Formulation composition of atenolol nanocrystal.
\r\n\tFrom the definition of Massive MIMO, the Book covers the important aspects of channel estimation, different efficiency parameters, and various practical deployment considerations. From the beginning, a very general, yet tractable, canonical system model with spatial channel correlation is required. This model is used to realistically assess the Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency and is later extended to also include the impact of hardware impairments.
\r\n\r\n\tAs an overall framework, the authors and researchers who are working in the Area of Massive MIMO and 5G are expected to submit chapters covering these areas to give insight into research about MIMO.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f6e96802bc79d6b8b0bab9ad24980cbc",bookSignature:"Dr. Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7638.jpg",keywords:"Multi Antenna Systems, Diversity, Space-time Codes, Rake Receiver, MIMO Wireless Communication, SVD, Equalising MIMO Systems, Predistortion, Beam Forming Principles, Increased Spectrum Efficiency, Interference Cancellation, Beam Former",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26327/images/system/26327.png",biography:"Dr. R. Sudhakar is a professor and head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India. He is also an associate editor for IEEE Access, from which he received the Outstanding Associate Editor Award in 2019. He is a reviewer of sixteen international journals, including IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, International Arab Journal of Information Technology, and International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, among others. He has published 110 papers in international, and national journals and conference proceedings. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"53796",title:"The Angiotensin Affair: How Great Minds Thinking Alike Came to a Historical Agreement",doi:"10.5772/67136",slug:"the-angiotensin-affair-how-great-minds-thinking-alike-came-to-a-historical-agreement",body:'\nA systematic review of both autobiographical and biographical documentation is provided, concerning with original experiments that change the course of hypertension treatment, along with a chronology of the major events which led to angiotensin discovery. This historical hit marked the evolution of antihypertensive treatment and later on gave rise to the development of a whole new family of drugs, the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). At present, their main uses are in the treatment of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and congestive heart failure. By now, annual global sales of renin‐angiotensin inhibitor drugs are estimated around US$ 27.3 billion, 24% in Europe. Actually, much of these come from single‐sourced angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).
\nUsing relatively unsophisticated methods (in light of present technology), laboring hard and carrying out keen experiments, two teams of prestigious scientists identified the precise peptide called angiotensin, which induced experimental renal hypertension [1]. The discovery of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) was relevant in understanding a key mechanism involved in the maintenance and control of arterial blood pressure. As it would be revealed in time, this system indeed participates in other processes such as inflammation and oxidative stress as well. Years later, the characterization of the RAAS would render the synthesis of the presently used antihypertensive drugs. The development of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors proved that the RAAS is effective in controlling hypertension and heart failure, and in preventing vascular injury in chronic diseases.
\nThe nineteenth century was the seeding period where evidence and theories linking renal perfusion and blood pressure control in both physiological and pathological conditions were put forward [2]. It was not until 1936 when R Bright first reported evidence supporting the functional link between cardiac hypertrophy and renal disease [3]. He associated hypertrophy with an increase in small vessels resistance to blood flow as a result of an altered condition in blood. In 1868, G. George Johnson had indeed shared the outcome of his studies on nephritis and suggested that some kind of abnormal condition of the blood induced the hyaline‐fibroid modifications he observed in renal vessels. Moreover, such particular condition of the blood was responsible for left ventricular hypertrophy as well [4]. Only 4 years later, FA Mahomed succeeded in measuring blood pressure using an interesting “ultramodern” device at the time, namely a sphygmograph [5]. He also reported the relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension due to nephritis in patients not affected by renal disease [6, 7]. Later on, Riva‐Rocci explained and depicted in detail the characteristics of another device, the sphygmomanometer which made possible to measure arterial pressure in humans. At the beginnings of the new century, the Russian physician Nikolai Korotkoff, at the time of his work at the Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, described the characteristic sounds which took his name in his honor [8, 9].
\nIn 1898, the medical scientist and physiologist Professor Robert Tigerstedt (1853–1923) and Gunnar Bergman, one of his fellows at the Karolinska Institute (Stockholm), reported a dramatic rise in blood pressure following the injection of kidney extracts to rabbits, suggesting the presence of a vasoconstrictor substance which they called “renin” in renal cortex [10]. As to why Tigerstedt paid attention to the subject, inconclusive guesses had been put forward. Perhaps the intertwining pathophysiology linking hypertension and renal disease established by Bright (1789–1859) or the discovery of an adrenal hormone by Séquard (1817–1894) awakened his interest. Yet, he abandoned the subject on his return to Finland later [11] and published no follow‐up. Reproducibility of renin activity posed high technical difficulties. Tigerstedt may have felt discouraged and gave up trying any longer, as suggested by Professor Aurell [12].
\nThe cardiovascular, renal, and central nervous systems are targets for hypertensive damage. In 1923, Franz Volhard (1872–1950) put forward the idea of a vasospastic substance causing malignant “pale” hypertension which characteristic symptoms as pale skin, decreased or blurred vision and headaches (ocular and central changes, respectively) [13]. Contradictory reports appeared regarding whether this vasoconstrictor substance was actually found in the blood of hypertensive patients or it was not [14]. Unsuccessfully, Volhard and his collaborators attempted to measure and characterize a circulating vasoconstrictive substance in hypertensive patients with acute glomerulonephritis [13], most probably due to technical issues and defective analysis techniques [15].
\nMany attempts were made to create an experimental model of hypertension, such as irradiating the renal parenchyma, reducing its mass by ablations, and occlusion of branches of the renal artery. These were not successful. In 1909, Theodore Caldwell Janeway (1872–1917) described an increase in blood pressure after occlusion of the renal artery branches and excision of the contralateral kidney [16]. However, it was not until 1934 that Harry Goldblatt (1891–1977) developed an experimental canine model of hypertension, known as “Goldblatt kidney.” He reported that permanent hypertension induced by renal artery blockage that was neither prevented nor abolished by section of the vasomotor branch of the sympathetic nervous system in dogs [17].
