Dissolution of cellulose in [C4mim]Cl pretreated with different methods.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2504",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Welding Processes",title:"Welding Processes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Despite the wide availability of literature on welding processes, a need exists to regularly update the engineering community on advancements in joining techniques of similar and dissimilar materials, in their numerical modeling, as well as in their sensing and control. In response to InTech's request to provide undergraduate and graduate students, welding engineers, and researchers with updates on recent achievements in welding, a group of 34 authors and co-authors from 14 countries representing five continents have joined to co-author this book on welding processes, free of charge to the reader. \nThis book is divided into four sections: Laser Welding; Numerical Modeling of Welding Processes; Sensing of Welding Processes; and General Topics in Welding.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0854-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6269-8",doi:"10.5772/2884",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"welding-processes",numberOfPages:452,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ab740651ddc16633b0ad4fbc88869f50",bookSignature:"Radovan Kovacevic",publishedDate:"November 21st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2504.jpg",numberOfDownloads:98455,numberOfWosCitations:65,numberOfCrossrefCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:81,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:178,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 9th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 14th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 12th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"48637",title:"Dr.",name:"Radovan",middleName:null,surname:"Kovacevic",slug:"radovan-kovacevic",fullName:"Radovan Kovacevic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/48637/images/3383_n.png",biography:"Dr. Radovan Kovacevic is a Herman Brown Chair in Engineering and a Professor of the Mechanical Engineering at Southern Methodist University (SMU), Dallas, TX. He is the Director of the Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing and the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Lasers and Plasmas (SMU’s site). Dr. Kovacevic is a Fellow of the American Welding Society (AWS), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME). He is a recipient of the 1997 Adams Memorial Award (AWS), the 2000 Taylor Research Medal (SME), the Fulbright Foundation Scholarship (USA), Alexander von Humboldt Scholarship (Germany), and Carl Duisberg Scholarship (Germany). He worked with over 180 visiting Professors, visiting scholars, graduate students, and undergraduate interns. He is author or co-author of over 540 technical papers, five books, and seven U.S. patents. More information on his research activities is available at www.lyle.smu.edu/rcam and www.lyle.smu.edu/clam.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Southern Methodist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"815",title:"Industrial Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering-industrial-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"40994",title:"Hrbrid Laser-Arc Welding",doi:"10.5772/50113",slug:"hrbrid-laser-arc-welding",totalDownloads:8037,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"J. Zhou and H.L. Tsai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40994",authors:[{id:"139926",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Zhou",slug:"jun-zhou",fullName:"Jun Zhou"},{id:"142865",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Lung",surname:"Tsai",slug:"hai-lung-tsai",fullName:"Hai-Lung Tsai"}],corrections:null},{id:"40989",title:"Dissimilar Metal Joining of Zinc Coated Steel and Aluminum Alloy by Laser Roll Welding",doi:"10.5772/48242",slug:"dissimilar-metal-joining-of-zinc-coated-steel-and-aluminum-alloy-by-laser-roll-welding",totalDownloads:5129,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hitoshi Ozaki and Muneharu Kutsuna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40989",authors:[{id:"140955",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Ozaki",slug:"hitoshi-ozaki",fullName:"Hitoshi Ozaki"},{id:"155104",title:"Dr.",name:"Muneharu",surname:"Kutsuna",slug:"muneharu-kutsuna",fullName:"Muneharu Kutsuna"}],corrections:null},{id:"40987",title:"In situ Reaction During Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding SiCp/A356 with Ti as Filler Metal",doi:"10.5772/46087",slug:"in-situ-reaction-during-pulsed-nd-yag-laser-welding-sicp-a356-with-ti-as-filler-metal",totalDownloads:3515,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kelvii Wei Guo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40987",authors:[{id:"144895",title:"Prof.",name:"Kw",surname:"Guo",slug:"kw-guo",fullName:"Kw Guo"}],corrections:null},{id:"40996",title:"Nd:YAG Laser Welding for Photonics Devices Packaging",doi:"10.5772/50656",slug:"nd-yag-laser-welding-for-photonics-devices-packaging",totalDownloads:4244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ikhwan Naim Md Nawi, Jalil Ali, Mohamed Fadhali and Preecha P. Yupapin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40996",authors:[{id:"63187",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Fadhali",slug:"mohamed-fadhali",fullName:"Mohamed Fadhali"},{id:"82992",title:"Prof.",name:"Preecha",surname:"Yupapin",slug:"preecha-yupapin",fullName:"Preecha Yupapin"},{id:"144928",title:"Dr.",name:"Ikhwan Naim",surname:"Md Nawi",slug:"ikhwan-naim-md-nawi",fullName:"Ikhwan Naim Md Nawi"},{id:"149313",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalil",surname:"Ali",slug:"jalil-ali",fullName:"Jalil Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"40991",title:"Laser Beam Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels – Similar Butt and Dissimilar Lap Joints",doi:"10.5772/48756",slug:"laser-beam-welding-of-austenitic-stainless-steels-similar-butt-and-dissimilar-lap-joints",totalDownloads:11829,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abdel-Monem El-Batahgy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40991",authors:[{id:"149254",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel-Monem",surname:"El-Batahgy",slug:"abdel-monem-el-batahgy",fullName:"Abdel-Monem El-Batahgy"}],corrections:null},{id:"40999",title:"Mitigating Zinc Vapor Induced Weld Defects in Laser Welding of Galvanized High-Strength Steel by Using Different Supplementary Means",doi:"10.5772/53562",slug:"mitigating-zinc-vapor-induced-weld-defects-in-laser-welding-of-galvanized-high-strength-steel-by-usi",totalDownloads:4521,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Junjie Ma, Fanrong Kong, Blair Carlson and Radovan Kovacevic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40999",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40999",authors:[{id:"48637",title:"Dr.",name:"Radovan",surname:"Kovacevic",slug:"radovan-kovacevic",fullName:"Radovan Kovacevic"},{id:"145419",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanrong",surname:"Kong",slug:"fanrong-kong",fullName:"Fanrong Kong"},{id:"165338",title:"Dr.",name:"Junjie",surname:"Ma",slug:"junjie-ma",fullName:"Junjie Ma"}],corrections:null},{id:"40990",title:"Numerical Modelling to Understand Cracking Phenomena During Laser-GMA Hybrid Welding Nickel-Base Superalloys",doi:"10.5772/48118",slug:"numerical-modelling-to-understand-cracking-phenomena-during-laser-gma-hybrid-welding-nickel-base-sup",totalDownloads:4260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zhiguo Gao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40990",authors:[{id:"139165",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiguo",surname:"Gao",slug:"zhiguo-gao",fullName:"Zhiguo Gao"}],corrections:null},{id:"40988",title:"Development of a Comprehensive Process Model for Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding",doi:"10.5772/45850",slug:"development-of-a-comprehensive-process-model-for-hybrid-laser-arc-welding",totalDownloads:4200,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fanrong Kong and Radovan Kovacevic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40988",authors:[{id:"48637",title:"Dr.",name:"Radovan",surname:"Kovacevic",slug:"radovan-kovacevic",fullName:"Radovan Kovacevic"}],corrections:null},{id:"41002",title:"Principles and Thermo-Mechanical Model of Friction Stir Welding",doi:"10.5772/50156",slug:"principles-and-thermo-mechanical-model-of-friction-stir-welding",totalDownloads:7306,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jauhari Tahir Khairuddin, Jamaluddin Abdullah, Zuhailawati Hussain and Indra Putra Almanar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41002",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41002",authors:[{id:"141896",title:"MSc.",name:"Jauhari",surname:"Khairuddin",slug:"jauhari-khairuddin",fullName:"Jauhari Khairuddin"},{id:"142289",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamaluddin",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jamaluddin-abdullah",fullName:"Jamaluddin Abdullah"},{id:"142817",title:"Prof.",name:"Indra Putra",surname:"Almanar",slug:"indra-putra-almanar",fullName:"Indra Putra Almanar"},{id:"142818",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuhailawati",surname:"Hussain",slug:"zuhailawati-hussain",fullName:"Zuhailawati Hussain"}],corrections:null},{id:"40995",title:"Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress and Strain Behavior After Temperature Modification",doi:"10.5772/47745",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-residual-stress-and-strain-behavior-after-temperature-modification",totalDownloads:8767,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Farag Soul and Nada Hamdy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40995",authors:[{id:"142397",title:"Dr.",name:"Farag",surname:"Soul",slug:"farag-soul",fullName:"Farag Soul"},{id:"157147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamdy",surname:"Nada",slug:"hamdy-nada",fullName:"Hamdy Nada"}],corrections:null},{id:"41000",title:"Analytical Model for Estimating the Amount of Heat Generated During Friction Stir Welding: Application on Plates Made of Aluminium Alloy 2024 T351",doi:"10.5772/53563",slug:"analytical-model-for-estimating-the-amount-of-heat-generated-during-friction-stir-welding-applicatio",totalDownloads:5892,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Miroslav Mijajlović and Dragan Milčic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41000",authors:[{id:"163845",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Mijajlovic",slug:"miroslav-mijajlovic",fullName:"Miroslav Mijajlovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"40998",title:"Visual Analysis of Welding Processes",doi:"10.5772/53519",slug:"visual-analysis-of-welding-processes",totalDownloads:5001,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yoji Ogawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40998",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40998",authors:[{id:"119514",title:"Dr",name:"Yoji",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"yoji-ogawa",fullName:"Yoji Ogawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"41013",title:"Monitoring of Arc Welding Process Based on Arc Light Emission",doi:"10.5772/49987",slug:"monitoring-of-arc-welding-process-based-on-arc-light-emission",totalDownloads:6903,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marek Stanisław Węglowski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41013",authors:[{id:"143162",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek St.",surname:"Weglowski",slug:"marek-st.