Most common secondary phases in the Cu-Zn-Sn-S/Se system.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2617",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis",title:"Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis is a compilation of scientific "short stories" about the entry of external substances into cells. As one can see from the chapters, endocytosis regulates diverse processes such as homeostasis of the cell, signal transduction, entry of pathogens and viruses. In addition to the experimental techniques embedded in each chapter, entire chapters are dedicated to experimental approaches that will be useful to all scientists and their model systems. For those more clinically oriented, the final chapters look to the future and ways of utilizing endocytic pathways for therapeutic purposes.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0662-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4291-1",doi:"10.5772/2989",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"molecular-regulation-of-endocytosis",numberOfPages:468,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"dfd1b4de49c737272c722b73a0d7facb",bookSignature:"Brian Ceresa",publishedDate:"July 6th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2617.jpg",numberOfDownloads:54123,numberOfWosCitations:208,numberOfCrossrefCitations:99,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:239,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:546,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 23rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 29th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 17th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 17th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"48114",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Ceresa",slug:"brian-ceresa",fullName:"Brian Ceresa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/48114/images/system/48114.jpg",biography:"Dr. Brian Ceresa graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1995. Following post-doctoral training at the University of Iowa and The Scripps Research Institute, he joined the Department of Cell Biology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City in 2000. As an independent investigator, his National Institute of Health funded research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the endocytic trafficking of the epidermal growth factor receptor and how endocytic trafficking affects signaling by the receptor. In addition to authoring numerous scientific and review articles, he has served as a lecturer to medical, dental, and graduate students. 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However, considering the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) adopted in European Union [3] and the recent classification of critical raw materials (CRM) by the European Commission [4], emerging thin film PV technologies with RoHS-compliant and CRM-free constituents are increasingly desirable. Kesterite copper-zinc-tin-selenosulfide and related quaternary semiconductor represented by chemical formula Cu2ZnSnS4-xSex is generally accepted as one promising option for low-cost and nontoxic thin film PV.
The family of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4-xSex includes pure sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), pure selenide Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe), and selenosulfide Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) and other related compound semiconductors. Herein we abbreviate all Cu2ZnSnS4-xSex compounds as CZTS. The formation of CZTS is derived from cation mutations (cross-substitutions) in CuInS2 by replacing two In atoms with one Zn and one Sn [5, 6]. CZTS possess high absorption coefficient of over 104 cm−1, tunable band gap that can range from 1.0 to 1.5 eV to favorably match the solar spectrum, intrinsic p-type conductivity, and a three-dimensional symmetry of carrier transport [7, 8, 9]. These decent photovoltaic properties of CZTS have attracted considerable attention and enabled its rapid development in the last decades. The highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnSe4and Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 have been set to 11%, 12.5%, and 13%, respectively [10, 11, 12], which represent the best PCE among the emerging RoHS-compliant and CRM-free inorganic thin-film PV technologies.
In this chapter, the development history and current status of CZTS PV technology will be briefly introduced. The basic physical and chemical properties of CZTS thin film will be described to help readers have a better understanding of the material. The device architecture and absorber processing will be touched; finally. The limiting factors as well as the perspective for future development of this technology will also be reviewed and addressed.
The CZTS single crystal was first grown by Nitsche, Sargent, and Wild in 1966 when they tried to prepare a serious of AI2BIICIVX4-type quaternary chalcogenides using iodine vapor transport [13]. The photovoltaic effect of CZTS was exhibited for the first time in 1988 by Ito and Nakazawa on a heterojunction diode consisting of cadmium-tin-oxide transparent conductive layer and CZTS thin film on a stainless steel substrate. The open-circuit voltage was measured to be 165 mV under AM1.5 illumination [14]. The open-circuit voltage was increased to 250 mV after annealing the device in air, and short-circuit current of 0.1 mA/cm2 was achieved [15].
The first CZTS solar cell with PCE of 0.66% was reported by Katagiri et al. in 1996 at PVSEC-9, with the device structure of ZnO:Al/CdS/CZTS/Mo/soda lime glass (SLG) substrate [16]. The CZTS thin film was fabricated by vapor-phase sulfurization of E–B-evaporated precursors [17]. In 1997, Friedlmeier et al. reported the CZTS solar cell with PCE of 2.3% and open-circuit voltage of 570 mV based on thermal evaporation [18]. In 1999, the Katagiri group improved the PCE up to 2.63% [19], after that they did a lot of work on optimizing the CZTS thin film and pushed the efficiency to 5.74% until 2007 [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].
The CZTS solar cell started to gain intensive interest from academic and industry community from 2008 when its efficiency was further boosted to 6.7% by Katagiri et al. and when the CIGS solar cell became mature in its commercialization stage [25]. A lot of research institutes and solar cell manufactures such as Toyota, IBM, NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Solar Frontier, EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology), HZB (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin), ZSW (Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg), UNSW (University of New South Wales), and so on involved in the development of this technology and significant advances have been achieved in the following decade [10, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. During the development period, Se incorporation has attracted significant attention and led to impressive progress in PCE [34, 35, 36, 37]. Moreover, various fabrication methods including vacuum deposition process and non-vacuum process such as solution method, electrochemical deposition, etc., have been developed for fabricating the CZTS thin film [29, 37, 38, 39, 40].
