Summary of antibiotic dressings reported in the literature.
\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
A wound may be defined as a disruption to the physiological arrangement of the skin cells and a disturbance to its function in connecting and protecting underlying tissues and organs. It may be primary caused by accidental cut, tear, scratch, pressure, extreme temperatures, chemicals, and electrical current, or secondary to surgical intervention or disease (i.e., diabetes, ulcers, or carcinomas) [1]. It ranges from superficial (affecting the epidermis) to partial-thickness (affecting both epidermis and parts of the dermis) and full-thickness (including subcutaneous fat and bones) wounds [2]. Wound healing is a physiological process, by which the living body repairs tissue damages, restores its anatomical integrity, and regains the functionality of the injured parts. A wound can be closed by primary intention or left to heal by secondary intention, and in both ways the healing process occurs through a series of overlapping events and is influenced by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors [3].
\nAcute wounds can heal within a limited amount of time, usually show no complications, and are characterized by the loss of skin integrity (injury) that occurs suddenly. The injured tissue heals in a predictable manner where platelets, keratinocytes, immune surveillance cells, microvascular cells, and fibroblasts play major roles in the restoration of tissue integrity [4]. These wounds are either surgical or traumatic [5].
\nChronic wounds are wounds that do not heal within normal period and are associated with predisposing factors that weaken the integrity of dermal and epidermal tissues. Those factors either disrupt the balance between wound bioburden and the patient’s immune system or impair the wound healing cycle. In terms of duration, if the wound fails to heal or shows no sign of recovery within 12 weeks, it is considered a chronic wound. Predisposing factors may affect the tissue perfusion causing chronic wounds such as vascular ulcers, associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes causing diabetic foot ulcers [6]. They can be identified by criteria such as delayed healing and friable granulation tissue, prolonged inflammatory phase, persistent infection, and presence of resistant microorganisms [7–10].
\nThe repair (wound healing) process involves four overlapping biochemical, physiological, and molecular phases.\n
I. Hemostasis\n This stage is characterized by microvascular injury and release of blood components at the wound site. Platelets come into contact with and adhere to the wall of the injured blood vessels. This adherence activates the platelets to release cytokines, growth factors, and numerous pro-inflammatory mediators, resulting in platelet aggregation and triggering the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways to form a fibrin clot which limits further blood loss. Growth factors produced by the platelets initiate the healing cascade [11, 12].
II. Inflammatory phase\n The inflammatory phase starts at the same time as hemostasis sometime between a few minutes after injury up to 24 h and lasts for about 3 days. Aggregated platelets store vasoactive amines such as prostaglandins and histamine while other amines from granules released by mast cells, in response to injury, result in increased microvascular permeability and vasodilation, leading to exudation of fluid into the extravascular space [13]. This allows the migration of monocytes and protein-rich exudate into the wound and surrounding tissue, resulting in edema. These are typical signs of the inflammation process, and patients start complaining about pain at the site of injury within 24 h.
III. Proliferative phase\n This phase commences after the inflammatory phase wanes. The remaining inflammatory cells produce growth factors to initiate angiogenesis, which is important to keep adequate blood supply within the wound bed [14]. Newly formed blood vessels will contribute to granulation tissue (composed of collagen and extracellular matrix) formation and provide the required nutrients.
IV. Maturation phase\n This commences when the wound is superficially sealed. It involves the re-epithelialization and remodeling of newly formed tissues in the proliferative phase and restoration of epidermal integrity [15]. It also involves transferring collagen III to collagen I.
Multiple factors affect wound healing and lead to the impairment of healing classified into local and systemic factors [16].
\nOxygen is crucial to wound healing and for resistance to infection, and used for cellular energy production by adenosine triphosphate [17]. It acts on different levels of wound healing by inducing angiogenesis, keratinocytes differentiation, migration, re-epithelialization, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis, and promotes wound contraction [18]. When injury occurs, temporary hypoxia and oxygen are useful to trigger wound healing by inducing the production of cytokines and growth factors from macrophages, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts [16]. Chronic wounds are generally hypoxic with oxygen tissue tension of 5–20 mm Hg compared to normal levels of 30–50 mm Hg [19]. Factors predisposing chronic wounds such as advancing age and diabetes can induce poor oxygenation through impaired vascular flow. Interventional revascularization therapies have been used to reverse hypoxic conditions in diabetic foot ulcers [20]. However, it has also been reported that such procedures can cause adverse effects to diabetic patients [21]. Recently, some topical foam dressings containing dissolved oxygen were developed to increase oxygen perfusion into the chronic wound area [22]. Results showed that dissolved oxygen from topical foam dressing penetrates into skin layers compared to topical gaseous oxygen.
\nThe intact skin acts to control the microbial population on the skin surface itself [23]. Once the integrity is lost through injury, the subcutaneous tissue becomes exposed, providing an environment for colonization and growth of microbes. However, this does not necessarily lead to an infection as there is a balance between the wound bioburden and the immune system [24].
\nSkin microflora is present to about 105 colonies without any clinical problems [25]. However, if the balance is disrupted, microorganisms will proliferate and start a microbiological chain of events by invading tissues resulting in an inflammatory response which may lead to tissue damage and delayed healing [7]. Once it causes damage to the host tissue, infection will arise. One of the consequences of infection is the prolonged inflammation due to prolonged elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which causes the wound to enter the chronic stage and fail to heal within the expected 8–12 weeks [26]. This prolonged inflammation is also associated with increased levels of matrix metalloproteases which are capable of degrading the extracellular matrix which is the key component of proliferative phase of wound healing [9]. This increase in protease levels happens at the expense of the naturally occurring protease inhibitor levels that are decreased. From a microbiological perspective, wound infection is described as the presence of replicating microorganisms at the wound site overwhelming the host’s immune system. It delays wound healing due to the release of toxins and exhibits active signs and symptoms of infections.
\nGenerally, most infected wounds are polymicrobial and are commonly contaminated by pathogens found in the immediate environment, the endogenous microbes living in the mucous membranes, and the microflora on adjacent skin. Bacteria are the main cause of wound infection among other microorganisms present in the skin, though other microorganisms such as fungi have been implicated in certain mixed infections. In the initial stages of chronic wound formation, Gram-positive organisms such as
Biofilm is defined as “a microbially derived sessile community characterized by cells that are irreversibly attached to a substratum or interface or to each other, are embedded in a secreted matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), and exhibit an altered phenotype with respect to growth rate and gene transcription” [30]. Firstly, conditioning film forms and is composed of proteins and polysaccharide molecules adsorbed onto the solid surface. This makes the surface ready to receive the first cells of the insipient biofilm. Secondly, bacteria will start to approach and attach onto the surface by forces such as van der Waals forces and the negative electrostatic charges of bacterial surface [31]. The attached bacteria become encased in a polymeric matrix called extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This bacterial attachment induces a phenomenon called quorum sensing, which is responsible for “the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell population density” [32]. This causes the bacteria within biofilm to alter their phenotypes resulting in the production of more virulent factors in response to signals from other bacteria within biofilm. These factors with barrier made from EPS contribute to the increased resistance to antibiotics. It has been suggested that EPS can interact with antibiotics spontaneously thereby preventing them reaching the bacteria to exert their antimicrobial activity [33]. The biofilm also protects the bacteria from host defenses by the covering of glycocalyx while bacteria secrete products within the film which makes phagocytic penetration poor [34].