-weglowski",fullName:"Marek St. Weglowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"41018",title:"Real-Time Measurement of Three Dimensional Weld Pool Surface in GTAW",doi:"10.5772/53753",slug:"real-time-measurement-of-three-dimensional-weld-pool-surface-in-gtaw",totalDownloads:3683,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wei Jie Zhang, Yu Kang Liu and Yu Ming Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41018",authors:[{id:"134135",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu Ming",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yu-ming-zhang",fullName:"Yu Ming Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"40993",title:"Optimized Stud Arc Welding Process Control Factors by Taguchi Experimental Design Technique",doi:"10.5772/48166",slug:"optimized-stud-arc-welding-process-control-factors-by-taguchi-experimental-design-technique",totalDownloads:3377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Riyadh Mohammed Ali Hamza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40993",authors:[{id:"139892",title:"Dr.",name:"Riyadh",surname:"Hamza",slug:"riyadh-hamza",fullName:"Riyadh Hamza"}],corrections:null},{id:"40997",title:"The Physics of Weld Bead Defects",doi:"10.5772/50668",slug:"the-physics-of-weld-bead-defects",totalDownloads:4548,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"P. S. Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40997",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40997",authors:[{id:"144943",title:"Prof.",name:"P. S.",surname:"Wei",slug:"p.-s.-wei",fullName:"P. S. Wei"}],corrections:null},{id:"41001",title:"Welding Techniques in Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/54256",slug:"welding-techniques-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:7243,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Clébio Domingues da Silveira-Júnior, Morgana Guilherme de Castro, Letícia Resende Davi, Flávio Domingues das Neves, Verediana Resende Novais and Paulo Cézar Simamoto-Júnior",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41001",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41001",authors:[{id:"146534",title:"PhD.",name:"Clébio",surname:"Da Silveira-Júnior",slug:"clebio-da-silveira-junior",fullName:"Clébio Da Silveira-Júnior"},{id:"148989",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Simamoto-Júnior",slug:"paulo-simamoto-junior",fullName:"Paulo Simamoto-Júnior"},{id:"148990",title:"Prof.",name:"Letícia Resende",surname:"Davi",slug:"leticia-resende-davi",fullName:"Letícia Resende Davi"},{id:"148991",title:"Prof.",name:"Morgana Guilherme De",surname:"Castro",slug:"morgana-guilherme-de-castro",fullName:"Morgana Guilherme De Castro"},{id:"148992",title:"Prof.",name:"Flávio Domingues Das",surname:"Neves",slug:"flavio-domingues-das-neves",fullName:"Flávio Domingues Das Neves"},{id:"166971",title:"Prof.",name:"Veridiana Resende Novais",surname:"Simamoto",slug:"veridiana-resende-novais-simamoto",fullName:"Veridiana Resende Novais Simamoto"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79244",slug:"corrigendum-to-vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",title:"Corrigendum to: Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79244.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79244",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79244",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79244",chapter:{id:"54438",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",email:"rmmiatello@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54438",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",email:"rmmiatello@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11507",leadTitle:null,title:"New Generation of Sustainable Smart Cities",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book will discuss the form and function of a sustainable smart city, which represents a new generation of cities, where many aspects come across. Smart cities refer to the use of various information technology or innovative ideas to integrate the system and services to the town to improve resource utilization efficiency, optimize urban management and services, and enhance citizens' quality of life. It fully utilizes the new generation of information technology in all walks of life in the city. It is an advanced form of urban informatization based on the next generation of innovation in the knowledge society. It realizes the deep integration of informatization, industrialization, and urbanization, which helps alleviate "Big city disease", improve the quality of urbanization, achieve refined and dynamic management, enhance the effectiveness of urban governance and improve citizens' quality of life. These types of cities promote sustainable economic growth and high quality of life through investment in human and social capital, as well as in transportation and information communication infrastructure, and through participatory management of the above resources and natural resources for scientific management. The book will take the modern tendinitis towards an intelligent concept of cities, where all aspects related to human beings, urban functions, and outer spaces will be analyzed.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-765-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-764-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-766-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"dc693757b86ab8742367a38cda6cb622",bookSignature:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed and Prof. Asaad Almssad",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11507.jpg",keywords:"The First Generation of Smart Cities, ARCHIGRAM Movement and Smart Cities, FUTURISM and New Cities Conception, Energy Crises and Smart Cities, the Green Context in Smart Cites, Biophilic Smart City, Smart Cities Between the Form and the Functions, Sustainability and Smart Cities, Digital City, Grid City, Electronic Cities, Inflammable Cities",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 25th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"17 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr.Almusaed completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses from the School of Architecture in Aarhus, Denmark. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Almssad is a docent at Karlstad University, Sweden. He has more than 28 years of experience in the industry as well as teaching and research in European and non-European, institutions. He has authored and co-authored more than 30 research papers and many books. His research focuses on building structures, materials, sustainable building, and energy efficiency in building systems.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"446856",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:null,surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/446856/images/system/446856.png",biography:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed has a Ph.D. in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses at the School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work and has performed several studies in these areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"194040",title:"Prof.",name:"Asaad",middleName:null,surname:"Almssad",slug:"asaad-almssad",fullName:"Asaad Almssad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194040/images/system/194040.jpg",biography:"Associate Prof. Asaad Almssad has more than thirty years of experience in industry, academia, and research at Umeå University, Sweden; Karlstad University, Sweden; and various European and non-European institutions. His research focuses on building structures, materials, sustainable building, and energy efficiency in building systems. He has authored and co-authored more than fifty research papers and many books. Currently, he is employed as a docent at Karlstad University.",institutionString:"Karlstad University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Karlstad University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"45620",title:"Rapid Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid with Different Methods",doi:"10.5772/52517",slug:"rapid-dissolution-of-cellulose-in-ionic-liquid-with-different-methods",body:'Cellulose, the most widespread natural polymers, can be used as a green source for fabricating biodegradable and biocompatible materials with attractive properties by chemical modification or mixing with other components(Potthast et al., 2006). Effective utilization of cellulose not only mitigates the fossil resources crisis but also protects the environment of the Earth. However, cellulose is extraordinarily difficult to be dissolved due to its considerable hydrogen bonds and partially crystalline structure.
Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), are organic salts comprised completely of ions. They are regarded as novel green solvents and have attracted tremendous attentions in analysis chemistry, electric chemistry, catalysis chemistry and organic synthesis (Forsyth et al., 2002; Turner et al., 2003) because of their unique physico-chemical properties, such as chemical and thermal stability, non-flammability and immeasurably low vapor pressure (Feng & Chen, 2008; Cao et al., 2009). Furthermore, it is feasible to modify the physicochemical properties such as viscosity, melting point, polarity and solubility of the ILs through changing the structure of cations and anions (Hermanutz et al., 2008). Recently, ILs were applied in the field of biomass research, such as dissolution and the following homogeneous modification of cellulose (Forsyth et al., 2002; Cao et al., 2010). Swatloski and his group (Swatloski et al., 2002) reported the pioneer study on the dissolving capability of a series of ILs containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C4mim]+) as cation for cellulose. Among this kind of ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) exhibited the best solubility, which could dissolve up to 10 wt % of pulp cellulose with a degree of polymerization of (DP) of 1000 at 100 oC. Soon after, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl) was synthesized and found to be a powerful solvent of cellulose (Zhang et al., 2005). Cotton cellulose could be dissolved in [Amim]Cl within 120 min at 110 oC. Heinze and his co-workers(Heinze et al., 2005) tested the solubility of [C4mim]Cl for cellulose and the results showed that [C4mim]Cl could dissolved cotton linter (DP=1198) with the concentration of 10 wt%, though a relatively long time (12 h) was required.
