case-study-at-the-brazilian-federal-senate",totalDownloads:1114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter aims to show how a breast cancer campaign can be successfully planned and how the expected results can be achieved, in accordance with the best practices of health communication under the social marketing paradigm. The case study is the Pink October (month dedicated to women’s health) at the Brazilian Federal Senate, in 2017, result of interdepartmental (Top Management, Health, Human Resources and Social Communication areas) and interinstitutional (Federal Senate, Government of the Federal District and health-related institutions) partnership efforts. Social marketing, internal marketing and endobranding concepts are explored, as well as the breast cancer issue, in order to provide a better understanding among interested readers. While results are positive, some challenges and concerns are brought to light, which point to the need for improvements in the Pink October program for the coming years. 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The Supply Chain Management (SCM) paradigm is widely discussed today in virtually all industry sectors. This paradigm emerged in the late 1980s, and became widespread in the 1990s as a way to organize a set of concepts, methods and tools for promoting a holistic view of the entire supply chain. Supply chain optimization greatly depends on the planning process (Jespersen &Skjott-Larsen, 2005). This process aims to obtain a balance between supply and demand, from primary suppliers to final customers, to deliver superior goods and services through the optimization of supply chain assets. This is quite a difficult task since it involves simultaneously synchronizing a large quantity of complex decisions, and dealing with other issues that can complicate the process, for instance the existence of conflicting objectives and the presence of stochastic behaviours (Lin et al., 2007; Camarinha-Matos and Afsarmanesh, 2004; Schneeweiss and Zimmer, 2004; Terzi&Cavalieri, 2003; Min and Zhou, 2002; Simchi-Levi et al., 2000).
\n\t\t\tTo cope with the complexity of supply chain planning, a set of information technology (IT) tools can be used directly or indirectly. These systems are used for information integration, inventory management, order fulfilment, delivery planning and coordination, just to mention a few. Among the leading ITtools for Supply Chain Managemet, the Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) system is widely discussed today, which may be due to the fact that APS systems focus on a very relevant problem in supply chains, i.e. how to synchronize hundreds of real planning decisions at strategic, tactical and operational levels in a complex environment. This quite challenging objective requires an advanced solution.
\n\t\t\tBasically, APS are computer supported planning systems that put forward various functions of Supply Chain Management, including procurement, production, distribution and sales, at the strategic, tactical and operational planning levels (Stadtler, 2005). These systems stand for a quantitative model-driven perspective on the use of IT in supporting Supply Chain Management, for exploiting advanced analysis and supply chain optimization methods. In fact, APS systems have represented a natural evolution of planning approaches for the manufacturing area since the 1970s (Martel & Vieira, 2008). The first system approach was Material Requirements Planning (MRP), which evolved later into Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II), Distribution Resources Planning (DRP) and, during the 1990s, into Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP systems). APS systems arose to fill the gap of ERP systems, which are basically transactional systems and not planning systems (Stadtler, 2005). ERP’s planning capabilities, although fundamental to the planning process, are limited when not leveraged by an APS system.
\n\t\t\tDespite many advances in this domain, there are some profound changes taking place in the key supply chain technology. We would like to call attention to some fundamental trends identified by some recent studies (Cecere, 2006; Van Eck, 2003): need to better deal with risk (robustness), agility, responsiveness and focus on multi-tier relationships. They can be divided into two major trends: firstly, trying to expand from an internal to an external supply chain point-of-view, in which relationships with partners and collaborations are considered to a greater extent; and secondly, paying more attention to the stochastic behaviour of the supply chain, managing risks and responding adequately to them.
\n\t\t\tIn this chapter we discuss how APS systems are being used to deliver superior value in the context of complex supply chain problems (APS today). In addition, we explore some limitations and possible avenues of these systems (APS Tomorrow) to address the profound changes taking place in the supply chain technology.
\n\t\t\tIn order to do so, this chapter is organized into two parts:
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Finally, Section 4 outlines some final remarks and conclusions.
\n\t\tThe planning process is at the heart of APS systems. It aims to support decision-making by identifying alternatives for future activities and by selecting good strategies or even the best one (Fleischmann et al., 2004) while consideringthe decision-maker’s objectives and constraints in the company’s environment. In the authors’ view, the main characteristics of APS are:
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
In order to translate these three characteristics into an implementable APS system, two main aspects of the APS have to be considered: the architecture (how the system is organized, including the ‘hierarchy’ and ‘integral planning’) and the engine (how each part of the APS architecture performsits planning activities).
\n\t\t\t\tIn terms of APS architecture, according to Meyr&Stadtler (2004), a typical system is organized though combinations of a set of building blocks encompassing decisions at three levels: strategic (long-term decisions), tactical (mid-term decisions), and operational (short-term decisions levels). In more specific terms, some typical building blocks are suggested by Meyr&Stadtler(2004):
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tRodhe (2004) mentions that, in addition to these building blocks, others can be included in an APS, for example, coordinating them with other systems, like OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) (e.g. ERP or legacy systems) or data warehouses.
\n\t\t\t\tAs a hierarchical planning system, an APS has to coordinate and integrate information between building blocks. Information flows can be horizontal and vertical. Horizontal flows basically orient all building blocks according to customer needs. Examples of these flows include customer orders, sales forecasts, internal orders for warehouse replenishment, and purchasing orders for suppliers. Vertical flows, on the other hand, represent a way to coordinate lower level plans by means of the results of higher level plans (downward flows), or a way to inform upper levels about the performance of the lower level (upward flows) (Fleischmann et al., 2004).
\n\t\t\t\tWe can understand APS systems as being composed of building blocks. These building blocks are very flexible and can be configured in many ways, or even bought and installed separately. For example, similarly to Meyr&Stadtler (2004), the FORAC Research Consortium employed this idea to represent the possible configuration of APS systems in the forest products industry in Canada. Figure 1 presents an instantiation for the softwood lumber industry, according to Frayret et al. (2004b).
\n\t\t\t\tTo respect some particularities of this industry sector in Canada, several important adaptations were made with respect to Meyr&Stadtler (2004). For example, the building block labelled ‘Synchronized Production-Distribution Lot-Sizing’ stands for production planning and scheduling, as well as distribution and transportation planning. In this example, this happens because the loading of machine groups, with their respective lot-sizing, is highly influenced by the sequence of jobs in this industrial sector. In addition, it was decided to include the execution level below the short-term, so that the control becomes explicit. Some of these building-blocks were implemented and tested for the softwood industry, as we will discuss in Part II of the chapter.
\n\t\t\t\tApart from architectural reorganizations, supply chain planning systems are very flexible in terms of the APS engine they employ. By engine we understand the mathematical approach they use, which is basically models and algorithms. The literature provides a diversity of studies in this domain, such as Gaudreault et al. (2009), Chen &Ji (2007), Lee et al. (2002), Kuroda et al. (2002), andAzouzi&Massicotte (2001).
\n\t\t\t\tThere have been many practical and theoretical developments in terms of APS architecture and engine to date. In the next section, we present the main systemsavailable on the market, according to a study performed byAMR Research.
\n\t\t\t\tSupply chain planning for the Forest Products Industry
Based on AMR’s ‘The Supply Chain Management Market Sizing Report 2007-2012’ (Fontanella et al., 2009), the world’s top eight Supply Chain Management vendors that offer APS systems on the market are SAP, Oracle, Manhattan Associates, i2 Technologies, IBS, RedPrairie, Infor and JDA Software. By visiting each vendor’s product portfolio we can classify each one into two vendor categories:
\n\t\t\t\tEnterprise suite vendors such as SAP, Oracle, and Infor that in the late 90s started to buy or develop an APS system to add to their product portfolio.
Best-of-Breed suite vendors such as i2 Technologies, RedPrairie and Manhattan Associates that started as specialized Supply Chain Management solutions vendors.
With a closer look at each solution, it can be noted that all of them offer a similar core functional scope that covers all APS building blocks previously described. The main differences are related to industry focus and presence of functional blocks. For example, SAP does not offer a solution that covers business requirements at the strategic level of planning, leaving it with a partner solution. Another difference is in the industry vertical bias of each software vendor, mainly due to the fact that some of them started their product development in a specific industry such as IBS in the Chemical Industry, JDA (who acquired Manugistics) and RedPrairies in the Retail Industry.