\nThis understanding is of great importance for intervention modalities in chronic wounds especially the use of antimicrobial wound dressing. For example macrolides can have inhibitory effect on the film formation or induce phagocytic invasion into biofilms [35]. Furthermore, in clinical wound management, it is always essential to promptly clean the wound and remove necrotic tissue and foreign material (e.g. bacteria and biofilms) from areas around the wound to improve the chances of enhanced wound healing, and this is known as debridement [1]. This is important because the presence of necrotic tissue increases the risk of infection and sepsis, which prolongs the inflammatory phase. Several approaches are employed including surgical removal, wound irrigation (e.g. saline and antiseptics such as chlorhexidine), autolytic rehydration using hydrogel dressings, applying enzymes such as collagenases or streptokinase preparations as well as using maggots to selectively dissolve necrotic and infected tissue (including biofilms) without destroying healthy or newly formed tissue [1].
\nWound dressings can maintain a moist environment in the wound which helps in proliferation and migration of fibroblast and keratinocytes. Moisture in the wound serves as a transporter for enzymes, growth factors, and hormones, thus inducing cell growth. Moist wound dressings promote collagen synthesis and decrease scar formation [36] which help wounds to heal faster [37]. Modern moist wound dressings can be classified depending on their materials (synthetic and natural polymers) and physical forms (hydrogels, hydrocolloids, films, and wafers).
\nHydrogels consist of hydrated polymers which make them hydrophilic in nature. Water content is higher than 95%, and as a result they cannot absorb much exudate and cause maceration. But, this dressing is very useful in dry wound which can maintain moisture within wounds [36]. A Cochrane Review [38] of hydrogel dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers suggests that hydrogel dressings are more effective than basic wound contact dressing. Hydrogels have advantages of autolytic debridement of slough and necrotic tissue and do not support bacterial growth [39, 40]. Hydrocolloid dressings are occlusive and can absorb wound exudate into the matrix to help improve healing. It can work for a sustained period of time, thus reducing the frequency of dressing changes. It also assists autolysis of necrotic materials [40]. Due to its extra absorbent nature, it is widely used in the treatment of cavity wounds [41]. A Cochrane Review [42] reported that any type of hydrocolloid and other dressings have no difference in efficacy. Foam dressings are highly absorptive, protective, and comfortable to the body surface. They promote thermal insulation, angiogenesis, and autolysis [43]. Film dressings are adhesive, transparent, durable, comfortable, and cost effective. Due to their transparency, the wound bed can be monitored without removing the dressing. However, films are suitable for superficial pressure wounds. The disadvantage of film dressing is maceration of wound exudate [36]. Lyophilized wafers are one of the most recent moist dressings proposed for wound care. Due to their highly porous nature, they can absorb high amounts of exudate rapidly which improves wound healing. Wafers can carry both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs at the same time which give dual effects of inhibiting bacteria and reducing inflammation [44]. Wafers have good adhesion and diffusion properties [45] while Labovitiadi et al. [46] reported that wafers are a compatible delivery system for both insoluble and soluble antimicrobial drugs that exhibit better antimicrobial activity.
\nThe major need for antimicrobial dressing is drug resistance to bacteria. Zubair et al. [47] isolated bacteria from diabetic foot ulcer patients and their resistance to different classes of drugs with the penicillins showing highest susceptibility to resistance followed by cephalosporins (54%), quinolones and fluoroquinolones (52.8%), aminoglycosides (38.5%), beta lactams (32.2%), and carbapenems (18.4%). Further, most chronic wound sufferers such as older patients and diabetics with leg and foot ulcers suffer from complications of poor circulation at the lower extremities, which makes oral and IV antibiotics ineffective. In addition, topical dressings are able to avoid the adverse effects of systemic administration (oral and IV) of high antibiotic doses including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, allergic reactions, leukocyturia, insomnia, headache, and vaginosis, when only small doses above the minimum inhibitory concentration are required at the infected wound site. Finally, production costs of most dressings are less than those of IV or oral products.
\nAntimicrobial dressings can be broadly classified into two groups as antiseptic or antibiotic dressings. Antiseptic dressings have broad spectrum activity which can kill or inhibit bacteria, fungus, protozoa, viruses, and prions [48]; however, some antiseptic dressings often show dose-dependent cytotoxicity to the host cells including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and leukocytes [49, 50]. The concentration of povidone iodine greater than 0.004 and 0.05% is completely toxic to keratinocytes and fibroblasts, respectively [51]. Cadexomer iodine is reported to be nontoxic to fibroblasts
Pads | \nBovine serum albumin | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[58] | \n
Nanofibers patch | \nPVA/sodium alginate | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[59] | \n
Hydrogel | \nPolyethylene glycol | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[60] | \n
Sponges | \nAlginate/chitosan | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[61] | \n
Films | \nChitosan/gelatin | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[62] | \n
Nanofibers | \nPVA/regenerated silk fibroin | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[63] | \n
Nanofiber mats | \nPolyurethane/dextran | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[64] | \n
Nanofiber mats | \nPVA/poly(vinyl acetate) | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[65] | \n
Films | \nPoly (2-hydroxymethacrylate) | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[66] | \n
Films | \nPVA/aminophenylboronic acid | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[67] | \n
Collagen dressing | \nCollagen | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[68] | \n
Hydrogels | \nKeratin | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[69] | \n
Films | \nSodium carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[70] | \n
Scaffolds | \nChitosan/polyethylene glycol | \nCiprofloxacin | \n[71] | \n
Hydrogel films | \nCarboxymethyl chitin | \nChlorhexidine gluconate | \n[72] | \n
Gel | \nChitosan | \nOfloxacin | \n[73] | \n
Wafers and films | \nPolyox/carrageenan | \nStreptomycin | \n[74–76] | \n
Films | \nPVA/sodium alginate | \nClindamycin and nitrofurazone | \n[77, 78] | \n
Films | \nPVA/dextran | \nGentamicin | \n[79] | \n
Scaffolds | \nCollagen | \nDoxycycline | \n[80] | \n
Microspheres | \nGelatin | \nDoxycycline | \n[81] | \n
Microspheres | \nChitosan | \nLevofloxacin | \n[82] | \n
Nanofibrous scaffolds | \nChitosan/poly(e-caprolactone) | \nLevofloxacin | \n[82] | \n
Hydrogels | \nPolyvinylalcohol | \nNitric oxide | \n[83] | \n
Hydrogels | \npoly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | \nNitric oxide | \n[84] | \n
Hydrogels | \nNitric acid | \n[85] | \n
Summary of antibiotic dressings reported in the literature.