\nIn the 1930s, the lab of physiology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires, led by the Nobel Prize winner Bernardo Houssay (1887–1971), was about to live one of its most prolific periods. In 1934, J. C. Fasciolo (1911–1993), a student of the School of Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires, had to submit a thesis to complete his undergraduate degree. Dr. Houssay suggested he investigate about nephrogenic hypertension, a suggestion brought by the premature death of one of his most brilliant fellows called Juan Guglielmetti (1891–1922). He died at the age of 33 years from a malignant hypertension [18].
\nCarlos Alberto Taquini (1905–1998) was a member of the Department of Physiology who had the privilege of listening to F. Volhard in 1931. He proposed and discussed with Fasciolo and Houssay the humoral theory of vasospasm involved in hypertension. This theory considered the possibility that the substance released by the kidneys might act directly on the blood vessels. Taquini reported that following kidney ischemia, a vasoconstrictor substance appeared in the renal vein of dogs. Actually, perfusion with a blood of hypertensive animals induced strong vasoconstriction, while blood from normotensive dogs did not [19]. In the same line of work, he perfused the hind legs of toads with diluted plasma in the experimental condition known as Lawen‐Trendelenburg preparation [20, 21]. During the same year, Taquini proved that the increase in blood pressure observed after restoring blood flow in ischemic kidneys was caused by the same vasopressor substance involved in the previous studies [22].
\nFasciolo initially sought to destroy the renal cortex of rats to develop a model of experimental hypertension. However, he encountered methodological difficulties, and the results were not consistent. He came across the article published by Goldblatt, and after reading it, he began to apply the method described by him [23]. Being instructed in renal grafting by Houssay, now without failures and disappointments in the beginning, Fasciolo succeeded in inducing hypertension in dogs as shown by Goldblatt [24, 25]. Unequivocally, when the grafted kidneys were perfused, hypertension slowly and gradually developed [23]. This experiment confirmed that a pressor substance was actually secreted by the kidneys. Pharmacologically, induced hypertension was refractory to an administration of sympatholytic drugs, atropine or cocaine, while it was potentiated following bilateral nephrectomy [26].
\nOf course, they had to characterize, purify, and learn much more about the physiological role of this pressor substance to study its physiological activity [23]. Eduardo Braun‐Menéndez (1903–1959) showed himself interested in helping, just after his return from England where he had obtained a grant and studied myocardial metabolism with Dr. Charles Arthur Lovatt Evans (1884–1968). Using a heart‐lung preparation and perfusion of an isolated kidney, they observed that flow interruption for just a few minutes was enough to induce the presence of the vasopressor substance in the renal venous blood. This was checked by injecting the venous blood from that preparation into nephrectomized dogs. This finding would later become of huge importance. The preparation of hypertensive dogs was not simple, and large amounts of venous blood would be required to isolate the hypertensive agent [23, 27]. At that time, Drs. L.F. Leloir (1906–1987) and J.M. Muñoz were working at the Institute of Physiology and accompanied Fasciolo and Braun‐Menéndez in their attempt to isolate and purify the pressor substance. Leloir and Muñoz worked mainly on the chemical aspects, and Braun‐Menéndez and Fasciolo worked on the pharmacological aspects [23]. This group, perhaps one of the most brilliant that Argentine science has had, functioned in total harmony. In the words of Leloir: Good spirit reigned in the laboratory. Fasciolo pointed out the importance of the diversity in viewpoints of him and his colleagues stating that “Leloir and Muñoz are well versed in biochemistry, while Braun‐Menéndez and I are better versed to physiology” [28]. Dr. Houssay was aware of the progress of their research and helped them with his advice and his constant support [23].
\nThe group first tried working with the toad preparation successfully used earlier by Taquini in the characterization of various extracts. Later on, they decided to perform their research using the most reliable, though more expensive, dog model [23]. In 1939, they extracted the vasopressor substance with acetone from the venous blood from the kidneys that were subjected to periods of ischemia. This substance produced an increase in arterial pressure when it was injected in animals, although this effect only lasted a few minutes. A very different scenario occurred when ischemic kidneys were implanted to the cervical circulation, where the increase in arterial pressure was of a prolonged nature. The isolated substance was heat stable, dialyzable and had a brief hypertensive effect, characteristics that differentiated it from renin. The Argentine team named this substance hypertension. The next step was to elucidate the existing relationship between renin and hypertension. In the first instance, fragments of renal cortex were incubated with plasma in anoxic conditions. This, however, did not yield hypertension. It was explained by the possible presence of enzymes that metabolize it. In a second attempt, the extracts of renin were incubated at 37°C with plasma, obtaining through this method the vasopressor in vitro. Basing themselves on their findings, they proposed an enzyme‐substrate reaction for the formation of hypertension. They named hypertensinogen the substrate, the enzyme renin, and hypertensinases the enzymes that break down the hypertension [29, 30]. The sustained hypertensive effect achieved through the implantation of ischemic kidneys would be caused by renin release of renin and continuous generation of hypertension in plasma, as they reported in the “Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Biología” (Journal of the Society of Argentine Biology) in 1939 [23].
\nIt is important to note that Taquini was not in Argentina exactly when hypertension was isolated. He had left to the United States to work at the Fatigue Laboratory at Harvard University alongside Dr. David B. Dill (1891–1986) and Dr. Paul Dudley White (1886–1973) within the frame of a fellowship in 1938 [31]. After 1 year working in Boston, Dr Taquini returned to Argentina and went on working as part of the team again, though he was not included in the work where the discovery was published [23].
