List of the term of monosyllables [8].
\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
Although heavily exploited in recent decades, the domain of oxide nanostructures remains of interest to researchers throughout the world. This is because that the shapes and sizes of oxide nanomaterials greatly influence their properties, which is reflected in their use in the most diverse fields [1, 2]. Oxide nanostructures have applications in catalysis, energy storage, environmental decontamination, microelectronics, medical technology, ceramics, cosmetics, and so on [3, 4, 5].
Among the most studied branches of nanostructures are metal oxides, with representatives such as TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Fe3O4, WO3, Cr2O3, Co3O4 [6].
The structure, morphology, and properties of the oxide nanostructures depend significantly on the obtaining method. A large number of available synthesis methods underlies the continuous interest in obtaining oxide nanostructures that can be used successfully in specific areas [1, 7]. However, most of these methods are limited due to the use of toxic reagents, high processing temperatures, high vacuum, expensive equipment, or long reaction times [8, 9].
Although physical methods have the advantage of high reproducibility, chemical methods in the liquid phase are more often used to obtain oxide nanostructures due to their advantages, such as low production temperature, homogeneous mixing of precursors at the molecular scale, design and control of the physico-chemical properties of final products, depending on the precursors, and the experimental conditions used [10, 11].
Among the various chemical procedures, the sol–gel method gained increasing importance in the field of materials science because it is cheap, simple, allows the introduction of dopants in large quantities, ensures high purity, and homogeneity, allows control of size, shape, and size distribution of the obtained nanomaterials [12, 13, 14].
Lately, for the preparation of functional nanomaterials, more and more attention is being paid to the use of microwave as the energy source for carrying out a chemical reaction [1, 15]. The microwave (MW) assisted sol–gel method is reported to be a simple, cheap, faster, more energy-saving, and efficient process as compared to conventional heating methods [16, 17, 18]. The use of microwaves has received increased attention in the technological field because, among other things, it reduces the reaction time from days to minutes or hours, improves the properties of synthesized nanostructures, and allows obtaining oxide nanocrystalline films on various substrates [8, 19, 20].
The improved properties of the oxide nanostructures obtained by microwaves assisted sol–gel method could be correlated to the influence of the microwaves on the chemical reactions that take place during the sol–gel synthesis, leading to the formation of different molecular species. Results on the influence of the microwaves on the chemical reactions during the sol–gel synthesis will be discussed in the present chapter.
Among the chemical methods in the liquid phase, the sol–gel technique is a versatile and efficient method for pure or doped metal oxide films or powders, as well as for oxide compounds preparation [21, 22, 23, 24].
A comprehensive definition of sol–gel method assumes that the process represents the formation of an inorganic polymeric network by reactions in the solution at low temperatures. In the second step, by adequate thermal treatments, the conversion of the inorganic amorphous polymers takes place either into glasses or into crystalline materials [1, 22].
Based on the type of the precursors and the reaction medium used, two types of sol–gel processes were developed: on the bases of the alcoholic (organic) or aqueous medium.
According to Pierre [25] in both polymeric and aqueous sol–gel routes, the precursors undertake the succession of the following transformations in the presence of water:
In the case of the
In the case of the
In the case of transition metals, it is more difficult to obtain gels, the metals having very high reactivity due to their higher electronegativity and their not satisfied coordination sphere.
To favor the gelling process, in case of the transition metals, chelating agents, as carboxylic acids or polyols, are used. A typical reaction is the following
It is important to underline that in all mentioned cases the reactions take place simultaneously, not consequently, and they are also reversible, fact that determines a complex composition of the sol–gel solutions.
Prior to gelation, the sol–gel solution can be used to obtain thin films by using simple techniques such as dip or spin coating [23, 28].
Besides the fact that it offers the possibility of obtaining both films and powders of metal oxides at nanometric dimensions, the sol–gel method has also some advantages over other preparation techniques. Such advantages are purity, homogeneity, the possibility to introducing dopants in large quantities, ease of manufacturing, low processing temperature, control over the stoichiometry, composition, viscosity [13, 27, 29] and, in the case of thin films, easy control of thickness, as well as the ability to cover large and different type of surfaces [30, 31].
Lately, ultrasonic [32, 33] or microwave irradiation [9, 17, 18, 34, 35, 36] in sol–gel oxide nanomaterials synthesis have become methods of interest because, in addition to being cheap and environmentally friendly heating methods, offer the advantage of using shorter synthesis time, and allow the control of crystallinity, size and morphology of the resulted nanoparticles [9, 35].
Microwave radiation is a source of energy of great interest for chemical synthesis because, among other benefits, it has been observed that the use of microwaves improves the properties of obtained nanomaterials. The first reporting on the use of microwaves in a chemical synthesis dates back to 1986 [37]. Although initially microwaves have been applied in organic synthesis, lately their use has become quite widespread in obtaining inorganic products like metal oxides nanomaterials and metallic nanomaterials [38].
Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations located between infrared radiation and radio waves with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). For the nanomaterials synthesis in which aqueous solutions are used, 2.45 GHz frequency is commonly applied for microwave heating of the solutions, because water absorption is maximum at this value.