\n\t\t\t\tThe top two vendors in the list are SAP and Oracle and their APS contributions are those we will analyze. Both are ERP vendors that identified a software revenue potential in the Supply Chain Management market and added supply chain planning solutions to their product portfolio. As biggest rivals, each adopted a different strategy to enhance their solution offering. SAP developed its SAP Supply Chain Management system from scratch and Oracle acquired best-of-breed solutions and packaged them in Oracle’s Supply Chain Management Applications suite. These paths resulted in APS solutions with different characteristics in some aspects, such as functional scope and technical architecture.
\n\t\t\t\tBuilding Block | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOracle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Strategic Network Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN/A – Partner Solution | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStrategic Network Optimization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Demand Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: DP - Demand Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDemantra Demand Management | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Master Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: SNP - Supply Network Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Supply Chain Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Distribution Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: DPLY - Deployment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Supply Chain Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Production planning and scheduling | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: PPDS - Production Planning / Detailed Scheduling | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOracle Production Scheduling | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Transport Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: TPVS - Transportation Planning / Vehicle Scheduling | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOracle Transportation Management | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Demand Fulfillment& ATP | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: GATP - Global Available-to-Promise | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlobal Order Promising | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Inventory Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: Safety Stock Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInventory Optimization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Supply Chain Monitoring | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP APO: SCC - Supply Chain Cockpit | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdvanced Planning Command Center | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Collaborative Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSAP SNC - Supply Network Collaboration | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCollaborative Planning | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
P = Product / M = Module / F = Functionality
Main building blocks for SAP’s Supply Chain Management system and Oracle’s Supply Chain Management suite
We have had the opportunity to analyze each suite in detail and they seem to be quite similar in many terms (see Table 1). Both cover all aspects of APS system building blocks but the difference appears in a detailed analysis. Oracle’s solution is a best of breed acquisition system and presents some advantages especially in the transportation planning area due to the fact that this functionality was a result of a best of breed software acquisition. On the other hand SAP has some advantages regarding technical architecture. Its APS is a single system called SAP Advanced Planning and Optimization (SAP APO) and is divided intofive modules. An outside-the-box real-time integration is possible between all planning levels resulting in minimal effort to cascade the plans from strategic to operational levels. Additionally, companies employing SAP ECC (SAP ERP Core Component) as their ERP system will also have an outside-the-box integration between planning and transactional levels, which considerably facilitates integration. However, Oracle’s Supply Chain Management suite is a group of about seven different products, each with its own data set, data model and technical design, some of them already with a plug-in that guarantees integration while some are real-time integration and mostly in batch mode.
\n\t\t\t\tIn brief, it can be stated that, if minimum integration issues are required and for those already having an SAP ERP system, the SAP APO is recommended. If not, either system will provide quite a good functional scope. For those who would like to confront both systems, we recommend a detailed functional analysis so a good decision between Oracle and SAP can be made. However, a functional analysis alone is not enough. There are other important aspects to consider as well, when deciding which system best suits the company’s requirements, such as:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
In the next subsection some typical implementation projects are discussed, from our practical experience.
\n\t\t\tWhen desiring to start an APS implementation project, it is a good plan to gather insights and advice in the field. By doing so, companies will gain a more precise idea of what they should not do, because the fact is that there are more unsuccessful APS implementation stories than successful ones. We will explore some reasons for this in the following.
\n\t\t\t\tDue to the extensive promotion of ERP implementation in the late 1990s, many companies whose systems had failed to operate properly found themselves trapped, having made a huge investment promising large Returns On Investment that simply did not materialize. At this same time, most software vendors, such as SAP, Oracle, JD Edwards were launching their Supply Chain Management solutions, which turned out to be good timing for positioning these new systems as the solution that would guarantee those promised Returns On Investment. It was commonly believed that implementing all the new advanced planning functionality along with the ERP would surely result in immense benefits. Marketing campaigns employed interesting arguments, such as “boost ERP benefits with an APS” or “use the experience from ERP implementation to guarantee a worry-free APS project”.
\n\t\t\t\tFrom a business transformation viewpoint, this can be quite misleading. All typical APS implementation projects are normally executed with a methodological approach that ignores critical transformation aspects for a successful APS implementation. They are:
\n\t\t\t\tUnified
Clear
Structured
Aligned
Aligned
Educated and Prepared
The right
Having explained this framework of seven transformation dimensions, it would be interesting to share some relevant practical lessons. Three typical case studies of APS implementation are presented, from the author’s experience.
\n\t\t\tIn this subsection we present three case studies that aptly represent the following situations:
\n\t\t\t\tAPS Readiness: a company has no APS solution and has decided to adopt one but is doubtful of being ready for it. The challenge then is to make sure that it can deal with such a transformation process.
APS Maximization: a company wants to extract much more from their investment in the APS solution. The challenge is to find more benefit areas and achieve quick gains to finance future solution evolution.
APS Recovery: a company has invested substantially in an APS project and finds itself in a situation where the system has almost shut down, the spreadsheets have come back and are replacing the APS system. The challenge is to recover this investment.
This study was performed in a consumer goods manufacturer with USD 5.35 billion revenue in the fourth quarter of 2008, with 37 product categories, ranging from frozen food to fresh meat and with 11 brands in its product portfolio. Their supply chain comprises 17 plants, 10 distribution centres and 17 sales offices. The company was interested in implementing SAP APO to support its planning processes that had gone through revision. The question here was knowingwhether the company was ready for such a technology since there were critical pre-requisites that would put a condition on full value capture of an investment in such a complex supply chain.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe APS Readiness assessment was applied in all seven-transformation dimensions (vision, strategy, processes, organization, KPIs, technology and people). It consisted in confronting subject areas in all dimensions against an ideal situation. Table 2 shows what subject areas were analyzed and with what ideal reference they were confronted.
\n\t\t\t\t\tDimension | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhat is Verified? | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHow? | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIdeal Reference. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Vision | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStakeholder Expectation of APS total benefits | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC-Level Interviews Management Level Interviews | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlignment among stakeholders | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Strategy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProject alignment with corporate strategy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInterviews | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlignment with corporate strategy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPlanning Processes Planning Hierarchies Process Documentation Planning Model Adherence Enabling Processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdjusted O.W. Survey Process Analysis Documentation Analysis Interviews System and Process Analysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.W. ABCD Checklist/APICS O.W. ABCD Checklist/APICS Consulting experience O.W. ABCD Checklist/APICS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Technology | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTechnical Readiness Check | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInfrastructure Check ERP Configuration Check | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAPS Quick Sizing Tool APS Best Practices | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
KPIs | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCurrent KPI Structure KPI Analysis Processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKPI Hierarchy Analysis Process Analysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSCORE Model O.W. ABCD Checklist | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
People | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeam Skill Set Check SCM Knowledge | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCurriculum Analysis SCM Test | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAPICS APS Education Curriculum | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Organization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoles & Responsibilities | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRACI Matrix Analysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAPICS | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
N.B.: O.W. stands for Oliver WhiteTM; RACI is R (Responsible), A (Accountable), C (communicated), I (Informed) is a matrix to define roles and responsibilities.
APS Readiness Assessment Methodology
For each verified subject area a specific methodology was used to collect information from the company’s actual situation and then the result was structured and compared to the ideal situation. A rationale was used to give a readiness score. As shown in Table 3, a 100% grade meant full readiness. Different scores from this ideal goal indicated that work had to be done to achieve an acceptable number. The final result was presented in a format demonstrated in Table 3. The company overall weighted average readiness was 64% of 100%.
\n\t\t\t\t\tDimension | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tItem Verified | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScore | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReference Score | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeight | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Vision | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExecutive Alignment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t65% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Expected Benefits Alignment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t57% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Strategy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlignment with strategy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Process | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdherence to Reference Model | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t79% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Planning Processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t56% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Planning Hierarchy | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t49% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Process Documentation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t85% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Enabling Processes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t68% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Technology | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHardware Sizing | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t100% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ERP Configuration | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t73% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Process Requirements | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
KPIs | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKPI Analysis Process | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t74% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
KPI Structure | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t89% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
People | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCurriculum Analysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t70% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SCM Test | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
Organization | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRACI Matrix Analysis | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t80% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t |
APS Readiness Result
The weight used for each subject area considered the difficulty necessary to elevate the readiness level. It is possible to see that most effort usually went into Planning Process revision, Enabling Process revision, KPI Management revision, and Team Education. The overall score was the company’s distance from the ideal readiness situation. Table 4 shows the scale that was used to indicate whether or not they were ready to start an APS implementation project.