\nOnly 2 months following the Argentine publication, Drs Irvine H. Page and O M. Helmer (Eli Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis) published a full‐scale study showing experimental evidence of the existence of a pressor substance, renin [32]. Their findings were in agreement with those reported by the Argentine team The Americans followed an entirely different approach: They dedicated themselves to concentrating renin from extracts of renal parenchyma and to study its vasoconstrictory function in dog tail and rabbit ear. These experiences showed that vasoconstriction was only observed when the animal tissue was perfused with plasma and did not happen when Ringer Lactate was utilized. In 1938, this led to the conclusion that there should be an activating substance for renin in plasma [33]. In 1939, this conclusion was presented by Page et al. at a reunion of the American Heart Association. Taquini, having been present in the auditorium and being aware of the progress of the Argentine team, refutes the arguments presented by Page saying it was not activated renin substance that caused vasoconstriction but an entirely different substance [20]. Page said that he was widely criticized for using the word activator of renin, but that he did so wanting to be wise, seeing as how the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by renin had not been demonstrated by that time [32]. By 1940, the team isolated angiotonin, the equivalent of hypertension that the Argentine team had obtained, through the interaction between the renin activator and renin [34]. Later, Page et al. reviewed the denomination called renin activator, hypertensinogen, or renin substrate [35].
\nBraun‐Menéndez et al. must have been very disappointed when a few months after their publication, Page and his team reached the same results utilizing another route. In 1957, 25 years after Goldblatt’ successfully raised blood pressure by inducing renal ischemia in dogs, the Regional Conference on Basic Mechanisms of Arterial Hypertension of the University of Michigan was held in Ann Arbor in his honor. The Organizing Committee was chaired by Drs Sibley W. Hoobler and David F. Bohr [15]. It was then that, beyond and far from conflict, Braun‐Menéndez and Page agreed on a new nomenclature. As the result, the words angiotensinogen and angiotensin were born from the combination of the names originally set by both teams [32, 36].
\nEdward D. Frohlich (Alton Ochsner Distinguished Scientist at the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation and Editor in Chief of the
The following years were strange, in the sense that Goldblatt and Skeggs in the United States, and leading groups in Europe went on using the Argentine name [15]. In contrast, Taquini et al. emphasized on the need of accepting unified names [37]. In one of his publications, Leonard T. Skeggs Jr. (1918–2002, biochemist in Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) mentioned: “I must explain, parenthetically that angiotensin was known to us, being followers of Harry Goldblatt and Eduardo Braun‐Menéndez, as hypertension. Merlin Bumpus knew angiotensin as angiotonin. This was natural because Merlin worked with Irvine Page, who had coined the name angiotonin. It was a number of years later that Page and Braun‐Menéndez agreed on the name angiotensin, and all the rest of us used the new name” [38].
\nBoth teams shared the merit of the discovery, proving that beyond being great investigators they were essentially remarkable persons.
\nFollowing angiotensin discovery, the Argentine team focused on studying the enzymatic origin and release of angiotensin from angiotensinogen, the peptidic nature of angiotensin, renin secretion from kidneys, hepatic synthesis of angiotensinogen, pharmacological profile of angiotensin, and so [39–41]. Researchers like Alberto Agrest, Pedro C. Blaquier, Alberto C. Taquini, Jr and Ignacio J. de la Riva, who had begun their scientific career working at the
In the 1940s, a powerful mineralocorticoid called electrocortin was described by Grundy. In 1953, Russian‐born English Sylvia Agnes Sophia Tait (1917–2003) et al. identified electrocortin by means of chromatography. This hormone was then renamed aldosterone. In 1955, Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994) described primary hyperaldosteronism, as a result of a single adrenal adenoma [44].
\nSkeggs et al. succeeded in the isolation of Angiotensin I (Ang I). Others like Lentz et al., Elliot, and Peart could elucidate the structure of Angiotensin II (Ang II). In 1950, Bumpu\'s and Schwyzer\'s groups reported the synthetic pathway of angiotensin. Skeggs and his group recognized the existence of two different forms of angiotensin and also identified the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) which was later revealed as a kininase II enzyme by Erdös. Then, an intimate relationship between angiotensin generation and bradykinin destruction was demonstrated [45].
\nThe contribution of another Argentine scientist the chemist Miguel Angel Ondetti (1930–2004) is also important. He synthesized captopril in 1975, the first of the ACE inhibitors, the same as the enalapril precursor and others of substantial therapeutic importance, showing the pathophysiological relevance of angiotensin [46].
\nThe discovery of the renin‐angiotensin system is much more than theoretical knowledge required for any physiology book. It undoubtedly represents one of the highlights of Argentine physiological discoveries, and what is even more important, an example that science should follow: Value the progress made by colleagues, collaborate side by side, and pursue the ultimate truth.
\nThe authors thank Melisa Etchegoyen and Francisco Báez for helping with proof reading and language correction.
\nA nanocrystal is a particle having one or more dimensions of the order of 200 nm or less and considered to have novel characteristics which differentiate them from other materials [1]. When the size of the material is reduced to less than 200 nanometers, the realm of quantum physics takes over and five materials begin to demonstrate entirely new properties. Hence, nanodesign of drugs by various different techniques, like melting, homogenization, and controlled precipitation, is explored to produce drug nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, etc. [2]. As decrease in size will increase the solubility of drugs, this technology is explored to increase oral bioavailability of sparingly water soluble drugs [3]. Development of soluble and/or permeable drug molecules using nanocrystal formulations has been proven to be successful due to their unique size range and higher surface: volume ratio, which results in enhanced drug dissolution, bioavailability and permeability [4].
\nAtenolol is a selective
In the present study, we had prepared nanocrystals of atenolol to improve its permeability and modify its solubility, because this method is less time-consuming, required no organic solvents or harsh chemicals like other nanodelivery systems, has a high product yield, has good product stability, and is cheap. High pressure homogenization method was employed to prepare nanocrystals [13]. In this method, high pressure was applied on liquid suspension to force it through a gap or narrow channel inside a pipe. Here, the medium was aqueous containing a hydrophilic surfactant SLS to prevent agglomeration of suspended particles and thus it helped in stabilization. The surfactant used in the study also prevented crystal growth (Ostwald ripening) that could change the dissolution and bioavailability of the drug after storage [14].
\nAtenolol was supplied as a gift sample by Haustus Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Himachal Pradesh, India, and sodium lauryl sulfate, manufactured by Krishna Drug and chemical Pvt. Ltd., Gujrat, was supplied by Mahalakshmi Chemicals Ltd., Greater Noida, India. Triple distilled water was used throughout the experiments. All other chemicals were of reagent grade and used without further purification.