Subjected to a microwave field, the substances behave differently: absorb, transmit, reflect received radiation, or any combination of these three interactions. Polar substances absorb microwaves radiation, non-polar substances are transparent environments for this type of radiation, and electrical conductors reflect microwaves radiation. Therefore, microwave heating process is used for heating the materials which can absorb the microwave energy and convert it into heat especially by dipolar polarization or conduction mechanism [1, 39]. The interactions of polar molecules and ions with the electromagnetic field have already been described by many researchers. Shortly, the collisions resulting from the rotation of the dipoles during polarization and the load carriers during conduction give energy to the atoms and molecules from the solution in the form of heat [38, 39].
While conventional heating methods are slow enough and the heat transfer from the surface to the inner material or solution, producing non-homogeneous heating, microwave heating is done quickly because microwaves can penetrate the materials to a depth that depends on the dielectric properties of the material, heating them homogeneously [38]. Consequently, microwave heating can have certain benefits over conventional heating, like faster reaction, higher reproducibility, enhancement of product quality. It is instantaneous, with no heat dissipation effects, and advantageous for selective dielectric heating, as a result of the dielectric constant difference between the solvent and reactant [40].
In sol–gel synthesis, due to rapid and direct heating of the sample with microwave radiation, the instantaneous decomposition of the precursors and the obtaining of a supersaturated solution occur. In this way, the conditions for obtaining monodispersed nanoparticles (rapid and short nucleation in a supersaturated solution) can be obtained experimentally. At the same time, the
More, in the case of sol–gel synthesis using organic solvents, characterized by slow kinetics, microwave heating is an optimal method of increasing the rate of reaction [41].
From the research carried out so far, it has been observed that, by combining the sol–gel method with the microwave heating, the properties of the obtained oxide nanostructures are improved [9, 34].
Because the presence of MW, the interaction of the electromagnetic field with each molecule in the solution differs during the hydrolysis-condensation process, we can expect the formation of different molecular species as compared to the classical sol–gel synthesis.
Up to now, there have been several reports regarding the synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials by microwave-assisted sol–gel method. However, many of them have been performed using domestic microwave ovens, in which the reaction conditions cannot be accurately measured, making the experiments difficult to be reproduced.
According to the literature data, the MW irradiation in the sol–gel synthesis was used, most frequently, for precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, for thermal treatment of amorphous oxide nanopowders as well as for drying and thermally treatment of the oxide films [36].
Less attention was given to study the reactions that take place in the sol–gel solutions during MW irradiation [42, 43, 44, 45].
A large number of oxides were prepared by sol–gel and microwave assisted sol–gel methods. Using MW irradiations of the solutions, preparation of several oxides were mentioned in the literature data, as MgO [46], RuO2 [47], ZnO [16], ZrO2 [48], WO3 [49], SiO2 [50], TiO2 [35, 51]. The power of the used microwaves ranged from 140 W [51] to 850 W [47].
Among them, considerable interest is given to pure and doped TiO2. The doping of TiO2 was realized with a high number of elements, such as Cr [13], Ag [52], Au, Pt [14, 53], Sn-Cu-Ni [54], Fe, Pt, Pd [51] and V [55]. Doping TiO2 with different elements the properties of the resulted nanostructures are improved, while using microwave assisted preparation, supplementary improvement was also observed.
Our studies regarding the influence of the microwaves on the reactions in the sol–gel solutions were published by Predoana et al. [42] in the case of TiO2 and V-doped TiO2 nanostructures.
The use of vanadium as a doping agent has a beneficial influence on the TiO2 properties: it can reduce the band gap energy, enhance the absorption of visible light and increase the specific surface area of the powder. The mentioned properties are reflected mainly in its photocatalytic activity, previously presented by Huang et al. [55].
In our studies, the reagents used in the synthesis were titanium(IV) ethoxide Ti(OC2H5)4 in the case of TiO2, as well as, titanium(IV) ethoxide Ti(OC2H5)4 and vanadylacetylacetonate VO(AcAc), for V-doped TiO2. In both cases, ethanol C2H5OH as a solvent, 2,4 pentanedione (AcAc), as a chelating agent, and nitric acid HNO3 as catalyst were used.
By the classical sol–gel method the reagents were mixed for 2 hours at room temperature. By the microwave-assisted sol–gel method, the same mixture was exposed for 5 min at 300 W and a frequency of 2.45 GHz.
The first important result of using the microwave-assisted sol–gel method is the significantly increasing of the stability of the prepared solutions against gelation, having a great advantage for multilayer film deposition. This effect was assigned to the formation of different molecular species.
The solutions were used for obtaining thin films and the resulted gels were investigated for their structural and morphological properties.
In our studies for
TG/DTG/DTA curves of the TiO2 samples obtained by SG and MW methods [
It could be noticed that the thermal decomposition of the gels is not essentially influenced by the method of preparation. Only a small increase of the thermal effect at 195o C is observed for the TiO2 sample obtained by MW assisted sol–gel method. The fact could be explained by the positive influence of microwaves on the formation of the molecular species that decompose at the mentioned temperature.