\n\t\t\t\t\tReadiness Check | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
APS Readiness Scale
Since 64% was the overall readiness, they embarked on the project but with an improvement plan to address the subject areas that received a low readiness grade. Some of the improvement initiatives were: aligning stakeholders about expected benefits, planning processes revision, planning hierarchy revision, process documentation and team education in Supply Chain Management concepts and APS training.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe final product from this analysis was a roadmap with these initiatives that ranged all seven dimensions to guarantee a full value capture of the APS system.
\n\t\t\t\tThis study was done in a steel manufacturer with USD 1.26 billion revenue in 2008 with a product line that includes rolled tubes, drawn tubes for automotive applications, industry in general, oil industry and civil construction. They have an integrated mill plant with a 550.000 tons-per-year installed capacity divided into five sub-plants that offer a unique production synchronization challenge.
\n\t\t\t\t\tInitially, the company started a transformation process with a pre-implementation assessment in all seven-transformation dimensions (vision, strategy, processes, organizational structure, KPIs and people) that pointed out the root causes for their supply chain inefficiencies. The root causes identified were:
\n\t\t\t\t\tLack of Supply Chain Management concepts in the organization.
Lack of an adequate product hierarchy across all planning processes.
Lack of alignment between their KPI structure and their supply chain strategic objectives.
Lack of planning hierarchy to deploy strategy to execution and a feedback loop.
Lack of an integrated planning system.
Their ERP and legacy system did not support integrated supply chain logic.
Based on this, a roadmap was built to eliminate all root causes. Unfortunately, the roadmap was not taken seriously because the implementation was executed by a vendor that had won the bid with a very aggressive proposal that promised an implementation in much less time and effort than originally estimated. The result was a faulty system with some modules almost shutting down. The worst case was the Production Planning & Detailed Scheduling (PPDS) module.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe company therefore decided to make an APS maximization effort. A post-optimization analysis was executed to find out what the issues were for the PPDS sub-utilization. The final result was:
\n\t\t\t\t\tBad shop floor information due to the lack of standard procedures and KPIs to enforce good shop floor confirmations.
Process orders with remaining quantities below minimum tolerance were integrated to the SAP APO system resulting in the need for a time-consuming consistency check before actual production sequencing.
Lack of a clear sequencing logic between upstream and downstream resources causing a bullwhip effect from downstream resources.
A business strategy that focused on flexible fulfilment and at the same time shop floor KPIs that oriented production for high capacity utilization.
All of these issues culminated in some major symptoms such as:
\n\t\t\t\t\t1000 exception alerts that led to no credibility in the information the system was generating.
Need for manual sequencing due to so many exceptions and information inconsistencies.
An hour and a half daily effort for data cleansing and validation and five hours for manual sequencing and result analysis.
Once all issues were identified, a small project was organized to eliminate them. Also, a study was executed to understand exactly what sequencing logic the production scheduler used and when this was understood, a scheduling heuristic was adapted.
\n\t\t\t\t\tEven though the software vendor had declared PPDS was not an adequate tool for sequencing the hot rolling mill, the assessment showed that the logic used was much simpler than expected and PPDS was an adequate system for this purpose, with the condition that all root causes and issues identified be addressed properly.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe lesson learned in this case was that an APS system sub-utilization usually is a symptom and not a root cause, which usually involves another dimension such as unclear operating logic (process), misaligned indicators (KPI), unclear roles and responsibilities (organization) or a lack of knowledge on the system logic or Supply Chain Management logic (people). Certainly there are problems related to the system (technology), but usually they are the easiest to remedy. The challenge is to ensure that all other dimensions are at the same level of maturity to allow maximum system value capture.
\n\t\t\t\tThis study was performed in an Iron Pellet and Iron Pellet Feed manufacturer with 15% world market share having USD 1.37 billion revenue in 2007. This company has a quite simple supply chain with two manufacturing facilities, two iron ore pipelines, two mines and a port with two berths. Their initial APS system implementation goal was to support the strategic, tactical and operational planning processes. At the tactical level, the main objective was to define optimal product formulation and mix to achieve strategic goals, service level and profitability. At the tactical level the objective was to balance supply with demand, particularly considering port variability that had a high impact in plant production and pipeline flow. On the operational level the goal was to reduce demurrage costs by better synchronization and sequencing of ships’ loads.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe SAP APO system had brought minimal benefits and from all implemented functionalities only the ship scheduling solution was being used with many restrictions. The first thing to do was to apply a ‘technological diagnosis’ to find out what had really gone wrong. It consisted of an analysis in five main areas:
\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnical: identify any problem related to bad hardware sizing, poorly developed programs, or network problems.
Functional: identify any problem related to poor functional scope offered by the system and gap analysis. In other words, verify whether the system has the proper functionality to support the business process in an adequate way.
Modelling: identify any problem related to poorly implemented and misused standard functionality. The main objective was to find out if there was anything forcing the system, something it was not meant to do. Another aspect was to find out if the important business variables necessary for quality decision-making were actually modelled in the system.
Business Process: identify problems related to business process design. There might bea business logic that is wrong according to business needs and best practices. Since typically a system is built based on best practices and proven methods, if the process design contains wrong assumptions something might be expected from the system that it cannot deliver.
End-user: investigate whether the end-user is properly trained on the tool and educated on the logic behind it.
It was possible to show in a structured way what the system problem actually was. It turned out that the minor problem was technical or functional. The most important ones were end-user knowledge of the system and process design. Together with this analysis it was also possible to conduct a broader and additional assessment in all other six-transformation dimensions (vision, strategy, process, indicators, people, and organization) to bring to light other root causes for supply chain dysfunctions. The main lesson learned from a ‘recovery’ perspective was that implementing an APS tool without a structured planning process and company maturity in terms of the seven dimensions mentioned might result in a recovery initiative.
\n\t\t\t\t\tBased on this analysis, a three-year roadmap was then built, which was:
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
This three-year roadmap revealed an interesting conclusion: apart from phase one, which was successfully implemented and resulted in the company effectively capturing the value of the APS tool with sales & operations planning process and with several what-if simulation capabilities, phases two and three were not actually implemented. Carrying out these two phases means going beyond the company’s boundary, which is a complex procedure using the current technology and modelling approaches. This is the main topic of the Part II.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the first part of this chapter we highlighted some advantages of APS systems for obtaining superior supply chain plans. In this sense, we discussed the power of these systems, we introduced and discussed some typical systems on the market and we presented three implementation approaches through case studies in large companies. As can be noted, while the current practice and technology allow for dealing with the internal supply chain, the entire supply chain has not been properly considered so far.
\n\t\t\tIn Part II we now explore inherent limitations of traditional APS systems in modelling distributed contexts to capture important business phenomena, like negotiation and cooperation, as well as in creating sophisticated simulation scenarios.To overcome these drawbacks, we introduce what we call a distributed APS system (d-APS) and we provide some insights about our experience with this kind of system in a Canadian softwood lumber industry.
\n\t\t\tRecent studies in the domain demonstrate that APS is a fruitful field in practice and in academia today. Similarly, it is also a fertile area in the software systems market, with, for example, 44 available software packages having been surveyed byElliott (2000). More recently, McCrea (2005) claimed that Supply Chain Management software is facing a sustainable growing market with at least 127 global vendors. The top four in revenue were SAP, i2 Technologies (which was incorporated by JDA), Oracle and Peoplesoft. This accounts for the explosion in the market in only five years.
\n\t\t\t\tThis fast-paced dynamism brings about significant market transformation. For example, Lora Cecere, a former research director for AMR Research, discussed the profound changes taking place in the key supply chain technology (Cecere, 2006). We would like to call attention to some key issues pointed out by this study: need to deal better with risk (robustness), agility, responsiveness, multi-tier and focus on relationships. These can be divided into two major trends: firstly, trying to expand from an internal supply chain point-of-view to an external one, in which relationships with partners and collaborations are considered to a greater extent; and secondly, paying more attention to the stochastic behaviour of the supply chain, managing risks and responding adequately to them.
\n\t\t\t\tIn terms of the first trend, despite the fact that the Supply Chain Management paradigm preconizes the coordination and integration of operations and processes throughout the supply chain, few APS, such as the one proposed in Dudek&Stadtler (2005), have the ability to cross organizational boundaries to properly address this purpose. As discussed before, APS procedures are normally used for internal supply chains and collaboration is a complex task. In order to cope with this approach, we will later introduce the distributed APS approach.