\nAtenolol nanocrystals were prepared by high speed homogenization process using sodium lauryl sulfate as a surfactant [15, 16, 17]. The nanocrystals were prepared by adding the different compositions of the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate and stabilizer (PVP K 30) as mentioned in Table 1. Atenolol (1000 mg) was dissolved in 80 ml of distilled water with sodium lauryl sulfate which resulted in a solution of 1 g concentration. The whole procedure was operated at 25 ± 2°C. The solution of drug and surfactant was placed under a high-speed homogenizer (T 25 digital ULTRA-TURRAX IKAR Werke Staufen/Germany) at different speeds (15,000–25,000 rpm) for 70 h. The resulting solution was placed in a tray dryer at 60°C to evaporate the solvent. Nanocrystals were collected and evaluated as required.
\nFormulation code | \nDrug: surfactant | \nSpeed in rpm | \nParticle size (nm) | \nZeta potential (mV) | \nProduction yield | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | \n2:1 | \n20,000 | \n312.7 ± 2.0 | \n18 ± 0.2 | \n82 ± 1.0 | \n
F2 | \n4:1 | \n20,000 | \n296.7 ± 0.6 | \n20 ± 0.4 | \n88 ± 2.0 | \n
F3 | \n4:3 | \n20,000 | \n416.2 ± 0.5 | \n16 ± 0.1 | \n84 ± 1.0 | \n
F4 | \n2:1 | \n25,000 | \n210.4 ± 1.0 | \n16.5 ± 0.3 | \n72 ± 0.5 | \n
F5 | \n4:1 | \n25,000 | \n125.6 ± 0.5 | \n19 ± 0.2 | \n90 ± 0.8 | \n
F6 | \n4:3 | \n25,000 | \n552.6 ± 0.7 | \n17 ± 0.3 | \n88 ± 1.0 | \n
F7 | \n2:1 | \n15,000 | \n652.6 ± 2.0 | \n18 ± 0.7 | \n64 ± 1.0 | \n
F8 | \n4:1 | \n15,000 | \n620.0 ± 2.5 | \n20 ± 0.4 | \n66 ± 2.0 | \n
F9 | \n4:3 | \n15,000 | \n590.0 ± 1.8 | \n19 ± 0.5 | \n64 ± 1.0 | \n
Formulation composition of atenolol nanocrystal.
Atenolol nanocrystals were mixed with the same ratio of lactose powder, which shows no incompatibility with the drug. The mixture of 1:1 ratio of drug (atenolol nanocrystals) and lactose was prepared. Then, 100 mg of this mixture was filled into the capsules.
\nThe nanocrystals of atenolol prepared by the abovementioned method was characterized by the following techniques.
\nParticle size of the prepared nanocrystals was determined using particle size analyzer (Malvern Instruments Ltd.). The prepared nanocrystals were dispersed in dimethyl sulfoxide and placed in cuvettes and the particle size in terms of average diameter (davg) was determined. Zeta potential was calculated by using Zetasizer ZS 90 (Malvern Instrument Ltd. India) [18].
\nThe morphology of the atenolol nanocrystals was examined by scanning electron microscopy (JSM 6390 India). The sample was mounted on to an aluminum stub and sputter coated for 120 s with platinum particles in an argon atmosphere. The coated samples were then scanned and images were analyzed at 500 or 1000 axis [18].
\nFTIR analysis of pure atenolol, mixture of atenolol and SLS and obtained nanocrystals and lactose was performed in the range of 4000–500 cm−1 as thin KBr pellets using FTIR spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer BX II). The observed peaks were reported for functional groups.
\nThe crystallinities of atenolol and atenolol nanocrystals were evaluated by XRD measurement using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS, 08 Advance). All samples were measured in the 2θ angle range between 3 and 80° and 0.010 step sizes.
\nFor any formulation, it is always desirable to have a better production yield so that industrial production becomes feasible not only in terms of cost but also in terms of environmental protection. The production yield of prepared nanocrystals was calculated by the following Eq. (1):
\nwhere B is the weight percentage of the final product obtained after drying, and A is the initial total amount of atenolol and sodium lauryl sulfate used for the preparation.
\nThe dissolution test was performed in the USP type II apparatus. Nanocrystals (100 mg) were accurately weighed and put into the pretreated dialysis membrane and sealed with clips. The release medium was phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) maintained at 37°C with agitation rate set at 50 rpm. The amount of drug was determined spectrophotometrically at λmax = 275 nm against suitable blank using a preconstructed calibration curve [19].
\nThe dissolution test was performed on the USP type I apparatus. Capsules containing nanocrystals (100 mg) were accurately placed into the basket of dissolution test apparatus. The release medium was phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) maintained at 37°C with agitation rate set at 50 rpm. The amount of drug released was determined spectrophotometrically at λmax = 275 nm.
\nThe permeability studies of pure atenolol and atenolol nanocrystals were carried out using Franz diffusion cell. To check the intra duodenal permeability, the duodenal part of the small intestine was isolated from sacrificed goat and taken for the in vitro diffusion study. Then this tissue was thoroughly washed with cold Ringer’s solution to remove the mucous and lumen contents. The sample solutions were injected into the lumen of the duodenum using a syringe, and the two sides of the intestine were tightly closed. Then the tissue was placed in a chamber of organ bath with continuous aeration and at a constant temperature of 37°C. The receiver compartment was filled with 30 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 5.5). The permeability was tested for 60 minutes. The absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 275 nm, keeping the respective blank. The percent diffusion of the drug was calculated against time and plotted on a graph.
\nThe prepared nanocrystals were subjected to stability studies. The nanocrystals were placed in stability chambers for a month at different temperatures, like 4, 25, 37, and 60°C. After 1 month, the tested nanocrystals were subjected to FTIR to find the spectra and compare with the standard spectra of nanocrystals.