An important milestone in the development of CZTS solar cell is the 10% benchmark efficiency breakthrough achieved by IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 2011 [34], which shows substantial commercial promise for the CZTS-based class of thin film PV materials. This breakthrough also established the leading position of IBM in CZTS PV technology research, represented by a serious of world record efficiencies [38, 39, 41]. The highest PCE for CZTS solar cell has been stagnant at 12.6% for more than 6 years since 2014 when IBM last updated their efficiency breakthrough [39]. Thanks to the better understanding of the CZTS material and the loss mechanism of the device, quite a few groups reported CZTS PCE close to the 12.6% record efficiency in recent years [11, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. The recently announced NREL Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart included the newly refreshed CZTS record efficiency of 13% achieved by Xin et al. from NJUPT [12]. This small step breakthrough comes from great efforts in this research area and hopefully will bring more interests and confidence to the CZTS R&D community.
The investigation and understanding of nature of the CZTS thin film are crucial for further developing this technology. Intensive studies have been conducted during the rapid development stage; therefore, the physical and chemical properties of CZTS have been well revealed.
As we briefly introduced earlier, CZTS is derived from the cation mutations of CuInS2 (CIS), while both are originated from the binary II–VI semiconductors adopting the cubic zinc-blende (or hexagonal wurtzite) structure as shown in Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of the origin of CZTS structure. Reproduced from [
Similarly, the structure of CZTS is also derived from ternary I-III-VI2 compounds. In general, as shown in Figure 2, chalcopyrite (CH) and CuAu-like (CA) structures are two fundamental I-III-VI2 structures that obey the octet rule [5, 47, 48]. Therefore, the quaternary CZTS is well known as two principal structures, kesterite (space group
The crystal structure of (a) zinc-blende ZnS, (b) chalcopyrite CuInS2, (c) CuAu-like CuInS2, (d) Kesterite-type Cu2ZnSnS4, (e) stannite-type Cu2ZnSnS4, and (f) PMCA-Cu2ZnSnS4. Reproduced from [
CZTS usually exists as kesterite-type structure, which is more stable thermodynamically than the stannite-type [54]. This is in agreement with the experimental observation [21, 50, 55, 56]. Plenty of theoretical studies have also confirmed that the kesterite-type structure is the ground state structure in CZTS [5, 47, 48, 57, 58, 59]. This is also the reason that CZTS is named after Kesterite because it crystallizes as kesterite structure. However, the energy difference between the kesterite and the stannite-type structure is rather small [5, 47, 48, 57, 58, 59]. This indicates that kesterite structure should be formed under equilibrium growth conditions, but both phases may exist, especially when growth method and conditions are changed, it should be relatively easy to grow materials with mixed phases. This may also partly explain the existence of disorder structure with more random distribution of the Cu and Zn on the cation positions [60], which will be discussed in more details in the following sections.
Kesterite CZTS has a similar tetrahedral bonds geometry as traditional group I–V, III–V, and II–VI semiconductors. It obeys Lewis’ octet rule with eight electrons around each anion atom (S or Se); the four bonds of each anion therefore form together a close valence shell [48]. However, there are fundamental differences between the Cu-based quaternary compound and the group I–V, III–V, and II–VI binary semiconductors. First of all, the bonds in CZTS involve Cu-d–anion-p hybridized antibonding states. This weakens the bonds in CZTS. Second, Cu in CZTS has only one valence s-like electron while the group III–V (group II–VI) semiconductors have three (two) valence s-like electrons for their cations.
Several first principle studies have revealed the electronic band structure of CZTS [47, 48, 58, 59, 61, 62]. An example is as shown in Figure 3, the calculated band structures of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 from different methods are presented. Overall, the kesterite CZTS materials are all direct-gap semiconductors. Different calculation methods generated slightly different values, for example, generalized gradient approximation (GGA) method calculated the band gap energy for Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 as 1.56 eV and 1.05 eV, respectively. Corresponding band gap values from hybrid functional calculations (HSE06) are 1.47 and 0.90 eV, while the values from the GW0 calculation are 1.57, and 0.72 eV. These values are in agreement with other calculated data and available experimental measurement, converging to the results that Eg ≈ 1.5 eV in CZTS and Eg ≈ 1.0 eV in CZTSe [14, 24, 28, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72] to vary linearly as a function of the Se content x [73] with Eg = 1.47, 1.30, 1.17, 1.01, and 0.90 eV for x = 0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 1, using the HSE06 potential. This linear relationship also agrees with experimental results [66, 70, 71].
The electronic band structure of the kesterite structures of Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 along four symmetry directions. The energy refers to the VBM (dashed lines). The spin–orbit interaction is included, but the index of the bands refers to spin-independent bands where
The density of states (DOS) of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 can also be calculated as illustrated in Figure 4 [63]. It is not surprising to see that Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 show comparable DOS as they are in same tetrahedral bond geometries. The DOS of conduction bands in Cu2ZnSnS4 is ~0.5 eV higher than that of Cu2ZnSnSe4 because of large energy gap. It is common that in Cu-based chalcogenides including the quaternary (for example, CIS) and ternary compounds (for example, CZTS), the valence band maximum (VBM) is derived mainly from the hybridization of anion p and Cu d states because Cu has higher d orbital energy than Zn, Ga, In, and Sn [59, 74]. In CZTS, the valence p level of S is lower in energy than Se, thus the VBM of the sulfides is lower than that of the selenides. This difference is reduced by anion p–Cu d overlap (p-d hybridization) because the hybridization is stronger in the shorter Cu–S bond and pushes the antibonding VBM level of the sulfide up relative to that of the selenide. Therefore, the valence band offset between the Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 is less than 0.2 eV. The DOS of the CZTS conduction band minimum (CBM) is primarily controlled by the Sn-s and anion p-like states due to the lower s orbital energy of Sn than the other cations [59, 74]. More importantly, in CZTS the lowest CB is separated from the higher energy bands and is therefore more localized in energy. Therefore, the CBM of CZTS is expected to vary depending on the alloying on the Sn-site with other group-IV elements (e.g., Ge) due to this localized CB. The band gap energy can therefore be tailored by cation alloying for an optimized optical efficiency of the materials.