Silver is a natural broad spectrum antibiotic, and its dressings have not yet shown any bacterial resistance. Silver exists in different forms such as silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver sulfate, silver salt, silver zeolite, silver sulfadiazine (SSD), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Before the eighteenth century, silver nitrate was used for leg ulcers, epilepsy, acne, and venereal infections [86]. Currently different forms of silver are widely used in acute wound (burns, partial-thickness burns, freshly grafted burns, second-degree burns, surgical/traumatic wounds, colorectal surgical wounds, pilonidal sinus, and donor site), and chronic wound (pressure ulcers, leg ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers) healing [87].
\nAntimicrobial activity of silver dressings depends on the amount and rate of silver release and its toxicity to bacterial, fungal, and algal cells. Silver works by interacting with thiol groups present in bacterial cells thus stop their respiration process. In the case of
Silver nanoparticles show the most efficient antimicrobial activity amongst all forms of silver. The bactericidal effects of AgNPs depend on the size, shape, surface characteristics, and their dose [88, 92–101]. It has been reported that 75 μg ml−1 of AgNPs having 1–100 nm particle size inhibits all bacterial strains (specifically,
Contact layer dressings | \nRestore contact layer | \nSilver sulfate | \n
Acticoat Flex 3; Acticoat Flex 7 | \nElemental silver | \n|
KerraContact Ag | \nSilver salt | \n|
SilverDerm 7 | \nIonic silver | \n|
Silverlon Wound & Burn Contact Dressings | \nIonic silver | \n|
Therabond 3D with SilvertrakTM Technology | \nSilver | \n|
Foams | \nRTD | \nSilver zirconium phosphate | \n
Acticoat Moisture Control | \nElemental silver | \n|
Allevyn Ag | \nSilver sulfadiazine | \n|
Aquacel Ag | \nIonic silver | \n|
Biatain Ag Adhesive | \nSilver | \n|
HydraFoam/Ag | \nSilver | \n|
MediPlus Comfort Border Foam Ag+ | \nSilver | \n|
Mepilex Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Optifoam Ag Adhesive | \nIonic silver | \n|
PolyMem MAX Silver Non-Adhesive Dressing | \nSilver | \n|
Silverlon Negative Pressure | \nIonic silver | \n|
UrgoCell Silver/Cellosorb Ag | \nSilver salts | \n|
V.A.C GranuFoam Silver | \nSilver | \n|
Silverlon Acute Burn Glove | \nSilver | \n|
Silvercel | \nElemental silver | \n|
Fibers/clothes/mats /pads/others | \nTegaderm Ag Mesh Dressing | \nSilver sulfate | \n
Absorbent Dermanet Ag+ Border | \nSilver | \n|
Acticoat | \nElemental silver | \n|
Allevyn Ag Non-Adhesive | \nSilver sulfadiazine | \n|
Durafiber Ag | \nIonic silver | \n|
Exsalt SD7 | \nSilver | \n|
Gentell Calcium Alginate Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Silverlon Calcium Alginate | \nSilver | \n|
Simpurity Silver Alginate Pads | \nSilver particles | \n|
Urgotul SSD | \nSilver sulfadiazine | \n|
Vliwaktiv Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Acticoat 7 | \nElemental silver | \n|
Arglaes film | \nSilver | \n|
Films/meshes | \nAvance | \nSilver | \n
Acticoat Absorbent | \nElemental silver | \n|
Algicell Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Alginate based | \nAlgidex Ag | \nIonic silver | \n
Biatain Alginate Ag | \nSilver | \n|
CalciCare | \nSilver zirconium | \n|
DermaGinate/Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Dermanet Ag+ | \nSilver | \n|
Maxorb ES Ag+ | \nSilver | \n|
Maxorb Extra Ag+ | \nSilver zirconium phosphate | \n|
McKesson Calcium Alginate with Antimicrobial Silver | \nSilver | \n|
Opticell Ag+ | \nIonic silver | \n|
Ionic silver | \n||
Sofsorb Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Sorbalgon Ag | \nIonic silver | \n|
Suprasorb A + Ag Calcium Alginate | \nSilver | \n|
Askina Calgitrol Ag | \nSilver alginate | \n|
Invacare Silver Alginate | \nSilver sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate | \n|
Melgisorb Ag | \nSilver | \n|
SeaSorb Ag | \nIonic silver | \n|
Silvasorb | \nIonic silver | \n|
Sorbsan Silver | \nSilver Sorbsan | \n|
Algidex Ag | \nIonic silver | \n|
Urgotul SSD/S.Ag | \nSilver sulfadiazine | \n|
Gauze | \nAquacel Ag | \nIonic silver | \n
Arglaes Powder | \nSilver | \n|
Hydrofiber | \nCardinal Health Hydrogel +Ag | \nSilver | \n
Powder | \nDermaSyn/Ag | \nIonic silver | \n
Hydrogel | \nElta Silver Gel | \nSilver | \n
ExcelGinate Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Gentell Hydrogel Ag | \nSilver sulfadiazine | \n|
SilvaSorb Antimicrobial Silver Dressing | \nIonic silver | \n|
Silver-Sept Silver Antimicrobial Skin & Wound Gel | \nSilver | \n|
SilverMed Amorphous Hydrogel | \nSilver | \n|
Silverseal | \nSilver | \n|
SilvrSTAT Gel | \nSilver nanoparticles | \n|
Viniferamine Hydrogel Ag | \nSilver | \n|
Silverseal | \nSilver oxide | \n|
Silver-Sept Antimicrobial Gel | \nSilver salt | \n|
DermaCol Ag Collagen Matrix | \nSilver | \n|
Puracol Plus Ag+ MicroScaffold Collagen | \nSilver | \n|
Collagen based | \nSilvaKollagen Gel | \nSilver | \n
Silverlon Adhesive Strips | \nSilver | \n|
Contreet Hydrocolloid | \nSilver | \n|
Adhesive strips | \nSilverseal Hydrocolloid | \nSilver | \n
Hydrocolloid | \nSilverMed Antimicrobial Wound Cleanser | \nSilver microparticles | \n
AgNPs (∼11 to ∼12 nm) containing gelatin fiber mats were prepared by electrospinning process and inhibited major microorganisms present in wounds [104]. Lin et al. [105] compared silver-containing carbon-activated fibers with commercially available silver-containing dressings and showed the silver-containing carbon-activated fibers to exhibit antibacterial activity and biocompatibility and promoting granulation and collagen deposition. A novel chitosan–hyaluronic acid composite with nanosilver was reported as a potential antimicrobial wound healing dressing for diabetic foot ulcers possessing high porosity, swelling, water uptake abilities, and biodegradable and potential blood clotting ability. The authors proved the inhibitory effects on
Lansdown et al. [112] investigated two forms of silver-containing dressings (Contreet foam and Contreet hydrocolloid) and found these promoted healing in chronic venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. Polyvinylpyrolidone and alginate-based hydrogel-containing nanosilver has been functionally evaluated for efficient fluid handling capacity and strong antimicrobial activity against all major microorganisms such as
There are several clinical studies with silver-containing dressings in the treatment of infected wounds to enhance wound healing, and the reader is referred to these [119–125].