\nTo determine the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters for optimized nanocrystal formulation, experimental rats were used. This investigation adhered to the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care. Female albino rats (0.20–0.25 Kg) were divided in two groups, each containing six. They were fasted overnight and allowed to administer 0.5 mL aqueous dispersion of pure drug and the most successful formulation of nanocrystal (equivalent to 10 mg/mL atenolol) using oral feeding tube. Blood samples of 0.2 mL were withdrawn through the tail vein of rats after 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 4, 6, and 24 h of sample administration. The withdrawn samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min. The plasma was separated and stored at −20°C until drug analysis was carried out using HPLC analytical method of analysis. The whole process was carried out according to the reported method by Anwar et al. [20].
\nIndependent T-test was used to analyze data of two batches obtained in various experiments at the 0.05 level of significance by Origin 6.0 software. The difference was considered significant at p ≤ 0.05.
\nIn this study, a 32 full factorial experimental design was introduced to optimize the formulation of nanoparticles. Initial studies were undertaken to decide on the factors and their levels in the experimental design. Based on the results obtained in preliminary experiments, surfactant amount and speed of homogenizer were found to be the major variables in determining the particle size and production yield. So, in this design, two factors, namely surfactant amount (X1) and speed of homogenizer (X2), were evaluated each at three levels and suitably coded (Table 2). The effect of these factors were evaluated on three dependent variables, namely particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and production yield (Y3). A total of 9 formulations were prepared with these variables.
\nDrug: surfactant (X1) | \nSpeed in rpm (X2) | \n
---|---|
−1 | \n1 | \n
0 | \n1 | \n
1 | \n1 | \n
−1 | \n0 | \n
0 | \n0 | \n
1 | \n0 | \n
−1 | \n−1 | \n
0 | \n−1 | \n
1 | \n−1 | \n
−1 = 2:1 | \n−1 = 15,000 | \n
0 = 4:1 | \n0 = 20,000 | \n
+1 = 4:3 | \n+1 = 25,000 | \n
Design of experiment for \n
For the studied design, the multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) method was applied using Statistica 10 (StatSoft Inc., USA) software to fit the full second-order polynomial equation with added interaction terms. Polynomial regression results were demonstrated for the studied responses using Eq. (2):
\nwhere Y is the dependent variable and b1 is the arithmetic mean response of the 9 trials. Coefficient b2 is the estimated coefficient for the factor X1, and coefficient b3 is the estimated coefficient for the factor X2. The main effects (X1 and X2) represent the average result of changing one factor at a time from its low to high value. The interaction terms (X1X2) show how the response changes when two factors interact. The polynomial terms (X12 and X22) are included to investigate nonlinearity. The values of correlation coefficients were set to be statistically significant at 95% confidential interval [21]. To analyze the significance level of all these data, ANOVA was used at 95% confidence interval at 0.05 significance level.
\nFTIR spectroscopy was used to further characterize possible interactions between the drug and the excipients. The FTIR spectra of atenolol and sodium lauryl sulfate and also of the formulated nanocrystals and lactose were obtained at wavelength ranging from 4000 to 400 cm−1. The spectra obtained from FTIR studies confirmed that there was no major shifting, as well as no loss of functional peaks between the spectra of pure atenolol and atenolol nanocrystals. Comparing the spectra of pure atenolol and atenolol nanocrystals, no difference was shown in the position and trend of the absorption bands. All the distinctive groups in the FTIR spectra of atenolol were found in all the spectra of atenolol nanocrystals, like the amide group (O〓C–NH2) extruding from the benzene ring. Apart from the amide functional group, the presence of the conjugating C〓C bond in the benzene ring, the methane (CH), methylene (CH2) methyl (CH3), and OH functional group were distinctly observed in the IR spectra (amide:1650 cm−1; CH:2880–2900 cm−1; CH2: 2916–2936 cm−1; CH3: 2850 cm−1; conjugating C〓C: 1640–1610 cm−1; OH:3200–3550 cm−1), thus providing evidence for the absence of any chemical incompatibility between SLS and atenolol.
\nThe particle size of the atenolol nanocrystal formulations shown in Table 1 showed a narrow size distribution from 125 to 652 nm, where the intensity of 117.8 nm was 93% and that of 652.5 nm was only 7%. The effect of stirring speed had an enormous effect on particle size. Formulation prepared with 25,000 rpm had smaller size as compared to particle prepared with 15,000 rpm. Concentration of SLS also had an effect on the size distribution. Less concentration of SLS yielded smaller size particles. The formulated nanocrystals were positively charged (16–19 mV), which is desirable for good ocular interaction. Formulation F7 was not further considered due to its larger size (more than 650). This may be due to slow stirring speed.
\nThe date of percentage yield of the prepared nanocrystals (Table 1) showed that the atenolol-SLS nanocrystals (batch F5), prepared by drug:SLS ratio 4:1, had comparatively higher yield of production (90%). Stirring speed and concentration of SLS also had an effect on the production yield.
\nThe SEM image, as shown in Figure 1, of the atenolol nanocrystals revealed that the particles were crystalline in shape. The average size of the atenolol nanocrystals was found to be less than 200 nm, which was further supported by the results of particle size analysis by Zetasizer.
\nSEM images of atenolol nanocrystals.
The powder X-ray diffractogram of pure atenolol powder from 5 to 50° 2\n
XRD of atenolol nanocrystals F5 (A), atenolol pure drug (B), atenolol nanocrystals F4 (C), and nanocrystals F1 (D).
The permeability study showed increased permeability, when the atenolol was converted into the nanocrystals. The diffusion study showed that the % permeability of nanocrystal formulations was much higher as compared to that of the pure drug. The formulation F5 showed the maximum % release of 90.88%, whereas the pure drug showed only 31.22% release Figure 3.
\nPermeability from Franz diffusion cell of atenolol pure drug and atenolol nanocrystal formulations.