Based on the TG/DTG/DTA results, the samples prepared by both methods were thermally treated at 450°C for 1 h. By X-ray diffraction of the samples thermally treated at this temperature only anatase phase was detected (according to JCPDS card no. 21–1272), but a higher crystallinity is noticed in the case of sample obtained by MW-assisted procedure (Figure 2).
The XRD patterns of the TiO2 samples obtained by SG and MW-assisted SG methods thermally treated at 450°C.
In the case of
TGA/DTG/DTA curves of the V-doped TiO2 samples obtained by SG and MW-assisted SG methods [
Confirmations of the TG/DTG/DTA results on the gels with 2 mol% V were obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The obtained DSC curves are presented in Figure 4.
DCS curves of the V-doped TiO2 obtained by SG and MW-assisted SG methods [
According to the DSC results, the thermal stability of the gel obtained from the solution prepared in the presence of microwaves, is significantly higher (with about 100°C), as compared with the gel with similar compositions, but obtained by the classical sol–gel method.
At the same time, the number and temperatures of the thermal effects are different in the two discussed cases underlying the different compositions of the gels obtained in the presence or the absence of the microwaves.
The TG/DTG/DTA/EGA measurements, presented in Figure 5, have confirmed, once more, the results discussed above, regarding the different thermal behavior of the gels obtained by the microwave-assisted sol–gel method.
TG/DTG/DTA/EGA curves of V-doped TiO2 obtained by (a) SG and (b) MW-assisted SG methods [
In the case of the microwave-assisted sol–gel method the same gasses are evolved, namely H2O and CO2, but a more complex thermal decomposition is observed, with different ratios among the two mentioned gases at the different temperatures. This result is assigned to the higher number of molecular species present in the gel, having different chemical composition and different thermal stability.
By X-ray diffraction of the V-doped TiO2 with 2 mol% V samples thermally treated at 450°C (Figure 6) only anatase phase was detected (according to JCPDS card no. 21–1272). As in the case of un-doped TiO2, a higher crystallinity is noticed in the case of samples obtained by MW assisted procedure.
The XRD patterns of the V-doped TiO2 samples obtained by SG and MW-assisted SG methods, thermally treated at 450°C.
Before gelation, the solutions prepared in the presence and in the absence of MWs were used for thin film deposition by dip-coating on glass substrates [43].
In our studies for
SEM micrographs showing the film cross-section for samples (a) (TiO2)SG; (b) (TiO2)MW; (c) (V-dopedTiO2)SG; (d) (V-dopedTiO2)MW [
Thickness values are around 200 nm both for TiO2 and V-doped TiO2 films, but slightly higher in the case of the films obtained from microwave-assisted sol–gel solutions.
The transmission spectra of obtained films are presented in Figure 8 show optical transmittance values mainly over 80% in the visible range.
Optical transmission of the TiO2 and V-doped TiO2 films obtained by (a) SG and (b) MW-assisted SG methods.
To explain the differences induced by the microwave-assisted sol–gel process on the properties of the resulted films, their influence on the starting solution, and the evolution of the sol–gel process, should be taken into consideration. Based on the results obtained up to now, it could be assumed that in the presence of microwaves, different and more stable molecular species are formed as compared to the classical sol–gel method and this a fact influences the properties of the resulted films.
It was also observed that the effect of microwaves on the properties of the resulted materials is higher in the case of V-doped TiO2 samples, fact that could be correlated to an enhancement of the reactions between Ti and V reagents during the sol–gel process in the presence of the microwaves.
As presented in the several references,
Different nanostructures were prepared by microwave assisted sol–gel method with sodium tungstate as a precursor material by Kharade et al. [60, 61, 62]. The research group synthesizes various nanoparticles and nanofilms for electrochromic purposes. In 2012 WO3 nanofilms were deposited on the FTO substrate, which was the first time used MW-assisted two-step process. In the first step, the preparation of the gel was conducted with microwave assistance, then in the second step, the deposition of the thin film occurred by a chemical growth set up. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the surface is coated with petal-like WO3 nanodisks with dimensions of 450–600 nm length, 350–400 nm width, and 20–35 nm thickness. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Figure 9) points out that WO3 is in the hexagonal crystal form. Narrow and intense XRD peaks indicate that the material has good crystallinity and calculations determined that the crystal size is 71 nm, which is comparable to samples made by the regular sol–gel method [63]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the W:O ratio is non-stoichiometric(2.89). Electrochromic capabilities were determined with different electroanalytical methods [60]. Comparing this to a regular sol–gel method shows that the morphology of the surface, namely the platelet like nanodisks is nearly the same with a small difference in size (regular sol–gel platelets: 10–30 nm thick and few hundred nm lengths and width). However, to achieve the same crystallinity a 500°C annealing process is required for the regular sol–gel method, in contrast to the 150°C drying of the MW-assisted sol–gel method [64].
X-ray diffractogram of the WO3 thin film [
The same hexagonal WO3 thin film was synthesized and its electrochromic properties were enhanced with different amounts of Ag nanoparticles [61]. The microwave-assisted sol–gel method was also used to produce WO3/MoO3 mixed oxide thin films. First, the WO3 layer were produced with the two-step method explained earlier, then MoO3 was deposited with vacuum evaporation [62].