\nIodine is an old agent used in the treatment of chronic wounds and was used by soldiers during wars. The antibacterial activity of iodine was first investigated by Davaine in 1880 [126]. Iodine penetrates into the cell wall of microorganisms and damages the cell membrane by blocking hydrogen bond. This phenomenon alters the structure and function of cell proteins and enzymes, leading to cell death [127]. Iodine is active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including
Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an another antiseptic and widely used as antimicrobial dressing in wound healing. PHMB is known to be effective against
Pad | \nIodoflex 0.9% Cadexomer Iodine Pad | \nCadexomer iodine | \n
Foam | \nIodoFoam | \nIodine | \n
Fibers | \nPovidone iodine | \n|
Colloidal ointment base | \nBraunovidon ointment/ointment gauze | \nPovidone | \n
Hydrogel dressing | \nIodozym | \nIodine | \n
Liposome hydrogel | \nRepithel | \nPovidone | \n
Foam | \nKerlix AMD | \nPHMB | \n
Sponges | \nTelfa AMD | \nPHMB | \n
Foam | \nKendall AMD | \nPHMB | \n
Gauzes sponges | \nCurity AMD Antimicrobial Gauze Sponges | \nPHMB | \n
Honey has been used as wound dressing over centuries [131]. Honey has been reported in several clinical studies for treating chronic diabetic foot ulcers [132–135] and has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity [136–138]. It is reported that honey can inhibit around 60 species of bacteria including
Sasikala et al. [147] developed a chitosan-based film dressing loaded with Manuka honey. They identified chitosan–lactic acid with 6% honey showed ideal dressing properties in terms of water vapor transmission rate, water absorption, tensile strength, elongation, and antibacterial activity against
Hydrocolloid | \nMediHoney | \nLeptospermum honey | \n
Alginate-based | \nMediHoney | \nLeptospermum honey | \n
Fibers | \nMANUKAhd | \nManuka honey | \n
Pure honey | \nSurgihoney | \nBioengineered honey | \n
Foam | \nLigasano | \nHoneycomb | \n
Pure honey | \nMGO Manuka Honey | \nManuka honey | \n
Sterile Manuka honey | \nManukaFill | \nManuka honey | \n
Honey-impregnated gauze | \nManuka IG | \nManuka honey | \n
Sheets, ribbon, gel | \nTheraHoney | \nManuka honey | \n
Knitted viscose mesh dressing, pure honey | \nActivon | \nManuka honey | \n
Alginate ribbon and dressing | \nAlgivon | \nManuka honey | \n
Composite, foam/silicone dressings | \nActilite | \nManuka honey | \n
Nonadherent gauze fibers | \nMelDra | \nBuckwheat honey | \n
Natural and synthetic polymers are widely used in acute and chronic wound healing due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and wound exudate handling capacity. However, some polymers themselves have an antimicrobial activity [150]. The combination of polymers and antimicrobial drugs provides effective dressings to improve wound healing. Biazar et al. [151] evaluated a synthetic polymer-based hydrogel dressing that exhibits biocompatible and antimicrobials activity. In another study, synthetic polyvinyl alcohol was blended with calcium alginate to produce nano fiber matrix by electrospinning technique.
In this chapter, wound healing processes and types of dressings incorporating antimicrobial agents have been briefly discussed. Antimicrobials loaded into dressings for direct application to infected wound sites are becoming more popular worldwide in terms of safety, efficacy, cost effective, and convenience. The key antimicrobial agents ranging from antiseptics such as iodine, metals such as silver, antibiotics such as cephalosporins and aminoglycosides as well as natural products such as honey have been covered. In addition, the driving forces behind the developing of advanced therapeutic dressings have been reviewed. Furthermore, this review has demonstrated different and wide range of antimicrobial-loaded dressings, and a few clinical studies and commercially available antimicrobial dressings have been highlighted. Given the wide range of scientific studies and commercial products publicly available, it is evident that more evidence-based clinical trials are required to select appropriate dressings for the patients. It is also important to note the interdisciplinary fields (including formulation technology, biopharmaceutics, microbiology, materials and polymer chemistry and molecular biology) required for developing an effective antimicrobial dressing able to treat infection and also contribute towards enhanced wound healing.
\nRecently, there was an interest to extend the present dynamic link analyses (DLA) beyond the early launch period to cover the period after the space vehicle (SV) separation from launch vehicle (LV), which includes both booster and second stage engine. The dynamic link from liftoff to final orbital insertion considers both geometric (visibility coverage) and radiometric (link margins for all downlink and uplink services) adequacy in the three launch stages. The purpose of the dynamic link study for the launch is to provide the earliest and accurate time for final SV separation and orbital insertion as compared to previous method which only relied on visibility tracking coverage to the end of line of sight (LOS).
The present DLA typically covers only two stages of LV tracking, including (a) liftoff to the end of LOS link and (b) the end of LOS to a period before SV payload (PL) separation from LV, using LV, to Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) [1] satellite link, which is also called beyond line of sight (BLOS) link. A third SV tracking, after SV payload separation from LV, is a tracking link between SV and a ground station (GS). This third SV tracking is now added in this chapter.
The tracking link used from liftoff to the end of LOS uses a UHF noncoherent FSK signal for command and a digital FM or BPSK for tracking telemetry link as described in detail in [2]. From the end of LOS to BLOS, the tracking telemetry link is usually a BPSK or QPSK signal, using a NASA Tracking Data Relay Satellite System to relay tracking data from the LV to White Sands or Goddard ground station (WSGT/GRGT) and finally routing it to other user ground stations. After SV payload separation and orbital insertion, the SV tracking link to an Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground station [3] will use Space-to-Ground Link Subsystem (SGLS) or a non-SGLS (NSGLS) waveform described in [3, 4] and in Section 3 for tracking signals along the trajectory. In the following pages, supporting link analyses for the two LV and one SV tracking stages will be presented.