Atomic and angular momentum resolved DOS of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 presented with a 70 meV Lorentzian broadening. Reproduced from [
As a quaternary semiconductor, CZTS consists of three metals and up to two chalcogens, which provides a wide range for composition variation and secondary phase formation. However, high-efficiency CZTS thin film solar cells require single-phase kesterite absorber, and some secondary phases have been reported detrimental to the device performance. This section reviews the stable phase region of CZTS and possible secondary phases likely to be formed in the quaternary system.
The 3D CZTS quaternary phase diagram as shown in Figure 5 can be deduced from Cu2S-ZnS-SnS2 pseudo-ternary diagram [77] and CuS-ZnS-SnS pseudo-ternary phase diagram [75] (selenide kesterite system also refers to Cu2SnSe3–SnSe2–ZnSe diagram [78]. In addition, the stability region of the CZTS in the atomic chemical potential space can be calculated as shown in Figure 5 [76, 79]. All these diagrams indicate that volume of the stable CZTS region is small, and the slight deviation (maximum 1–2 at%) outside this space will cause the formation of different secondary phases [5, 80]. The narrow stable window also implies that the composition control and the chemical potential control are crucial for the growth of high-quality and single-phase CZTS absorber. The Zn content is particularly important because the stable region along the μZn axis is much narrower. Moreover, it is well accepted experimentally and theoretically that high-efficiency solar cells need CZTS absorber with Zn-rich and Cu-poor composition [8, 9, 10, 27, 28, 33, 67, 81]. This makes it more difficult to control the secondary phases formation.
Left: CZTS quaternary phase diagram including the known phases. Reproduced from [
According to the phase diagram and literature report, the most common secondary phases in the Cu-Zn-Sn-S/Se system are list in Table 1 [92]. The influence of the secondary phases on the solar cell performance depends on their position in the film as well as their physical properties. For example, Cu2S(Se) phases in the final film may act as shunting path due to both the high conductivity and contact with front and back interfaces. However, Cu2S(Se) is also an important fluxing agent to promote lateral grain growth during the film growth [28]. Generally, If the secondary phase has a lower band gap than the CZTS absorber, it will limit the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell. While secondary phases with higher band gaps than CZTS are less detrimental; however, they can block the transport when present in large amounts [93] or at least increase the series resistance [94]. ZnS(e) is the most likely secondary phase considering the phase diagram and especially when adapting the Zn-rich and Cu-poor condition. Fortunately, ZnS(e) is a large band gap compound and is expected to be rather benign if present in small amounts. It has even been reported that ZnS with similar crystalline structures to CZTS may passivate grain boundaries or heterojunction interface [81, 95, 96] by reducing strain and lowering recombination velocities at the grain interfaces. The tin compounds are unlikely to form because they are usually volatile [97] and will evaporate in most preparation conditions. As shown in Table 1, one unfavorable low band gap secondary phase in both Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 system is the ternary Cu2SnS(e)3, which is also one reason for optimal composition range (Zn-rich and Cu-poor) found for the best solar cells. However, the non-homogeneous composition across the CZTS film under normal preparation conditions still provides the possibility to form such detrimental secondary phases [98]. Therefore, how to control the amount and position of the secondary phases in the CZTS absorber needs to be elaborately studied.
The formation and properties of lattice defects are important parameters of semiconductor materials and are crucial to the function of photovoltaic devices, because they directly influence the generation, separation, and recombination of electron–hole pairs. The lattice defects (e.g., vacancies, interstitials, antisites) in kesterite CZTS system are complicated because of the increased number of component elements and the similar cation size as well as small chemical mismatch of Cu+ and Zn2+. In this section, the formation and ionization of the lattice defects in kesterite will be briefly reviewed. More importantly, the underlying mechanism of p-type conductivity, Zn-rich and Cu-poor condition growth condition, as well as limiting factors for device performance in kesterite CZTS solar cells from the perspective of lattice defects will be discussed.
The concentration of the lattice defects is determined by their formation energy. In Figure 6, the calculated formation energies of different defects are plotted as functions of the Fermi energy (0 means that the Fermi energy is at VBM, while 1.5 or 1.0 eV means that Fermi energy is at CBM). It is obvious that in both Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4, CuZn antisite is the lowest energy defects, which is different from the defect properties of their parent compounds (CuInSe2 or CuGaSe2) where the dominant defect is the Cu vacancy VCu [76, 79, 99]. In addition, the formation energies of most acceptor defects are lower than those of donor defects, explaining the intrinsic p-type conductivity observed in literature [21, 48, 64, 84, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110].
Calculated defect formation energy as a function of the Fermi energy at the thermodynamic chemical-potential point a (from
Another important parameter of lattice defects is their ionization (transition) levels, which determines if they can produce free carriers and contribute to the electrical conductivity. The calculated ionization levels of intrinsic defects in the band gap of Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 are shown in Figure 7. First of all, in both cases, the dominant defect CuZn has an acceptor level (0.11 eV and 0.15 eV above VBM in Cu2ZnSnSe4 and in Cu2ZnSnS4, respectively) deeper than that of VCu. The relatively deep level of dominant antisite defect in CZTS is not favorable to the device performance because it will limit the open-circuit voltage. This also partially explains why Zn-rich and Cu-poor condition has normally been found to beneficial to solar cell efficiency because it could decrease the formation energy and enhance the population of shallow VCu. The other acceptor defects (e.g., CuSn, ZnSn, VZn, and VSn) have higher formation energy; therefore, they have negligible contribution to the p-type conductivity. However, they may act as recombination centers especially for those deep transition levels such as (4−/3-) and (3−/2-) in band gap as seen in Figure 7.