Hilaire et al. [49] prepared WO3 nanoparticles using a nonaqueous microwave-assisted sol–gel method for photoanodes. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed with FT-IR, which showed that no organic contaminant remained on the surface of the particles, but a weight indicates that there are a 4.4% water and organic residue after 800°C heating. XRD studies confirm the monoclinic crystalline structure of the WO3 nanoparticles.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the platelets like WO3 nanoparticles size is 20–40 nm and thickness of 3 nm. Moreover, TEM measurements indicate that the WO3 platelets face having the crystalline orientation of [0 0 2]. The WO3 nanoparticles were used for the production of photoanodes, which was proven to be an efficient method for water splitting. The comparison of this result with another nonaqueous regular sol–gel method shows that the morphology of the particles differs, but this can be caused by the usage of a different solvent (dicarboxylic acid) and modifier (polyethylene glycol).
The regular method resulted in larger (58 nm) rod-like nanoparticles. The case of the WO3 particle’s crystallinity is similar to the thin layer’s: without after annealing process, the MW assisted method provides better crystallinity [65].
It was also established [66] that microwave heating is more convenient than resistive heating to fabricate WO3 nanoparticles with high specific surfaces and very small particle sizes also in the case of hydrothermal method of preparation. In our studies [67, 68] hexagonal structured WO3 nanoparticles and wires were prepared using MW assisted hydrothermal process. SEM images are presented in the Figure 10.
SEM images of the (a,b) hexagonal WO3 nanowire coated with TiO2 and (c, d) monoclinic WO3 nanoparticle coated with TiO2 [
The Au decorated h-WO3 nanowires were prepared for photocatalysis. The pre-decorated WO3 nanowires showed crystallinity and were composed of W and O only. The morphology also differs from nanodisks, the hydrothermally produced WO3 took the form of nanorods with 10 μm length and 10 nm diameter.
Nevertheless, the Au decorated nanowires showed great photocatalytic activities. Nanowires and nanoparticles coated with TiO2 using ALD were also synthesized, but the characteristics of the non-coated samples were done. Hexagonal and monoclinic nanoparticles were prepared using controlled annealing of the samples.
Similarly, further annealing is needed to reach a comparable crystallinity, but for the monoclinic structure it’s obligatory. The size of the crystals was 50–70 nm and 60–90 nm for hexagonal, and for the irregular shaped monoclinic WO3 nanoparticles respectively. The hexagonal WO3 nanowires were analogous to the earlier nanowire, several μm long and 5–10 nm diameter. The TiO2 coated nanostructures proved to be efficient photocatalysts [67, 68].
Let us deal with the results regarding the synthesis by microwave-assisted sol–gel methods of the precursor powders for SrCu2O2 preparation.
The interest for the SrCu2O2 compound are connected to its possible applications as thermoelectric or full oxide electronic devices, solar cells, liquid-crystal displays, touchscreen, and so on [45].
Among the CuO-based p-type TCOs, Cu-Sr-O has received attention due to its wide direct band gap, and its potential use in transparent optoelectronic devices; such as light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells, display technology, and other technologies [69]. In most of the published reports, Cu based p-type TCO thin films are deposited by high vacuum processes which are costly. Some of the processes include pulsed laser deposition (PLD), reactive evaporation, magnetron sputtering, thermal co-evaporation and radio frequency [70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76]. To date, few studies have reported on the preparation of a Cu-based p-type TCO by a non-vacuum solution chemical route.
Roy et al. [77] used sol–gel and annealing methods to prepare Cu2SrO2 thin films. They used different oxygen pressure, annealing time, and temperature combinations to attempt to obtain phase pure Cu2SrO2 thin films. Copper (II) methoxide and triethanolamine were mixed in the ration 1:1. Pure Sr-metal was dissolved separately in distilled anhydrous isopropanol under argon. The Cu-solution was then mixed drop-wise into the Sr-solution while stirring. The mixture was stirred continuously for 2 hrs at room temperature. The sol was spin-coated on clean substrates with 3000 rpm for 30 s. The coated films were heated at 225°C for 2 min in the air for partial pyrolysis. This coating/heating cycle was repeated ten times to obtain films of the desired thickness of 500 nm. After deposition, the film was annealed further under controlled oxygen pressure. Different annealing procedures were used to avoid the presence of excess Cu2O phase.
XRD analysis (Figure 11b) showed the films had a mixed-phase of excess Cu2O and Cu2SrO2 after final reduced-oxygen pressure annealing. Films annealed at lower oxygen pressure (1.3 × 10−2 and 1.3× 10−3 Pa) had similar phase composition and in all the three films Cu2O formed as a secondary phase with Cu2SrO2. For the film annealed at the highest oxygen pressure (1.3 × 10−1 Pa), CuSrO2 was observed as the amount of Cu2SrO2 decreased and the intensity of the Cu2O peaks did not change.