In view of long treatment duration, some pretreatment or auxilary methods should be introduced to reduce the dissolution time of cellulose in ILs. Ultrasonic and microwave are the most popular activation methods or “unconventional” physical agents in the concept of “Green Chemistry” (Kardos & Luche, 2001). Ultrasonic treatment has been well established in the separation of plant materials, particularly for extraction of low molecular weight substances (Tang et al., 2005; Gadhe et al., 2006). The mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound are believed to accelerate the extraction of organic compounds from plant materials due to disruption of cell walls and to enhance mass transfer in cell walls. Microwave heating, as an alternative to conventional heating technique, has been successfully applied in organic synthesis and carbohydrate degradation (Satge et al., 2002; Ma et al., 2009; Ramier et al., 2012) due to its thermal effects and non-thermal effects, raised from the heating rate, acceleration of ions and molecules collision, and rapid rotation of dipoles. In addition, microwave energy can easily penetrate to particle inside hence all particles can be heated simultaneously, which resolve the heat transfer resistance problem and make it more uniform and efficient than conventional heating methods (Hou et al., 2008). Consequently, it is reasonable to assume that cellulose could be rapidly dissolved in ILs using ultrasonic and microwave as pretreatment or auxilary methods to active cellulose structure. Actually Mikkola et al (Mikkola et al., 2007) and Swatloski et al (Swatloski et al., 2002) have already mentioned that ultrasonic and microwave irradiation can significantly accelerate dissolution of cellulose in ILs. Besides ultrasonic and microwave, ethanol treatment and mechanical milling were also believed to enhance cellulose dissolution rate in ILs. Mechanical milling was one of the most common mechanical pretreatment methods which can cut down the particle size and reduce molecular weight. Previous studies (Evtuguin et al., 2001; Fujimoto et al., 2005) have already applied mechanical milling to break lignocellulose structure in order to dissolve lignin from biomass matrix with organic solvents. Ethanol treatment was a new kind of pretreatment method to increase cellulose dissolution rate in our lab because it was considered to be capable of preventing cornification of cellulose fiber.
In this article, different pretreatment methods were applied to accelerate dissolution of cellulose in ILs, including mechanical milling, ethanol treatment, ultrasonic irradiation and microwave irradiation. Moreover, the effects of different pretreatment conditions on dissolution rate were also investigated, for example, the ethanol treatment time, mechanical milling time, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation power and duration. In addition, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation were also applied during the dissolution process of cellulose samples. We also investigated the influence of various reaction conditions on acceleration of cellulose dissolution and physicochemical properties of regenerated cellulose, such as degree of polymerization (DP) and crystallinity.
Sugarcane bagasse, obtained from a local sugar factory (Guangzhou, China), was first dried in sunlight and then cut into small pieces. The cut SCB was ground and screened to prepare 40-60 mesh size particles. The ground SCB was dried again in a cabinet oven with air circulation for 16 h at 50 oC.
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) was provided by the Chemer Chemical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China, and used as received. All of other chemicals used were of analytical grade and obtained from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory, China.
The dried SCB powder was first dewaxed with toluene-ethanol (2:1 v/v) in a Soxhlet apparatus for 6 h. The dewaxed SCB was treated with distilled water (800 mL) for 2 h at 80 oC. Further the insoluble residue was delignified with sodium chlorite at pH 3.8-4.0, adjusted by 10% acetic acid, at 75 oC for 2 h. After filtration, the residue was sequentially washed with distilled water and 95% ethanol, and then dried in a cabinet oven at 50 oC overnight. Finally the holocellulose obtained was extracted with 10% KOH (600 mL) at 20 oC for 10 h to release the hemicelluloses. The residue was collected by filtration and washed thoroughly with distilled water until the filtrate was neutral, then dried in an oven at 50 oC for 16 h.
Dry cellulose samples were subjected to ball milling for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively, on PM 0.4L planet ball mill machine (PM 0.4L Nanjing Chishun Science & Technology Co., Ltd, China). Ball milled samples were dried in an oven at 50 oC for 6 h.
Residue collected from alkali treatment of holocellulose was washed with distilled water and 95% ethanol and then dispersed in 95% ethanol and subjected to mechanical agitation for 4, 6, 8, and 10 h, respectively, to make cellulose adsorb sufficient ethanol. Then the sample was filtrated by Buchner funnel and dried in cabinet oven with air circulation for 8 h at 55 oC
10 g of cellulose sample was suspended in 95% ethanol solvent with mechanical agitation. It was irradiated with ultrasound at the power of 30W, 50W, and 70W for 10, 20, 30 and 40 min, respectively, at room temperature (25 oC). Ultrasonic treated samples were filtrated and dried in oven for 8 h at 55 oC.
10 g of cellulose sample was suspended in 95% ethanol solvent with mechanical agitation and then subjected to microwave oven (XH-100B, Beijing Xianghu Technology Development Co., Ltd., China) for 200, 400, 600 W microwave irradiation with 20, 30, 40 min at room temperature and 50 oC, respectively. Microwave treated samples were filtrated and dried in oven for 8 h at 55 oC.
Cellulose or pretreated cellulose sample was added into a flask containing [C4mim]Cl with a weight ratio of 2% (cellulose to [C4mim]Cl). The mixture of cellulose/[C4mim]Cl was stirred continuously in an oil bath at 110 oC with N2 atmosphere to form clear solution.
2% dried cellulose sample with ethanol pretreatment was added into a flask with [C4mim]Cl at 110 oC. N2 was purged continuously and the mixture was stirred. Then the mixture was irradiated at 110 oC for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, respectively, with ultrasound provided with a horn at sonic power of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 75 W, respectively. After ultrasound irradiation, the mixture was stirred at 110 oC until cellulose was completely dissolved.
Molten [C4mim]Cl was mixed with cellulose sample with ethanol pretreatment (2 wt%) in a three-neck flask. The flask was positioned in the microwave reactor (XH-100B) and heated by the microwave irradiation of 300W, 400W, 500W, 600W, and 700W, respectively, to a specific temperature of 85 oC, 90 oC, 95 oC, 100 oC, 105 oC, 110 oC, and 115 oC, respectively, and stirred until a clear cellulose/IL solution was formed. The temperature was real-time monitored by a sensor directly contacted with the reaction medium. When a required temperature was reached it was maintained by impulse microwave irradiation at low heating power. The accuracy of temperature was ±0.2 oC for measurement and ±1oC for controlment.
After complete dissolution, the cellulose/IL mixture was slowly poured into 250 mL ethanol with vigorous agitation. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed thoroughly with ethanol to eliminate [C4mim]Cl, and then freezen-dried for 24 h. The yield was determined from the regenerated cellulose on the basis of initial freezen-dried measurements. To reduce errors and confirm the results, all experiments were performed at least in duplicate, and the yield represents the average value.
The cupriethylene-diamine method (British standard) was used for determining the limiting viscosity number [η] and DP of native, pretreated, and regenerated cellulose. The viscosity DP was calculated from the following equation, DP0.90 = 1.65 [η]. Molecular weight (Mw) of cellulose was then calculated from DP by multiplied by 162, the Mw of an AGU.
The FT-IR spectra of the native and regenerated cellulose were obtained on an FT-IR spectrophotometer (Nicolet 510) using a KBr disc containing 1% finely ground samples. Thirty-two scans were taken for each sample in the range 4000~400 cm−1 with a resolution of 2 cm−1in the transmittance mode.
The XRD spectra were recorded at room temperature with a Rigaku D/MAX-IIIA X-ray diffractometer (Japan) in the scattering angle range from 5o to 45o with 8o/min scanning speed and a 2θ step interval of 0.02o. Cellulose samples were cut into small pieces and laid on the glass sample holder, analyzed under plateau conditions. Ni-filtered Cu Kα1 radiation (λ=0.154 nm) generated at a operating voltage of 40 kV and current of 30 mA was utilized.
The solid-state CP/MAS13C NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker DRX-400 spectrometer with 5mm MAS BBO probe at the frequency of 100 MHz employing both Cross Polarization and Magic Angle Spinning and each experiment was recorded at ambient temperature. Acquisition time was 0.034 s, the delay time 2 s, and the proton 90o pulse time 4.85 μs. Each spectrum was obtained with an accumulation of 5000 scans.
Thermal analysis of the native and regenerated cellulose was performed on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) on a thermal analyzer (SDT Q500, TA Instrument). The sample weighed between 7 and 11 mg and the scans were run from room temperature to 600 oC at a rate of 10 oC/min under nitrogen flow.
It took quite long to completely dissolve cellulose in ILs because of the high crystallinity and tremendous hydrogen bonding in cellulose. When cellulose dissolved in ILs its crystalline structure was totally destroyed thus no bright eyeshot, which represented the crystalline structure of cellulose, could be found under polarizing microscope. Consequently, in this study we employed polarizing microscope to monitor the dissolution process and defined that dissolution of cellulose was completed when polarizing microscope was in black eyeshot. Ethanol treatment, mechanical milling, ultrasonic irradiation and microwave irradiation were applied to pretreat cellulose for enhancement of cellulose dissolution in ILs, and the results are showed in Table 1.