The ionization levels of intrinsic defects in the band gaps of Cu2ZnSnS4 (top) and Cu2ZnSnSe4 (bottom). The red bars show the acceptor levels, and the blue bars show the donor levels, with the initial and final charge states labeled in parentheses. Reproduced from [
In addition to the point defects, various self-compensated defect clusters can be formed in CZTS due to the large amount of low-energy intrinsic defects. Defect compensation in ternary CIS is well known to have electrically benign character because the intrinsic defects undergo self-passivation through the formation of defect complexes such as [2VCu− + InCu2+]. Therefore, it is also interesting to see if the same behavior can be observed in quaternary kesterites. CuZn and ZnCu are the lowest-energy acceptor and donor defects, respectively; therefore, antisite pair [CuZn− + ZnCu+] also shows extremely low formation energy. Fortunately, its impact on the electronic structure and optical properties is relatively weak. The detrimental defect clusters are those composed of deep level defects, such as SnZn, SnCu, CuSn, and Zni. For example, clusters with SnZn induce large conduction band edge downshift, which could limit the solar cell performance, because the induced states are deep and may trap photo-generated electrons from the high conduction band. [2CuZn + SnZn] clusters could present in high population if in single-phase CZTS (Cu/(Zn + Sn) and Zn/Sn ratios near 1) chemical potential conditions and be detrimental to the solar cell performance. The Zn-rich and Cu-poor condition could prevent the formation of [2CuZn + SnZn] clusters because its formation energy is very sensitive to the chemical potential of Zn. This again partly explains that the Zn-rich and Cu-poor condition is beneficial to solar cell efficiencies from the defect perspective.
The typical device architecture (Figure 8) of kesterite-based solar cell inherits from its predecessor chalcopyrite CuInSe2 solar cells due to their similar optical and electronic properties. Metal Mo layer with thickness of 500 nm–1000 nm is usually deposited with sputtering on soda lime glass or other substrates as back contact. Then the kesterite CZTS absorber layer is deposited on top of the Mo layer. The p-n junction is formed by p-type CZTS and the following deposited n-type buffer layer. Typical n-type buffer layer in kesterite and chalcopyrite solar cell is 50 nm–100 nm thick CdS layer usually by chemical bath deposition. Alternative buffer materials such as ZnSnO, Zn(O, S), ZnCdS, etc., have been explored, especially in pure sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 to tackle the unfavorable band alignment found at p-n junction. Next, a 50 nm–100 nm high-resistive intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) is deposited. Subsequently, the device structure is completed by deposition of 200 nm–500 nm thick Al-doped ZnO (AZO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer as the front contact. Ni/Al metal contacts are deposited on the TCO layer for improved current collection. Antireflection coating such as MgF2 is often deposited on top of the cell to reduce the reflection loss.
Schematic device structure of a typical kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cell.
Various deposition methods have been investigated for producing high-quality CZTS layer during the development of this technology. These deposition methods are broadly classified as vacuum-based and non-vacuum-based techniques. The vacuum-based methods are usually considered easy to be expanded to commercial scale because of the precise process control. All physical vapor deposition techniques including thermal evaporation, E-beam evaporation [17], sputtering [10, 33, 81, 111], pulsed laser deposition [112] fall into this category. The non-vacuum-based methods are always regarded as low-cost, high-throughput techniques and feasible in roll-to-roll production. These methods usually involve chemical or solution process, such as electrochemical deposition [40], nanoparticle-based synthesis [113, 114], sol–gel spin coating [44, 115], chemical bath deposition (CBD) [116], successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) [117], screen printing [118], etc.
In kesterite CZTS solar cells, it has been widely accepted that VOC loss accounts for the majority (more than 50% [119]) of the efficiency gap between the best performance device and the theoretical limit (i.e., Shockley–Queisser radiative limit [120]). VOC loss is determined by the recombination path in the device. The dominant recombination can occur in the bulk of the absorber in the quasi-neutral zone as band-to-band recombination, via defects, or in the space charge region. Another important recombination path can be located at the heterojunction interface between the buffer/window layer and absorber.
Therefore, the absorber problems discussed in
In term of the interface recombination path, it is mainly caused by the unpassivated charge defects at the heterojunction and/or the undesirable band alignment between the CZTS absorber and conventional CdS buffer layer. The band alignment problem is more prominent in high band gap pure sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 because of its higher conduction band position. A serious of alternative wide band gap buffer layer materials including ZnCdS [33], Zn(O,S) [130, 131] and ZnSnO [132, 133] have been reported effective in mitigating the band alignment issues. The charge defects at the interface can be reduced by introducing ultrathin layer that has better lattice match with CZTS [10, 81] or alloying Ag near the heterojunction interface to from intrinsic or weak n-type (Cu,Ag)2ZnSn(S,Se)4 [115, 134]. Dielectric layers have also been investigated for passivating the interface defects, thereby suppressing the interface recombination [111, 135].
While the VOC loss contributes dominant performance loss in kestrite solar cells, JSC also represents a significant limiting factor for efficiency increases. The JSC loss is mainly caused by two reasons: one is the light or photons that is reflected or absorbed by layers above the CZTS (such as the buffer or window layers as shown in Figure 8), which cannot generate electron–hole pairs. The other is the low carrier collection efficiency due to the short diffusion length or narrow depletion width. The first problem can be addressed by introducing antireflection coating and optimizing the optical designs of the top layers above CZTS to increase the fraction of incident light reaching CZTS. The solution has been proven feasible when applying wide band gap buffer layer [111, 133], reducing the thickness and roughness of the top layers [119]. The typical External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) curve of CZTS usually shows relative lack of long wavelength response [9], which might be related to the low carrier lifetime. This low lifetime could also be the results of high defect density in the absorber layer or could simply be a consequence of high recombination loss at the back contact or at the front interface. Therefore, the solutions for suppressing the formation of detrimental defects disused in VOC loss above are also good for the JSC improvement In addition, band gap grading has also been developed in CZTS to increase the EQE by controlling the [S]/[S + Se] ratio at the surface and back surface [136].