\n\t\t\t\tAs for robustness, the software modules of APS are dedicated to deterministic planning (Meyr&Stadtler, 2004), which does not allow for robust planning. In fact, the management of uncertainties is a significant limitation of APS systems (Stadtler, 2005). The deterministic planning algorithms of the APS systems react quickly to changes while on the other hand, uncertainties are coped with through some limited approaches. First, flexibility can be incorporated into the production system and/or even reserved capacity to cope with uncertainty. For example, by being flexible (or having extra capacity), one can absorb non-expected demand from clients. Second, stochastic data is presented by the expected or worst-case value, and then ‘what-if’ simulations are applied afterwards (Van Eck, 2003).
\n\t\t\t\t‘What-if’ simulation in APS is an attention-grabbing functionality today. It allows for scenario analysis in stochastic and complex contexts. Basically, as explained by Musselman et al. (2002), this kind of simulation is mainly composed of experiments where one or more parameters or data of the APS are changed so that different scenario results can be compared. For example, the demand forecast can be changed manually and the master planning be executed in a ‘simulated mode’, so that different demand scenarios are generated. Or, for day-to-day activities, if one or more orders are not ‘schedulable’ because capacity and demand are not balanced in the short term, a set of strategies to temporarily augment the system’s capacity can be used (e.g. additional work hours or even an extra shift at the bottleneck, outsourcing etc.). The advantage is in being able to investigate several variants of a system without disrupting its operations. Moreover, some vendors provide complete facilities to compare plans and schedules, allowing for multiple copies of different plans visible for side-by-side comparison. Some vendors also provide the ability to produce cost analyses of various planning options.
\n\t\t\t\tThe major problem in current commercial APS systems is that the potential of simulation is limited to single runs of deterministic ‘what-if’ tests of plans, in which only a few exceptionssituations can be tested in a a ‘copied’ version of the APS. This is a reactive approach, and as a consequence this can lead to nervous planning (Van Eck, 2003). These sensitivity analysis-type simulations do not necessarily lead the model towards a robust solution (Genin et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\tIf more sophistication is necessary (e.g. considering the stochastic nature of supply chain), integration with other simulation-dedicated approaches can be required. For example, Landeghem&Vanmaele (2002) developed a tactical planning method embedded with a Monte Carlo simulation approach for allowing the assessment of uncertainties in supply chains. Additionally, the integration of a traditional APS system could be made with some discrete-event simulation approaches, such as the one proposed by Lendermann et al. (2001). Within their simulation framework, APS procedures represent the decision system and a discrete-event simulation approach is used to represent the manufacturing and logistics operations. The simulation models of each supply chain member exchange data with the APS in the same way as real manufacturing or logistics nodes.
\n\t\t\t\tA more pro-active approach is needed to discover solutions that are less sensitive to parameters uncertainties. A way of doing so is to include uncertainties in the model itself so that the algorithms can attempt to find a robust solution (Van Eck, 2003). Many efforts have been made to overcome this drawback, like the emergence of APS employing stochastic programming, or a special type of this approach called robust optimization. These techniques combine models for optimum resource allocation under uncertain conditions in order to produce a robust decision-making approach. These are powerful approaches when the uncertainty can be described permitting the evaluation of several scenarios under uncertainties to find the optimum solution.
\n\t\t\t\tFor exemple, Santoro et al. (2005) present a stochastic programming approach for solving strategic supply chain design problems of realistic scales, where a huge number of scenarios can be computed. However, at the tactical and operational levels, stochastic programming models problem sizes may still be hard to solve, especially in the APS context and in general real-sized problems (Genin et al., 2008). The difficulty is in the growth of the model size when several scenarios are evaluated in a multi-period model. In spite of these drawbacks, stochastic programming is still a promising approach (Stadtler, 2005). Similarly to stochastic programming, some criticisms related to robust programming formulations concern their computational burden (Landeghem&Vanmaele, 2002), but as shown by some recent advances in this domain (e.g. Kazemi et al., 2010), calculation performance is being considered tractable even for realistic cases.
\n\t\t\t\tEven if stochastic programming-related approaches live up to their promise, traditional APSs will still be restrained by their inability to deal with supply chain relationships, i.e. they are not conceived to deal with negotiation and collaboration schemas. For example, in the three examples provided in Part I, collaboration was not considered, mainly due to the inability of the modelling approach and technology being employed. These are crucial elements in modern supply chain that companies are striving to catch up with. The first question is how to integrate different supply chain partners in a collaborative APS. There are possibilities of collaborating in two directions, i.e. with customers and with suppliers, spanning multiple planning domains. Kilger& Reuter (2004) propose that the APS systems of different partners can be interconnected, as shown in Figure 2.
\n\t\t\t\tDespite the fact that collaborations are a hot topic today and practitioners and academics alike mention their benefits and potential, in actual factthe notionis quitecomplicated. In theory, one APS for the whole supply chain can be possible, however few companies have
\n\t\t\t\tAPS and collaboration
succeeded in implementing one system for diverse partners. Most companies are still having trouble achieving the integration of the internal supply chain, as indicated in Part I of this chapter.
\n\t\t\t\tOn the other hand, in theoretical terms collaborations between two APS systems seem to be less complicated. Collaborations can be two-tier (e.g. focal company – one key supplier), but they also can span multi-tiers (tier 3 – tier 2 – tier 1 – customer). They can be done in the domains of demand management, inventory management, transportation management, as well as other domains. But, in practice Kilger& Reuter (2004) argue that collaboration in APS is quite complex, and typical challenges are related to master data integration, access to user-specific secure data and the mutual decision-making process.
\n\t\t\t\tIn today’s APS software, part of it can be done manually or by using an exchange platform created for that purpose. Despite this possible collaboration, a real and more profound integration across supply chains through APS systems faces important barriers related to interconnection among business models, which requires sharing strategies, timely information, resources, profits and loss, which can be a quite delicate topic in a very fast and competitive world.
\n\t\t\t\tOther gaps exist between APS theory and practice (e.g. see Lin et al., 2007). However an interesting way to improve simulation and collaboration capabilities of APS systems and contribute to overcoming all these discussed limitations is the concept of d-APS (distributed APS) systems. Derived from the artificial intelligence field, this concept encompasses different ways of understanding and modelling supply chain planning systems using an agent-based reasoning. The concept of d-APS will be introduced in the next subsection.
\n\t\t\tDistributed advanced planning and scheduling systems (hereafter d-APS) arise from the convergence of two fields of research. On one hand, the first field deals with APS, and it generally proposes a centralized perspective of supply chain planning. On the other hand, the second field concerns agent-based manufacturing technology, which entails the development of distributed software systems to support the management of production and distribution systems.
\n\t\t\t\tBefore discussing d-APS systems, it is interesting to briefly explain what an agent-based system stands for. The agent-based modelling approach aims to build complex software entities interacting with each other using mechanisms from distributed artificial intelligence, distributed computing, social network theory, cognitive science, and operational research (Tweedale, 2007; Samuelson, 2005). Examples of this mechanism include:
This sophisticated social capability is quite interesting in this domain. Examples of these abilities include:
Since the early 1990s, several developments address the context of distributed decision-making across the supply chain using agent technology, but these approaches do not clearly address the integration of advanced planning functions with agents. More recently, d-APS appears to consider these issues explicitly (Santa-Eulalia et al. 2010; Santa-Eulalia et al., 2008). It models the supply chain as a set of semi-autonomous and collaborative entities acting together to coordinate their decentralized plans. By using the agent–based approach, the concept of d-APS goes farther than traditional APS, as it includes extended capabilities, such as the utilization of negotiation and artificial intelligence mechanisms to coordinate, integrate and synchronize supply chain planning decisions. In this sense, d-APS systems may provide more modelling functionalities, thus allowing a higher level of complexity to be captured in comparison to classic APS systems.
\n\t\t\t\tAs discussed before in Part I of this chapter, traditional systems have a large hierarchical structure for optimizing different areas (procurement, production, distribution, etc.) at diverse decision levels (strategic, tactical and operational). On the other hand, in a d-APS system we have a distributed structure where different agents encapsulate diverse planning functions and work semi-autonomously, interacting with each other following complex social protocols.
\n\t\t\t\tIn such a model of the supply chain, each agent
\n\t\t\t\tmakes local decisions, using its ability to exploit mathematical models to plan supply chain operations, and
collectively interacts with other agents to coordinate their decisions and reach a compromise.