No. | Pretreatment Condition | Dissolution Time | Yield | |||
Pretreatment | Power | Duration | Temperature | |||
1 | - | - | - | - | 11.1 h | 1.18 |
2 | Mechanical milling | - | 6 h | 25 oC | 8.9 h | 0.95 |
3 | Mechanical milling | - | 12 h | 25 oC | 7.6 h | 0.94 |
4 | Mechanical milling | - | 18 h | 25 oC | 6.8 h | 0.95 |
5 | Mechanical milling | - | 24 h | 25 oC | 6.4 h | 0.94 |
6 | Ethanol treated | - | 4 h | 25 oC | 4.5 h | 1.04 |
7 | Ethanol treated | - | 6 h | 25 oC | 3.8 h | 1.06 |
8 | Ethanol treated | - | 8 h | 25 oC | 3.1 h | 1.05 |
9 | Ethanol treated | - | 10 h | 25 oC | 2.6 h | 1.06 |
10 | Ultrasonic irradiation | 30 W | 20 min | 25 oC | 2.2 h | 1.05 |
11 | Ultrasonic irradiation | 30 W | 30 min | 25 oC | 1.5 h | 1.06 |
12 | Ultrasonic irradiation | 30 W | 40 min | 25 oC | 0.9 h | 1.04 |
13 | Ultrasonic irradiation | 75 W | 20 min | 25 oC | 1.4 h | 1.02 |
14 | Ultrasonic irradiation | 75 W | 40 min | 25 oC | 0.8 h | 1.01 |
15 | Microwave irradiation | 200 W | 30 min | 25 oC | 2.6 h | 1.06 |
16 | Microwave irradiation | 400 W | 30 min | 25 oC | 2.4 h | 1.02 |
17 | Microwave irradiation | 600 W | 30 min | 25 oC | 1.6 h | 1.04 |
18 | Microwave irradiation | 200 W | 20 min | 50 oC | 1.3 h | 1.03 |
19 | Microwave irradiation | 600 W | 20 min | 50 oC | 0.9 h | 0.98 |
Dissolution of cellulose in [C4mim]Cl pretreated with different methods.
Yield of regenerated cellulose was approximately between 94%~118%. On one hand, cellulose would probably absorb inorganic salt, such as impurity of IL, during dissolution process. In this case yield would increase or even beyond 100%. On the other hand, cellulose was also likely to be degraded and produced oligosaccharide or even monosaccharide which could hardly be recovered. In addition, washing step and filtration process also contributed to the losses. According to the yield of regenerated cellulose, it was reasonable to deduce that cellulose did not degraded significantly during dissolution process in ILs at 110 oC. However, yields of mechanical milling samples were relatively lower, because mechanical milling was able to degrade cellulose molecular and break the macromolecules into small fragments. In the following dissolution and regeneration process cellulose molecules were further destroyed and fragments with relatively lower molecular weights were produced which cannot be precipitated and recovered. The same results were also discovered for samples pretreated with relatively high power of microwave.
Degree of polymerization of pretreated and regenerated cellulose. Sample No. is in accordance with
[C4mim]Cl was one of the most widely studied ILs for cellulose dissolution, but it took 11.1 h to totally dissolve unpretreated cellulose sample at 110 oC, which significantly limited the large-scale utilization of ILs in biomass. Commercial application would be promisingif the dissolution of cellulose was improved. As shown in Table 1, dissolution time decreased from 11.1 h to about 6.4~8.9 h when cellulose were subjected to mechanical milling for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h (samples 2~5), indicating the great effect of particle size on cellulose dissolution. However, the fine cellulose sample after mechanical milling would be easily agglomerated during mixing cellulose in [C4mim]Cl because of its high viscosity. Outside of agglomerates were swollen cellulose macromolecules and inside was dry sample. This kind of particles would seriously prolong the dissolution time and make it difficult to operate during dissolution process. Ethanol pretreated cellulose (samples 6~9) could be dissolved in [C4mim]Cl at 110 oC within 2.6~4.5 h. During ethanol pretreatment, free water and bound water in cellulose could be replaced by ethanol, which was able to evaporate more quickly during drying, therefore inhibiting high moisture sample become cornification. Cellulose samples after ethanol pretreatment were loosen and porous, which enabled it to open the structure and enlarge superficial area, facilitating penetration of ILs into cellulose. So ethanol pretreatment was one of the effective and feasible methods to improve cellulose dissolution. In addition, dissolution time would be further reduced when ethanol pretreated samples were subjected to ultrasonic and microwave irradiation. It needed only 2.2 h at 110 oC in [C4mim]Cl to entirely dissolve 2% cellulose pretreated with 30 W ultrasound for 20 min. When the power increased to 75 W, the sampledissolution time was reduced to 0.9 h. Further prolonging irradiation time to 40 min also decreased dissolution time to 0.8 h. The cellulose samples pretreated with microwave irradiation exhibited the similar results. It should be noted that cellulose irradiated with high microwave power at high temperature was more likely to be degraded.
Fig. 1 shows the DP of pretreated and regenerated cellulose. DP of cellulose samples after ethanol treatment, mechanical milling, ultrasonic irradiation and microwave irradiation were obviously lower than the DP of native cellulose. For ultrasonic and microwave pretreatment, enhancement of power and irradiation time further decreased the DP of cellulose, even though the decrement was marginal. For example, DP was reduced from 1083 to 994 when ultrasonic power rose from 30 W to 75 W. In addition, mechanical milling for 12 h significantly brings down DP from 1263 to 378, demonstrating the serious degradation of cellulose during mechanical milling. Moreover, DP of all the samples declined slightly after dissolution in [C4mim]Cl at 110 oC and regeneration, indicating that cellulose molecules were broken into relatively low molecular fragments.
To further study the influence of ultrasonic irradiation on cellulose dissolution in ILs, we tried to apply ultrasonic irradiation directly during the dissolution process as not a pretreatment but an auxilary method. Results showed that it was more effective to utilize ultrasonic in dissolution process than in pretreatment, as listed in Table 2. Cellulose could be dissolved in [C4mim]Cl within 1 h when irradiated by 30W ultrasonic for 20 min. With the same irradiation power and duration, it required 2.2 h to entirely dissolve sample when the ultrasonic was employed as pretreatment method. Enhancement of cellulose dissolution with ultrasonic was probably because ultrasound irradiation provided a greater penetration of ionic liquid into cellulose and improved mass transfer. When the dissolving system was irradiated with ultrasound, the extreme condition was probably obtained. It was said that transient temperature of at least 5000 K and pressure up to 1200 bar could be achieved, accompanied by vigorously physical agitation and shock (Kardos & Luche, 2001; Adewuyi, 2001). All of the abovementioned effects provided excellent conditions for cellulose dissolution in IL. This beneficial effect of ultrasound techniques has also been reported in isolation of cell wall polymers (Aliyu & Hepher, 2000). Cellulose dissolution time decreased from 147 (sample 24) to 120 (sample 20), 110 (sample 25) and 100 min (sample 26) with the improvement of ultrasonic power from 20 to 30, 40 and 50 W. However, further improvement of ultrasonic power (samples 26–28) did not result in the decrement in cellulose dissolution time. It seems that increase of power within small range was not as efficient as extension of duration. Compared with sample 3 obtained with one-step ultrasound irradiation, sample 11 with two-step irradiation with 5 min interval needed the same time to totally dissolve sample as well, indicating that the same ultrasound energy obtained from same power and total irradiation duration did not result in different effect on cellulose dissolution.
No. | Irradiation condition | DissolutionTime/min | Yield /% | DP | |
Power /W | Duration /mina | ||||
20 | 30 | 5 | 150 | 102.70 | 799 |
21 | 30 | 10 | 120 | 100.32 | 800 |
22 | 30 | 15 | 100 | 101.34 | 744 |
23 | 30 | 20 | 60 | 100.77 | 682 |
24 | 20 | 10 | 147 | 97.86 | 946 |
25 | 40 | 10 | 110 | 99.11 | 962 |
26 | 50 | 10 | 100 | 97.29 | 1022 |
27 | 60 | 10 | 100 | 101.29 | - |
28 | 75 | 10 | 99 | 105.19 | 1019 |
29 | 30 | 10 | 120 | 103.63 | - |
Dissolution and regeneration of cellulose in [C4mim]Cl assisted with ultrasoundirradiation
No. | Microwave irradiation condition | Dissolution time/min | Yield/% | |
Maximum power/W | Temperature/oC | |||
30 | 300 | 90 | 50 | 93.30 |
31 | 400 | 90 | 20 | 86.05 |
32 | 500 | 90 | 17 | 88.11 |
33 | 600 | 90 | 13 | 87.42 |
34 | 400 | 85 | 37 | 87.38 |
35 | 400 | 95 | 14 | - |
36 | 400 | 100 | 12.5 | - |
37 | 400 | 105 | 10.5 | - |
38 | 400 | 115 | 8.5 | - |
Dissolution and regeneration of cellulose in [C4mim]Cl assisted with microwave irradiation
DP of native and regenerated cellulose is also listed in Table 2. After dissolution and regeneration, DP decreased from 1263 for native cellulose to 1103 for regenerated cellulose sample obtained without ultrasound irradiation. Ultrasound irradiation for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min led to a slight reduction of DP to 799, 800, 744 and 682, respectively. Therefore, direct utilization of ultrasonic in cellulose dissolution degraded cellulose molecular more significantly than using it as pretreatment method. However, the increase of ultrasound power from 20 to 40, 50, and 75 W resulted in an improvement of DP from 946 to 962, 1022, and 1019. The reason for this improvement is not clear and perhaps due to the reassociation and polymerisation of the radicals formed at higher ultrasound power.