Figure 1 illustrates the antenna coordinate system space vectors of interest [5].
Space vehicle and ground station vector definition.
Figure 2 defines the antenna coordinate system used in this chapter. The azimuth (AZ or Ф) or clock angle is used in the antenna cut configuration. The elevation angle (EL or ϴ) also called as cone angle is also used in the antenna gain data file. The antenna gain is a changing variable as a function of mission elapsed time (MET). The antenna gains are used in the following dynamic links.
Antenna coordinate definition.
This section provides a summary of the dynamic link model of interest [6]. More detailed derivation of other variables, especially UVZBD, UVYBD, and UVXBD, can be found in [5]. For station elevation angle, either LV or SV elevation or cone angle (EL or theta or ϴ), and LV or SV clock or azimuth angle (AZ or Phi or Ф), we have1
As mentioned in the introduction, there are three separate tracking signals along the flight trajectory that we need to analyze ensuring that they have adequate link margins of three dB or more. Most of the present DLA covers only two stages of launch coverage and neglecting the third stage coverage. The requirement for third stage tracking is explained below:
From liftoff to the end of LOS, the waveform for this link is generally a digital FM or BPSK for telemetry downlink as defined in the Range Commander Council (RCC) 119-88 [2]. The liftoff to LOS 5 link margin plot is shown in the left half of Figure 3 for five different ground stations.
From the end of LOS to NASA TDRSS at geosynchronous orbit, the telemetry link is a BPSK or QPSK (telemetry + data) which is sent from LV to TDRSS to be relayed to White Sands or Goddard ground station (WSGT/GRGT), as shown in the second right half of the Figure 3 and in more link details in Table 1.
For the third link after SV payload separation, when the satellite or SV starts its transfer orbit, the tracking link from the SV payload (or bus) to an AFSCN ground station will be in SGLS, Unified S-Band (USB), or a NSGLS waveform as described in more detail in [3, 4]. For a more secure tracking, SV normally will be using SGLS link for tracking as described in [4], with a MEO satellite in Table 2 as an example. A commercial and less secure SV launch may use USB or NSGLS for SV tracking instead of using SGLS waveform. Table 3 shows link budget for uplink and downlink C/No example for tracking links 1 and 2. Table 2 shows SGLS telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) link budget for tracking link 3 for a MEO satellite. If the SV is using a USB or a NSGLS [3], the tracking waveform can be an AQPSK signal with telemetry on the I channel and ranging on the Q channel.
TLM dynamic link margin from TEL4 to TDRSS versus mission elapsed time.
LV to TDRSS range TLM link (based on NASA source).
Link budgets for SGLS TT&C uplink and downlink services [4].
Typical C/No for uplink and downlink budgets.
This section describes the basic link parameters including LV or SV transmitter power amplifier gain (Pt), transmitter antenna gain (Gt), space loss (Ls), received isotropic power (RIP), and received (C/No = SNR).
A modulation signal or information data is generated at a ground station, in an LV or in an SV. This modulation signal will be used to modulate onto the radio frequency (RF) carrier to become a modulated transmit signal. This transmit system will be consisting of a high-power amplifier (HPA) which amplifies the signal to generate an output power expressed in dBW (conversion from Watts to dBW is simply dBW = 10*log10(Watts)); some cables and circuits with a loss and an antenna with a gain are added together as shown below. The output from the transmit system is therefore an effective isotropic radiated power or EIRP, which can be found in either the uplink or the downlink of an LV or an SV tracking system.
where Gt = transmit antenna gain, in dBi; LC = transmit circuit loss, in negative dB; and PT = HPA output power, in dBW.
For the uplink, where the transmit antenna is located on the ground, the antenna can be easily directed to an LV or SV. This transmit antenna is likely to be a directional high gain dish antenna for connectivity with an LV or SV located possibly far away. In Table 3, line 9, a typical ground station has a large parabolic antenna dish with a gain Gt = 43.94 dBi using the following formula.
where η = average antenna efficiency (0.70 in the calculation in Table 3); fC = uplink frequency, in Hz; D = antenna diameter, in m; and c = speed of light, in m/s.
For the downlink, the transmit antenna is typically an omnidirectional antenna that covers a larger portion of the sky or the Earth, in which case the antenna gain is small (e.g., 2 dBi) and is either specified as in line 9 of Table 3 or can be interpolated from values extracted from a table of antenna gain pattern with a specific AZ, EL, and MET, using a mission specific launch trajectory.
In general, there are terms that may be added to Tables 2 and 3. For example, the uplink transmit antenna in Table 3 may have two more loss terms, namely, radome loss to account for any loss for a radome and pointing loss to account for any pointing error in directing the boresight of the antenna. For Table 3 they are both negligible and ignored except for the polarization losses. The transmit and receive polarization losses (lines 14 and 22, respectively, in Table 3) can be accounted for as one-single combined receive polarization loss.
The signal path traverses through the transmission medium, in between transmit and receive systems. When the distance between transmit and receive systems increases, the signal beam has an angular spread which decreases the signal power collected by a receiving antenna. We know that the portion of the transmission medium near the ground station depends on the Earth’s atmosphere which attenuates the signal to different degrees, dependents on the frequency, the altitude of the GS, and the angle of the signal path through the atmospheric (GS elevation angle). Beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, the signal path traverses through the space with little atmospheric attenuation, only with free space loss to account for. Therefore, there are essentially two losses through the transmission medium, namely, the space loss to account for the spreading of the signal beam and the additional atmospheric loss [7].
where fC = carrier frequency, in Hz; c = velocity of light, in m/s; and SR = slant range between GS and SV, in m.
At L and S bands, the atmospheric loss is very small, at less than 0.001 dB/Km or 0.1 dB/100Km for a link availability of better than 98% [8].
The transmit signal, after accounting for the space and atmospheric losses, and its signal path terminates at the antenna of either the ground station, the SV, or the LV receiving system. Before considering the characteristics of the receive antenna and the receiver, a good indication of the signal strength is given by the received isotropic power. RIP is simply the transmitter EIRP after subtracting off the losses of the transmission medium, i.e.
where LA is the atmospheric loss extracted from tables or curves, in negative dB (very small at 0.02 dB/Km per Datron chart in L and S bands). Ls can also be obtained from the Datron calculator [8].