The dissolution rate of pure atenolol was very poor and during a 120-min period, 51.64% of drug was released. The reason for the poor dissolution of pure drug could be poor wettability and poor solubility. In vitro release studies revealed that there was a marked increase in the dissolution rate of atenolol, in the range of 78.30–98.28%, from all nanocrystal formulation compared to pure atenolol. The results revealed that the nanocrystals with a ratio of drug to carrier, 4:1, were having a higher dissolution rate in comparison to all other ratios. This could be attributed to the hydrophilic character of the surfactant and to the amorphous state of the drug. Hence, the present study showed that nanocrystal formulation can be successfully used to enhance dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. Figure 4 shows drug release profile of pure drug nanocrystal formulation [F5] and capsulated nanocrystals.
\nIn vivo dissolution cumulative of % release of atenolol pure drug, atenolol nanocrystals F5, and capsule dosage of nanocrystals in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8).
The physical appearance of the prepared nanocrystals after keeping them 1 month in stability chambers under various conditions was found to be white to off-white in color, odorless, and crystalline powder. FTIR spectroscopy was used to further characterize possible interactions between the drug and the excipients during the stability studies. There was no major change shown in the FTIR peaks. The prepared nanocrystal formulation was stable during the stability studies done for 1 month.
\nThe results of in vivo study revealed an improvement in bioavailability of nanocrystal formulation; it was observed that after oral dosing of the drug and the equation 3, their individual kinetic curve exhibited double peaks. Thus, double peaks can be due to the existence of two absorption sites in the gut interrupted by a region of poor absorption [21]. A rapid attainment of peak plasma concentrations was observed that may be due to the burst release effect brought by the use of SLS for stabilization of nanocrystals. Same phenomenon was reported by Vergote et al. [22]. The AUC0–24 h, MRT, and Cpmax for test formulation were significantly higher at \n
Formulation | \nCpmax (μg/mL) | \nTmax (hour) | \nAUC0–24 (mAU) | \nMRT (hour) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure drug | \n612.15 ± 10.6 | \n5.2 ± 1.4 | \n26927.8 ± 4.2 | \n46.56 ± 3.1 | \n
Nanocrystal formulation | \n957.51 ± 20.4 | \n2.8 ± 0.5 | \n75329.3 ± 6.3 | \n84.64 ± 4.6 | \n
Pharmacokinetic data of nanocrystal formulation and pure drug.
Applied 32 factorial design yields coefficient for one factor and for two factors as well. Coefficient for more than one factor represents interaction of both factors. Coefficient may be positive or negative for synergistic or antagonistic effect, respectively. The coefficients can be directly compared to assess the impact of factors on responses. Obtained polynomial Eqs. (3)–(5) for dependent variables are as follows:
\nSpeed of homogenizer has a greater effect on the particle size (−0.2812), zeta potential (−0.0004), and production yield (0.0192), whereas amount of surfactant has a lesser effect on the production yield (−370.4401), zeta potential (−43.3651), and particle size (−669.2601).
\nIt was clearly depicted from the magnitude of the coefficients that the amount of surfactant has a positive effect on all the three variables including particle size, zeta potential, and production yield; whereas, the magnitude of the coefficients for speed of homogenizer has an antagonistic effect on all the three variables.
\nContour plots and surface plots as shown in Figures 5 and 6 were plotted, which are very useful to study the interaction effects of the factors on the responses. The response surface depicts the effect of factor contributions at different levels on studied response. Three contour parameters were established for particle size. Drug entrapment and drug release percentage. The contour plots showed very clearly the relationship between the independent variables and the responses.
\n3D surface plots for the different variables (in order of particle size, production yield, and zeta potential).
3D contour plots for the different variables (in order of particle size, production yield, and zeta potential).
The goodness of fit of the R2 model was checked by the determination coefficient (R2). The values of the determination coefficients for particle size (R2 = 0.78297), zeta potential (R2 = 0.80392), and production yield (R2 = 0.8988) indicated that over 95% of the total variations are explained by the model. The values of adjusted determination coefficients (adj R2 = 0.56594 for particle size, 0.60784 for zeta potential, and 0.79761 for production yield) are also very high (over 90% of the total variations), which indicates a high significance of the model.
\nA good way to check the model is to enter factor levels from the experimental design (observed response) and generate the predicted response. When we compare the predicted value with actual value, a discrepancy occurs which is called residual. For statistical purposes, it is assumed that the residuals are normally distributed and independent with constant variance [21]. Residual versus predicted plots were constructed to check the statistical assumptions. In this experiment, there is no definite increase in residuals with predicted levels, which support the underlying statistical assumptions of constant variance. Moreover, the obtained plots of residuals that do not exhibit any systematic structure indicate that the model fits the data well (Figure 7). Plots of the residuals versus other predictor variables, or potential predictors that exhibit systematic structure indicate that the form of the function can be improved in some ways.
\nPlots of residuals for the three different variables (in order of particle size, production yield, and zeta potential).
In this study, atenolol nanocrystals had been developed successfully by high-speed homogenization and simultaneous drying, which have shown an improved dissolution and permeability behavior compared to that of the pure drug. Statistical analysis revealed speed of homogenizer had bigger effect on the three observed parameters, whereas amount of surfactant had a lesser effect on them. SEM pictures had shown that the size of the particles obtained after homogenization is below 1 μm. This implied that the size of the drug crystals in these particles was of nanoscale. Therefore, it can be concluded that the selected method of nanocrystal formation and its further optimization by factorial design was effective to increase the solubility, as well as permeability of atenolol.
\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Graduate Studies and Research Section of the Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, through project No. 20190031.