Microwave was also applied as a heating method instead of pretreatment to improve cellulose dissolution. Table 3 shows the results of cellulose dissolution and regeneration under microwave heating with different power and temperature. Obviously, cellulose dissolved in [C4mim]Cl far more quickly with microwave heating than with traditional heating, like in oil bath. Cellulose could be dissolved in [C4mim]Cl within 50 min at 90 oC under 300 W microwave heating. Dissolution rate would further increase with the increment of microwave power and reaction temperature. Heating with 400W microwave at 115 oC, ethanol treated sample was completely dissolved in only 8.5 min. It should be noted that, however, the yield of regenerated cellulose were about 86~94%, lower than that heating in oil bath. The low yield suggested that degradation of cellulose was more severe under microwave heating than in oil bath.
FI-IR characterization was employed to measure the changes of the structure of regenerated cellulose samples obtained after pretreatment and dissolution in [C4mim]Cl assisted with or without ultrasonic and microwave irradiation. Fig. 2 illustrates FT-IR spectra of native cellulose (spectrum 1) and regenerated cellulose sample 17 (spectrum 2, pretreated with 600 W microwave irradiation for 20 min at 25 oC). In these two spectra, the absorbances at 3416, 2916, 1638, 1417, 1323, 1161, 1046, and 895 cm-1 are associated with native cellulose (Oh et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2006). Bands in the two spectra were rather similar and no new band was displayed in spectrum of regenerated cellulose, indicating that the structure of both samples are similar and [C4mim]Cl is direct solvent for cellulose. However, there were still slightly differences in the bands in the spectra of samples dissolved with ultrasonic irradiation and microwave heating (Figures not showed). The absorption from O-H stretching moved to higher wavenumbers from 3407 cm-1 to 3423 cm-1 after regeneration, indicating the broken hydrogen bonds in cellulose. In addition, the peak for CH2 bending shifted to a lower frequency from 1431 cm-1 to 1419 cm-1, which was a hint for the splitting of hydrogen bonds in C6-OH(Zhang et al., 2005).
The value of N_O’KI index, proposed by Nelson and O’connor, represents the relative changes of cellulose crystallinity. It can be calculated using the formula N_O’KI =a1372/a2900(Liu & Sun, 2010), in which a1372 and a2900 are the absorbance intensities of the bands at 1372 and 2900 cm-1 for O–H bending and C–H stretching, respectively, in FT-IR spectraof cellulose. In present study, N_O’KI of regenerated cellulose was calculated from FT-IR by the ratio of two absorbances at 2900 cm-1 and 1372 cm-1, and the results are listed in Table 2. As seen in Table 2, N_O’KI of regenerated cellulose from ultrasonic dissolution sample increased from 0.930 to 0.963 and 1.084 when the irradiation time increase from 0 to 5 and 10 min. However, it was reduced to 0.975, 0.966 as prolonging the irradiation duration to 15 and 20 min. The N_O’KI of regenerated cellulose changed irregularly with the enhancement of ultrasonic power, and the reason need to be further studied. On the other hand, N_O’KI of regenerated cellulose from microwave heating samples rose with the enhancement of heating power andincrease of temperature. It was probably because that cellulose samples with lower molecular fragments were more likely to recrystallize during regeneration. In addition, N_O’KI of the regenerated cellulose from mechanical milling samples dissolved in different temperature (110, 120, 130, and 140 oC) were also measured. Results demonstrated that the crystallinity increase with the enhancement of temperature, similar to that of microwave heating samples.
FT-IR spectra of native cellulose (spectrum 1) and regenerated cellulose sample 17 (spectrum 2).
No. | Treatment condition | a2900 (C-H) | a1372 (O-H) | N_O’KI |
9 | ultrasonic 0 W, 0 min | 0.271 | 0.252 | 0.930 |
20 | ultrasonic 30 W, 5 min | 0.271 | 0.252 | 0.963 |
21 | ultrasonic 30 W, 10 min | 0.190 | 0.183 | 1.084 |
22 | ultrasonic 30 W, 15 min | 0.154 | 0.167 | 0.974 |
23 | ultrasonic 30 W, 20 min | 0.151 | 0.147 | 0.966 |
30 | microwave 300W, 90 oC | 0.188 | 0.191 | 1.016 |
31 | microwave 400W, 90 oC | 0.229 | 0.240 | 1.048 |
33 | microwave 600W, 90 oC | 0.196 | 0.217 | 1.107 |
34 | microwave 400W, 85 oC | 0.202 | 0.200 | 0.991 |
35 | microwave 400W, 95 oC | 0.370 | 0.383 | 1.035 |
36 | microwave 400W, 100 oC | 0.248 | 0.257 | 1.036 |
38 | microwave 400W, 115 oC | 0.487 | 0.528 | 1.084 |
Relative changes of crystallinity of regenerated cellulose dissolved with ultrasonic and microwave assistance, calculated from FT-IR spectra.
Temperture/oC | a2900 (C-H) | a1372 (O-H) | N_O’KI |
110 | 0.263 | 0.243 | 1.082 |
120 | 0.362 | 0.327 | 1.107 |
130 | 0.363 | 0.313 | 1.160 |
140 | 0.468 | 0.396 | 1.182 |
Relative changes of crystallinity of regenerated samples from dissolution of mechanical milling cellulose at different temperature.
Solid state CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectra of native cellulose (spectrum a) and regenerated cellulose sample 23 (spectrum b) and sample 38 (spectrum c).
CP/MAS13C NMR spectroscopy is one of the most effective methods to characterize lignocellulosic materials directly and is able to provide detailed information on solid samples. Fig. 3 shows the CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectra of native cellulose (spectrum a) and regenerated cellulose sample 23 (spectrum b) and sample 38 (spectrum c). The region between 50 and 105 ppm is characterized for the carbons of carbohydrate. The signals from cellulose at 105.7 (C-1), 89.6 and 84.7 (C-4 of crystal cellulose and amorphous cellulose, respectively), 75.8 and 73.5 (C-2, C-3 and C-5), 65.8 and 63.8 (C-6 of crystal cellulose and amorphous cellulose, respectively) are all observed (Focher et al., 2001; Maunu, 2002; Bardet et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2007a; Liu et al., 2009). However, the spectra also exhibited differences at C-4 and C-6 signals. In spectrum b (sample 23), signals for C-4 and C-6 of crystal cellulose disappeared, indicating that the regenerated sample from ultrasonic assisted dissolution cellulose contained mainly amorphous structure. Nonetheless, signal specific of C-4 of amorphous cellulose was degenerated and that of crystal cellulose was reappeared in spectrum c (sample 38). The two signals contributing to C-6 of crystal and amorphous cellulose were merged into one. This spectrum hinted that cellulose macromolecular formed crystalline structure in the regeneration process after dissolve in [C4mim]Cl with relative high power of microwave heating.
Wide-angle X-ray diffraction curves of native (spectrum 1) and regenerated cellulose sample 20 (spectrum 2), 31 (spectrum 3), and 34 (spectrum4).
Wide-angle X-ray diffraction is the one of the most valuable technique to measure the crystalline structure of material. In this article wide-angle X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the influence of different pretreatment methods, ultrasonic irradiation and microwave heating on crystalline structure of regenerated cellulose. Fig. 4 exhibits the wide-angle X-ray diffractogram of native (spectrum 1) and regenerated cellulose sample 20 (spectrum 2), 31 (spectrum 3), and 34 (spectrum4). Spectrum 1 gave strong crystalline peak at 22.3° for (002) crystal plane and at 16.1° merged from peaks of (110) and (1
TGA/DTA curves of native cellulose (spectrum 1) and regenerated cellulose sample 17 (spectrum 2).
Fig. 5 shows the TGA and DTG curves of native cellulose (spectrum 1) and regenerated cellulose sample 17 (spectrum 2). The small initial drops occurring near 100 oC in both cases are due to the evaporation of retained moisture. The native cellulose starts to decompose at 228 oC, whereas the regenerated cellulose samples 17 begin to decompose at 211 oC. The decomposition temperature at 50% weight loss occurs at 342 oC for native cellulose and 330 oC for regenerated cellulose sample 17. These decreasing trends of decomposition temperature implied that the thermal stability of regenerated cellulose was lower than that of native cellulose, which was probably due to partial hydrolysis and degradation of macromolecular cellulose during pretreatment with microwave irradiation and dissolution. Similar results have been reported during the dissolution and modification of cellulose in ionic liquid (Swatloski et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2007b; Li et al., 2011). Pyrolysis residues are primarily indecomposable inorganic salts.As seen in Fig. 5, the residual char yield of native cellulose was lower than that of regenerated cellulose sample 17. The higher pyrolysis residues of regenerated cellulose suggested that some impurities from ILs probably involved in cellulose in the dissolution process, which might be the mind reason contributed to the over 100% yield of some samples.