More specifically, an agent’s social ability represents some form of heuristic that is used to coordinate the local decision-making tools, allowing complex social behaviours to be performed, such as negotiations and collaboration. In other words, the agents can be seen as a general construct that represents various types of supply chain entities, through which distributed advanced planning tools can be plugged together and collaborate. These entities can be, for example, APS modules for operational planning or for tactical planning (Santa-Eulalia et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\tA general schema for a d-APS (inspired by
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 3 schematizes this concept. Agent 1 encapsulates an APS tool dedicated to a specific planning domain 1 (e.g. a product assembler) while Agent 2 encapsulates specialized APS for the planning domain 2 (e.g. a distributor). Agent 1 interacts with 2
In Figure 3 we do not represent the control structure of these systems. The reader may have the impression that the relationships between different agents in d-APS are sequential. This figure is a mere representation of the encapsulation of diverse APS tools and the consequent multiple coordination process among those entities, but it does not aim to represent their control structure. In reality, the coordination and control structures of d-APS are quite flexible and do not follow a typical hierarchical system, as in traditional APS systems. As mentioned by Frayret et al. (2004a), agent-based manufacturing approaches do not restrict or force the design of specific control architectures. According to the authors, diverse architectures can be found in the literature to define how the responsibilities are distributed across the organization, such as open architectures (Barber et al., 1999), heterarchical(Duffie, 1996), quasiheterarchical(Shen et al., 2000) and others. Due to this diversity of possible control architectures to manage the interdependencies among activities, diverse mechanisms for coordination exist.
\n\t\t\t\tAnother interesting advantage of d-APS system is related to simulation. Agents are largely used for simulation, since they naturally model the simultaneous operations of multiple agents in an attempt to re-create and predict the actions of complex phenomena. Thus, simulating actions and interactions of autonomous individuals in a supply chain (e.g. vendors, manufacturers, distributors, clients etc.) and with the possibility of assessing their effects on the system as a whole is one interesting property of this system. It can naturally generate stochastic behaviours of supply chains (like orders arrivals, machines breakdown, etc.), such as traditional discrete-event simulation usually modelled through simulation packages like Arena® or Promodel®.
\n\t\t\t\tTherefore, to sum-up, we propose the following as the main characteristics of d-APS systems:
\n\t\t\t\td-APS are agent-based systems for supply chain planning and they incorporate optimization technology such as traditional APS systems, to perform distributed planning activities.
A d-APS is composed of semi-autonomous APS tools, each dedicated to a specialized modelling domain, which are normally different in nature from one another, and that can act together in a collaborative manner employing sophisticated interaction schemas.
Despite the fact that APSs are hierarchical systems, d-APS systems can exhibit more complex control structures, where more autonomy can be given to some decision-making entities of the entire planning system.
As agent societies, these systems have to perform planning decisions considering both local and global objectives as well as constraints.
Furthermore, these systems employ concepts from discrete-event simulation to perform stochastic and dynamic (time-advancement) experimentations, not only deterministic what-if analysis, as traditional APS do.
These systems incorporate issues from artificial intelligence, including social and local intelligence related mainly to collaboration and negotiation possibilities, learning abilities, and pro-activity.
This is not an exhaustive list, but is the first step towards a more rigorous definition of what d-APS systems are.
\n\t\t\t\tIt is important to mention at this point that this d-APS concept is being used successfully mostly in laboratorial research. However, we strongly believe that it is not far from being ready to reach the market, as some recent industrial experiences demonstrate. The FORAC Research Consortium in Canada had the opportunity to develop and test a d-APS system in the softwood lumber industry in Québec, Canada, with interesting success. In this next subsection we quickly present this concept and how it was tested in industry.
\n\t\t\tThe FORAC Research Consortium \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
The platform was conceived based on a general and well-accepted model for supply chain management, the SCOR (Supply-Chain Operations Reference) from the Supply Chain Council (SCC, 2010; Stephens, 2000) in such a way as to guarantee that the d-APS would be able to solve a large number of supply chain planning problems and be easily used by companies. This allows the creation of a general agent shell for the d-APS.
\n\t\t\t\tIn order to do so, the supply chain was organized into business units, in which the overall problem is split into smaller sub-problems, which allows that each agent models a smaller scale problem employing specialized planning tools. In order to solve the entire supply chain problem, agents make use of sophisticated interaction mechanisms.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 4 presents the basic architecture of the FORAC Platform. Some planning agents have been developed to support a business unit, i.e. an internal supply chain where the same company owns all production units. The following agents are responsible for the operational planning:
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overview of the Platform
This architecture can be seen as a general framework that can be applied in diverse fields. For example, the FORAC Platform was implemented in the softwood industry in the province of Québec, Canada. By using dataset from two companies, the research consortium implemented the d-APS schematized in Figure 5.
\n\t\t\t\tSpecialization in the Softwood Lumber Industry in Québec
The implemented agents are: deliver agent (manages all relationships with the business unit’s external customers and fulfils all commitments to them); three make agents (sawing, drying and finishing) responsible for carrying out production planning functions, each one being in charge of a part of the overall planning functions by means of specialized planning capabilities; source agent (manages the relationship with all the business units’ suppliers, forwarding procurement needs to the right suppliers), customer agent (generates the demand for products and evaluates supply chain offers). In addition, each agent responsible for production planning has a counterpart agent responsible for executing the production plan (sawing*, drying* and finishing*), referred to as execution agents. This platform can be used for planning a supply chain, or it can be used for performing simulation with stochastic number generation and time advancement.
\n\t\t\t\tIn what follows, we explain its planning and simulation approach together. Generally speaking, Figure 5 can be understood through its products processing sequence: logs are sawn into green rough lumber, which are then dried, leading to dry rough lumber, the latter finally being transformed into dry planed lumber during the finishing process. Arrows represent the basic planning and control sequence. Essentially, the FORAC Platform functioning is divided into five basic steps:
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
These five steps represent the basic logic of the operations planning. Some mechanisms useful for simulation during these five steps are detailed in the following.
\n\t\t\t\tFirst, for the production update, one has to understand how the perturbation arrives at the beginning of each planning cycle. This is explained in Figure 6.
\n\t\t\t\tProduction update logic
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 6 shows two situations. In the upper half, the situation called ‘reference’ can be found, where no perturbation takes place. It is an ideal world where all plans are executed exactly when they are supposed to be, i.e. no uncertainties are taken into account. In this situation, at time
In a real world situation, uncertainties happen all the time and what has been planned as an inventory level for a given moment is not exactly what is really obtained. This is due, for example, to machine breakdowns or the stochastic process of the production system. This situation is represented in the ‘perturbed’ side of Figure 6. As one can see in this figure, the inventory level planned for time
When time advances from
It is important to note that the agents try to cope with these accumulated perturbations by adjusting their plans, which is a quite relevant aptitude of supply chain planning and control systems. Figure 7 demonstrates the FORAC Platform control mechanisms that affect its resilience, i.e. the ability to bounce back from unforeseen disruptions (Klibi et al., 2010), by comparing the perturbed inventory to the reference inventory in a simulation. The reference is the ideal case where no perturbation exists and all agents can determine the optimum inventory levels according to their objective functions and constraints.
\n\t\t\t\tTo exemplify this mechanism, the graph in Figure 7 shows the results of inventory disruptions (i.e. [(
Drying agent: absorbing uncertainties from the manufacturing system
that the agent tries to adjust the plans for each time period so that the reference (ideal situation, i.e. 0%) can be attained.
\n\t\t\t\tBesides manufacturing system perturbations, another relevant supply chain uncertainty (Davis, 1993) can be modelled in the platform, the demand. The demand agent can generate stochastic demand following a method developed by Lemieux et al. (2009). The basic principle consists in randomly generating a total quantity of products for each relation
All these perturbations are performed by the platform through a traditional random number generation approach and since a lot of data is needed a fast and flexible generator is employed. The selected uniform number generator was the Mersenne Twister (Matsumoto & Nishimura, 1998), which provides random numbers for a considerably long period of time without slowing down the algorithm. The transformation of the random numbers into random variables follows a simple method for discretizing the density function of the probability distribution desired. Simulation analysts can select different probability distribution functions, such as normal, exponential or triangular. More details about number variables generation in the FORAC Platform is found in Lemieux et al. (2009).