FF is another significant parameter deficit in kesterite solar cell, which is mainly limited by the series resistance (RS) in the device. Careful study has been conducted to identify the origin of the RS, which implies that nonohmic back contact contributes greatly [137]. The nonohmic back contact could be resulted from Schottky barrier formation and/or secondary phase formation at the CZTS/Mo back interface. It is especially severe in high band gap CZTS because of the concentration decrease. Furthermore, the presence of low band gap secondary phases in CZTS could act as shunting pathway, which limits the FF and is therefore undesirable in the device as well. Deliberate investigation and control of the chemical reaction at the back interface have been proposed to modify the back interface microstructure and improve the device performance including FF [138, 139]. Introducing barrier layer at the CZTS/Mo interface has also been attempted in improving the back interface quality [140, 141].
Kesterite CZTS material is an emerging and promising PV technology, which could have the opportunity to realize low-cost and high-volume thin film solar cell production. After undergoing a rapid development in last decades, the technology has attracted increasing attention and demonstrated high potential in high efficiency. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the quaternary material exits in kesterite structure, similar to the chalcogenide CuInS2. It has a narrow stable region regarding the chemical potential, which makes the formation of secondary phases very easy. The intrinsic defects characteristic in the CZTS is complex where the deep level antisites defects and defect cluster could be prevalent. These unique properties make it struggling in achieving high-efficiency kesterite solar cells. The sensitive defects environment causes undesirable band tailing, electrostatic potential fluctuations, etc., which become recombination path and limit the open-circuit voltage, as well as other PV performance. The formation of secondary phases can lead to high serious resistance, shunting path depends on the band gap of the phase, which will also limit the device performance. In addition, the heterojunction interface and the Mo/CZTS back interface could also contribute to the performance loss because of the unfavorable band alignment, unpassivated defects, or detrimental reaction during high-temperature annealing. The solutions and approaches for tackling these loss mechanisms have been reviewed at the end of the chapter. Finally, in order to build a successful kesterite CZTS technology, combining the advanced approaches summarized in this chapter with further exploring the material synthesis and device physics would pave a path for higher efficiency.
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFE0203400), the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (No. 2020RC2005), Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA, 2017/RND006), and International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program (YJ20200207). X.H. acknowledges Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellowship (FT190100756). K.S. acknowledges the support from Australian Government through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Australian Centre of Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP, Grant No.1-SRI001).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
In recent years, the emphasis of science and technology has shifted more toward environmental benign and sustainable resources and progress. Green Chemistry is paramount concept in chemistry for sustainability, which is the implementation of a set of principles that minimize or get rid of the utilization or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and applications of chemical products [1]. Presently, Sonochemistry is a simplistic pathway for a huge variety of syntheses in organic chemistry. Hence, significant features of the ultrasound approach compared with traditional methods are in higher yields, milder conditions, lesser reaction times, improved reaction rates, formation of purer products, easier manipulation and a role in waste minimization and energy protection [2, 3, 4, 5].
Multicomponent reactions [6] leading to facinating heterocyclic scaffolds must appear as Potent tools for delivering the molecular diversity required in combinatorial approaches for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and producing varied chemical libraries of drug-like molecules for biological screening [7, 8]. Chalcones, or 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-ones, are commonly occurring heterocyclic ring systems and are important structural motifs found in many natural products and pharmaceuticals. It is also known as benzalacetophenone and benzylidene acetophenone. Chalcones are one of the most important classes of flavonoids [9, 10]. Further ring closure reactions of Chalcones can be used to obtain various heterocyclic rings viz.; Pyrazoles, Pyrans, Cyanopyridines, isoxazoles and pyrimidines having different hetero-cyclic ring systems and multiple derivatives can be synthesized using chalcones [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
The increased environmental concerns needed the replacement of present methods with new more sustainable processes which used the ionic liquids in place of organic catalysts and solvents [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Ionic Liquids (ILs), as a class of molten salts, are composed entirely of ions and their melting point is around or below 100°C [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. Due to short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, better yields, easy recyclability thermally stable, non-flammable character with negligible vapor pressure, adjustable miscibility with organic substrates and tunable solvating ability ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted the attention of organic chemists [37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Furthermore, unique physiochemical properties that make them potential candidates for many applications in pharmaceuticals, industry and academia [50, 51, 52].
There are several varieties of ionic liquids being studied, out of them a few Simple functionalized ILs have created unparalleled fascination as they display some benefits for certain base-catalyzed processes, like easy recycling and better catalytic performance [53]. The environmentally benign basic ionic liquids are used as reaction media as well as catalysts in the development of multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Among all such basic ionic ILs [DBU][OAc] has shown the desired results. Some of the key benefits that can be highlighted for utilization of this IL as catalyst are, the desired product obtained without any further purification and the recyclability of the catalyst was found to be up to 5 cycles. The investigation of alternatives with the help of ionic liquids to conventional organic solvents is a developing research area due to increased environmental concerns.
Herein, we are especially interested in developing the potential use of efficient, simple methodology for the ring closure reactions of chalcones using [DBU][OAc] as ionic liquids as a solvent and catalyst. Chalcones can be used to obtain various heterocyclic rings through ring closure reactions (Figure 1).