Ethanol treatment, mechanical milling, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation were demonstrated to be effective pretreatment methods to improve cellulose dissolution in [C4mim]Cl. Cellulose sample with 75 W ultrasonic pretreated for 40 min could be dissolved within 0.8 h. Moreover, all the pretreatment methods except mechanical milling did not seriously degrade the cellulose macromolecular. DP of the native cellulose was 1263 and DP of the pretreated samples ranged from about 900 to 1150. DP of regenerated samples were between 800 and 1110. In addition, ultrasonic irradiation and microwave heating were tested to be more effective when applied during the dissolution process. The total dissolution time of the cellulose sample irradiated with 30W ultrasonic for 20 min was 60 min. Under 400 W microwave heating at 115 oC, it took only 8.5 min to dissolve cellulose sample in [C4mim]Cl. The application of ultrasonic and microwave heating, especially the microwave heating, broke the cellulose macromolecular at certain degree. Regenerated samples from ultrasonic irradiated cellulose were major amorphous cellulose whereas samples from microwave heating cellulose comprised cellulose ΙΙ crystalline structure.
The authors are grateful for the financial support of this research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30972325 and 31170550), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-11-0154), National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB732201), and the 111 Project.
Lymphoma is a term used to describe a group of lymphoproliferative malignant disorders that arise from lymphatic T- and B-cells [1]. Lymphoma is a group of malignancies that affect the lymphatic system [2]. The organs, tissues, and veins of the lymphatic system are part of the immune system and are important for battling disease and infection throughout the body [3]. When lymphocytes (the lymphatic system’s white blood cells) become malignant, they proliferate abnormally, forming tumors and squeezing out healthy cells [3].
Lymphoma has traditionally been divided into the two types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, it is now recognized that Hodgkin lymphoma is just one of many forms of lymphoma and that non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a largely meaningless phrase that encompasses all the disease’s other subtypes [4]. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a diverse collection of over 40 lymphoproliferative tumors with varying patterns of behavior and treatment responses [5]. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma has a lower prognosis than Hodgkin lymphoma, and prognosis is determined by histologic type, stage, and treatment [6].
There are over 70 different forms of lymphoma. Some grow slowly (sometimes known as low-grade or indolent), while others grow quickly (referred to as high-grade or aggressive). Lymphoma has no known causes; however, several factors have been linked to an increased chance of having the disease. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are the two types of lymphomas. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system [7, 8].
HL is a type of lymphoma that affects roughly 9000 adults and children in the United States each year. Hodgkin lymphoma can occur anywhere lymphocytes are detected in the body. However, lymph nodes in the chest, neck, and beneath the arms are where it usually starts. HL differs from all other kinds of lymphoma in several ways, the most notable of which is the existence of a cell known as the Reed-Sternberg cell. A Reed-Sternberg cell is a big, unusual cell that does not defend the body against infection. It is called for the two scientists who found it. When it multiplies improperly, it creates a tumor within a lymph node and attracts inflammatory cells. Chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be used to treat HL. A stem cell transplant may be considered in some circumstances, particularly if the disease does not respond to early treatment or returns after an initial response [9].
Hodgkin lymphoma is also known as Hodgkin’s disease. It usually begins in a type of B cell that is found in the bone marrow. Hodgkin’s disease is considered one of the most curable forms of cancer, especially if it is diagnosed and treated early. Several types of treatment can be used against Hodgkin lymphoma, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation [10]. Hodgkin lymphoma, often known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a type of lymphoma. It usually starts in a specific type of B cell located in the bone marrow. Hodgkin’s disease is one of the most treatable types of cancer, especially when detected and treated early [11]. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation are among the treatments available for Hodgkin lymphoma [12]. The presence of big aberrant tumor cells known as Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells distinguishes it. Hodgkin lymphoma can affect both children and adults; however, it is most diagnosed in young adults aged 20 to 34. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-dominated Hodgkin lymphoma are the two primary subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma affects more than 90% of Hodgkin lymphoma cases [13].
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is divided into five types as follows [14, 15]:
Nodular sclerosis.
Mixed cellularity.
Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hodgkin’s disease.
Hodgkin’s disease with lymphocyte depletion.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of cancers, with B-cell origin in roughly 80% of cases (B-NHL). The presentation, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and therapeutic response of B-NHL are all different. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent histologic subtype, accounting for about a third of cases in the United States, followed by follicular lymphoma, which accounts for about a quarter of occurrences [16]. Other histologies are far less prevalent. Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone are used to treat about 60% of DLBCL patients (R-CHOP). Most patients who relapse after or are refractory to initial therapy, on the other hand, succumb to their condition. Over the last decade, new therapeutic research has concentrated on molecules that target the cell surface, internal pathways, and the microenvironment, rather than cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs. The chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal rituximab changed B-NHL therapy, extending survival in the majority of subtypes. However, resistance builds with time, necessitating the use of additional techniques aimed at other targets [17].
PCNSL (primary central nervous system lymphoma) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is distinct from systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. PCNSL is diagnosed at a median age of 65 years, and its prevalence is quickly increasing among the elderly. A total of 20% of all PCNSL patients are above the age of 80. Age, in particular, has been recognized as a poor prognostic factor for PCNSL. Elderly patients have a worse prognosis than younger patients and are more susceptible to iatrogenic toxicity; as a result, they are a distinct and vulnerable therapeutic class. The goal of this study was to provide a better understanding of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of PCNSL in the aged population by summarizing the current research. Notably, PCNSL is becoming more common in immunocompetent elderly patients, particularly men. Imaging guided stereotactic biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of CNSL. Certain biomarkers have been described that can aid establish a diagnosis when stereotactic biopsy is not possible or conclusive. Even though numerous prognostic grading systems exist, and several prognostic markers have been discovered in PCNSL patients, the elderly have a very dismal prognosis. Furthermore, treating older individuals remains difficult; while a novel agent is unlikely to be utilized as a curative monotherapy, a combination of novel medicines with polychemotherapy or with other innovative therapies may have therapeutic potential [18].
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are a diverse category of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas that are restricted to the skin at the time of diagnosis [19]. In 2005 [20], the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a cutaneous lymphoma consensus classification, which was recently updated [21]. Unlike nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is mostly B-cell originated, about 75% of primary cutaneous lymphomas are T-cell derived, with two-thirds of them being categorized as mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS) [20, 22, 23]. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, the incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) has been growing and is now 6.4 per million people, with the greatest incidence rates seen among men and African Americans [23]. When compared to non-Black individuals with MF, there are several major distinctions, including a female predominance, a younger age of onset, and probably worse results [24, 25]. While CTCL can arise in adolescents and young adults, it is a rare occurrence that is generally linked to histopathologic MF variations [26].
Lymphoma is diagnosed primarily through pathologic examination of an acceptable tissue specimen in the right clinical situation, which may include morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic studies as needed. Individual lymphomas are treated differently, necessitating an accurate and specific diagnosis to provide appropriate patient care [27]. The choice of biopsy procedure and place is a common practical challenge in patients suspected of having lymphoma. For initial diagnosis, surgical biopsy is preferred because the bigger tissue sample collected enables for investigation of processes that may involve the lymph node or extranodal mass in a variety of ways, as well as immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular analysis [28]. Fine needle aspiration may not allow for the study of histologic architecture, and it may not yield enough tissue for a thorough analysis, including the determination of biologic subtype [29]. In some cases, fine needle aspiration can confirm relapsed illness, although even in these cases, a core needle or surgical biopsy is preferred [30]. Core needle biopsy may allow for nodal architecture study, but it collects less tissue than surgical biopsy, perhaps missing a heterogeneous process and providing less material for thorough testing. Only in clinical scenarios where a surgical biopsy is not possible, a core needle biopsy is suggested for first diagnosis. Despite the WHO classification’s established definitions, an experienced hematopathologist will modify about one-fifth of lymphoma diagnoses, with the rate varied among the different forms of lymphoma [31, 32]. Expert pathology review is recommended and should be regarded standard of care because proper therapy is fundamentally dependent on correct pathologic diagnosis. When the diagnosis of lymphoma is unclear, medical imaging can be helpful in staging, but a definitive diagnosis of lymphoma and determination of the histologic subtype require pathological examination [27]. Though not conclusive, [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging can identify aggressive from indolent lymphomas based on standard uptake value assessment and can help predict indolent lymphoma transformation (usually DLBCL). When transformation is suspected, PET can be used to choose an acceptable biopsy site where the standard uptake value is the highest and thus, transformation is most likely to be present; however, marked FDG avidity does not rule out transformation and does not eliminate the necessity for diagnostic biopsy [33].