\n\t\t\t\tOther important technical information concerns how agents perform their planning activities. Both Demand Propagation and Supply Propagation for each agent are geared up with specialized optimization models. They are depicted in Table 5 in terms of objective functions, processes and optimization method, according to Frayret et al. (2007).
\n\t\t\t\tThe planning approaches described in Table 5 are radically different from each other in regard to their nature, as explained by Frayret et al. (2007). The authors mention that the Sawing agent (both Demand and Supply Propagations) are designed to identify the right mix of log type in order to control the overall divergent production process. What changes for the demand and for the supply propagation are the objective functions and constraints.
\n\t\t\t\tDrying, on the other hand, is batch-oriented and tries to simultaneously find the best type of green rough lumber to allocate to the kilns and the best drying process to implement. What is interesting in this approach is that it tries to find a feasible solution in a short time, but if more time is available, it will try to find a better solution using a search algorithm through the solution tree.
\n\t\t\t\tFinishing employs a heuristic approach to find what rough dry lumber type will be used and how much should be planed considering setup time. For more details on how planning engines work, the reader is referred to Gaudreault et al. (2009).
\n\t\t\t\tThe last issue concerning simulation functioning is the time advancement mechanism used to manage all these uncertain events and planning activities. We opted for a central simulation clock, which aims at guaranteeing that all agents are synchronized so that none of them are late or in advance. In this case, all agents use the same simulation clock instead of each agent having its own clock. This was used to simplify the time management effort.The general functioning logic is simple. The simulator has a list of all agents participating in
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinimize lateness | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaximize production value | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMixed-Integer Programming | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDivergent product flows; co-productions; alternative process selection; only compatible processes can be executed within the same production shift | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinimize lateness | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaximize production value | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstraint Programming | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDivergent product flows; co-productions; alternative process selection | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMinimize lateness | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaximize production value | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeuristic | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDivergent product flows; co-productions; alternative process selection; only compatible processes can be executed within the same production shift | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Planning engines for each agent
the simulation and their corresponding state, which can be ‘calculating’ or ‘standby’. Whenat least one agent is working (sometimes more than one could be calculating in parallel),time advances in realtime. When all agents are on standby, time advances according to the simulation list. This means that the simulator looks for the next action to accomplish and advances the simulation time until the realization moment of this action. Next, the simulator asks the concerned agent to perform this action.This central clock management mechanism implies that when an agent receives a message involving an action, it adds this action and its respective time of occurrence to the simulation list. This action can be triggered immediately or later, depending on its time of occurrence.
\n\t\t\t\tThe prototype in the softwood industry was implemented in a large Canadian lumber industry in order to validate the d-APS architecture. The validation was conducted over 18 months of close collaboration with the planning manager and his team. Outputs were therefore validated both, in an industrial context and a changing environment. Results of the FORAC Platform compared to the company’s approach were very encouraging. Two main advantages were identified: the quality of the solution of the proposed d-APS system was superior, and the resolution time was considerably shorter. This allows the supply chain planner to create several simulated plans quickly.
\n\t\t\t\tThe FORAC Platform and the dataset of this company is also currently being used in several research projects in the FORAC Research Consortium. For example, Santa-Eulalia et al. (2010) evaluated through simulation the robustness of some tactical planning and control tactics under several supply chain uncertainties, including the demand, the manufacturing operations and the supply. Cid-Yanez et al. (2009) study the impact of the position of the decoupling point in the lumber supply chain. Gaudreault et al. (2008) evaluated different coordination mechanisms in supply chains. Forget et al. (2008)proposed an adaptive multi-behaviour approach to increase the agents’ intelligence. Lemieux et al. (2009) developed several simulation mechanisms in order to provide the FORAC Platform with a d-APS with simulation abilities, such as a time advancement method, random numbers generation, and so forth. Several other developments are being incorporated in this d-APS in order to transform it into the first commercial system in the world employing the distributed planning technology for the forest products industry.
\n\t\t\tThis chapter discusses the present and the future of APS systems in two parts. First, in Part I, traditional APS systems are introduced theoretically followed by a discussion of some systems available on the market and, finally, on how APS systems can be properly implemented in practice, according to our experience in the domain. It is interesting to notice that each solution on the market is different and offers different advantages and drawbacks. Companies desiring to implement such a system have to manage several trade-offs in order to discover the best application for their business requirements, which can be tricky in some situations.
\n\t\t\tIn addition, Part I also discusses three case studies in large companies in order to illustrate the current practice through three typical APS projects: system recovery, system maximization and system readiness. Our experience in recovering APS indicates that implementing such a tool without a structured planning process and without maturity from the company in terms of the seven dimensions of the transformation might lead to project failure. In terms of APS maximization, system subutilization is normally a symptom of problems related to operating logic, misaligned indicators, unclear roles and responsibilities or a lack of knowledge about the system logic or Supply Chain Management logic. Problems related to the technology are also present, but they tend to be the least demanding. Finally, in our experience with APS readiness, we discussed and illustrated the importance of making a complete study prior to the system implementation to assure that the company is ready for a transformation path.
\n\t\t\tIn Part II we pointed out that traditional technology and practice still have many limitations, thus we explore possible avenues for APS systems. By highlighting some flaws in traditional approaches in creating sophisticated simulation scenarios and modelling distributed contexts, we introduce what we call a distributed APS system and we provide some insights about our experience with this kind of system in a Canadian softwood lumber industry.
\n\t\t\tThe system proposed by FORAC Research Consortium explicitly addresses simulation and distributed planning approaches. Practical experience with this system is producing interesting results in terms of the quality of the solution, planning lead-time and the possibility of creating complex simulation scenarios including complementary possibilities, such as different negotiation protocols between planning entities within a supply chain. Several improvements are planned for d-APS in order,in the coming years, to deliver the first commercial d-APS in the world employing agent-based and distributed technologies.
\n\t\tFrom the public health and socioeconomic standpoints, schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease with significant prevalence in most developing countries, and it is the second-largest neglected disease in the world [1, 2, 3]. Schistosomiasis is caused by digenean trematodes belonging to the genus
The number of people living in risk areas, which cover 78 countries in tropical and subtropical regions, is greater than 700 million [5, 6]. Transmission is high or moderate in 52 of these countries (World Health Organization, 2021). More specifically,
Schistosomiasis is characterized by two phases: acute and chronic. Symptoms of acute illness include myalgia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and, in the case of urogenital schistosomiasis, hematuria. Diarrhea occurs in patients with a greater parasite load; abdominal pain is diffuse. In chronic intestinal schistosomiasis, symptoms are more severe. Over time, patients have diarrhea with the presence of blood in stool, anemia, and retention of eggs in the anal region, not to mention hepatosplenomegaly due to egg deposition in the liver. Hepatosplenomegaly causes granuloma (Figure 2) and occurs in around 10% of patients, who present periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, ascites, and gastrointestinal varices with bleeding [12, 13]. As for urogenital schistosomiasis, it affects the urogenital system so severely that it causes fibrosis in the bladder and ureter, calcification in the urinary tract, and kidney dysfunction. The greatest concern about this urogenital disease is that it causes bladder cancer and sterility, and, in the chronic phase, patients have bladder injury [2].
Slides of (a) mouse liver infected with
The differences in schistosomiasis pathology are due to parameters such as oviposition, granuloma size, and modeling of interleukins, which depend on the parasite load, host’s immunological profile (that is, the host’s ability to respond to the parasite, whether the parasite is in the form of schistosomula, adult worms, or eggs), and parasite virulence and infectivity [14]. Therefore, the parasite and host interact in a co-evolutionary and complex way (interplay) that interferes with disease transmission potential and pathology [2].