(a) TEM image, (b) XRD spectra (c) SEM image of the films after final annealing at 750°C under 1.3 × 10−2 Pa oxygen pressure [
Both SEM and TEM images (Figure 11a and c) show that two phases are present. The light-gray particles (differing sizes) in the SEM and large particles in TEM images are the Cu2SrO2 phases. The dark gray phase in the SEM image is a mixture of small Cu2SrO2 and Cu2O particles, as confirmed by the TEM images. The SEM and TEM images reveal that the Cu2O and Cu2SrO2 phases are intermingled with each other.
Ginley et al. [78] used sol–gel and annealing to prepare pure phased Cu2SrO2 films. Stoichiometric amounts of aqueous solutions copper formate and strontium acetate were mixed in methanol and stirred. Triethanolamine was added, the mixture stirred and evaporated at 80°C to form sol which was diluted by isopropyl alcohol and spin-coated on MgO (100) substrates for 20 s, at 3000 revs per min. The resulting films were annealed at 200°C temperature for 2 min and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 min. The spin-coating and pyrolysis cycles were repeated 8–10 times. After the cycles, the films were first annealed at 750°C for 30 min in air and then at 775°C under 2.7 × 10−6 Torr oxygen. The films were characterized by XRD (Figure 12) and FTIR and showed to be phase pure.
XRD patterns of Cu2SrO2 films as a function of processing time [
Predoana et al., are the first to report the synthesis of Sr-Cu-O gels by microwave (MW) assisted sol–gel methods [45]. Pure strontium acetyl acetonate (Sr(C5H7O2)2 and copper (II) acetyl acetonate (Cu(C5H7O2)2) were used as precursors for strontium and copper, respectively. The 0.25 M aqueous solutions of Sr.(C5H7O2)2 and Cu(C5H7O2)2 solution in absolute ethanol were mixed with triethanolamine, in the ratio 1:1. In the case of the sol–gel method, the starting solution was homogenized under vigorous stirring for 2 h at 80 C. For MW assisted sol–gel method, the same starting solution was homogenized by stirring and exposing to microwaves having power ~ 300 W and 2.45 GHz frequency for 5 minutes. The sol–gel and the microwave-assisted sol–gel prepared Sr-Cu-O were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and their thermal properties investigated by TG/DTA-MS in air, inert and reducing atmospheres.
In the experimental conditions presented above pieces of gels of different size, and blueish-green color were obtained for both preparation methods. The results obtained by TG/DTA-MS analysis (Figure 13a and b) of the obtained gels demonstrated the influence of MW on the sol–gel synthesis. MW treated samples had one more mass loss step when heated in air attributed to complex compositions of the resulted gels that contain a higher number of molecular species with higher thermal stability. The results were confirmed with the FTIR spectra (Figure 13c and d) showing more vibration bands for the samples prepared by the MW sol-gel method, assigned according to [79, 80, 81].
Thermal decomposition in air (a) sol–gel synthesized sample, (b) MW assisted sol–gel synthesized sample, (c) FTIR spectra of sol–gel synthesized sample, (d) FTIR spectra of MW assisted sol–gel synthesized sample [
Based on the XRD patterns of the residues (Figure 14), the final product is composed of a mixture of phases that depend on the synthesis route and the annealing conditions.
(a) XRD patterns of sol–gel synthesized samples (b) MW-assisted sol–gel samples annealed at 900°C in air, N2 and 5%H2/95%Ar [
For samples annealed in air, Sr–Cu–O phase was also present for the sol–gel synthesized sample, while the MW sample had CuO as the main component. In different atmosphere (N2 and H2/Ar) several compounds (Sr2CuO3, SrO and CuO) are present in varying amounts. Only traces of SrCO3 can be detected. In all annealing atmospheres, in the case of the samples synthesized by MW-assisted sol–gel method, powders with a lower degree of crystallization is formed. This result could be attributed to the formation of a higher number of molecular species with higher thermal stability.
The powders prepared in the mentioned conditions are intended to be investigated as precursors for SrCu2O2 compound preparation.
The presented results are important revealing the effect of MW on the reactions that take place during the sol–gel synthesis but should be considered preliminary. Direct methods of the solutions investigations, as High-Pressure Liquid Cromatogaphy (HPLC), are underway in order to bring more information on the sol–gel chemistry in the presence and the absence of microwaves.
The interest of using microwaves in obtaining oxide nanostructures by reactions in solutions is rather high, leading to obtaining powders or films with enhanced properties.
According to the literature data, the MW irradiation in the sol–gel synthesis was used, most frequently, for precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, for thermal treatment to crystallize the amorphous oxide nanopowders as well as for drying and thermally treatment of the oxide films.
However, the influence of the microwaves on the chemical reactions that take place during the sol–gel synthesis is less investigated.
Results regarding the formation of pure or doped nanostructures, as well as oxide compound, by sol–gel method in the presence or absence of microwave are presented.
The main results of the studies have shown that in all cases in the presence of microwave formation different molecular species is observed with a positive influence on the properties of the resulted nanostructure.
The advantage of using the MW-assited sol–gel method is a more shorter time of synthesis and obtaining nanostructures with improved properties.
The obtained results are of interest, but could be considered preliminary and systematic studies on the chemical processes induced by the microwaves should be continued.