The last portion of Table 3 addresses the receiving system and assesses how well it performs. This section involves with the calculation of the signal strength and the noise strength, resulting in the ratio of signal power over noise power density (C/N0). In general, we first address the signal power and then the noise power density. Line 21 provides for the receive antenna size consistent with the receive antenna gain to be calculated later. The next parameter in Table 3 is the polarization loss, which accounts for the mismatching between the polarization axial ratios of the received signal and the receiving system. The axial ratio is the ratio of the major axis of an ellipse to its minor axis. For circularly polarized signal, the ratio should be 0 dB. Any deviation from 0 dB results in a polarization loss. Line 23 shows the values of receive antenna gain. For downlink in which the receive antenna is a dish antenna located at GS, Gr is calculated using the standard dish antenna equation (similar to Eq. (6) for Gt).
where η = average antenna efficiency (assumed to be 0.6 in the calculation in Table 3); fC = downlink frequency, in Hz; D = antenna diameter, in m; and c = velocity of light, in m/s.
At the end, the received power at the antenna feed is just the sum of RIP, minus the polarization loss, plus the receive antenna gain, i.e.
where LP is the polarization loss, in negative dB.
For the downlink transmit antenna on the SV, as in the case of uplink receive antenna, the SV antenna is a broad beam Earth coverage (EC) omnidirectional type of SV antenna, with a gain of 2 dBi (see line 23 of Table 3).
For the noise power density (N0), we need to calculate the system temperature (TS) measured at the antenna feed. The system temperature is the sum of antenna sky temperature (TA) and the composite temperature from antenna line loss (LL) and low noise amplifier noise figure (NF) which are referred to the antenna feed. In linear quantity, TS is given by [1].
where NF = low noise amplifier noise factor, in dB and LL = line loss, in dB.
The noise density (N0) is given by
where k = Boltzmann’s constant in dB = −228.6 dBW/KHz.
Using Eqs. (9) and (11), the ratio C/N0 at the receiver input is obtained in Table 3, line 31. It represents the final product before going into specific service(s) such as telemetry and ranging to evaluate their performance.
For many SVs, we are interested in their uplink and downlink services. Table 2 shows an example, taken from an IEEE paper [4]. This is the standard link budget, where the ground station is an AFSCN [3] remote tracking station (RTS) using SGLS waveform [3, 4]. The waveform is described in an AFSCN interface control document (ICD) [3] and is implemented in DLA, although other waveforms can be readily incorporated. The uplink has two services of interest—carrier and command—while the downlink has three services of interest: carrier, ranging, and telemetry. In general service margins are calculated for these five services. For the SGLS waveform, command is coupled with ranging and modulated on the uplink carrier; therefore command is also turned around at the SV along with ranging. This SGLS turnaround process explains the reason that Table 2 shows a power allocation for command in the downlink and no calculation for its margin. As a result, downlink power allocated to command is essentially wasted while robbing power from other downlink services. The requirements and service margins for command and telemetry are expressed in Eb/N0, since it is the bit error rate (BER) that counts for both cases. The carrier and ranging are expressed in C/No given by a specific station. For ranging, it is the autocorrelation value between the decoded ranging code and the transmitted ranging code that needs to be maximized in order to successfully perform accurate ranging.
Table 2 represents uplink and downlink budgets for SGLS TT&C. Let us address the important aspects of the calculation of uplink and downlink services in the next few subsections. The role of modulation indices is to divide up the power for allocation to services. The modulation index is expressed in radians so that it can go right in as an argument in a sinusoidal or Bessel expression. If the modulation indices of all services are zero radians, no power is allocated to the services, and the carrier retains all the link power calculated in Section 4. If the modulation indices of services are not zero, portions of the power are taken from the carrier and allocated to the services. The remaining power stays with the carrier as the “residual carrier power.”
After SV separation, we are dealing with the SV uplink and downlink using SGLS or NASA Unified S-Band waveforms as described in [3, 4]. For telemetry service, the requirement is SNR = Pservice/NoB = Eb Rb/NoB = Eb/No in dB. For carrier and ranging, the requirements are stated in terms of C/No as mentioned before. For acquisition, the uplink carrier loop bandwidth could be as high as +/− 100 KHz, while its tracking bandwidth could be as small as a few Hz. For the station the carrier tracking loop bandwidth is about 20–50 Hz, as in Table 2 in line 36. For ranging, the bandwidth of 10 Hz represents ranging tracking loop bandwidth (Table 2, line 56), which corresponds to the sampling rate of the autocorrelation value between the detected ranging code and the transmitted ranging code. For command and telemetry, the requirements are expressed in terms of Eb/N0. The command and telemetry data bit rates of 1000 bps each are representing the lower end of their SGLS choices. As shown in Table 2, the results from the SNR calculation are the values of C/N and Eb/N0 for various received uplink services (lines 37 and 48 for command C/N or Eb/No) and for various downlink services (line 55 for ranging service Prng/No and line 70 for telemetry service Eb/No). The uplink service modulation losses for SGLS and NASA USB with subcarrier (S/C) [3, 4, 9] are shown in Table 4. The downlink service modulation losses for SGLS and NASA USB with subcarrier (S/C) [3, 4, 9] are shown in Table 4. Also note that β1, β2, and β3 represent the modulation indices for command (CMD), ranging (RNG), and telemetry (TLM), respectively, per [3, 4, 9]. These uplink and downlink modulation losses are in lines 34, 44, and 54 in Table 2.
1 | AM-3FSK/PRN RNG/PM (SGLS unfiltered uplink) [3, 4] | |||
2 | BPSK/PRN RNG/PM (USB filtered case) (Eqs. (1-22) and (1-23)) [9] | J02( | J02( | 2J12( |
3 | BPSK/Tone RNG/PM (USB unfiltered case) (Eqs. (1-18) and (1-21)) [9] | J02( | 2J02( | 2J02( +….. |
4 | PRN RNG/PSK TLM/PM (SGLS filtered case) (Eqs. (2-18) and (2-20)) [4] | J02( | 2J02( | 2J02( |
5 | Tone RNG/PSK TLM/PM (USB filtered case) (Eqs. (2-18) and (2-21)) [9] | J02( | 2J02( | 2J02( |
Uplink and downlink service modulation losses for SGLS and NASA USB.
For NSGLS waveforms such as the direct mod BPSK, QPSK, and AQPSK, the service mod losses are negligible. Finally, the calculated service SNR in Table 2 is compared with the required SNR to obtain the link margin for each service. The required SNR values capture all the performance requirements for the services, such as ranging accuracy, tracking loop loss likelihood, bit error rate, and others.