Worm maturation requires that host-derived signals be translated, to generate adaptive and innate immune responses. Much research is still needed to unravel the interrelationship of
When it comes to schistosomiasis, egg antigens are the major problem: they are antigenic structures that secrete various toxic substances, the main one being SEA (Soluble Eggs Antigens). These toxic substances elicit the complex and multifactorial response in the mammalian host’s innate immune system [15]. The acute condition of the disease is characterized by the lesion around the eggs, with the release of interferon-ɣ and IL-10 by macrophages and IL-12 by dendritic cells [12]. Later, another eggshell protein, ɷ-1, is internalized in dendritic cells, directing the Th2 response and lowering IL-12 secretion [16]. However, this does not occur in infections caused by
Thus, these parasites activate the immune system and form the highly organized granuloma that is wrapped by the Th2 immune cells, namely macrophages, eosinophils, and cells that secrete cytokines of numerous types, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5, which are surrounded by stromal cells and fibroblasts. In the case of
During infection with
In the infection period, there is a balance between the Th2 and Th1 responses. The Th2 anti-inflammatory effects control the immunopathology caused by the Th1 response [18]. In
The Th2 response is crucial for granuloma maintenance and host survival. Proteins such as Cyclophilin A and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), excreted from worms, can modulate the dendritic cell function, causing IL-10 to expand and activating regulatory T cells. The role of small fatty acid chains (SFACs) excreted by worms in regulating immune response is not yet known, but LPS and SCFA can modify the TLR2 signaling pathway in dendritic cells, altering maturation and regulatory T cell activation [15]. In children infected with
Several studies have reported that the host’s immune response plays a role in PZQ effectiveness. Studies using 0-, 1-, and 3-day
The WHO has planned strategies to control schistosomiasis through PZQ administration in endemic areas where the disease is highly prevalent, mainly in Africa, in regions such as the Nile Delta, Côte d’Ivoire, Mayuge District, and Uganda. These strategies have shown that the prevalence of morbidity due to
Nevertheless, the greatest PZQ-R has been detected in parasite strains maintained in the laboratory. After the passage of
PZQ has a series of pharmacological and pharmaceutical limitations that are often disregarded because the effectiveness of oral, single-dose treatment has cure rates between 50 and 90%, whether for single- or mixed-species infections [13, 23, 24]. Regarding pharmacology, PZQ exhibits suboptimal pharmacokinetics with high intra- and inter-individual variability and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism, which results in low oral bioavailability [25]. The PZQ mechanism of action is still poorly understood, but it seems to affect Ca2+ absorption through calcium channel opening, which interferes with muscle contraction and leads to antigens being present in the tegument [26]. Furthermore, PZQ is only effective against adult parasites; that is, it has no antiparasitic action against schistosomula. Thus, even during treatment, immature parasites develop into mature adult worms and continue to generate morbidity in reinfected patients [27, 28]. Schistosomiasis treatment with PZQ alone increases the possibility of resistance and hence treatment failure, especially in areas where infection occurs massively [13, 29]. Academically, resistance to any drug is defined as hereditary sensitivity acquired by a living organism; that is, it is transmitted between generations [9].
One of the consequences of PZQ-R is the increasing reproduction rate of parasites that survive treatment with PZQ. One of the possible explanations for this fact is that parasites have drug-resistant alleles, which are passed from generation to generation and are related to virulence [2].
Moreover, intergeneric, interspecies, and intraspecies interactions may occur because hosts are usually infected with more than one
Even the same parasite species have distinct lineages presenting greater or lesser infectivity and transmission in different endemic regions of Africa. This is due to genetic mutations caused by several factors, including environmental changes in both geographic regions and PZQ-R [30], which promote epigenetic changes in the parasite. Epigenetics is related to changes in gene expression while the DNA sequence remains unaltered. Epigenetics is one of the main regulatory systems of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in histones, which are proteins that form a unit called nucleosome [31].
In eukaryotes, chromatin is made up of genomic DNA (gDNA), RNA, and proteins. The main proteins are called histones, which are divided into isoforms. The main isoforms are H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which form octamers around gDNA, consisting of two dimers, H3-H4 and H2A-H2B. At physiological pH, histones bear a positive charge and interact with the negative charge on gDNA, thereby constituting the basic unit called nucleosome, which closes the DNA structure. The nucleosome structure allows the terminal carbon and nitrogen tails (C-t and N-t, respectively) of these proteins to undergo PTMs [31]. The PTMs of these proteins include lysine acetylation and methylation (K), serine/threonine phosphorylation (Ser/Thr), and ubiquitination, among others. These PTMs are covalent modifications, and their set is called the “histone code” [32], with more than one PTM occurring in a histone molecule.
Metabolic alterations and environmental changes (nutritional deprivation, temperature, and chemical agents) generate a stressful environment for living organisms. The stress mechanism is activated and causes activation of other regulatory mechanisms, including gene transcription, which generates an “epigenetic memory” in response to stress. This mechanism has been detected in
Studies have been carried out to understand how the molecular relationship between parasites and hosts works. Genome integrity is essential for host cells, organisms, and species survival. Thus, errors in genome checkpoints trigger cellular apoptosis, to eliminate the altered cell. However, pathogens can alter these pathways by manipulating both chromatin repair and cell signaling pathways. For this to happen, pathogens produce genotoxins and oncoproteins that modify the host’s epigenetic programs; that is, DNA expression, which consequently influences metabolism by altering the proteins that will be expressed. For this reason, pathogens are called epigenators. Some intracellular parasites such as
Some studies are being carried out on
The
Given that the parasite can act as an epigenator, to modify the host’s immune response to the disease, it is extremely important to know how chromatin epigenetic regulation occurs upon changes in temperature, pH, osmolarity, and physical and biochemical signals in
With respect to
New drugs or vaccines against schistosomiasis must be discovered—
Research aimed at discovering a vaccine against schistosomiasis involves selecting possible parasite antigens that are expressed in the intra-mammalian stages. These antigens activate the host’s immune system, forming memory cells. Reaction of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM excreted by immune system cells is analyzed by the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reaction with antigens from
As for the discovery of new drugs, it involves substances that act against tegumentary proteins or proteins that are linked to parasite metabolism. The initial tests on the investigated substances are called
Scheme for discovering new drugs to treat schistosomiasis. The discovery of a new medication for schistosomiasis takes a long time, 10 years or more. The steps involve
After the first
“In 2016, Science ranked the schistosomiasis vaccine as one of the 10 vaccines that urgently need to be developed to make a significant impact on reducing the global burden of diseases.” In 2013, a meeting with 70 experts from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation considered that an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis should reduce the parasite load and pathology caused by eggs by 75%; in other words, granulomas in the liver and urogenital tract should be reduced. In addition, an effective vaccine should elicit adaptive immune response and be effective against the three main
New vaccines are developed by using recombinant proteins, and their effectiveness is tested by verifying whether they generate an immune response when applied to mammals. For the schistosomiasis vaccine, the recombinant protein system has proteins that are part of the surface of the parasite and that are secreted by it. These proteins have previously been selected by proteomics and transcriptome and analyzed
Scheme for discovering schistosomiasis vaccine. Vaccine development involves several steps including
Developing a vaccine, which does not need to be 100% effective against schistosomiasis, will ensure that patients are not reinfected with the parasite, especially in endemic areas where morbidity is high. If this goal is reached, disease control is achieved [11]. However, discovering a vaccine is difficult because the parasite can escape the host’s immune system [53]. This escape can occur through epigenetic changes in the parasite genome [40, 54, 55]. Additionally, the parasite can act as an epigenitor, interfering with the expression of proteins linked to the vertebrate host’s immune system through genotoxins, also called bioactive molecules. Genotoxins can be enzymes or inhibitors that modify histone PTM, causing a balance between resisting reinfection and controlling the immune response (e.g., in relation to eggs retained in the liver) after treatment with PZQ [13].
The possibility that
Vaccines that are being tested in humans include Sh28GST (Bilvax-Phase III), which offers 30–60% protection; Smp80 (phase I), which offers 30–70% protection; Smp14 (phase I), which offers 50–68% protection; and SmTPS1 and Sm-TSP-2 (phase I), which offer 65–69% protection [56, 57].
Techniques for producing vaccines with recombinant proteins are described below for further understanding of their tests. As an example, we will mention a vaccine that is in the test phase and which is based on the parasite protein p80, called calpain. The parasite protein p80 is present in the inner membrane of the tegument of adult worms and other
Preclinical trials with many types of the Sm-p80-based vaccine, tested in mice infected with
After vaccination and infection with cercariae, the livers of the mice and baboons were removed, and transcriptome was performed by using RNAseq. This technique is used for sequencing and expression analysis of the mRNA set. In the case described here, this technique was used to analyze which host genes linked to the immune system would be active during the development of protection due to vaccination. RNAseq analysis of mouse liver showed high expression of genes linked to coding of innate immune response proteins; inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-15, IL-18, and the TNF superfamily; interferon; and complement factors. In addition, high IL-27 levels, related to IL-12 involved in CD4+ T cell proliferation and genes related to adaptive immune response, were detected. In baboon liver, expression of mRNA related to the Th1 immune response was identified. This was associated with differentiation and development of T cells, which are memory cells of paramount importance for immune response in the presence of parasite. CD8 and humoral responses with B cell differentiation were also detected [59].