General scheme of ring closure reactions of chalcones.
Melting points were recorded in open glass capillary tube using Gallenkamp melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Checked by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was applied to check the purity of synthesized compounds and Spots were visualized by irradiation with UV lights (254 nm) or by staining with iodine vapors. The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on SHIMADZU 8400S FT-IR spectrophotometer and wave number is given in cm−1. The 1H NMR spectra and 13C NMR (by broad band proton decoupling technique) were recorded on JEOL AL spectrometer in CDCl3/DMSO-d6 solvents at 400 and 100 MHz and chemical shift were measured in δ ppm relative to TMS as an internal standard. The Mass (HRMS) spectra were recorded on JEOL SX 102/DA-600 using Argon/Xenon gas. The elemental analysis (C, H and N) were performed using vario-III analyzer at CDRI Lucknow.
According to the reported literature [DBUH][OAc] ILs [54] and [DBUH][Cl] ILs [55] were synthesized by the reaction of 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine (DBU) and acetic acid or hydrochloric acid, respectively.
Chalcones were synthesized according to the reported procedure with minor modification (Figure 2), the synthesized products were characterized by 1H NMR, and physical data and compared with those reported in literature [54].
General procedure of synthesis of chalcones (3a-c).
Chalcone derivative (1 mmol) and methylhydrazine (1 mmol) were ultrasonicated catalyzed by [DBUH][OAc] (5 ml) at 50°C for about 4 h (Figure 3). The crude product was refrigerated overnight. The precipitate formed was filtered off and crystallized from ethanol yielding yellow crystals of the product (4a).
Model reaction for preparation of pyrazole derivative (4a).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.81, 7.94, 7.59, 7.47, 7.44, 7.38, 3.96; 13C NMR (100.15 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 145.51, 133.32, 131.99, 130.37, 129.66, 128.69, 128.34, 126.78, 125.67, 123.12, 122.13, 40.57; HRMS;
Chalcone derivative (1 mmol) mixed with
Model reaction for preparation of pyran derivative (5a).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.45, 7.32, 7.28, 7.25, 7.01, 5.27, 3.60, 2.28, 2.21, 2.12, 2.05; 13C NMR (100.15 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 195.02, 164.92, 142.45, 138.87, 131.92, 129.14, 128.97, 128.27, 128.12, 122.84, 107.13, 76.87, 35.62, 35.14, 27.61, 16.76; HRMS;
A mixture of chalcone derivative (2 mmol) with malononitrile (2 mmol) in 5 mL of [DBUH][OAc] was ultrasonicated at atmospheric pressure at 65°C for 3 h (Figure 5). After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and the organic layer was concentrated. The pure product was obtained by column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate = 80:20) to afford the preferred product (6a).
Model reaction for preparation of cyanopyridine derivative (6a).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.21, 8.40, 7.95, 7.62, 7.51, 7.44, 7.46; 13C NMR (100.15 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.21, 152.79, 151.01, 138.51, 138.45, 131.34, 130.03, 129.67, 128.99, 127.91, 121.91, 120.71, 117.22, 110.19; HRMS;
Chalcone derivative (1 mmol) was ultrasonicated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1 mmol) in catalytic influence of [DBUH][OAc] ILs (5 mL) at 70°C for 1 h (Figure 6). The formation of product was monitored by TLC. Isoxazole derivative was obtained by keeping the reaction mixture on ice bath, then the desired product was isolated, washed with water, and dried (7a).
Model reaction for preparation of isoxazole derivative (7a).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.66, 7.69, 7.57, 7.50, 7.41, 7.32; 13C NMR (100.15 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 170.26, 154.95, 131.82, 130.67, 128.61, 128.30, 128.07, 127.55, 126.73, 125.41, 116.74; HRMS;
To the mixture of chalcone derivative (1 mmol), guanidine hydrochloride (2 mmol) was added with [DBUH][OAc] ILs was heated under ultrasonication for 2 h at 55°C. The completion of the reaction was checked by TLC (Figure 7). The reaction mixture poured into ice water and formed product was filtered and recrystallized from ethanol (8a).
Model reaction for preparation of pyrimidine derivative (8a).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.77, 7.64, 7.47, 7.41, 7.15, 2.29; 13C NMR (100.15 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 160.02, 158.70, 138.09, 136.17, 132.01, 131.05, 130.28, 129.20, 128.35, 125.47, 112.89; HRMS;
General representation of preparation of chalcone derivatives (4-8a-c).
In this chapter, the ring closure reaction of chalcone derivatives in the presence of basic ionic liquid [DBUH]OAc to afford the several derivatives like pyrazoles, pyrans, pyrimidines, isoxazoles, and cyanopyridines. Different catalytic systems were used to optimize the reaction conditions on the set of model reactions.
The reaction conditions were optimized on the respective model reactions, further these optimized reaction conditions were used to produce corresponding derivatives of chalcones (Table 1).
% yield of desired products (4-8a,b,c).
We have carried out the synthesis of a number of chalcone derivatives (4-8a,b,c) under different reaction conditions. The optimized conditions for all the ring closure reactions of chalcones involved use of [DBUH]OAc ILs as catalyst under sonication for appropriate time at adequate temperature (Table 2, Entry 6).