\nThe author declares no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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After introducing the link between PSE and parental competence, the role of PSE on parenting quality, its multiple influences, and transactional effects connected to contextual or cultural variables are discussed. The chapter addresses some key issues: (a) the levels of PSE measurement (i.e., domain- or task-specific approach), their interrelationship and magnitude as mutual predictors (study 1); (b) infant-caring, parent’s adjustment, and PSE development in the transition to parenthood (study 2); (c) parenting difficult children and the role of PSE as a “buffer” variable moderating the effects of negative child’s characteristics on parenting skills; and (d) PSE beliefs in family context, the relationships with other family measures (marital self-efficacy and stress), and their associations with children’s adjustments (study 3). Finally, in the study 4, PSE is presented as an outcome variable in a parent training. In all summarized studies, a special attention was devoted to father’s PSE as a specific factor affecting childrearing and parent’s well-being. As Bandura says, PSE is not a personality trait, but a learnable set of beliefs producing positive effects on parenting quality. Suggestions for family-based interventions enhancing PSE are discussed.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"53767",doi:"10.5772/66985",title:"Parenting Practices and the Development of Internalizing/ Externalizing Problems in Adolescence",slug:"parenting-practices-and-the-development-of-internalizing-externalizing-problems-in-adolescence",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter examines the existing relationship between different types of parental practices and the development of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in adolescence. Parental involvement and parenting styles are defined and analyzed as possible parameters of adolescent problems, including bullying and victimization. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between behavioral and psychological parental control. Furthermore, issues such as parent‐adolescent conflict, locus of control, and parental values are discussed as correlates of these problems, since prior research has identified them as either risk or protective factors for child and adolescent social and emotional adaptation.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Stelios N. Georgiou and Maria Symeou",authors:[{id:"193345",title:"Prof.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiou",slug:"stelios-georgiou",fullName:"Stelios Georgiou"},{id:"197682",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Symeou",slug:"maria-symeou",fullName:"Maria Symeou"}]},{id:"67167",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86517",title:"Aligning Human Resource Management with Knowledge Management for Better Organizational Performance: How Human Resource Practices Support Knowledge Management Strategies?",slug:"aligning-human-resource-management-with-knowledge-management-for-better-organizational-performance-h",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Contributing to the HR-approach to knowledge management (KM), this chapter aims at outlining the role of human resource management (HRM) in supporting KM through utilizing the theoretical and empirical literature. The article is divided into two sections. The first section presents various knowledge concepts, KM perspectives and KM strategies. This section ends up by linking these topics in a KM sequential model which helps us to track the philosophical underpinnings and perspectives of each KM strategy. The second section investigates various HR orientations and HR practices and situates their differing contextual characteristics under each KM strategy. It aligns various HR practices with different KM strategies; suggesting that HRM is most effective as a combination of practices that are consistent and sharpened in supporting each KM strategy, which is part of the organizational strategy. The debated practices are recruitment and selection, compensation management, training and development, performance management, retention management and career management. Each of those practices is speculated to alter based on the chosen KM strategy; presenting a framework that is useful for practitioners and academics alike. The review ends up by identifying some research gaps and opportunities to be carried out in future studies. Those research gaps, if addressed, will extend our understanding of KM and the supporting role HRM.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Hadi El-Farr and Rezvan Hosseingholizadeh",authors:[{id:"293827",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"El-Farr",slug:"hadi-el-farr",fullName:"Hadi El-Farr"},{id:"293834",title:"Dr.",name:"Rezvan",middleName:null,surname:"Hosseingholizadeh",slug:"rezvan-hosseingholizadeh",fullName:"Rezvan Hosseingholizadeh"}]},{id:"59135",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73540",title:"The Relationship between Parenting and Internalizing Problems in Childhood",slug:"the-relationship-between-parenting-and-internalizing-problems-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Several types of stress factors are likely to be implied in the development, maintenance, and transmission of internalizing symptomatology: genetic/temperamental factors, cognitive factors, family factors, and societal/cultural factors. Nonetheless, family factors—especially those related to parenting—seem to be crucial during childhood, because children are nested within their families and family factors are able to indirectly influence other factors as well. The current chapter focuses on the relationship between parental style and internalizing symptoms in childhood. In the first part of the chapter, the most important studies on the topic are reviewed in detail and differences in parenting behaviors between mothers and fathers are illustrated. A discussion on the cognitive and metacognitive factors as possible pathways of the relation between parenting and childhood symptoms is also proposed. The last part of the chapter reviews studies investigating the efficacy of parental involvement in cognitive behavior therapy for children who exhibit internalizing symptoms.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Simona Scaini, Sara Palmieri and Marcella Caputi",authors:[{id:"240074",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Scaini",slug:"simona-scaini",fullName:"Simona Scaini"},{id:"240906",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcella",middleName:null,surname:"Caputi",slug:"marcella-caputi",fullName:"Marcella Caputi"}]},{id:"67575",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86757",title:"Toward Management Based on Knowledge",slug:"toward-management-based-on-knowledge",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In a world overwhelmed with pervasive digital technologies, the organization is transformed and becomes a socio-technical system which is constantly renewed. Organization needs specific skills, adapted to the values and to the cultures peculiar to each location. The cooperation and the mobility become a shape of inescapable work which rests on a permanent personal and collective learning. Beyond the information handled in the digital information systems, the role of the tacit knowledge, which is in each individual’s head, cannot be ignored. A constructivist attitude replaces a determinist attitude strongly deep-rooted in our educational modes. The managers have to pass from a posture of authority and of control to a posture of incitation, of support, and of accompaniment. The notions that are introduced in this chapter result from a managerial and socio-technical vision of knowledge management. They arouse essential reflections to develop a mode of management adapted to the digital transformation of the organizations called management based on knowledge.