When applied to mice, the vaccine mentioned above provided promising results with high IgM, IgA, and IgG levels and protection for up to 60 weeks after it was administered. At the end of the experiments, the recombinant vaccine showed between 30% and 70% protection. The next test, carried out on baboons, provided around 50% protection and 100% reduction in eggs in the liver and intestine, which should prevent disease transmission [56, 59]. The same vaccine was also administered to hamsters and baboons infected with
For
Tetrapanin proteins (TSP) are transmembrane proteins of the tegument detected at all stages of the parasite life cycle. TSP is exposed to the host’s immune system. The main TSP is Sm-TSP-2, which has been used for testing vaccine development. In animal models, the recombinant Sm-TSP-2 vaccine protected the animals and decreased the parasite load and eggs in the liver. The neutralization response of the animals to the vaccine involved IgG1, IgG2 Abs., and IgG3. Later, a study was carried out with the recombinant vaccine, Recombinant Sm-TSP-2 vaccine formulated on aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Sm-TSP-2/Al), in infected volunteers from non-endemic areas. The volunteers responded with increased IgG production. Projects encouraged by the Sabin Institute and in support of schistosomiasis vaccines have been launched, and a new recombinant vaccine, called Sm-TSP-2/Alhydrogel, is in phase 2 clinical trials in Brazil and the USA [57].
Another vaccine, still in pre-clinical testing for
The 14-kDa protein FABP is located in the basal part of the tegument and intestinal epithelium of all the stages of the parasite life cycle, including eggs. Because
Molecules that alter the parasite tegument structure must be considered as possible new drugs because the tegument is essential for parasite survival in mammalian hosts: indeed, the tegument plays an important role in evading immune response and acquiring nutrients from the host [53].
To date, no new molecule has reached the clinical screening phase, but several studies are in the preclinical and
Some drugs are administered to treat schistosomiasis. One example is metrifonate, which has been used to treat urogenital schistosomiasis. Nevertheless, this drug requires that several doses be administered, and it has several side effects. Another drug is Oltipraz, which acts against
The association of anthelmintic drugs with antimalarials is advantageous for research aimed at discovering combinations that eliminate not only the adult stage of the parasite but also schistosomula. Drug combinations are an alternative to treatment with PZQ monotherapy [62].
Concomitant administration of OXA and PZQ to treat
Drugs used for malaria treatment have been tested in association with PZQ in pre-clinical trials. The combination that reduced the parasite load and the number of eggs went on to the clinical phase in endemic regions of Africa and Asia, where transmission and reinfection rates are high. Various combinations have been administered to patients infected with
Mefloquine (MFQ), an antimalarial drug, has been considered the best
Despite the importance of PZQ monotherapy, this drug does not treat granulomas caused by eggs in the liver. Therefore, in addition to PZQ-resistant parasite strains, changes in liver histopathology are a problem in patients with chronic disease, especially in areas where reinfection occurs [62].
Recently, researchers have studied extracts of substances of plant origin, but most studies are in the
Among medicinal plants with high schistosomicidal activity,
Due to their anti- and pro-fibrotic function, small molecules, called microRNAs (miRNAs), have been researched for schistosomiasis treatment. miRNAs are small RNAs that are not translated into proteins. They contain around 70 nucleotides and are important for cellular homeostasis: they are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of one-third of the protein-coding genes and hence participate in the activation or inhibition of cellular processes. miRNAs have been the target of research into the therapy of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, viral diseases, and other metabolic diseases. Through molecular biology techniques, they can be detected in tissues, plasma, serum, and biological fluids. These techniques include Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microarrays, and RNA Sequencing, which together amplify nucleotides and sequence them in order to discover their sequences [66]. Therefore, several miRNAs are being studied for the therapy of diseases such as solid tumors and hematopoietic diseases. Examples of such miRNAs include MiR-34 and MRX34 (the liposomal miR-34a mimic), which are in the phase I preclinical trials [67].
Along with the genotoxins produced by the parasites, which alter the host’s immune response [35], vertebrate host miRNAs play a role in the parasite-host relationship, so they have been studied as biomarkers for schistosomiasis detection and hepatic fibrosis gene therapy. Such studies are in the preclinical trial phase. Initial research has shown that miR-21 and miR-96 are involved in regulating the immune response and hence hepatic granuloma by regulation of the TGF β/SMAD pathway, linked to collagen formation. Therefore, they have a pro-fibrotic function, in contrast to miR-203-3p, which is anti-fibrotic. In the case of schistosomiasis, there are miRNAs that characterize liver changes and hepatosplenomegaly progression. Among these miRNAs, we can mention MiR-223: the serum of mice infected with
In view of what has been explained, the development of new vaccines for schistosomiasis is more advanced than the development of new drugs against this disease. As judged from the time that PZQ , the only drug of choice, has been used, developing new substances that are active against the parasite is difficult. When it comes to evading the host’s immune response,
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Subtle changes that occur over time in periodontal tissues that are below the detection limit of visual examination or periodontal probing can be found and tracked accurately over time using 3D imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy, and optical coherence tomography. During debridement of teeth and dental implants, the effective removal of subgingival microbial biofilms and dental calculus deposits can be enhanced using magnifying loupes and operating microscopes and by novel methods based on the interactions of light with bacterial deposits, such as differential reflectometry and light-induced fluorescence. While such techniques can also be used using initial case assessment, their primary purpose is for checking debridement procedures, since the point when bacterial deposits are no longer present represents an endpoint for treatment. The concept of real-time feedback has been developed, using fluorescence readings to control the removal of deposits. Overall, optical methods can support traditional periodontal diagnosis and improve treatment planning and clinical periodontal care.",book:{id:"7244",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie and Laurence Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"235443",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"}]},{id:"24363",title:"Biomechanics of Tooth-Movement: Current Look at Orthodontic Fundamental",slug:"biomechanics-of-tooth-movement-current-look-at-orthodontic-fundamental",totalDownloads:26821,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"277",slug:"principles-in-contemporary-orthodontics",title:"Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics",fullTitle:"Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics"},signatures:"Joanna Antoszewska and Nazan Küçükkeles",authors:[{id:"50158",title:"Prof.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Antoszewska",slug:"joanna-antoszewska",fullName:"Joanna Antoszewska"}]},{id:"71271",title:"Flap Techniques in Dentoalveolar Surgery",slug:"flap-techniques-in-dentoalveolar-surgery",totalDownloads:2638,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Most dentoalveolar procedures involve the reflection of mucosal flaps. This step is crucial for exposure or removal of impacted teeth, implant bed preparation, exposure of the alveolar bone for augmentation, periodontal surgeries, and repair of mucosal soft tissue defects, such as oroantral fistula. Because of the rich vascularity of the oral mucosa, great freedom is allowed for flap design, but it tends to result in carelessness and lack of thoughtful planning, which may lead to uneventful outcomes or/and complications. In this chapter, we review oral anatomy, classification, indications, and complications of common oral flap techniques; common flap designs are illustrated, and their fundamental principles are highlighted. The review has covered various flap designs based on their indications. Yet the common flap’s principles are fundamental for all types of flaps regardless of their application, namely, it should provide wide exposure, clear vision, good access, and assure rich vascularity and good final aesthetic outcome.",book:{id:"9387",slug:"oral-diseases",title:"Oral Diseases",fullTitle:"Oral Diseases"},signatures:"Randa Abdulmoein AlFotawi",authors:[{id:"308701",title:"Dr.",name:"Randa",middleName:"Abdulmoein",surname:"Alfotawi",slug:"randa-alfotawi",fullName:"Randa Alfotawi"}]},{id:"65088",title:"Evaluation and Management of Mandibular Fracture",slug:"evaluation-and-management-of-mandibular-fracture",totalDownloads:2911,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mandibular bone is an important component of the facial bone, which has a unique role in digestive system, speech, and facial esthetics. For these important functions of mandibular bone, it is vital that surgeons should not only treat function but also consider the esthetics together. Mandibular fractures are among the most common traumatic injuries of the maxillofacial region. Even though treatment modalities are well established and being practiced for a long time, untreated and postoperative complications still decrease the patient’s quality of life. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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