S. No. | Catalyst / Solvent | Reaction Condition | Pyrazole Derivative (4a) | Pyran Derivative (5a) | Cyanopyridine Derivative (6a) | Isoxazole Derivative (7a) | Pyrimidine Derivative (8a) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp (°C) | % Yield | Temp (°C) | % Yield | Temp (°C) | % Yield | Temp (°C) | % Yield | Temp (°C) | % Yield | |||
1. | No catalyst / DCM | Reflux | 120 | <5 | 120 | <5 | 120 | <5 | 120 | <5 | 120 | <5 |
2. | NaOH / DCM | Sonication | 100 | >15 | 100 | >15 | 100 | >15 | 100 | >15 | 100 | >15 |
3. | [MIM]BF4 IL | Sonication | 100 | 40 | 100 | 35 | 100 | 42 | 100 | 45 | 100 | 38 |
4. | [MIM]OH IL | Sonication | 90 | 48 | 90 | 42 | 90 | 51 | 90 | 55 | 90 | 44 |
5. | [DBUH]Cl IL | Sonication | 90 | 62 | 90 | 65 | 90 | 68 | 90 | 62 | 90 | 60 |
6. | [DBUH]OAc IL | Sonication | 50 | 97 | 60 | 95 | 65 | 93 | 70 | 94 | 55 | 96 |
Optimization of reaction conditions.
The catalytic reusability of ILs was observed during optimized reaction conditions. The ILs were easily recovered as filtration after the completion of reaction. The recovered ILs were used four times without remarkable loss in activity but after that there is sudden decrease (Figure 9) in yield of products.
Reusability and recyclability of [DBUH]OAc ILs.
In Summary, we developed a simple and efficient catalytic system that can effectively promote the conversion of chalcones into different derivatives viz.; Pyrazoles, Pyrans, Cyanopyridines, isoxazoles and pyrimidines
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\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
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\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
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\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
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\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
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\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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Advancement in technology now ensures power storage and delivery from few seconds to days/months. But an effective management of the distributed energy resources and its storage systems is essential to ensure efficient operation and long service life. This chapter presents the issues faced in integrating renewables in DG and the growing necessity of energy storages. Types of energy storage systems (ESSs) and their applications have also been detailed. A brief literature study on energy management of ESSs in distributed microgrids has also been included. This is followed by a simple case study to illustrate the need and effect of management of ESSs in distributed systems.",book:{id:"5186",slug:"energy-management-of-distributed-generation-systems",title:"Energy Management of Distributed Generation Systems",fullTitle:"Energy Management of Distributed Generation Systems"},signatures:"Amjed Hina Fathima and Kaliannan Palanisamy",authors:[{id:"179143",title:"Dr.",name:"Hina",middleName:null,surname:"Fathima",slug:"hina-fathima",fullName:"Hina Fathima"},{id:"185245",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaliannan",middleName:null,surname:"Palanisamy",slug:"kaliannan-palanisamy",fullName:"Kaliannan Palanisamy"}]},{id:"50727",doi:"10.5772/63631",title:"Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on Smart Meters in Smart Grid",slug:"advanced-metering-infrastructure-based-on-smart-meters-in-smart-grid",totalDownloads:4316,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Due to lack of situational awareness, automated analysis, poor visibility, and mechanical switches, today's electric power grid has been aging and ill‐suited to the demand for electricity, which has gradually increased, in the twenty‐first century. Besides, the global climate change and the greenhouse gas emissions on the Earth caused by the electricity industries, the growing population, one‐way communication, equipment failures, energy storage problems, the capacity limitations of electricity generation, decrease in fossil fuels, and resilience problems put more stress on the existing power grid. Consequently, the smart grid (SG) has emerged to address these challenges. To realize the SG, an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) based on smart meters is the most important key.",book:{id:"5119",slug:"smart-metering-technology-and-services-inspirations-for-energy-utilities",title:"Smart Metering Technology and Services",fullTitle:"Smart Metering Technology and Services - Inspirations for Energy Utilities"},signatures:"Trong Nghia Le, Wen‐Long Chin, Dang Khoa Truong and Tran Hiep\nNguyen",authors:[{id:"178015",title:"Dr.",name:"Trong Nghia",middleName:null,surname:"Le",slug:"trong-nghia-le",fullName:"Trong Nghia Le"},{id:"178169",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Chin",slug:"wen-long-chin",fullName:"Wen-Long Chin"}]},{id:"29291",doi:"10.5772/31112",title:"Electrolyte and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Layer in Lithium-Ion Batteries",slug:"electrolyte-and-solid-electrolyte-interphase-layer-in-lithium-ion-batteries",totalDownloads:8861,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"848",slug:"lithium-ion-batteries-new-developments",title:"Lithium Ion Batteries",fullTitle:"Lithium Ion Batteries - New Developments"},signatures:"Alexandre Chagnes and Jolanta Swiatowska",authors:[{id:"85632",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Chagnes",slug:"alexandre-chagnes",fullName:"Alexandre Chagnes"},{id:"88217",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Swiatowska",slug:"jolanta-swiatowska",fullName:"Jolanta Swiatowska"}]},{id:"14085",doi:"10.5772/14798",title:"Magnetic Reluctance Method for Dynamical Modeling of Squirrel Cage Induction Machines",slug:"magnetic-reluctance-method-for-dynamical-modeling-of-squirrel-cage-induction-machines",totalDownloads:5371,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"69",slug:"electric-machines-and-drives",title:"Electric Machines and Drives",fullTitle:"Electric Machines and Drives"},signatures:"Jalal Nazarzadeh and Vahid Naeini",authors:[{id:"18796",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",middleName:null,surname:"Nazarzadeh",slug:"jalal-nazarzadeh",fullName:"Jalal Nazarzadeh"},{id:"20586",title:"Prof.