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is well known for its role in the etiology of chronic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer; it has also been linked to a number of extra-hepatic “autoimmune” disease presentations. A causal link between HCV and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was proposed just lately, and it has sparked a lot of research and debate. HCV appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of at least a proportion of patients with NHL, based on epidemiological data, developing scientific investigations, and clinical observations. HCV-associated lymphomas are classified as marginal zone lymphoma (splenic, nodal, and extranodal), small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Surprisingly, some HCV-associated NHLs appear to respond well to antiviral medication, giving clinical evidence for the link as well as the possibility of innovative therapeutic intervention [34].
Patients with HIV infection have a much higher rate of lymphoma than the normal population. Multiple factors appear to contribute to the increased risk of lymphoma, including the retrovirus’s transforming properties, the disease’s immunosuppression and cytokine dysregulation, and, most importantly, opportunistic infections with other lymphotrophic herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 8. Lymphomas are classified histologically into three groups: (1) those that occur in immunocompetent people, (2) those that occur more specifically in HIV-positive patients, and (3) those that occur in patients with various types of immunosuppression. The great majority of instances are aggressive lymphomas. They usually present with advanced stage, bulky cancer with a large tumor load and extranodal involvement. Clinical outcomes appear to be worse than those seen in the general population with similar severe lymphomas. The risk of developing lymphoma in the context of HIV infection has decreased, and the clinical result has improved since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy [35].
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common virus that affects over 90% of the world’s population [36]. It was discovered to be linked to the development of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and solid tumors, among other things, after being identified as an oncogenic virus in a Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line [37].
The hypothesis of cross-talks between hormone receptors such as the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) in breast cancer has recently been revealed to have major effects on breast cancer. Many researches, including ours, have previously proven the associations of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with lymphoma. We wanted to see if “EBV cross-talk with sex hormones plays a role in dictating the kind of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL) or non-Lymphoma Hodgkin’s (NHL)” in this work. In lymphoma patients representing HL and NHL, we looked at the expression of sex hormones, ER, and PR, as well as EBV. The expression of these biomarkers in lymphoma cases was assessed using immunoperoxidase staining. Our data revealed that EBV cross-talk with ER is strongly linked with HL (p < 0.05), but its cross-talk with PR is significantly associated with NHL (p < 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that EBV acts as the conductor of an orchestra, orchestrating the events of lymphoma through various interactions with sex hormones. This could pave the way for novel lymphoma treatment options [41].
Grywalska and Rolinski [42] highlighted in their review study that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to cancer pathogenesis. EBV is a member of the Herpesviridae family, and through the expression of multiple genes, it has developed ways to maintain the integrity of the viral genome and to escape from the host’s immune system during the latent stage of infection. This expression promotes the development of cancers. EBV can infect a wide range of cells, resulting in a variety of diseases, including B-cell lymphoma [43].
Several studies have reported the link between EBV infection and Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) [42], and the presence of EBV in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) was confirmed by researchers such as Weiss et al. [44] and Takeuchi et al. [45]. On the other hand, non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) includes a variety of lymphomas such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [46, 47].
Dolcetti [48] stated in his work that EBV has the power to alter the microenvironment to make it more conducive to cell transformation. EBV can boost the synthesis of a variety of substances that help lymphoid cells grow and/or survive while also allowing them to avoid immune system reactions. There is a complicated interplay between EBV-infected lymphoid cells and the tumor microenvironment that has the therapeutic potential against EBV-driven lymphoid malignancies.
There are few therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of lymphomas caused by EBV that can affect the virus within malignant cells. However, in most instances, no variations in therapy options have been found based on whether EBV is present. As prospective therapeutic methods, existing therapeutic techniques have focused on interfering with biological components of EBV to target lymphomas associated with EBV [49]. EBV-explicit methodologies include reinforcing the antiviral-/antitumor-resistant reaction with antibodies or EBV explicit cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, initiating lytic viral qualities to render tumor cells immune to antiviral treatments, and inhibiting downstream prosurvival or antiapoptotic pathways that may be triggered by dormant EBV proteins. EBV-explicit cytotoxic T-cell imbuements have shown to be effective in EBV-related post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (EBVPTLD) and extending such assenting immunotherapies to additional EBV-related cancers is a hot topic of investigation [49]. Other EBV-related lymphomas, in contrast to EBV-PTLD, have progressively constrained, less immunogenic kinds of viral antigens to restoratively target with assenting immunotherapy. Furthermore, the threatening EBV-positive tumor cells of HL are dispersed during a thick layer of administrative T-cells, macrophages, and other cells, which may compromise supportive immunotherapy’s antitumor efficacy [50]. Continuous preclinical and clinical assessments are areas of continuous methodology to overcome these impediments. Some emerging approaches to treating EBV-related lymphomas include combining specialists that trigger lytic viral replication with anti-herpes virus operators or using small particle inhibitors to block deterioration pathways that are constitutively triggered by EBV. EBV antibodies appear to be generally promising for the treatment or prevention of EBV-related cancers, as opposed to required EBV contamination avoidance [51]. Preliminary EBV vaccination trials in patients with residual or low-mass EBV-related malignancies, or for the counteractive effect of EBV-PTLD in EBV-seronegative patients awaiting strong organ transplantation, are moving forward [52]. In many cases, the treatment of EBV-positive lymphomas is identical to that of EBV-negative lymphomas with similar histologies [53]. Special cases include experimental conventions and situations where a responsive immunotherapy method is available [54, 55]. When EBV-positive lymphomas appear in the context of immunosuppression, boosting the invulnerable deformities can help with lymphoma treatment [56, 57]. Antiretroviral treatment is routinely used in HIV-related lymphomas, but potential pharmaceutical interactions and the effects of chemotherapy on the ability to maintain HAART treatment in terms of sickness, heaving, and mucositis must be considered when antiretroviral treatment is planned [58, 59]. In any case, antiretroviral therapy alone is insufficient for the treatment of EBV-related lymphomas in HIV patients. This contrasts with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, where initiating antiretroviral medication in patients who are asymptomatic or insignificantly symptomatic and antiretrovirally innocent is frequently a regular practice [60, 61]. Select instances with EBV-PTLD may benefit from immunosuppressive reduction as a stand-alone treatment or as part of a therapeutic plan [62, 63]. The therapeutic choices for lymphomas associated with EBV are like those for lymphomas that are EBV-negative. Existing therapy methods, on the other hand, include addressing biological elements of EBV and may require further research to be firmly established.
This study showed that new therapeutic strategies are of great potential based on the interactions of EBV, lymphoid malignant cells, and sex steroid hormones, ER or PR. Our studies showed interesting features by identifying the impacts of interaction of progesterone receptors with EBV leading to the development of NHL, while the interaction of EBV with ER led to the development of HL. These features are unique and give the bases of designing new therapeutic lines that inhibit the binding of EBV with sex steroid hormones to participate in lowering the incidence of lymphoma.
All publications on this website are published under the Open Access model, without any subscription, registration, or access fees required from the user or his/her institution. In accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative's (BOAI) definition of Open Access, users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full text versions of all Chapters. To read more about our Open Access Statement click here.
\n\nFor Editorial Policies for journals please consult individual journal pages.