Before SV separation from the LV, we are also interested in the dynamic link from a ground station to the LV, from liftoff to the SV after separation, along the entire LV flight path using the tracking stations in the line of sight (TEL4, JDMTA, ANT, DGS, TDRSS). The waveforms for this LV tracking are described in Range Commander Council (RCC) handbook [2]. One must ensure that the downlink telemetry link from the launch vehicle to these ground stations and TDRSS relay satellite are positive as can be seen in Figure 3. The basic LV range modulations are digital FM, BPSK, QPSK, AQPSK, etc. as discussed in RCC [2]. In Figure 4, dynamic LV slant range “received TLM Eb/No” and “TLM link margin” for a specific mission are displayed together. As an example a specific LV to TDRSS BPSK link using NASA data is shown in Table 1.
LV slant range received TLM Eb/No and TLM link margin.
This chapter discusses the required three DLAs and related tracking waveforms to cover the three launch stages, namely, (a) the launch vehicle tracking link from liftoff to its end LOS using the digital FM or BPSK signal, (b) the launch vehicle tracking link from LOS to TDRSS at BLOS using NASA USB signal, and (c) the final tracking link from SV to an AFSCN ground station using AFSCN SGLS, AFSCN NSGLS, or NASA USB waveforms. In the third tracking link case, BPSK, QPSK, or AQPSK waveforms were used, in which for QPSK and AQPSK, the telemetry data is put on the I channel and the ranging signal is on the Q channel.
The chapter shows that good telemetry link margins from LV to tracking stations such as TEL4, JDMTA, and ANT or to a NASA TDRSS relay satellite can be achieved using digital FM, BPSK, QPSK, or AQPSK signals, after SV separation. The chapter also shows that good tracking link margins can be achieved from SV to AFSCN ground stations, including IOS or DGS as the first contact station.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Therefore, this chapter makes a literature review of the most important general aspects of endogenous antioxidant systems, which will provide another point of view from which to approach the study and treatment of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and Parkinson.",book:{id:"5407",slug:"a-master-regulator-of-oxidative-stress-the-transcription-factor-nrf2",title:"The Transcription Factor Nrf2",fullTitle:"A Master Regulator of Oxidative Stress - The Transcription Factor Nrf2"},signatures:"Tomás Alejandro Fregoso Aguilar, Brenda Carolina Hernández\nNavarro and Jorge Alberto Mendoza Pérez",authors:[{id:"154732",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Pérez",slug:"jorge-a.-mendoza-perez",fullName:"Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez"},{id:"154908",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomás A.",middleName:null,surname:"Fregoso-Aguilar",slug:"tomas-a.-fregoso-aguilar",fullName:"Tomás A. 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Various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative clearly exemplify the chronic oxidative stress. Therefore, it is important to consider that at low and moderate ROS levels, it can, for example, act as signaling molecules that support cell proliferation and differentiation and activate survival pathways in response to stress. Correlations between oxidative stress and disease should be carefully investigated in order to understand whether oxidative stress actually increases susceptibility to a particular disease or opposite.",book:{id:"5407",slug:"a-master-regulator-of-oxidative-stress-the-transcription-factor-nrf2",title:"The Transcription Factor Nrf2",fullTitle:"A Master Regulator of Oxidative Stress - The Transcription Factor Nrf2"},signatures:"Rosângela F.F de Araújo, Danyelly Bruneska G. Martins and Maria\nAmélia C.S.M. 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Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. And it mostly plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals drugs.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Narasimha S. Lakka and Chandrasekar Kuppan",authors:[{id:"304950",title:"Prof.",name:"Chandrasekar",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppan",slug:"chandrasekar-kuppan",fullName:"Chandrasekar Kuppan"},{id:"309984",title:"Mr.",name:"Narasimha S",middleName:null,surname:"Lakka",slug:"narasimha-s-lakka",fullName:"Narasimha S Lakka"}]},{id:"72074",title:"The Chemistry Behind Plant DNA Isolation Protocols",slug:"the-chemistry-behind-plant-dna-isolation-protocols",totalDownloads:3785,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Various plant species are biochemically heterogeneous in nature, a single deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) isolation protocol may not be suitable. There have been continuous modification and standardization in DNA isolation protocols. Most of the plant DNA isolation protocols used today are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. Modification is usually performed in the concentration of chemicals used during the extraction procedure according to the plant species and plant part used. Thus, understanding the role of each chemical (viz. CTAB, NaCl, PVP, ethanol, and isopropanol) used during the DNA extraction procedure will benefit to set or modify protocols for more precisions. A review of the chemicals used in the CTAB method of DNA extraction and their probable functions on the highly evolved yet complex to students and researchers has been summarized.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Jina Heikrujam, Rajkumar Kishor and Pranab Behari Mazumder",authors:[{id:"74521",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor",slug:"rajkumar-kishor",fullName:"Rajkumar Kishor"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"},{id:"318351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jina",middleName:null,surname:"Heikrujam",slug:"jina-heikrujam",fullName:"Jina Heikrujam"}]},{id:"64549",title:"Plant Lipid Metabolism",slug:"plant-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:2666,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"In plants, the synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the chloroplast and the fatty acid synthase is prokaryotic type. In plants, the structure of membrane lipids is different from that of eukaryotic cells. The membranes of the chloroplasts are essentially formed of galatolipids. This chapter will also focus on the structure and biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids in plants. Lipids of seeds are essentially composed of TAG; it would be interesting to describe their synthesis during the maturation of the seeds. Some plants contain in their reserve lipids unconventional fatty acids such as gamma linolenic acid in Borrago officinalis L., short-chain fatty acids C: 12 and C: 10, fatty acids with very long chains, and fatty acids that are cyclical. All of these fatty acids can have industrial and/or pharmaceutical applications.",book:{id:"7036",slug:"advances-in-lipid-metabolism",title:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism",fullTitle:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism"},signatures:"Fatiha AID",authors:[{id:"256576",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Aid",slug:"fatiha-aid",fullName:"Fatiha Aid"}]},{id:"66369",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3313,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",book:{id:"8095",slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",title:"Liposomes",fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",middleName:null,surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}]},{id:"61865",title:"A Click Chemistry Approach to Tetrazoles: Recent Advances",slug:"a-click-chemistry-approach-to-tetrazoles-recent-advances",totalDownloads:2680,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Introduction to tetrazole and click chemistry approaches was briefed in a concise way in order to help the readers have a basic understanding. Tetrazole and its derivatives play very important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. The synthesis of tetrazole derivatives can be approached in ecofriendly approaches such as the use of water as solvent, moderate conditions, nontoxic, easy extractions, easy setup, low cost, etc. with good to excellent yields.",book:{id:"6365",slug:"molecular-docking",title:"Molecular Docking",fullTitle:"Molecular Docking"},signatures:"Ravi Varala and Bollikolla Hari Babu",authors:[{id:"212519",title:"Dr.",name:"Varala",middleName:null,surname:"Ravi",slug:"varala-ravi",fullName:"Varala Ravi"},{id:"221476",title:"Dr.",name:"Bollikolla",middleName:null,surname:"Hari Babu",slug:"bollikolla-hari-babu",fullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"43",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",abstract:"Iron is a necessary micro-nutrient for proper functioning of the erythropoietic, oxidative and cellular metabolism. The iron balance in the body adversely affects the normal physiologic functioning of the body and structures in the oral cavity. Various abnormalities develop owing to improper iron metabolism in the body which reflects in the oral cavity. The toxicity of iron has to be well understood to immediately identify the hazardous effects which arise owing to it and to manage it. It has been very well mentioned in the chapter. The manifestations of defects of iron metabolism in the oral cavity should be carefully studied to improve the prognosis of the treatment of the same. Disorders related to iron metabolism should be managed for improvement in the quality of life of the patient.