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Naeini",slug:"vahid-naeini",fullName:"Vahid Naeini"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"77871",title:"Protection of Microgrids",slug:"protection-of-microgrids",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The concept of microgrids goes back to the early years of the electricity industry although the systems then were not formally called microgrids. Today, two types of microgrids can be seen: independent and grid connected. The protection requirement of these two types differs as the protection needs of an independent microgrid are intended for protecting components and systems within the microgrid, whereas a grid connected microgrid demands both internal and external protection. The first part of this chapter is dedicated to independent microgrids. How protection devices such as residual current circuit breakers, miniature and moulded case circuit breakers, and surge protective devices should be selected for an example microgrid is discussed while referring to the relevant standards. In the next section, the protection of a grid connected microgrid is discussed. Particularly, micro-source protection, microgrid protection, loss of mains protection and fault ride-through requirements are discussed while referring to two commonly used distributed generator connection codes. An example with simulations carried out in the IPSA simulation platform was used to explain different protection requirements and calculation procedures. Finally, grounding requirements are discussed while referring to different interfacing transformer connections and voltage source inverter connections.",book:{id:"10176",slug:"microgrids-and-local-energy-systems",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",fullTitle:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems"},signatures:"Janaka Ekanayake",authors:[{id:"328170",title:"Prof.",name:"Janake",middleName:null,surname:"Ekanayake",slug:"janake-ekanayake",fullName:"Janake Ekanayake"}]},{id:"79509",title:"Power Electronic Converters for Microgrids",slug:"power-electronic-converters-for-microgrids",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Power electronic converters are indispensable building blocks of microgrids. They are the enabling technology for many applications of microgrids, e.g., renewable energy integration, transportation electrification, energy storage, and power supplies for computing. In this chapter, the requirements, functions, and operation of power electronic converters are introduced. Then, different topologies of the converters used in microgrids are discussed, including DC/DC converters, single-phase DC/AC converters, three-phase three-wire, and four-wire DC/AC converters. The remaining parts of this chapter focus on how to optimally design and control these converters with the emerging wide-bandgap semiconductors. Correlated tradeoffs of converter efficiency, power density, and cost are analyzed using Artificial Neural Networks to find the optimal design of the converters.",book:{id:"10176",slug:"microgrids-and-local-energy-systems",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",fullTitle:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems"},signatures:"Wenlong Ming",authors:[{id:"328358",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenlong",middleName:null,surname:"Ming",slug:"wenlong-ming",fullName:"Wenlong Ming"}]},{id:"65903",title:"Introductory Chapter: Power System Stability",slug:"introductory-chapter-power-system-stability",totalDownloads:2494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"8358",slug:"power-system-stability",title:"Power System Stability",fullTitle:"Power System Stability"},signatures:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",authors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}]},{id:"50520",title:"Fundamentals of Inductively Coupled Wireless Power Transfer Systems",slug:"fundamentals-of-inductively-coupled-wireless-power-transfer-systems",totalDownloads:4655,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to study the fundamentals and operating principles of inductively coupled wireless power transfer (ICWPT) systems. This new technology can be used in various wireless power transfer applications with different specifications, necessities, and restrictions such as in electric vehicles and consumer electronics. A typical ICWPT system involves a loosely coupled magnetic coupling structure and power electronics circuitries as an integrated system. In this chapter, the emphasis is placed on the magnetic coupling structure, which is the most important part of the system. Although this technology has motivated considerable research and development in the past two decades, still there are several theoretical studies such as the level of the operating frequency, operating at high secondary circuit quality factor, coupling efficiency, etc., that need further investigation to fully develop the governing mathematical relationships of this technology.",book:{id:"5187",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-fundamentals-and-technologies",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",fullTitle:"Wireless Power Transfer - Fundamentals and Technologies"},signatures:"Ali Abdolkhani",authors:[{id:"179618",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Abdolkhani",slug:"ali-abdolkhani",fullName:"Ali Abdolkhani"}]},{id:"78626",title:"Electricity Storage in Local Energy Systems",slug:"electricity-storage-in-local-energy-systems",totalDownloads:221,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Traditionally, power system operation has relied on supply side flexibility from large fossil-based generation plants to managed swings in supply and/or demand. An increase in variable renewable generation has increased curtailment of renewable electricity and variations in electricity prices. Consumers can take advantage of volatile electricity prices and reduce their bills using electricity storage. With reduced fossil-based power generation, traditional methods for balancing supply and demand must change. Electricity storage offers an alternative to fossil-based flexibility, with an increase expected to support high levels of renewable generation. Electrochemical storage is a promising technology for local energy systems. In particular, lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density and high efficiency. However, despite their 89% decrease in capital cost over the last 10 years, lithium-ion batteries are still relatively expensive. Local energy systems with battery storage can use their battery for different purposes such as maximising their self-consumption, minimising their operating cost through energy arbitrage which is storing energy when the electricity price is low and releasing the energy when the price increases, and increasing their revenue by providing flexibility services to the utility grid. Power rating and energy capacity are vitally important in the design of an electricity storage system. A case study is given for the purpose of providing a repeatable methodology for optimally sizing of a battery storage system for a local energy system. The methodology can be adapted to include any local energy system generation or demand profile.",book:{id:"10176",slug:"microgrids-and-local-energy-systems",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",fullTitle:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems"},signatures:"William Seward, Weiqi Hua and Meysam Qadrdan",authors:[{id:"328166",title:"Dr.",name:"Meysam",middleName:null,surname:"Qadrdan",slug:"meysam-qadrdan",fullName:"Meysam Qadrdan"},{id:"427345",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Seward",slug:"william-seward",fullName:"William Seward"},{id:"427346",title:"Dr.",name:"Weiqi",middleName:null,surname:"Hua",slug:"weiqi-hua",fullName:"Weiqi Hua"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"756",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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