',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n\\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\n\n\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"N-T-0-T2"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11815",title:"Pediatric Oral Health - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e55e88cf5885a68cdf470925b35cbbd8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mandeep Singh Virdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11815.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89556",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandeep",surname:"Virdi",slug:"mandeep-virdi",fullName:"Mandeep Virdi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11872",title:"Peripheral Arterial Disease - The Challenges of Revascularization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80be3d16e4c8f89f3501ed408729f695",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ana Terezinha Guillaumon, Dr. Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira and Dr. Martin Geiger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11872.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",surname:"Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11842",title:"Altimetry - Theory, Applications and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2b6e7b58333453ef7b73416d8fdfaf3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tomislav Bašić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"343125",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Bašić",slug:"tomislav-basic",fullName:"Tomislav Bašić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12104",title:"Viral Outbreaks - Global Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"60828f26feed5832a47a13caac706c08",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12104.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12108",title:"Clinical Trials - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79472fc7310e9655a881c6d2ad7128b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xianli Lv",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12108.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11733",title:"Injury and Sports Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e2fdeca45129f6d5ba446f502c5a6373",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Thomas Wojda and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11733.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415286",title:"M.D.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Wojda",slug:"thomas-wojda",fullName:"Thomas Wojda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:406},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1350",title:"System Engineering",slug:"technology-design-engineering-system-engineering",parent:{id:"285",title:"Design Engineering",slug:"technology-design-engineering"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:70,numberOfWosCitations:110,numberOfCrossrefCitations:52,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1350",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1942",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64893485e869fc18f5520846648ea70c",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",bookSignature:"Md. Zahurul Haq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104292",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Zahurul",middleName:null,surname:"Haq",slug:"md.-zahurul-haq",fullName:"Md. Zahurul Haq"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29364",doi:"10.5772/36302",title:"Planar Microwave Sensors for Complex Permittivity Characterization of Materials and Their Applications",slug:"planar-microwave-sensors-for-complex-permittivity-characterization-of-materials-and-their-applicatio",totalDownloads:4854,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Kashif Saeed, Muhammad F. Shafique, Matthew B. Byrne and Ian C. Hunter",authors:[{id:"107789",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",slug:"kashif-saeed",fullName:"Kashif Saeed"},{id:"108133",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:"Farhan",surname:"Shafique",slug:"muhammad-shafique",fullName:"Muhammad Shafique"},{id:"112179",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Byrne",slug:"matthew-byrne",fullName:"Matthew Byrne"},{id:"148470",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hunter",slug:"ian-c.-hunter",fullName:"Ian C. Hunter"}]},{id:"29365",doi:"10.5772/37195",title:"Basics on Radar Cross Section Reduction Measurements of Simple and Complex Targets Using Microwave Absorbers",slug:"basics-on-radar-cross-section-reduction-measurements-of-simple-and-complex-targets-using-microwave-a",totalDownloads:12502,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Marcelo A. S. Miacci and Mirabel C. Rezende",authors:[{id:"111727",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"A. S.",surname:"Miacci",slug:"marcelo-miacci",fullName:"Marcelo Miacci"},{id:"112158",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirabel",middleName:null,surname:"Rezende",slug:"mirabel-rezende",fullName:"Mirabel Rezende"}]},{id:"29351",doi:"10.5772/37889",title:"Internal Combustion Engine Indicating Measurements",slug:"internal-combustion-engine-indicating-measurements",totalDownloads:18740,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"André V. Bueno, José A. Velásquez and Luiz F. Milanez",authors:[{id:"114679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Velasquez",slug:"jose-velasquez",fullName:"Jose Velasquez"},{id:"114686",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre Valente",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno",slug:"andre-valente-bueno",fullName:"Andre Valente Bueno"},{id:"114687",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Milanez",slug:"luiz-fernando-milanez",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Milanez"}]},{id:"29360",doi:"10.5772/37591",title:"Determining Exact Point Correspondences in 3D Measurement Systems Using Fringe Projection – Concepts, Algorithms and Accuracy Determination",slug:"determining-exact-point-correspondences-in-3d-measurement-systems-using-fringe-projection-concepts-a",totalDownloads:3269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Christian Bräuer-Burchardt, Max Möller, Christoph Munkelt, Matthias Heinze, Peter Kühmstedt and Gunther Notni",authors:[{id:"113426",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braeuer-Burchardt",slug:"christian-braeuer-burchardt",fullName:"Christian Braeuer-Burchardt"},{id:"136989",title:"Mr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Möller",slug:"max-moller",fullName:"Max Möller"},{id:"136990",title:"Mr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Munkelt",slug:"christoph-munkelt",fullName:"Christoph Munkelt"},{id:"136992",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Heinze",slug:"matthias-heinze",fullName:"Matthias Heinze"},{id:"136993",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kühmstedt",slug:"peter-kuhmstedt",fullName:"Peter Kühmstedt"},{id:"136994",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunther",middleName:null,surname:"Notni",slug:"gunther-notni",fullName:"Gunther Notni"}]},{id:"29356",doi:"10.5772/36127",title:"Shape Measurement by Phase-Stepping Method Using Multi-Line LEDs",slug:"shape-measurement-by-light-source-stepping-method-using-leds",totalDownloads:3094,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Yoshiharu Morimoto, Akihiro Masaya, Motoharu Fujigaki and Daisuke Asai",authors:[{id:"28776",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Morimoto",slug:"yoshiharu-morimoto",fullName:"Yoshiharu Morimoto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72725",title:"Communication Subsystems for Satellite Design",slug:"communication-subsystems-for-satellite-design",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive end-to-end overview of existing communication subsystems residing on both the satellite bus and payloads. These subsystems include command and mission data handling, telemetry and tracking, and the antenna payloads for both command, telemetry and mission data. The function of each subsystem and the relationships to the others will be described in detail. In addition, the recent application of software defined radio (SDR) to advanced satellite communication system design will be looked at with applications to satellite development, and the impacts on how SDR will affect future satellite missions are briefly discussed.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Hung H. Nguyen and Peter S. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung H.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hung-h.-nguyen",fullName:"Hung H. Nguyen"},{id:"316861",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter S.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"peter-s.-nguyen",fullName:"Peter S. Nguyen"}]},{id:"75110",title:"Compression of High-Resolution Satellite Images Using Optical Image Processing",slug:"compression-of-high-resolution-satellite-images-using-optical-image-processing",totalDownloads:508,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a novel method for compressing satellite imagery using phase grating to facilitate the optimization of storage space and bandwidth in satellite communication. In this research work, each Satellite image is first modulated with high grating frequency in a fixed orientation. Due to this modulation, three spots (spectrum) have been generated. From these three spots, by applying Inverse Fourier Transform in any one band, we can recover the image. Out of these three spots, one is center spectrum spot and other spots represent two sidebands. Care should be taken during the spot selection is to avoid aliasing effect. At the receiving end, to recover image we use only one spectrum. We have proved that size of the extracted image is less than the original image. In this way, compression of satellite image has been performed. To measure quality of the output images, PSNR value has been calculated and compared this value with previous techniques. As high-resolution satellite image contains a lot of information, therefore to get detail information from extracted image, compression ratio should be as minimum as possible.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Anirban Patra, Arijit Saha, Debasish Chakraborty and Kallol Bhattacharya",authors:[{id:"307075",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasish",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"debasish-chakraborty",fullName:"Debasish Chakraborty"},{id:"319415",title:"Mr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",slug:"anirban-patra",fullName:"Anirban Patra"},{id:"320110",title:"Dr.",name:"Arijit",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"arijit-saha",fullName:"Arijit Saha"},{id:"320111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kallol",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"kallol-bhattacharya",fullName:"Kallol Bhattacharya"}]},{id:"72443",title:"Effective Algorithms for Detection Outliers and Cycle Slip Repair in GNSS Data Measurements",slug:"effective-algorithms-for-detection-outliers-and-cycle-slip-repair-in-gnss-data-measurements",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The chapter describes effective algorithms that are often used in processing data measurements in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). Existing effective algorithm was developed for detection and elimination of outliers from GNSS data measurements. It is based on searching for a so-called optimal solution for which standard deviation and maximum absolute deviation of the measured data from mean values do not exceed specified threshold values, and the number of the detected outliers is minimal. A modification of this algorithm with complexity of Nlog2N is discussed. Generalization of the existing algorithm to the case when data series included some unknown trend will be presented. The processing trend is assumed to be described by an unknown function of time. The generalized algorithm includes the outlier detection algorithm and trend searching algorithm that has been tested using simulated data. A new algorithm will be presented for cycle slip repair using Melbourne-Wübbena linear combination formed from GNSS data measurements on two carrier frequencies. Test results for repair data in the case of multiple (cascade) cycle slips in actual observation data will also be presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Igor V. Bezmenov",authors:[{id:"316406",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor V.",middleName:null,surname:"Bezmenov",slug:"igor-v.-bezmenov",fullName:"Igor V. Bezmenov"}]},{id:"72147",title:"Future Satellite System Architectures and Practical Design Issues: An Overview",slug:"future-satellite-system-architectures-and-practical-design-issues-an-overview",totalDownloads:708,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses existing and future trends on the design and build of “Modular” and “Open” satellite Bus and mission payload along with practical design issues associated with the use of Modular Open System Approach (MOSA). Existing modular Bus and mission payload architectures for typical commercial, civilian, and military satellite systems will be discussed. The chapter provides space industry views on “Open” versus “Close” interfaces design and addresses the challenges associated with open interfaces using Open System Architecture (OSA) approach using MOSA principles. The system interfaces discuss in this chapter include (i) internal to satellite Bus and mission Payload (PL), (2) between satellite Bus and mission payload, and (3) external to both satellite Bus and mission payload.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Tien M. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}]},{id:"72839",title:"Overview of Existing and Future Advanced Satellite Systems",slug:"overview-of-existing-and-future-advanced-satellite-systems",totalDownloads:669,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter presents an overview of legacy, existing, and future advanced satellite systems for future wireless communications. The overview uses top-down approach, starting with a comparison between a typical commercial regular satellite system and a high-throughput satellite (HTS) system, following by a discussion on commonly used satellite network topologies. A discussion on the design of satellite payload architectures supporting both typical regular satellite and HTS with associated network topologies will be presented. Four satellite payload architectures will be discussed, including legacy analog bent-pipe satellite (ABPS); existing digital bent-pipe satellite (DBPS) and advanced digital bent-pipe satellite using digital channelizer and beamformer (AdDBPS-DCB); and future advanced regenerative on-board processing satellite (AR-OBPS) payload architectures. Additionally, various satellite system architectures using AdBP-DCBS and AR-OBPS payloads for the fifth-generation (5G) cellular phone applications will also be presented.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"John Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316500",title:"M.Sc.",name:"John D.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"john-d.-nguyen",fullName:"John D. Nguyen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1350",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"