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Michel Grundstein",authors:[{id:"292425",title:"Mr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Grundstein",slug:"michel-grundstein",fullName:"Michel Grundstein"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55633",title:"Parental Self-efficacy in Promoting Children Care and Parenting Quality",slug:"parental-self-efficacy-in-promoting-children-care-and-parenting-quality",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Parental self-efficacy (PSE) emerges as a crucial variable into exploring variability in parenting quality. After introducing the link between PSE and parental competence, the role of PSE on parenting quality, its multiple influences, and transactional effects connected to contextual or cultural variables are discussed. The chapter addresses some key issues: (a) the levels of PSE measurement (i.e., domain- or task-specific approach), their interrelationship and magnitude as mutual predictors (study 1); (b) infant-caring, parent’s adjustment, and PSE development in the transition to parenthood (study 2); (c) parenting difficult children and the role of PSE as a “buffer” variable moderating the effects of negative child’s characteristics on parenting skills; and (d) PSE beliefs in family context, the relationships with other family measures (marital self-efficacy and stress), and their associations with children’s adjustments (study 3). Finally, in the study 4, PSE is presented as an outcome variable in a parent training. In all summarized studies, a special attention was devoted to father’s PSE as a specific factor affecting childrearing and parent’s well-being. As Bandura says, PSE is not a personality trait, but a learnable set of beliefs producing positive effects on parenting quality. Suggestions for family-based interventions enhancing PSE are discussed.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"67528",title:"The Management, Sharing and Transfer of Knowledge in the Oil Districts - The Case Study of An Italian District",slug:"the-management-sharing-and-transfer-of-knowledge-in-the-oil-districts-the-case-study-of-an-italian-d",totalDownloads:1172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Knowledge management is one of the most innovative and effective tools available to companies to manage an economic and organizational ever-changing environment. The chapter is based on an empirical study starting from the classification of oil district and aims to understand how firms’ position affect knowledge transfer process within the district. We support the idea that knowledge transfer is deeply affected by firms’ contractual power as well as by their position within the district. The companies of the industrial districts have the advantage of exploiting and sharing knowledge with each other. The literature generally holds that knowledge transfer requires a sense of equality and fairness among the firms, to create conditions in which firms will share their own knowledge for joint competitive advantage. However, empirical evidence shows that the value chains are often characterized by hierarchical relations and asymmetry between the parties: this feature is particularly evident in the oil districts. For companies attempting to acquire new information, the typologies of their intercompany collaboration and their cultural relationships are crucial.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Giovanna Testa",authors:[{id:"293404",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Testa",slug:"giovanna-testa",fullName:"Giovanna Testa"}]},{id:"67167",title:"Aligning Human Resource Management with Knowledge Management for Better Organizational Performance: How Human Resource Practices Support Knowledge Management Strategies?",slug:"aligning-human-resource-management-with-knowledge-management-for-better-organizational-performance-h",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Contributing to the HR-approach to knowledge management (KM), this chapter aims at outlining the role of human resource management (HRM) in supporting KM through utilizing the theoretical and empirical literature. The article is divided into two sections. The first section presents various knowledge concepts, KM perspectives and KM strategies. This section ends up by linking these topics in a KM sequential model which helps us to track the philosophical underpinnings and perspectives of each KM strategy. The second section investigates various HR orientations and HR practices and situates their differing contextual characteristics under each KM strategy. It aligns various HR practices with different KM strategies; suggesting that HRM is most effective as a combination of practices that are consistent and sharpened in supporting each KM strategy, which is part of the organizational strategy. The debated practices are recruitment and selection, compensation management, training and development, performance management, retention management and career management. Each of those practices is speculated to alter based on the chosen KM strategy; presenting a framework that is useful for practitioners and academics alike. The review ends up by identifying some research gaps and opportunities to be carried out in future studies. Those research gaps, if addressed, will extend our understanding of KM and the supporting role HRM.",book:{id:"7808",slug:"current-issues-in-knowledge-management",title:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Knowledge Management"},signatures:"Hadi El-Farr and Rezvan Hosseingholizadeh",authors:[{id:"293827",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"El-Farr",slug:"hadi-el-farr",fullName:"Hadi El-Farr"},{id:"293834",title:"Dr.",name:"Rezvan",middleName:null,surname:"Hosseingholizadeh",slug:"rezvan-hosseingholizadeh",fullName:"Rezvan Hosseingholizadeh"}]},{id:"53767",title:"Parenting Practices and the Development of Internalizing/ Externalizing Problems in Adolescence",slug:"parenting-practices-and-the-development-of-internalizing-externalizing-problems-in-adolescence",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter examines the existing relationship between different types of parental practices and the development of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in adolescence. Parental involvement and parenting styles are defined and analyzed as possible parameters of adolescent problems, including bullying and victimization. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between behavioral and psychological parental control. Furthermore, issues such as parent‐adolescent conflict, locus of control, and parental values are discussed as correlates of these problems, since prior research has identified them as either risk or protective factors for child and adolescent social and emotional adaptation.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Stelios N. Georgiou and Maria Symeou",authors:[{id:"193345",title:"Prof.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiou",slug:"stelios-georgiou",fullName:"Stelios Georgiou"},{id:"197682",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Symeou",slug:"maria-symeou",fullName:"Maria Symeou"}]},{id:"59028",title:"Parent Training Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Aggressive Behavioral Problems",slug:"parent-training-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents-with-aggressive-behavioral-problems",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Children who display early disruptive and aggressive behavior are also at greater risk for delinquency, mood and anxiety disorders, and substance use in the long term. As is the case for many forms of childhood psychopathology, a number of factors are associated with the emergence of aggressive and disruptive behavior, including family factors. Indeed, conduct problems during childhood are usually associated with peculiar parenting practices, such as increasingly coercive cycles of harsh parenting and noncompliance exhibited by child; insensitive and nonresponsive parenting; inconsistent, severe discipline and vague commands and directions; lack of parental warmth and involvement; and absence of parental monitoring and supervision. That is why behavioral parent trainings (BPTs) represent one of the gold standard interventions for conduct problems. The main goal of BPT is to decrease coercive interchanges and, consequently, children aggressive problems by teaching parents strategies in order to apply a more effective discipline. Therefore, the putative mechanism for change in youth behavior in BPT is change in parent behavior. Some of the most employed parent training interventions for aggressive behavior problems are presented.",book:{id:"5605",slug:"parenting-empirical-advances-and-intervention-resources",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Empirical Advances and Intervention Resources"},signatures:"Pietro Muratori, Valentina Levantini, Azzurra Manfredi, Laura\nRuglioni and Furio Lambruschi",authors:[{id:"238556",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Muratori",slug:"pietro-muratori",fullName:"Pietro Muratori"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1388",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"