This work was performed in the frame of Mobility Project “Reduced semiconductor oxides for TCO, photocatalysis and gas sensing applications”, 2019– 2021, between IlieMurgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania and Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Science Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Science at the Budapest, Hungary. An NRDI K 124212 and an NRDI TNN_16 123631 grants are acknowledged. The research within project No. VEKOP-2.3.2-16-2017-00013 was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The research reported in this paper was supported by the BMENanotechnology and Materials Science TKP2020 IE grant of NKFIH Hungary (BME IE-NAT TKP2020)and Stipendium Hungaricum scholarship grant.
In human speech cognition, speech intelligibility integrates short-term memory and cerebral feedback [1]. However, important factors constituting the spatial impressions of sound also include certain related evaluation indicators, such as the listener’s judgment of sound source direction (sense of direction) and distance (sense of proximity), apparent source width (ASW), and lateral envelopment (LEV). As suggested by Ando [2] and Beranek [3], the composition of such spatial impressions mainly depends on fluctuations of the magnitude of the interaural cross-correlation (IACC) and is especially affected by the degree of subjective diffusion of the sound field. However, listeners differ in their needs and perceptions regarding subjective diffusion and ASW.
\nWith regard to neuron-psychology, Sperry [4] discovered the phenomenon of hemispheric disconnect. The cerebral specialization theory distinguishes between “speech functions” and “non-speech functions.” Certain symbols in architectural design belong to non-speech functions. For instance, the range of non-speech functions includes aesthetic perception and the feeling of balance. In particular, many non-speech symbols can be observed in environmental design. Earlier research on audio and cerebral correlations found that such common medical problems as aphasia and disturbances in tone judgment originate in the left cerebral hemisphere. Therefore, this study suggested that cerebral responses to speech and non-speech symbol in the physical environment effectively substitute for the semantic differences (SD) caused by age-related and cultural differences. Cerebral responses to communication stimuli are a direct cross-cultural and cross-age reference indicator, which is similar to the principle behind polygraph tests performed by police to examine physiological responses.
\nThis study suggested that cerebral responses can be used to clearly and consistently examine responses to change in “speech functions” of the physical environment, or speech intelligibility, when designing a sound field. Ando [2] considered “speech functions” to be an important temporal factor and the result of autocorrelation function (ACF) evaluations in the brain. Therefore, the environmental effects of temporal factors were examined in this study based on the influence of speech intelligibility on the correlation between “subjective perceptions” and cerebral responses, which served as the basis for the objective design of an acoustic environment. Akita et al. [5] indicated that when the sensory information received by listeners is analyzed by brainwaves, this does not represent their direct experience of changes in the environment, but rather the interaction between physiology and the environment. This phenomenon is common in daily life. The intensity of cerebral evoked responses is the optimal evaluation tool [6]. Soeta et al. [7] studied the effects of sound source features on subjective psychological responses and cerebral responses measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG) and reported that at different delay times of reflection sounds (Δ
The first reflection delay (Δ
The IACCE3 was changed to change subjective ASW. Changes in the waveforms of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) during listeners’ perceptions of spatial ASW were analyzed.
This study used monosyllabic speech sound articulation and IACCE3 to quantify changes in two subjective experiences, namely, speech intelligibility and ASW. With regard to speech intelligibility, the fifth group of common Chinese monosyllabic speech sounds used in Taiwan [8] (female voice, Table 1) was used. Test results related to this group of monosyllabic sounds are characterized by the largest disparity in error rates because most related sounds belong to “fricative sounds” (i.e., apical vowels, such as “zh,” “ch,” “sh,” “r,” “z,” “ci,” and “si” in Bopomofo system). The amounts of fricative and non- fricative rhymes are balance (eight versus ten, respectively). The sound structure of Mandarin differs from that of other languages. In Mandarin, each character is pronounced as a monosyllable with one of five tones (i.e., types of pitch contour). Each of these tones (0–4), when used with a given monosyllable, causes the monosyllable to convey a meaning distinct from those conveyed when the monosyllable is used with the other four tones. Utterance lengths in the experiment were set to 400–500 ms. Monosyllabic presents were separated by 2.5 s. The experiment was arranged according to the arrangement used in the study by Chen et al. [9].
\nChinese monosyllable | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \nshy0 | \n7 | \nyu2 | \n13 | \nching3 | \n
2 | \niur1 | \n8 | \nleau3 | \n14 | \ntzuen1 | \n
3 | \nli0 | \n9 | \nshoou3 | \n15 | \ncha2 | \n
4 | \nmeei3 | \n10 | \nian1 | \n16 | \nshuo4 | \n
5 | \ntsae3 | \n11 | \ntsong1 | \n17 | \nhe4 | \n
6 | \nru2 | \n12 | \nguang1 | \n18 | \nchye2 | \n
List of the term of monosyllables [8].
Note: The pronunciation of each syllable depends on the tone (one of five pitch contours) used, which is indicated by a number attached to the end of the syllable. For example, 0 denotes monosyllables pronounced with a soft puff of air.