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar"},{id:"82403",title:"Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Reduce Crop Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: A Review",slug:"use-of-plant-secondary-metabolites-to-reduce-crop-biotic-and-abiotic-stresses-a-review",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104553",abstract:"Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) are small molecules of organic compounds produced in plant metabolism that have various ecological functions, such as defense against pathogens, herbivores, and neighboring plants. They can also help to reduce abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, temperature, and UV. This chapter reviewed the ecological functions of the PSM and how people utilize these metabolites to reduce crop biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture. Specific topics covered in this review are (1) extraction of PSM from plant parts and its application on crops; (2) screening of crop/cover crop germplasms for high PSM content and with resistance to pathogens, herbivores, and/or neighboring plants; (3) regulation of PSM biosynthesis (including plant hormones and defense activators) to increase plant readiness for defense; (4) transcriptome and genome technology improvements in the last decade leading to valuable tools to characterize differential gene expression and gene composition in a genome, and lineage-specific gene family expansion and contraction. In addition, there is a critical need to understand how the biosynthesis and release of allelochemicals occur. Filling this knowledge gap will help us to improve and encourage sustainable weed control practices in agriculture.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Ziming Yue, Varsha Singh, Josiane Argenta, Worlanyo Segbefia, Alyssa Miller and Te Ming Tseng"},{id:"81728",title:"Plant Secondary Metabolites: Therapeutic Potential and Pharmacological Properties",slug:"plant-secondary-metabolites-therapeutic-potential-and-pharmacological-properties",totalDownloads:29,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103698",abstract:"Plants are an essential source for discovering novel medical compounds for drug development, and secondary metabolites are sources of medicines from plants. Secondary metabolites include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, quinones, carotenoids, and steroids. Each year, several new secondary metabolites are extracted from plants, providing a source of possibilities to investigate against malignant illnesses, despite certain natural chemicals having distinct anticancer activities according to their physicochemical features. Secondary metabolites found in plants are frequently great leads for therapeutic development. However, changes in the molecular structure of these compounds are improving their anticancer activity and selectivity and their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion capacities while minimizing their toxicity and side effects. In this section, we will discuss the most significant breakthroughs in the field of plant secondary metabolites, some of which are currently in clinical use and others that are in clinical trials as anticancer drugs. This study gives an up-to-date and thorough summary of secondary plant metabolites and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. Furthermore, antioxidant and antibacterial, and anticancer effects of secondary metabolites are addressed. As a result, this article will serve as a thorough, quick reference for people interested in secondary metabolite antioxidants, anticancer, and antibacterial properties.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti, Hammad Ismail and Waqas Khan Kayani"},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",abstract:"Iron is the trace element. We get the iron from the dietary sources. The enterocytes lining the upper duodenal of the intestine absorb the dietary iron through a divalent metal transporter (DMT1). The absorbed ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron in the body. This ferric iron from the blood is carried to different tissues by an iron transporting protein, transferrin. The cells in the tissues take up this ferric form of iron by internalizing the apo transferrin with its receptors on them. The apo transferrin complex in the cells get dissociated resulting in the free iron in cell which is utilized for cellular purposes or stored in the bound form to an iron storage protein, ferritin. The physiological levels of iron are critical for the normal physiology and pathological outcomes, hence the iron I rightly called as double-edged sword. This chapter on iron introduces the readers basic information of iron, cellular uptake, metabolism, and its role cellular physiology and provides the readers with the scope and importance of research on iron that hold the great benefit for health care and personalized medicine or diseases specific treatment strategies, blood transfusions and considerations.",book:{id:"10842",title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg"},signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar"},{id:"81233",title:"Secondary Metabolites of Fruits and Vegetables with Antioxidant Potential",slug:"secondary-metabolites-of-fruits-and-vegetables-with-antioxidant-potential",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103707",abstract:"An antioxidant is of great interest among researchers, scientists, nutritionists, and the public because of its ability to prevent oxidative damage, as indicated by various studies. This chapter mainly focuses on the free radicals and their types; antioxidants and their mode of action against free radicals; fruits, vegetables, and their byproducts as a source of antioxidants; and various analytical methods employed for assessing antioxidant activity. Antioxidants discussed in this chapter are ascorbic acid, Vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenols, and their mechanism of action. Different antioxidant activity assay techniques have been reported. Fruits and vegetables are abundant sources of these secondary metabolites. The waste generated during processing has many bioactive materials, which possibly be used in value-added by-products.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Ravneet Kaur, Shubhra Shekhar and Kamlesh Prasad"},{id:"81044",title:"Metabolomics and Genetic Engineering for Secondary Metabolites Discovery",slug:"metabolomics-and-genetic-engineering-for-secondary-metabolites-discovery",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102838",abstract:"Since 1940s, microbial secondary metabolites (SMs) have attracted the attention of the scientific community. As a result, intensive researches have been conducted in order to discover and identify novel microbial secondary metabolites. Since, the discovery of novel secondary metabolites has been decreasing significantly due to many factors such as 1) unculturable microbes 2) traditional detection techniques 3) not all SMs expressed in the lab. As a result, searching for new techniques which can overcome the previous challenges was one of the most priority objectives. Therefore, the development of omics-based techniques such as genomics and metabolomic have revealed the potential of discovering novel SMs which were coded in the microorganisms’ DNA but not expressed in the lab or might be produced in undetectable amount by detecting the biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) that are associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Nowadays, the integration of metabolomics and gene editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 provide a successful platform for the detection and identification of known and unknown secondary metabolites also to increase secondary metabolites production.",book:{id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites - Trends and Reviews",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed M. Shuikan, Wael N. Hozzein, Rakan M. Alshuwaykan and Ibrahim A. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. 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