The experiment was conducted in front of two overlapping loudspeakers in a semi-anechoic room (4 × 3 and 4 m in height) at Chaoyang University of Technology. The loudspeakers (Fostex NF-1A) were located at 1.5 m right front of the center of a listener’s head. The first reflected sound was given off by the upper loudspeaker (
The setup of the instrumental diagram (audio arrangement and EEG recordings).
Item | \nConditions of experiments | \n
---|---|
Δ | \nDelay gap: 0 ms, 35 ms, 100 ms, 150 ms, 200 ms | \n
SPL of individual loudspeakers | \nDirect sound: 60 dB(A); first reflection, Δ | \n
Reverberation times | \n
The setting of the physical parameters in subjective articulation test of monosyllables.
The percentage syllabic articulation of monosyllable functioning initial time delay of a sound field.
The paired-comparison method [11] was used in the psychological quantification test of subjective ASW. The experiment was conducted in the same venue as the first experiment. Three loudspeakers (one for direct sounds and two for reflected sounds) were located at 1.5 m from the center of a listener’s head; the incidence combinations (
IACCE3 (setup values) | \nAmplitude of direct sound (A0) | \nI-1, SPL/dB(A) | \nAmplitude of first reflection (A1) | \n
---|---|---|---|
0.35 | \n1 | \n62.6 | \n0.8 | \n
0.57 | \n1 | \n62.6 | \n0.8 | \n
0.68 | \n1 | \n55.4 | \n0.4 | \n
0.81 | \n1 | \n64.0 | \n0.2 | \n
59.4 | \n0.8 | \n59.4 | \n65 | \n
59.4 | \n0.8 | \n59.4 | \n65 | \n
53.4 | \n0.4 | \n55.4 | \n65 | \n
53.4 | \n0.2 | \n53.4 | \n65 | \n
The parameters of subjective source apparent width (ASW) test arranged by 2 kHz pure tone burst.
Note: I-1, I-2 and I-3 denote the sound intensity of direct sound and 1st and 2nd reflections sound measured at the location of the head top of the participants. a denotes the amplitude of the direct sound, 1st reflective and 2nd reflective sound by A0, A1 and A2.
The scale values of subjective ASW test functioning IACCE3.
After the fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied to the brainwaves, ACF of CBW calculations were performed for the α-waves (8–13 Hz) and β-waves (13–30 Hz) of the left and right hemispheres. In the earlier study by Chen and Ando [15], 100 Hz α-waves and 500 Hz β-waves were sampled according to the sampling frequency laws and, after A/D conversion (16 bits), input into a computer to calculate the effective duration (
The ACF curve of α-wave (left) and β-wave (right) recorded in relation to the monosyllable “tzuen1” were announcing.
To explore the changes in subjective perceptions of ASW, AEPs of nine participants were induced, recorded and analyzed as in the psychological intelligibility experiment. However, a spatial impression of a sound signal is a short-term memory phenomenon. Therefore, waveforms induced by the brain AEPs are normally used to observe changes in responses to weak brainwave signals (about 10–100 μV in amplitude when measured from the scalp). Clear consistent brain waveforms are usually obtained by applying the signal averaging method [18] to responses that occur within 500 ms after auditory stimulation (Figure 5). In this study, 180 times of averaging process was applied here since the wave form of slow vertex responses (SVR) were clearly obtained. The movements (latency) of waveform peaks and troughs in the wave relative amplitude can reflect the activation of different parts of auditory nerves [19, 20]. As shown in Figure 5, this study changed ASW perceptions by changing the sound arrival orientation and energy while fixed reflection delay and echo times (Δ
The diagram illustrates brain waves in different time domains and their index at the peak or trough by Ichikawa [
With regard to brainwave recording, eight participants (and other nine in the AEPs experiments) sat on comfortable office chairs in the semi-anechoic room at Chaoyang University of Technology and their brainwaves were induced and recorded. The room temperature was maintained at 22 ± 2°C. All subjects were prohibited from drinking any alcohol for a period of 3 days before the brainwave recordings were conducted, and they refrained from smoking for 1 h before both experiments. They were instructed to concentrate on listening to the signals during the presentation. The participating subjects were eight male students (plus another nine male students in the AEPs experiments) aged 22–24 years old with normal hearing ability, as confirmed by an audiometry test and right-handed test (self-administered). The audiometry test detects sensorineural hearing loss (damage to the nerve or cochlea) and conductive hearing loss (damage to the eardrum or the tiny ossicle bones). Pure-tone subjective audiometry, in which air conduction hearing thresholds in decibels (dB) for a frequency range of 250–8000 Hz are plotted on an audiogram for each ear independently, was applied. All of the subjects had to be qualified as normal with a pure-tone audiogram (less than 25 dB) for both ears prior to the brainwave experiments and questionnaires.
\nThis procedure has been applied in many studies, such as those by Chen et al. [9], Ando et al. [19], and Ando et al. [20], among others.
\nElectrodes used to explore brainwaves were positioned at the participants’ T3 and T4 head points according to the international 10–20 system [21]. Electric potentials were examined using eardrops on the left and right sides. Unipolar induction of continuous brainwaves in the left and right hemispheres was performed. The G2 electrode was attached between the eyebrows for eye movement reference. The electrode system was grounded each time the brainwaves were recorded in order to avoid external electric interference. The settings of the simulated sound field were similar to that in the aforementioned psychological experiment [16]. The collected brainwave data was analyzed and processed by NI LabVIEW software. The setup of the instrumental diagram is shown in Figure 1. During the brainwave experiments, the subjects had to be relaxed while paying close attention to the sound stimuli. Brainwaves are extremely sensitive to any incoming stimuli or stress. For the purpose of this study, a relaxed state but one also focused on environmental variations was considered the best condition for the subjects during the brainwave recording process. For the recordings, periods of blinking had to be disregarded. Thus, a monitor was set up in the anechoic chamber to identify these periods, and these sections were later removed from the recordings.
\nMonosyllabic speech sounds had a major effect on both α-waves (
Relationship between τe of ACF, α-wave and Δt1 of sound field.
Relationship between τe of ACF, β-wave and Δt1 of sound field.
Figure 7 shows changes in β-waves. Consistent results were obtained with regard to the influence of the delay time of reflection on the left hemisphere (
The findings related to SVR to evoked potentials of nine participants are shown in Figure 8. With regard to the left hemisphere, SVR relative amplitude were consistently and inversely related to quantified psychological scale values (
Relationship between potential, SVR and ASW of sound field.
Latency changes in the left and right hemispheres indicated the presence of a significant difference between ASW (0.03) and ASW (0.45) only at N2 in the left hemisphere (
Relationship between latency, SVR and ASW of sound field.
The arrangements and results of the aforementioned brainwave experiments indicated that when simple physical changes in a sound field and complex psychological feedbacks affect cerebral brainwave reactions, the correspondence of the cerebral specialization theory with the results becomes very complicated. In general, in this study, the left hemisphere tended to be activated in both temporal and spatial aspects based on the sound field. When the participants’ brainwaves were recorded during the judgment task, the brain activation in the right hemisphere tended to reflect the discriminated object more closely. When CBW were observed during research on speech intelligibility, the left hemisphere showed clear reactions to the first reflection delay time of sound field (Figure 7). However, the degree of speech intelligibility is a reflection of the complex thinking process that occurs in the right hemisphere (cerebral feedback). This phenomenon was supported by the subjective ASW experiment. With regard to changes in spatial factors, the left hemisphere received information about sound field changes when the IACCE3 value changed. ASW changes between (ASW (0.03) and ASW (0.45)), which were more evident in the right hemisphere, affected both right and left hemispheres. They are coherent while the N2 latency of SVR significantly prolonged in both left and right hemispheres under changes of subjective diffuseness in IACCE3 found by Ando et al. [20]. Different sites are activated by brainwaves during focused and ambient use of the brain.
\nCerebral specialization has been reported to be determined by focused conscious decisions. For instance, Floel et al. [23] conducted a spatial—visual focus experiment and used a Doppler ultrasound system and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment to observe the brain reactions of right-handed participants; the researchers found that both spatial recognition and speech functions were activated in the right hemisphere, which corresponded to clinical experiment results.
\nNevertheless, for CBW researches, we conclude that α-waves (8–12 Hz) mainly responds to the emotional reactions; β-waves (13–30 Hz) reacts to the auditory matter drift (Figures 6 and 7). But the left hemisphere leads focus or attention on the varying of situational conditions (Figures 8 and 9), and the right one blends with imaginable feeling and experience. Hemispheric specialization has to pay attention to the conditioned response, conscientious and careful detail to setup each brainwaves’ experiment.
\nI would like to express my thanks to the graduated students, Yong-Shang Chen and Qi-Wen Lin who have, in brainwaves’ experiments, helped me in the course of preparing this study. In particular, I wish to thank Professor Em. Yoichi Ando, who kindly gave me directions on my brain research and data analysis methodology. I am also indebted to the Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan, for their 2 years period (2007 and 2012) of financial support to complete this research. Meanwhile, the application conformed to academic ethics for the conduct of research. Moreover, during the brainwave experiments, the subjects were assured of their safety and told the procedure was non-invasive. Special thanks are due to my many colleagues for their participation in the experiments involving the subjective judgments and the brainwaves’ recordings.
\n\n apparent source width, a sound perception of the subjective diffuseness occurred from beginning to 80 ms of stimulus delay gap between direct and first reflection in a defuse sound field binaural initial (<80 ms) interaural cross-correlation function autocorrelation function effective delay of autocorrelation function (ACF) continuous brainwave, a term to distinguish from an evoked potential (EP) or evoked response within EEG slow vertex response, an evoked potential is a direct result after a specific sensory stimulus in the period of 10–500 ms listener envelopment, a sound perception of the subjective diffuseness occurred after 80 ms of stimulus semantic differences, a method of questionnaire employed the scale of responses caused by a psychological affection example of a monosyllable in Taiwanese’s life speech vertical angles at a median plane, 0° started from the front of head at ear height angles at clockwise horizontal plane, 0° started from the front of head at ear height sound pressure level measured by a sound level meter in a fast time-weighting mode auditory evoked potential percentage syllable articulation
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/155469",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"155469"},fullPath:"/profiles/155469",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()